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~~{{toplink~~

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~~|backcolour = D1EEEE~~

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~~|linkpage =Cardiorespiratory System - Pathology~~

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~~|linktext =Cardiorespiratory System~~

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~~|maplink = Cardiorespiratory System (Content Map) - Pathology~~

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~~|pagetype =Pathology~~

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~~|sublink1=Respiratory System - Pathology~~

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~~|subtext1=RESPIRATORY SYSTEM~~

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}}

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~~<br>~~

===Nasal discharge===

*Bilateral discharge:

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**Lesion is caudal to nasal septum eg: pharyngeal lesion; LRT lesion in [[~~Hindgut Fermenters~~ - Horse - Anatomy ~~& Physiology~~|horses]]

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**Lesion is caudal to nasal septum eg: pharyngeal lesion; LRT lesion in [[Alimentary System - Horse Anatomy|horses]]

**Lesion has resulted in nasal septum destruction

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***[[Nasal ~~cavity~~ - ~~hyperplastic and neoplastic~~|Neoplasia]]

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***[[Nasal Cavity Hyperplastic and Neoplastic - Pathology|Neoplasia]]

***[[Respiratory Fungal Infections - Pathology|Fungal infection]]

*Unilateral discharge:

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===Facial swelling===

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*[[Nasal ~~cavity~~|Nasal]]

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*[[Nasal Cavity - Pathology|Nasal]]

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*[[Nasopharynx|Pharyngeal]]

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*[[:Category:Nasopharynx - Pathology|Pharyngeal]]

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*Any location

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===[[Epistaxis]]===

===Coughing===

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*[[Nasopharynx|Pharynx]]

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*[[:Category:Nasopharynx - Pathology|Pharynx]]

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*[[Larynx]]

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*[[:Category:Larynx - Pathology|Larynx]]

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*[[Trachea]]

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*[[:Category:Trachea - Pathology|Trachea]]

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===Dyspnoea/altered air flow===

*Respiratory noise

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~~===Epistaxis===~~

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*Haemorrhage from the nose

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*May originate from nasopharynx or lower respiratory tract

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*Causes

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**Inflammation eg: [[Nasal cavity - inflammatory|ulcerative rhinitis]]

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**Neoplasia eg: [[Nasal cavity - hyperplastic and neoplastic|infiltrating tumour]], haemangioma

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**Trauma

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**Clotting defects

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*'''Horse''':

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**[[Nasal cavity - inflammatory#Infectious causes of rhinitis|Nasal aspergillosis]]

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**[[Nasal cavity - hyperplastic and neoplastic#Progressive ethmoidal haematoma|Ethmoidal haematoma]] = 'Haemorrhagic nasal polyp', 'Progressive haematoma' - arise from the ethmoid region and can extend to fill the nasal cavity. They can be difficult to control as they can recur after surgery.

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***Histology - multiple areas of acute to chronic haemorrhage within a fibrous tissue stroma.

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**[[Lungs - circulatory#Pulmonary haemorrhage|Exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage]]

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**Rupture of rectus capitus - profuse haemorrhage

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**[[Guttural pouches - inflammatory|Mycotic infection of guttural pouches]]

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**Nasolacrimal haemorrhage

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**Nasal/pharyngeal trauma/foreign body

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**[[Paranasal sinuses - hyperplastic and neoplastic|Sinus neoplasia]]

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**[[Nasal cavity - hyperplastic and neoplastic#Nasal and paranasal sinus cysts|Sinus cyst]]

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**[[Paranasal sinuses - inflammatory|Sinusitis]]

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**Lower airway disease

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**[[Lungs - hyperplastic and neoplastic|Pulmonary neoplasia]]

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**Cardiac

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***Mitral insufficiency

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***Atrial fibrillation

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**Skeletal

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***Head trauma

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**Rarely hypertension or vascular aneurysms

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*Blood stained nose at post-mortem - terminal pulmonary congestion, oedema, haemorrhage

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===Dysphagia===

*'''Horses'''

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**[[Alimentary - Anatomy & Physiology|Gastrointestinal tract]]

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**[[Alimentary System Overview - Anatomy & Physiology|Gastrointestinal tract]]

***[[Oesophagus - Anatomy & Physiology|Oesophageal]] obstruction

**Respiratory tract

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***Retropharyngeal abscesses e.g. [[Bacterial ~~infections~~#Strangles|strangles]]

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***Retropharyngeal abscesses e.g. [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Strangles|strangles]]

***Other retropharyngeal masses

***Pharyngeal foreign body

***Pharyngeal paralysis

**Neurological

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***[[Guttural ~~pouches - inflammatory~~|Guttural pouch mycosis]]

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***[[Guttural Pouch Mycosis|Guttural pouch mycosis]]

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***[[~~Intestines - physical disturbances#Dysautonomia~~|Equine grass sickness]]

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***[[Grass Sickness|Equine grass sickness]]

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***[[Clostridium ~~species~~|Botulism]]

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***[[Clostridium botulinum|Botulism]]

***Lead poisoning

*Cleft palate

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**From Equine Respiratory Diseases edited by P. Lekeux, published by the International Veterinary Information Service (IVIS)

**Requires IVIS membership

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[[Category:Respiratory System - Pathology]]

Lwilkie

4,503

edits

Changes

Respiratory System Clinical Signs - Pathology (view source)

Revision as of 17:34, 8 November 2012

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