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An Introduction to the Microbiota

2021-10-27T14:59:24Z

Admin:

The collection of living microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, protozoa and viruses) that inhabit a specific environment are referred as the '''microbiota or microbiome''', (the latter referring to the microorganisms and their genes) and are terms which now supersede the outdated ‘microflora’.

The microbes occupying habitats such as gut, skin and the urogenital tract differ remarkably between and within species. Even within the same habitat variations can occur, with different bacterial populations existing at different skin sites on the same animal.<ref>Cuscó A, Belanger JM, Gershony L. et al. Individual signatures and environmental factors shape skin microbiota in healthy dogs. Microbiome 2017; 5:139</ref> However despite these variations, there does appear to be a core bacterial community, demonstrated by the canine intestinal microbiota which is dominated by three main phyla (''Fusobacterium, Bacteroidetes, and Firmicutes'')<ref>Pilla R, Suchodolski JS. The Role of the Canine Gut Microbiome and Metabolome in Health and Gastrointestinal Disease. Front Vet Sci 2020;14(6):498</ref>. However, the relative abundance of each taxa can be extremely variable and reflects the microenvironment of the gastrointestinal tract location which is dictated by factors such as pH, oxygen, motility, lumen patency and presence of bile acids.<ref>Gorkiewicz G, Moschen A. Gut microbiome: a new player in gastrointestinal disease. Virchows Archiv 2018; 472(1):159–172</ref> Other external factors such as diet, environment, season, host genetics and even early microbial exposure have all been implicated in the development of the microbiota.

These microbes form complex and dynamic associations with humans, animals and plants that range from mutually beneficial to commensal or pathogenic.

Mutually beneficial organisms are organisms from two different species that exist together and each provides the other with some benefit from their individual activity. An example of this would be ''Ruminococcus'', a cellulose-digesting bacteria present in herbivores: the host provides these bacteria with a constant supply of nutrients (from fibre), and in return the bacterial products of digestion (primarily glucose) supply the host with energy and nutrition from a food source they would otherwise be unable to utilise.

Commensal organisms are those that benefit from the host without affecting the host in any way (positively or negatively). This term is, however, controversial amongst many biologists who do not truly believe that an organism can ‘take’ from another organism without exerting any change at all; this theory promotes the idea that all commensal organisms must have some mutualistic or parasitic effect on the host, no matter how subtle or small that effect may be.

Interestingly, some commensal organisms can become pathogenic if the environment becomes more favourable to that specific organism at the expense of other ‘competitors’. An example of this would be ''Staphylococcus pseudintermedius'' in dogs with atopic dermatitis. S.''pseudintermedius'' is part of a healthy canine skin microbiota yet under certain conditions, such as reduced skin barrier function and inflammation, these commensal organisms can proliferate to abnormal levels thereby contributing to the disease process.

This imbalance to the normal, diverse equilibrium of micro-organisms is termed a dysbiosis.<ref>Older CE, Rodrigues Hoffmann A, Hoover K, Banovic F. Characterization of Cutaneous Bacterial Microbiota from Superficial Pyoderma Forms in Atopic Dogs. Pathogens 2020; 9(8):638 </ref><ref>Hata TR, Gallo, RL. Antimicrobial peptides, skin infections, and atopic dermatitis. Semin Cutan Med Surg 2008; 27(2):144–150</ref>

Pathogenic or parasitic organisms are those that will gain some benefit from the host but simultaneously cause some degree of harm in the process. The microbiota provides protection against colonisation by these pathogenic microorganisms through a number of complex mechanisms, however occasionally organisms can override this microbial barrier, out-competing the commensal community resulting in infection or disease.<ref>Rolhion N, Chassaing B. When pathogenic bacteria meet the intestinal microbiota. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 2016; 371 (1707): 20150504</ref> Factors such as antibiotic administration can reduce colonisation resistance against pathogens<ref>Kennedy EA, King KY, Baldridge MT. Mouse Microbiota Models: Comparing Germ-Free Mice and Antibiotics Treatment as Tools for Modifying Gut Bacteria. Front Physiol 2018; 31(9):1534</ref>, and germ- free mice have shown a greater susceptibility to epithelial injury in induced colitis.<ref>Hernández-Chirlaque C, Aranda CJ, Ocón B et al. Germ-free and Antibiotic-treated Mice are Highly Susceptible to Epithelial Injury in DSS Colitis. Journal of Crohn's and Colitis 2016; 10(1):1324–1335</ref> Thus, the importance of a harmonious and diverse microbiota in preventing the proliferation of pathogenic species and driving normal gut development is widely accepted.

The mammalian microbiota is comprised of 10-100 trillion microbial cells, outnumbering host cells by 10 to 1 and in humans adding over 8 million genes to our set of 22,000. Our understanding of the microbiota it still in its infancy, however its huge impact on host physiology is clear and the symbiotic relationship that exists between the host and microbiota has led to a new paradigm in our consideration of this system; is the microbiota actually a ‘virtual organ’ in its own right?
[[File:ProtexinVeterinary.jpg|thumb|201x201px|In Partnership With Protexin Veterinary]]
'''Author: Pippa Coupe BVSc MRCVS, Veterinary Product Manager at Protexin Veterinary. Protexin Veterinary is a brand of ADM Protexin Ltd'''

[https://www.protexinvet.com/ '''www.protexinvet.com''']

==Read more==
[[Development of the Microbiota|'''Development of the Microbiota''']]

[[Functions of the Microbiota|'''Functions of the Microbiota''']]

==References==
<references />

An Introduction to the Microbiota

2021-10-27T14:52:58Z

Admin:

The collection of living microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, protozoa and viruses) that inhabit a specific environment are referred as the '''microbiota or microbiome''', (the latter referring to the microorganisms and their genes) and are terms which now supersede the outdated ‘microflora’.

The microbes occupying habitats such as gut, skin and the urogenital tract differ remarkably between and within species. Even within the same habitat variations can occur, with different bacterial populations existing at different skin sites on the same animal.<ref>Cuscó A, Belanger JM, Gershony L. et al. Individual signatures and environmental factors shape skin microbiota in healthy dogs. Microbiome 2017; 5:139</ref> However despite these variations, there does appear to be a core bacterial community, demonstrated by the canine intestinal microbiota which is dominated by three main phyla (''Fusobacterium, Bacteroidetes, and Firmicutes'')<ref>Pilla R, Suchodolski JS. The Role of the Canine Gut Microbiome and Metabolome in Health and Gastrointestinal Disease. Front Vet Sci 2020;14(6):498</ref>. However, the relative abundance of each taxa can be extremely variable and reflects the microenvironment of the gastrointestinal tract location which is dictated by factors such as pH, oxygen, motility, lumen patency and presence of bile acids.<ref>Gorkiewicz G, Moschen A. Gut microbiome: a new player in gastrointestinal disease. Virchows Archiv 2018; 472(1):159–172</ref> Other external factors such as diet, environment, season, host genetics and even early microbial exposure have all been implicated in the development of the microbiota.

These microbes form complex and dynamic associations with humans, animals and plants that range from mutually beneficial to commensal or pathogenic.

Mutually beneficial organisms are organisms from two different species that exist together and each provides the other with some benefit from their individual activity. An example of this would be ''Ruminococcus'', a cellulose-digesting bacteria present in herbivores: the host provides these bacteria with a constant supply of nutrients (from fibre), and in return the bacterial products of digestion (primarily glucose) supply the host with energy and nutrition from a food source they would otherwise be unable to utilise.

Commensal organisms are those that benefit from the host without affecting the host in any way (positively or negatively). This term is, however, controversial amongst many biologists who do not truly believe that an organism can ‘take’ from another organism without exerting any change at all; this theory promotes the idea that all commensal organisms must have some mutualistic or parasitic effect on the host, no matter how subtle or small that effect may be.

Interestingly, some commensal organisms can become pathogenic if the environment becomes more favourable to that specific organism at the expense of other ‘competitors’. An example of this would be ''Staphylococcus pseudintermedius'' in dogs with atopic dermatitis. S.''pseudintermedius'' is part of a healthy canine skin microbiota yet under certain conditions, such as reduced skin barrier function and inflammation, these commensal organisms can proliferate to abnormal levels thereby contributing to the disease process.

This imbalance to the normal, diverse equilibrium of micro-organisms is termed a dysbiosis.<ref>Older CE, Rodrigues Hoffmann A, Hoover K, Banovic F. Characterization of Cutaneous Bacterial Microbiota from Superficial Pyoderma Forms in Atopic Dogs. Pathogens 2020; 9(8):638 </ref><ref>Hata TR, Gallo, RL. Antimicrobial peptides, skin infections, and atopic dermatitis. Semin Cutan Med Surg 2008; 27(2):144–150</ref>

Pathogenic or parasitic organisms are those that will gain some benefit from the host but simultaneously cause some degree of harm in the process. The microbiota provides protection against colonisation by these pathogenic microorganisms through a number of complex mechanisms, however occasionally organisms can override this microbial barrier, out-competing the commensal community resulting in infection or disease.<ref>Rolhion N, Chassaing B. When pathogenic bacteria meet the intestinal microbiota. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 2016; 371 (1707): 20150504</ref> Factors such as antibiotic administration can reduce colonisation resistance against pathogens<ref>Kennedy EA, King KY, Baldridge MT. Mouse Microbiota Models: Comparing Germ-Free Mice and Antibiotics Treatment as Tools for Modifying Gut Bacteria. Front Physiol 2018; 31(9):1534</ref>, and germ- free mice have shown a greater susceptibility to epithelial injury in induced colitis.<ref>Hernández-Chirlaque C, Aranda CJ, Ocón B et al. Germ-free and Antibiotic-treated Mice are Highly Susceptible to Epithelial Injury in DSS Colitis. Journal of Crohn's and Colitis 2016; 10(1):1324–1335</ref> Thus, the importance of a harmonious and diverse microbiota in preventing the proliferation of pathogenic species and driving normal gut development is widely accepted.

The mammalian microbiota is comprised of 10-100 trillion microbial cells, outnumbering host cells by 10 to 1 and in humans adding over 8 million genes to our set of 22,000. Our understanding of the microbiota it still in its infancy, however its huge impact on host physiology is clear and the symbiotic relationship that exists between the host and microbiota has led to a new paradigm in our consideration of this system; is the microbiota actually a ‘virtual organ’ in its own right?
[[File:ProtexinVeterinary.jpg|thumb|201x201px|In Partnership With Protexin Veterinary]]
'''Author: Pippa Coupe BVSc MRCVS, Veterinary Product Manager at Protexin Veterinary. Protexin Veterinary is a brand of ADM Protexin Ltd'''

[https://www.protexinvet.com/ '''www.protexinvet.com''']

[[Development of the Microbiota|'''Development of the Microbiota''']]

[[Functions of the Microbiota|'''Functions of the Microbiota''']]

==References==
<references />

Functions of the Microbiota

2021-10-27T14:37:12Z

Admin:

Though the microbiota is a dynamic and constantly changing ecosystem, it has a number of functions essential for normal metabolic, immunologic, neurologic and structural health<ref>Adak A, Khan MR. An insight into gut microbiota and its functionalities, ''Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences'' 2018; 76(3):473-493</ref>. An optimal or balanced microbiota can perform these functions more efficiently, ultimately having beneficial effects on the hosts nutritional health and immunological resistance<ref name=":0">Ikeda-Ohtsubo W, Brugman S, Warden CH, Rebel JMJ, Folkerts G, Pieterse CMJ. How Can We Define “Optimal Microbiota?”: A Comparative Review of Structure and Functions of Microbiota of Animals, Fish, and Plants in Agriculture, ''Frontiers in Nutrition'' 2018; 5</ref>.

One of the major, well-known functions of the microbiota is the fermentation of indigestible fibres to produce short chain fatty acids (SCFA)<ref>Krishnan S, Alden N, Lee K. Pathways and functions of gut microbiota metabolism impacting host physiology, ''Current Opinion in Biotechnology'' 2015; 36:137-145</ref>. Propionate, acetate and butyrate are key SCFA produced from this fermentative process and have many host benefits such as providing vital nutrition for intestinal epithelial cells, modulating immune function, and increasing mucosal blood flow<ref name=":0" /><ref>Savage DC. Gastrointestinal microflora in mammalian nutrition, ''Annual Review of Nutrition'' 1986; 6:155-178</ref><ref>Marteau P, Seksik P, Lepage P, Doré J. Cellular and physiological effects of probiotics and prebiotics, ''Mini Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry'' 2004; 4(8):889-896</ref>. Specifically, acetate is utilised for lipid metabolism, propionate for gluconeogenesis and butyrate is utilised as a key energy source for enterocytes and colonocytes<ref>Valdes AM, Walter J, Segal E, Spector TD. Role of the gut microbiota in nutrition and health, ''British Medical Journal'' 2018; 361:k2179</ref><ref>Minamoto Y, Minamoto T, Isaiah A, Sattasathuchana P, Buono A, Rangachari VR, McNeely IH, Lidbury J, Steiner JM, Suchodolski JS. Fecal short‐chain fatty acid concentrations and dysbiosis in dogs with chronic enteropathy, ''Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine'' 2019; 33(4):1608-1618</ref>.

Additionally, lactic acid is a by-product of the fermentation process. It plays a vital role in the intestinal ecosystem such as turnover of epithelial cells, acting as a food source for other SCFA producing bacteria<ref name=":0" /> and producing an unfavourable local environment for pathogenic bacteria such as ''Salmonella spp.'' and ''E. coli'' by altering pH<ref>Vieco-Saiz N, Belguesmia Y, Raspoet R, Auclair E, Gancel F, Kempf I, Drider D. Benefits and Inputs From Lactic Acid Bacteria and Their Bacteriocins as Alternatives to Antibiotic Growth Promoters During Food-Animal Production, ''Frontiers in Microbiology'' 2019; 10</ref>.

The gut microbiota is responsible for synthesising certain vitamins, notably vitamin K and B group vitamins. Not only are these vitamins important for bacterial metabolism, but studies in germ-free rats have revealed the metabolic and physiological significance of some of these pathways in mammals.<ref>Rowland I, Gibson G, Heinken A, Scott K, Swann J, Thiele I, Tuohy K. Gut microbiota functions: metabolism of nutrients and other food components, ''European Journal of Nutrition'' 2017; 57(1):1-24</ref>

The microbiota plays an important function in normal gut structural development which is supported by studies that have shown structural gut disorders associated with germ-free mice.<ref name=":1">Di Mauro A, Neu J, Riezzo G, Raimondi F, Martinelli D, Francavilla R, Indrio F. Gastrointestinal function development and microbiota, ''Italian Journal of Pediatrics'' 2013; 39(1):15</ref> This is further reinforced by studies investigating the effect of faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) in mice with intestinal disorders such as ulcerative colitis. These demonstrate FMT to have a therapeutic effect through remodelling of the intestinal flora and immune modulation.<ref>Zhou J, Zhou Z, Ji P, Ma M, Guo J, Jiang S. Effect of fecal microbiota transplantation on experimental colitis in mice, ''Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine'' 2019; 17(4):2581-2586</ref> Such research has led us to believe that the microbiota is vital in regulating the development of the intestinal barrier and its functions.<ref name=":1" />

Research has revealed direct and indirect mechanisms by which the microbiota can regulate colonisation and eliminate pathogens, thus potentially limiting enteric infections. Commensal bacteria produce bacteriocins which specifically inhibit potentially pathogenic members of the same or similar bacterial species. Furthermore, commensals are able to alter the pH of the environment to prevent growth of certain pathogenic bacteria and prevent pathogenic infections.<ref>Kamada N, Chen GY, Inohara N, Núñez G. Control of Pathogens and Pathobionts by the Gut Microbiota, ''Nature immunology'' 2013; 14(7):685-690</ref> Finally, the microbiota can indirectly prevent pathogenic colonisation by competing with pathogens for nutrients and promoting epithelial barrier function and integrity. The latter is achieved through mucus production and improving host immunity to defend against enteric infections.

One of the more significant roles of the microbiota is in the development of oral tolerance. That is, the suppression of the immune responses to harmless orally ingested antigens and commensal bacteria. Specialised dendritic cells located in the intestinal mucosa are responsible for collecting intestinal antigens and critical for inducing tolerance through detection of luminal contents.<ref>Chistiakov DA, Bobryshev YV, Kozarov E, Sobenin IA, Orekhov AN. Intestinal mucosal tolerance and impact of gut microbiota to mucosal tolerance, ''Frontiers in Microbiology'' 2015; 5</ref> Rodent experimental models have demonstrated the ability of oral tolerance to prevent autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. With the abundance of dietary intolerance seen in veterinary practices, understanding how to provide an optimal environment for oral tolerance to develop is crucial for veterinarians.

Many of these functions can only be achieved through a healthy, balanced and diversified microbiota. Ultimately this can have a large impact on the overall health of the host through preventing infections, autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Thus, understanding the functions of the microbiota is fundamentally important when choosing therapeutics, such as antibiotics and probiotics, as they can have significant long term effects on the host.
[[File:ProtexinVeterinary.jpg|thumb|201x201px|In Partnership With Protexin Veterinary]]
'''Author: Benjamin Sofaer BVSc, Veterinary Territory Manager at Protexin Veterinary. Protexin Veterinary is a brand of ADM Protexin Ltd'''

[https://www.protexinvet.com/ '''www.protexinvet.com''']

== References ==
<references />

Functions of the Microbiota

2021-10-27T14:36:35Z

Admin: Created page with "Though the microbiota is a dynamic and constantly changing ecosystem, it has a number of functions essential for normal metabolic, immunologic, neurologic and structural healt..."

Though the microbiota is a dynamic and constantly changing ecosystem, it has a number of functions essential for normal metabolic, immunologic, neurologic and structural health<ref>Adak A, Khan MR. An insight into gut microbiota and its functionalities, ''Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences'' 2018; 76(3):473-493</ref>. An optimal or balanced microbiota can perform these functions more efficiently, ultimately having beneficial effects on the hosts nutritional health and immunological resistance<ref name=":0">Ikeda-Ohtsubo W, Brugman S, Warden CH, Rebel JMJ, Folkerts G, Pieterse CMJ. How Can We Define “Optimal Microbiota?”: A Comparative Review of Structure and Functions of Microbiota of Animals, Fish, and Plants in Agriculture, ''Frontiers in Nutrition'' 2018; 5</ref>.

One of the major, well-known functions of the microbiota is the fermentation of indigestible fibres to produce short chain fatty acids (SCFA)<ref>Krishnan S, Alden N, Lee K. Pathways and functions of gut microbiota metabolism impacting host physiology, ''Current Opinion in Biotechnology'' 2015; 36:137-145</ref>. Propionate, acetate and butyrate are key SCFA produced from this fermentative process and have many host benefits such as providing vital nutrition for intestinal epithelial cells, modulating immune function, and increasing mucosal blood flow<ref name=":0" /><ref>Savage DC. Gastrointestinal microflora in mammalian nutrition, ''Annual Review of Nutrition'' 1986; 6:155-178</ref><ref>Marteau P, Seksik P, Lepage P, Doré J. Cellular and physiological effects of probiotics and prebiotics, ''Mini Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry'' 2004; 4(8):889-896</ref>. Specifically, acetate is utilised for lipid metabolism, propionate for gluconeogenesis and butyrate is utilised as a key energy source for enterocytes and colonocytes<ref>Valdes AM, Walter J, Segal E, Spector TD. Role of the gut microbiota in nutrition and health, ''British Medical Journal'' 2018; 361:k2179</ref><ref>Minamoto Y, Minamoto T, Isaiah A, Sattasathuchana P, Buono A, Rangachari VR, McNeely IH, Lidbury J, Steiner JM, Suchodolski JS. Fecal short‐chain fatty acid concentrations and dysbiosis in dogs with chronic enteropathy, ''Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine'' 2019; 33(4):1608-1618</ref>.

Additionally, lactic acid is a by-product of the fermentation process. It plays a vital role in the intestinal ecosystem such as turnover of epithelial cells, acting as a food source for other SCFA producing bacteria<ref name=":0" /> and producing an unfavourable local environment for pathogenic bacteria such as ''Salmonella spp.'' and ''E. coli'' by altering pH<ref>Vieco-Saiz N, Belguesmia Y, Raspoet R, Auclair E, Gancel F, Kempf I, Drider D. Benefits and Inputs From Lactic Acid Bacteria and Their Bacteriocins as Alternatives to Antibiotic Growth Promoters During Food-Animal Production, ''Frontiers in Microbiology'' 2019; 10</ref>.

The gut microbiota is responsible for synthesising certain vitamins, notably vitamin K and B group vitamins. Not only are these vitamins important for bacterial metabolism, but studies in germ-free rats have revealed the metabolic and physiological significance of some of these pathways in mammals.<ref>Rowland I, Gibson G, Heinken A, Scott K, Swann J, Thiele I, Tuohy K. Gut microbiota functions: metabolism of nutrients and other food components, ''European Journal of Nutrition'' 2017; 57(1):1-24</ref>

The microbiota plays an important function in normal gut structural development which is supported by studies that have shown structural gut disorders associated with germ-free mice.<ref name=":1">Di Mauro A, Neu J, Riezzo G, Raimondi F, Martinelli D, Francavilla R, Indrio F. Gastrointestinal function development and microbiota, ''Italian Journal of Pediatrics'' 2013; 39(1):15</ref> This is further reinforced by studies investigating the effect of faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) in mice with intestinal disorders such as ulcerative colitis. These demonstrate FMT to have a therapeutic effect through remodelling of the intestinal flora and immune modulation.<ref>Zhou J, Zhou Z, Ji P, Ma M, Guo J, Jiang S. Effect of fecal microbiota transplantation on experimental colitis in mice, ''Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine'' 2019; 17(4):2581-2586</ref> Such research has led us to believe that the microbiota is vital in regulating the development of the intestinal barrier and its functions.<ref name=":1" />

Research has revealed direct and indirect mechanisms by which the microbiota can regulate colonisation and eliminate pathogens, thus potentially limiting enteric infections. Commensal bacteria produce bacteriocins which specifically inhibit potentially pathogenic members of the same or similar bacterial species. Furthermore, commensals are able to alter the pH of the environment to prevent growth of certain pathogenic bacteria and prevent pathogenic infections.<ref>Kamada N, Chen GY, Inohara N, Núñez G. Control of Pathogens and Pathobionts by the Gut Microbiota, ''Nature immunology'' 2013; 14(7):685-690</ref> Finally, the microbiota can indirectly prevent pathogenic colonisation by competing with pathogens for nutrients and promoting epithelial barrier function and integrity. The latter is achieved through mucus production and improving host immunity to defend against enteric infections.

One of the more significant roles of the microbiota is in the development of oral tolerance. That is, the suppression of the immune responses to harmless orally ingested antigens and commensal bacteria. Specialised dendritic cells located in the intestinal mucosa are responsible for collecting intestinal antigens and critical for inducing tolerance through detection of luminal contents.<ref>Chistiakov DA, Bobryshev YV, Kozarov E, Sobenin IA, Orekhov AN. Intestinal mucosal tolerance and impact of gut microbiota to mucosal tolerance, ''Frontiers in Microbiology'' 2015; 5</ref> Rodent experimental models have demonstrated the ability of oral tolerance to prevent autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. With the abundance of dietary intolerance seen in veterinary practices, understanding how to provide an optimal environment for oral tolerance to develop is crucial for veterinarians.

Many of these functions can only be achieved through a healthy, balanced and diversified microbiota. Ultimately this can have a large impact on the overall health of the host through preventing infections, autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Thus, understanding the functions of the microbiota is fundamentally important when choosing therapeutics, such as antibiotics and probiotics, as they can have significant long term effects on the host.

'''Author: Benjamin Sofaer BVSc, Veterinary Territory Manager at Protexin Veterinary. Protexin Veterinary is a brand of ADM Protexin Ltd'''

[https://www.protexinvet.com/ '''www.protexinvet.com''']

== References ==
<references />

An Introduction to the Microbiota

2021-09-30T13:21:27Z

Admin:

The collection of living microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, protozoa and viruses) that inhabit a specific environment are referred as the '''microbiota or microbiome''', (the latter referring to the microorganisms and their genes) and are terms which now supersede the outdated ‘microflora’.

The microbes occupying habitats such as gut, skin and the urogenital tract differ remarkably between and within species. Even within the same habitat variations can occur, with different bacterial populations existing at different skin sites on the same animal.<ref>Cuscó A, Belanger JM, Gershony L. et al. Individual signatures and environmental factors shape skin microbiota in healthy dogs. Microbiome 2017; 5:139</ref> However despite these variations, there does appear to be a core bacterial community, demonstrated by the canine intestinal microbiota which is dominated by three main phyla (''Fusobacterium, Bacteroidetes, and Firmicutes'')<ref>Pilla R, Suchodolski JS. The Role of the Canine Gut Microbiome and Metabolome in Health and Gastrointestinal Disease. Front Vet Sci 2020;14(6):498</ref>. However, the relative abundance of each taxa can be extremely variable and reflects the microenvironment of the gastrointestinal tract location which is dictated by factors such as pH, oxygen, motility, lumen patency and presence of bile acids.<ref>Gorkiewicz G, Moschen A. Gut microbiome: a new player in gastrointestinal disease. Virchows Archiv 2018; 472(1):159–172</ref> Other external factors such as diet, environment, season, host genetics and even early microbial exposure have all been implicated in the development of the microbiota.

These microbes form complex and dynamic associations with humans, animals and plants that range from mutually beneficial to commensal or pathogenic.

Mutually beneficial organisms are organisms from two different species that exist together and each provides the other with some benefit from their individual activity. An example of this would be ''Ruminococcus'', a cellulose-digesting bacteria present in herbivores: the host provides these bacteria with a constant supply of nutrients (from fibre), and in return the bacterial products of digestion (primarily glucose) supply the host with energy and nutrition from a food source they would otherwise be unable to utilise.

Commensal organisms are those that benefit from the host without affecting the host in any way (positively or negatively). This term is, however, controversial amongst many biologists who do not truly believe that an organism can ‘take’ from another organism without exerting any change at all; this theory promotes the idea that all commensal organisms must have some mutualistic or parasitic effect on the host, no matter how subtle or small that effect may be.

Interestingly, some commensal organisms can become pathogenic if the environment becomes more favourable to that specific organism at the expense of other ‘competitors’. An example of this would be ''Staphylococcus pseudintermedius'' in dogs with atopic dermatitis. S.''pseudintermedius'' is part of a healthy canine skin microbiota yet under certain conditions, such as reduced skin barrier function and inflammation, these commensal organisms can proliferate to abnormal levels thereby contributing to the disease process.

This imbalance to the normal, diverse equilibrium of micro-organisms is termed a dysbiosis.<ref>Older CE, Rodrigues Hoffmann A, Hoover K, Banovic F. Characterization of Cutaneous Bacterial Microbiota from Superficial Pyoderma Forms in Atopic Dogs. Pathogens 2020; 9(8):638 </ref><ref>Hata TR, Gallo, RL. Antimicrobial peptides, skin infections, and atopic dermatitis. Semin Cutan Med Surg 2008; 27(2):144–150</ref>

Pathogenic or parasitic organisms are those that will gain some benefit from the host but simultaneously cause some degree of harm in the process. The microbiota provides protection against colonisation by these pathogenic microorganisms through a number of complex mechanisms, however occasionally organisms can override this microbial barrier, out-competing the commensal community resulting in infection or disease.<ref>Rolhion N, Chassaing B. When pathogenic bacteria meet the intestinal microbiota. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 2016; 371 (1707): 20150504</ref> Factors such as antibiotic administration can reduce colonisation resistance against pathogens<ref>Kennedy EA, King KY, Baldridge MT. Mouse Microbiota Models: Comparing Germ-Free Mice and Antibiotics Treatment as Tools for Modifying Gut Bacteria. Front Physiol 2018; 31(9):1534</ref>, and germ- free mice have shown a greater susceptibility to epithelial injury in induced colitis.<ref>Hernández-Chirlaque C, Aranda CJ, Ocón B et al. Germ-free and Antibiotic-treated Mice are Highly Susceptible to Epithelial Injury in DSS Colitis. Journal of Crohn's and Colitis 2016; 10(1):1324–1335</ref> Thus, the importance of a harmonious and diverse microbiota in preventing the proliferation of pathogenic species and driving normal gut development is widely accepted.

The mammalian microbiota is comprised of 10-100 trillion microbial cells, outnumbering host cells by 10 to 1 and in humans adding over 8 million genes to our set of 22,000. Our understanding of the microbiota it still in its infancy, however its huge impact on host physiology is clear and the symbiotic relationship that exists between the host and microbiota has led to a new paradigm in our consideration of this system; is the microbiota actually a ‘virtual organ’ in its own right?
[[File:ProtexinVeterinary.jpg|thumb|201x201px|In Partnership With Protexin Veterinary]]
'''Author: Pippa Coupe BVSc MRCVS, Veterinary Product Manager at Protexin Veterinary. Protexin Veterinary is a brand of ADM Protexin Ltd'''

[https://www.protexinvet.com/ '''www.protexinvet.com''']

[[Development of the Microbiota|'''Development of the Microbiota''']]

== References ==
<references />

Development of the Microbiota

2021-09-30T11:02:57Z

Admin:

The uniqueness of an individual’s microbiota is established during the first few years of life and alterations to the microbiota during this time can have a profound effect on the long-term wellbeing of the individual. Development of the microbiota is characterised by large, rapid changes in microbial populations, diversity and abundance.<ref>Matamoros S, Gras-Leguen C, Le Vacon F, Potel G, de La Cochetiere, M-F. Development of intestinal microbiota in infants and its impact on health. ''Trends in Microbiology'' 2013; 21(4):167-173</ref> Such changes will occur due to a number of factors in-utero, during the neonatal period, maternal transfer and throughout the weaning process.

It was originally thought that the foetus developed in a sterile environment within the uterus, with initial microbial exposure occurring extra-uterine during birth. However, studies have demonstrated the presence of bacterial DNA in the placenta and amniotic fluid from healthy term pregnancies, and umbilical cord blood from caesarean delivered neonates.<ref>Steel JH, Malatos S, Kennea N, et al. Bacteria and inflammatory cells in fetal membranes do not always cause preterm labor. ''Pediatric Research'' 2005; 57(3): 404-411</ref>,<ref>Jiménez E, Fernández L, Marín ML, et al. Isolation of commensal bacteria from umbilical cord blood of healthy neonates born by cesarean section. ''Current Microbiology'' 2005; 51(4): 270–274</ref> Furthermore, genetically labelled Enterococcus faecium given to pregnant mice was found in the meconium of their pups, despite delivery by caesarean,<ref>Jiménez E, Marín ML, Martín R, et al. Is meconium from healthy newborn actually sterile? ''Research in Microbiology'' 2008; 159(3): 187-193</ref> suggesting that development of the microbiota may begin in-utero via maternal transfer.

Establishment of the skin, oral, nasopharyngeal and gut microbiota in newborns occurs during delivery. As the infant exits the birth canal during vaginal birth, it is covered in vaginal and faecal bacteria, acquiring a microbiota similar to that of the vagina. Whereas caesarean section delivered newborns develop a microbiota more similar to the skin.<ref>Dominguez-Bello MG, Costello EK, Contreras M et al. Delivery mode shapes the acquisition and structure of the initial microbiota across multiple body habitats in newborns. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America'' 2010; 107(26): 11971-11975</ref> Importantly, newborn canines can be exposed to the mother’s vaginal and faecal microbiota through the mother’s tongue, thus the effect of delivery mode may be less pronounced compared to humans.<ref name=":0">Pilla R, Suchodolski JS. The Role of the Canine Gut Microbiome and Metabolome in Health and Gastrointestinal Disease. ''Frontiers in Veterinary Science'' 2020; 14(6):498 </ref>

Maternal transfer via breastfeeding plays an important role in developing the neonatal gut microbiota post-partum. This occurs directly through exposure to milk microbiota which contains hundreds of bacterial species and indirectly, via maternal milk; factors such as oligosaccharides, secretory IgA and anti-microbials can affect bacterial numbers and activity.<ref>van den Elsen LWJ, Garssen J, Burcelin R, Verhasselt V. Shaping the Gut Microbiota by Breastfeeding: The Gateway to Allergy Prevention? ''Frontiers in Pediatrics'' 2019; 7:47</ref> Unsurprisingly, the microbiota from breastfed-infants differs significantly to formula-fed infants due to microbial contents of the milk.<ref name=":1">Di Mauro A, Neu J, Riezzo G, Raimondi F, Martinelli D, Francavilla R, Indrio F. Gastrointestinal function development and microbiota, ''Italian Journal of Pediatrics'' 2013; 39(1):15</ref>

The maturation of the microbiota into an adult-like composition occurs throughout the weaning process. Puppies tend to have variable microbiota compositions whereas healthy adults have a much more stable microbiota.<ref name=":0" /> Variations in diet composition can also have dramatic effects on the microbiota. For example, macronutrient differences in carnivorous verses herbivorous diets will be reflected in gut microbiota composition.<ref name=":0" /> Alterations to the microbiota can also occur following infections or illnesses, environmental or dietary change or exposure to certain medications and supplements, such as antibiotics and probiotics.<ref>David LA, Maurice CF, Carmody RN et al. Diet rapidly and reproducibly alters the human gut microbiome. ''Nature'' 2014; 505(7484): 559-563</ref>,<ref>Cho I, Yamanishi S, Cox L et al. Antibiotics in early life alter the murine colonic microbiome and adiposity. ''Nature'' 2012; 488(7413): 621-626</ref>

The microbiota plays a crucial role in normal gastrointestinal structural development via direct interactions with immune cells, mucosal cells and neuronal endings.<ref name=":1" /> This has been studied in rodents where antibiotic administration in rats at the end of gestation resulted in pups with small stomachs, reduced acid secretion and increased intestinal permeability.<ref>Fåk F, Ahrné S, Molin G, Jeppsson B, Weström B. Microbial manipulation of the rat dam changes bacterial colonization and alters properties of the gut in her offspring. ''American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology'' 2008; 294(1): G148–154</ref> While germ free mice have been shown to develop a greatly enlarged caecum, reduced intestinal surface area, decreased epithelial cell turnover, smaller Peyer’s Patches and disordered gut-associated lymphoid tissue and smaller villous thickness.<ref name=":1" /> This suggests that a healthy microbiota in neonates may be vital for the normal development of the structural intestinal mucosa, gastrointestinal mucosal immunity and gastrointestinal functions.

Research is ongoing in the development of the microbiota through using DNA-based detection techniques to identify specific bacterial species involved. Epidemiological studies in humans have linked disruptions within the neonatal microbiota to immune-mediated diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), allergic rhinitis and atopic dermatitis<ref>Conroy ME, Shi HN, Walker WA. The long-term health effects of neonatal microbial flora. ''Current Opinion in Allergy & Clinical Immunology'' 2009; 9(3): 197-201</ref> With further research, we may be able to optimise this critical period in microbiota development to reduce the incidence of these diseases, not only in humans, but also in canines and felines.
[[File:ProtexinVeterinary.jpg|thumb|201x201px|In Partnership With Protexin Veterinary]]

'''Author: Benjamin Sofaer BVSc, Veterinary Territory Manager at Protexin Veterinary. Protexin Veterinary is a brand of ADM Protexin Ltd'''

== References ==
<references />

Development of the Microbiota

2021-09-30T10:51:50Z

Admin: Created page with "The uniqueness of an individual’s microbiota is established during the first few years of life and alterations to the microbiota during this time can have a profound effect..."

An Introduction to the Microbiota

2021-08-24T15:28:59Z

Admin: Created page with "The collection of living microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, protozoa and viruses) that inhabit a specific environment are referred as the '''microbiota or microbiome''', (the la..."

The collection of living microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, protozoa and viruses) that inhabit a specific environment are referred as the '''microbiota or microbiome''', (the latter referring to the microorganisms and their genes) and are terms which now supersede the outdated ‘microflora’.

The microbes occupying habitats such as gut, skin and the urogenital tract differ remarkably between and within species. Even within the same habitat variations can occur, with different bacterial populations existing at different skin sites on the same animal.<ref>Cuscó A, Belanger JM, Gershony L. et al. Individual signatures and environmental factors shape skin microbiota in healthy dogs. Microbiome 2017; 5:139</ref> However despite these variations, there does appear to be a core bacterial community, demonstrated by the canine intestinal microbiota which is dominated by three main phyla (''Fusobacterium, Bacteroidetes, and Firmicutes'')<ref>Pilla R, Suchodolski JS. The Role of the Canine Gut Microbiome and Metabolome in Health and Gastrointestinal Disease. Front Vet Sci 2020;14(6):498</ref>. However, the relative abundance of each taxa can be extremely variable and reflects the microenvironment of the gastrointestinal tract location which is dictated by factors such as pH, oxygen, motility, lumen patency and presence of bile acids.<ref>Gorkiewicz G, Moschen A. Gut microbiome: a new player in gastrointestinal disease. Virchows Archiv 2018; 472(1):159–172</ref> Other external factors such as diet, environment, season, host genetics and even early microbial exposure have all been implicated in the development of the microbiota.

These microbes form complex and dynamic associations with humans, animals and plants that range from mutually beneficial to commensal or pathogenic.

Mutually beneficial organisms are organisms from two different species that exist together and each provides the other with some benefit from their individual activity. An example of this would be ''Ruminococcus'', a cellulose-digesting bacteria present in herbivores: the host provides these bacteria with a constant supply of nutrients (from fibre), and in return the bacterial products of digestion (primarily glucose) supply the host with energy and nutrition from a food source they would otherwise be unable to utilise.

Commensal organisms are those that benefit from the host without affecting the host in any way (positively or negatively). This term is, however, controversial amongst many biologists who do not truly believe that an organism can ‘take’ from another organism without exerting any change at all; this theory promotes the idea that all commensal organisms must have some mutualistic or parasitic effect on the host, no matter how subtle or small that effect may be.

Interestingly, some commensal organisms can become pathogenic if the environment becomes more favourable to that specific organism at the expense of other ‘competitors’. An example of this would be ''Staphylococcus pseudintermedius'' in dogs with atopic dermatitis. S.''pseudintermedius'' is part of a healthy canine skin microbiota yet under certain conditions, such as reduced skin barrier function and inflammation, these commensal organisms can proliferate to abnormal levels thereby contributing to the disease process.

This imbalance to the normal, diverse equilibrium of micro-organisms is termed a dysbiosis.<ref>Older CE, Rodrigues Hoffmann A, Hoover K, Banovic F. Characterization of Cutaneous Bacterial Microbiota from Superficial Pyoderma Forms in Atopic Dogs. Pathogens 2020; 9(8):638 </ref><ref>Hata TR, Gallo, RL. Antimicrobial peptides, skin infections, and atopic dermatitis. Semin Cutan Med Surg 2008; 27(2):144–150</ref>

Pathogenic or parasitic organisms are those that will gain some benefit from the host but simultaneously cause some degree of harm in the process. The microbiota provides protection against colonisation by these pathogenic microorganisms through a number of complex mechanisms, however occasionally organisms can override this microbial barrier, out-competing the commensal community resulting in infection or disease.<ref>Rolhion N, Chassaing B. When pathogenic bacteria meet the intestinal microbiota. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 2016; 371 (1707): 20150504</ref> Factors such as antibiotic administration can reduce colonisation resistance against pathogens<ref>Kennedy EA, King KY, Baldridge MT. Mouse Microbiota Models: Comparing Germ-Free Mice and Antibiotics Treatment as Tools for Modifying Gut Bacteria. Front Physiol 2018; 31(9):1534</ref>, and germ- free mice have shown a greater susceptibility to epithelial injury in induced colitis.<ref>Hernández-Chirlaque C, Aranda CJ, Ocón B et al. Germ-free and Antibiotic-treated Mice are Highly Susceptible to Epithelial Injury in DSS Colitis. Journal of Crohn's and Colitis 2016; 10(1):1324–1335</ref> Thus, the importance of a harmonious and diverse microbiota in preventing the proliferation of pathogenic species and driving normal gut development is widely accepted.

The mammalian microbiota is comprised of 10-100 trillion microbial cells, outnumbering host cells by 10 to 1 and in humans adding over 8 million genes to our set of 22,000. Our understanding of the microbiota it still in its infancy, however its huge impact on host physiology is clear and the symbiotic relationship that exists between the host and microbiota has led to a new paradigm in our consideration of this system; is the microbiota actually a ‘virtual organ’ in its own right?
[[File:ProtexinVeterinary.jpg|thumb|201x201px|Protexin Veterinary]]
'''Author: Pippa Coupe BVSc MRCVS, Veterinary Product Manager at Protexin Veterinary. Protexin Veterinary is a brand of ADM Protexin Ltd'''

[https://www.protexinvet.com/ '''www.protexinvet.com''']

== References ==
<references />

File:ProtexinVeterinary.jpg

2021-08-24T15:27:31Z

Admin:

ProtexinVeterinary

Template:OpenPagesTop

2021-04-28T14:36:55Z

Admin: Replaced content with "<br> Category:OpenPages"

<br>
[[Category:OpenPages]]

MediaWiki:Sitenotice

2021-04-28T14:35:26Z

Admin: Blanked the page

First Aid

2021-03-30T11:21:47Z

Admin:

*[[Shock]]

*[[:Category:Transfusion Medicine|Transfusion medicine]]
*[[Epileptic Emergency Treatment]]

[[Category:Clinical Techniques]]

Epileptic Emergency Treatment

2021-03-30T11:20:30Z

Admin:

1. Ask the Owner '''2 questions'''

* Is the patient a known epilepticer who’s getting KBr or Phenobarbital (PB)?
* Does the patient have diabetes and is taking insulin?

Why is that relevant?

* If he isn’t getting KBr —> i.v. full electrolyte infusion
* If he is already getting KBr —> i.v. 0,9% NaCl + 5% Glucose (1:1)
* If he has diabetes he’s probably hyperglycemic

2. First Step in Treatment is '''Diazepam (0,5 mg/kg i.v.)'''

* Onset of action: 1-2 Minutes
* If the first dose isn’t working the treatment can be repeated 2-3 times

If an i.v.- access isn’t possible try Diazepam rectal tubes

* If he isn’t getting PB already: 1 mg/kg
* If he is getting PB: 2 mg/kg
* Onset of action: 15-20 Minutes

OR

'''Midazolam''' intranasal with an atomizer (0,2 mg/kg)

* Onset of action: 1-5 Minutes

3. Next Step: '''Phenobarbital (10 mg/kg i.v.)'''

* Give PB even if Diazepam worked, because the effect of Diazepam will only last for 20-30 minutes
* Can be repeated once if the patient isn’t already getting PB
* Onset of action: 15-20 Minutes

'''CAVE: If the Patient is already getting PB always check the blood level before treating him with PB!'''

4. If the seizures persist or occure again within the next '''2''' hours: '''Levetiracetam (20 mg/kg slowly i.v.)'''

* Can be repeated 2 times

5. Start '''Diagnostics'''

* Hypoglycemia: 3-5 ml/kg 20% Glucose i.v.
* Hypocalcemia: 0,5 – 1 ml/kg 10% Ca-Carbonat slowly i.v. (CAVE: Bradycardia)
* Temperature: > 40 degree Celcius —> cool him down < 39,5 degree Celcius —> stop or will cool down too much

6. If the Seizures persist or occur again ask yourself if Diazepam worked the first time

If '''YES''':

'''Diazepam'''
* 0,5 mg/kg i.v. Bolus followed by…
* 0,1 – 0,5 mg/kg/h (continous infusion), 30 mg Diazepam in 250 ml 5% Glucose
* If it works reduce Diazepam in 6-8 hours
* If it doesn’t work put him under anaesthesia

If '''NO''':

'''Pentobarbital'''
* 1-2 mg/kg i.v. Bolus followed by…
* 1-5 mg/kg/h continous infusion

'''Propofol'''
* 4-8 mg/kg i.v. Bolus followed by…
* 4-8 mg/kg/h continous infusion

'''Cave: Both those drugs can cause depression of breathing, so the patient has to be under surveillance all the time!'''

'''Inhalation anaesthesia '''

Simultaneous to all 3 of them: PB on maintenance dose of 2,5 mg/kg i.m. (2x/day)
Wake the patient up after 6-8 hours

{{#ev:soundcloud|https://soundcloud.com/laura-nipperdey/how-to-save-a-life-epilepsy-version}}

Step one, you say we need to talk

Two things, you ask, be quick, keep it short

Thirst you really must be sure

If the dog has had seizures before

So listen up, cause if he did

Ask if he takes potassium bromid.

Or maybe he gets other meds

For example barbiturats.

Now start your treatment

With diazepam

PB is next, on the treatment plan

And now you should stay up with him all night

And that is how to save a life

If it still does not improve

Breath in, breath out and make another move

Try Levetiracetam

Next step would be Diazepam

If that hasn‘t worked before

You still got other things in store

Anesthesia makes him sleep

But careful that will not be cheap

Now that’s your treatment

Haven’t lost him yet

He’s save for now and he will be

But still you should stay up with him all night

And that is how to save a life

Epileptic Emergency Treatment

2021-03-30T11:12:29Z

Admin:

1. Ask the Owner 2 questions
• Is the patient a known epilepticer who’s getting KBr or Phenobarbital (PB)?
• Does the patient have diabetes and is taking insulin?

Why is that relevant?
• If he isn’t getting KBr —> i.v. full electrolyte infusion
• If he is already getting KBr —> i.v. 0,9% NaCl + 5% Glucose (1:1)

• If he has diabetes he’s probably hyperglycemic

2. First Step in Treatment is Diazepam (0,5 mg/kg i.v.)
• Onset of action: 1-2 Minutes
• If the first dose isn’t working the treatment can be repeated 2-3 times

If an i.v.- access isn’t possible try Diazepam rectal tubes
• If he isn’t getting PB already: 1 mg/kg
• If he is getting PB: 2 mg/kg
• Onset of action: 15-20 Minutes

OR

Midazolam intranasal with an atomizer (0,2 mg/kg)
• Onset of action: 1-5 Minutes

3. Next Step: Phenobarbital (10 mg/kg i.v.)
• Give PB even if Diazepam worked, because the effect of Diazepam will only last for 20-30 minutes
• Can be repeated once if the patient isn’t already getting PB
• Onset of action: 15-20 Minutes

CAVE: If the Patient is already getting PB always check the blood level before treating him with PB!

4. If the seizures persist or occure again within the next 2 hours: Levetiracetam (20 mg/kg slowly i.v.)
• Can be repeated 2 times

5. Start Diagnostics
• Hypoglycemia: 3-5 ml/kg 20% Glucose i.v.
• Hypocalcemia: 0,5 – 1 ml/kg 10% Ca-Carbonat slowly i.v. (CAVE: Bradycardia)
• Temperature: > 40 degree Celcius —> cool him down
< 39,5 degree Celcius —> stop or will cool down too much

6. If the Seizures persist or occur again ask yourself if Diazepam worked the first time

If YES:
Diazepam
• 0,5 mg/kg i.v. Bolus followed by…
• 0,1 – 0,5 mg/kg/h (continous infusion), 30 mg Diazepam in 250 ml 5% Glucose
• If it works reduce Diazepam in 6-8 hours
• If it doesn’t work put him under anaesthesia

If NO:

Pentobarbital
• 1-2 mg/kg i.v. Bolus followed by…
• 1-5 mg/kg/h continous infusion

Propofol
• 4-8 mg/kg i.v. Bolus followed by…
• 4-8 mg/kg/h continous infusion

Cave: Both those drugs can cause depression of breathing, so the patient has to be under surveillance all the time!

Inhalation anaesthesia

 Simultaneous to all 3 of them: PB on maintenance dose of 2,5 mg/kg i.m. (2x/day)
 Wake the patient up after 6-8 hours

Epileptic Emergency Treatment

2021-03-30T11:07:55Z

Admin: Created page with "1. Ask the Owner 2 questions Is the patient a known epilepticer who’s getting KBr or Phenobarbital (PB)? Does the patient have diabetes and is taking insulin? Why is..."

1. Ask the Owner 2 questions

Is the patient a known epilepticer who’s getting KBr or Phenobarbital (PB)?

Does the patient have diabetes and is taking insulin?

Why is that relevant?

If he isn’t getting KBr —> i.v. full electrolyte infusion

If he is already getting KBr —> i.v. 0,9% NaCl + 5% Glucose (1:1)

If he has diabetes he’s probably hyperglycemic

2. First Step in Treatment is Diazepam (0,5 mg/kg i.v.)

Onset of action: 1-2 Minutes

If the first dose isn’t working the treatment can be repeated 2-3 times

If an i.v.- access isn’t possible try Diazepam rectal tubes

If he isn’t getting PB already: 1 mg/kg

If he is getting PB: 2 mg/kg

Onset of action: 15-20 Minutes

OR

Midazolam intranasal with an atomizer (0,2 mg/kg)

Onset of action: 1-5 Minutes

3. Next Step: Phenobarbital (10 mg/kg i.v.)

Give PB even if Diazepam worked, because the effect of Diazepam will only last for 20-30 minutes

Can be repeated once if the patient isn’t already getting PB

Onset of action: 15-20 Minutes

CAVE: If the Patient is already getting PB always check the blood level before treating him with PB!

4. If the seizures persist or occure again within the next 2 hours: Levetiracetam (20 mg/kg slowly i.v.)

Can be repeated 2 times

5. Start Diagnostics

Hypoglycemia: 3-5 ml/kg 20% Glucose i.v.

Hypocalcemia: 0,5 – 1 ml/kg 10% Ca-Carbonat slowly i.v. (CAVE: Bradycardia)

Temperature: > 40 degree Celcius —> cool him down

< 39,5 degree Celcius —> stop or will cool down too much

6. If the Seizures persist or occur again ask yourself if Diazepam worked the first time

If YES:

Diazepam

0,5 mg/kg i.v. Bolus followed by…

0,1 – 0,5 mg/kg/h (continous infusion), 30 mg Diazepam in 250 ml 5% Glucose

If it works reduce Diazepam in 6-8 hours

If it doesn’t work put him under anaesthesia

If NO:

Pentobarbital

1-2 mg/kg i.v. Bolus followed by…

1-5 mg/kg/h continous infusion

Propofol

4-8 mg/kg i.v. Bolus followed by…

4-8 mg/kg/h continous infusion

Cave: Both those drugs can cause depression of breathing, so the patient has to be under surveillance all the time!

Inhalation anaesthesia

Simultaneous to all 3 of them: PB on maintenance dose of 2,5 mg/kg i.m. (2x/day)

Wake the patient up after 6-8 hours

MediaWiki:Sidebar

2021-03-23T16:42:31Z

Admin:

User:ChantzisVet

2021-03-11T13:12:26Z

Admin: Creating user page with biography of new user.

{{UserPage
|Name=Themistoklis Chantzis
|Occupation= Veterinary Student 
|School= Greece - Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
|Year= 2023
|Email=
|Image=
}}
[[Category:Greece - Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Graduates]]

MediaWiki:Sitenotice

2021-03-08T08:12:15Z

Admin:

==A Tribute to Nick Short==
It is with extreme sadness that we share the news that one of WikiVet’s founders, Nick Short, has passed away.

Nick was the driving force behind WikiVet and all that it stood for, and it is thanks to his vision, innovative approach and tireless enthusiasm and belief, that WikiVet is available as a free resource to veterinary professionals around the world today. Nick’s dedication and passion for veterinary education were truly inspirational and his very many friends, colleagues and students across the world have lost a true gem. He was an exceptional human being: gentle, good-natured, charming, generous and kind: he has left many legacies which will ensure that he will be remembered for many years.

Our thoughts are with his friends and family at this heartbreaking time. [https://rememberancebook.net/book/nick-short/ A book of remembrance] has been set up for anyone that would like to leave a message of condolence for Nick and his family have asked that anyone who wishes to do so make a donation to [https://www.bipolaruk.org BipolarUK], a charity that was close to Nick’s heart.

MediaWiki:Sitenotice

2021-03-08T08:10:22Z

Admin:

==A Tribute to Nick Short==
It is with extreme sadness that we share the news that one of WikiVet’s founders, Nick Short, has passed away.

Nick was the driving force behind WikiVet and all that it stood for, and it is thanks to his vision, innovative approach and tireless enthusiasm and belief, that WikiVet is available as a free resource to veterinary professionals around the world today. Nick’s dedication and passion for veterinary education were truly inspirational and his very many friends, colleagues and students across the world have lost a true gem. He was an exceptional human being: gentle, good-natured, charming, generous and kind: he has left many legacies which will ensure that he will be remembered for many years.

Our thoughts are with his friends and family at this heartbreaking time. [https://rememberancebook.net/book/nick-short/ A book of remembrance] has been set up for anyone that would like to leave a message of condolence for Nick and his family have asked that anyone who wishes to do so make a donation to [[https://www.bipolaruk.org|BipolarUK]], a charity that was close to Nick’s heart.

Veterinary Education Online

2021-03-08T08:09:32Z

Admin:

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<li>[[CPD Events]]</li>
<li class="portal-vmid">[[Discipline]]s</li>
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<li class="portal-hright portal-vmid">[https://www.thewebinarvet.com/?utm_source=wikivet&utm_medium=webinar_hp_link Webinars]</li>
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<h1 style="margin-top:1em;"><strong>WikiVet News and Updates</strong></h1>
==Our Partnership with [https://www.thewebinarvet.com/?utm_source=wikivet&utm_medium=news_update The Webinar Vet]==
[[File:The Webinar Vet Logo.png|The Webinar Vet Logo|link=https://www.thewebinarvet.com/|alt=The Webinar Vet|right|frameless|65x65px]]
We are thrilled to announce that WikiVet has partnered with The Webinar Vet, leaders in proving Veterinary CPD from the comfort of your own home. They are supporting WikiVet in developing new resources and building our community for '''2021'''.

Check out the array of interesting webinars available with [https://www.thewebinarvet.com/?utm_source=wikivet&utm_medium=news_update The Webinar Vet]

==VetChat Podcast ==
Are you a podcast fan? Then you should check out VetChat by The Webinar Vet, a podcast for the veterinary profession. You'll find weekly episodes and guests, discussing everything from clinical cases to hot topical debates.

'''[https://open.spotify.com/episode/3pfe9KNg6lgxgjpKsOedUv?si=kGGGCjBwQKOsRxWo_RHbPw Click here to listen to the latest episode 'Pete Wedderburn - Change Within The Veterinary Profession'.]'''

In this episode, Ben is joined by Pete Wedderburn, media veterinarian with regular national TV and radio appearances, and writer for a column in the Daily Telegraph since 2007. They chat about Pete's 35 years of experience, how the veterinary profession has changed over time and how to get the most out of your time within it.

==Twitter & Facebook==
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''[https://twitter.com/#!/WikiVet Follow us on Twitter]''' to be notified whenever a new page is released and to receive teaser questions! You can also find them on our [https://www.facebook.com/pages/WikiVet/188576847835536?v=wall Facebook page].

If you have any comments or suggestions, please email the [mailto:wikimaster@wikivet.net WikiVet team] or you can post a comment on our [https://www.facebook.com/pages/WikiVet/188576847835536?v=wall Facebook page]

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MediaWiki:Sitenotice

2021-03-08T08:09:10Z

Admin:

==A Tribute to Nick Short==
It is with extreme sadness that we share the news that one of WikiVet’s founders, Nick Short, has passed away.

Nick was the driving force behind WikiVet and all that it stood for, and it is thanks to his vision, innovative approach and tireless enthusiasm and belief, that WikiVet is available as a free resource to veterinary professionals around the world today. Nick’s dedication and passion for veterinary education were truly inspirational and his very many friends, colleagues and students across the world have lost a true gem. He was an exceptional human being: gentle, good-natured, charming, generous and kind: he has left many legacies which will ensure that he will be remembered for many years.

Our thoughts are with his friends and family at this heartbreaking time. [https://rememberancebook.net/book/nick-short/ A book of remembrance] has been set up for anyone that would like to leave a message of condolence for Nick and his family have asked that anyone who wishes to do so make a donation to [[Www.bipolarUK.org|BipolarUK]], a charity that was close to Nick’s heart.

Veterinary Education Online

2021-02-01T10:50:27Z

Admin:

__NOTOC__
<templatestyles src="Main Page/styles.css" />
<div id="mp-topbanner" class="mp-bordered">
<div id="mp-welcomecount">
<div id="mp-welcome">Welcome to [[Main Page|WikiVet]],</div>
<div id="mp-free">Free [[WikiVet Introduction|veterinary encyclopedia]]. [[Frequently_Asked_Questions#How_do_I_edit_content|Submissions welcome]]<br>and are reviewed by renowned veterinary professionals.</div>
<div id="articlecount">[[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]] articles in English</div>
</div>
<ul id="mp-portals">
<li>[[CPD Events]]</li>
<li class="portal-vmid">[[Discipline]]s</li>
<li class="portal-vbot">[[Learning Resources|Learning]]</li>
<li class="portal-hmid">[[Lectures]]</li>
<li class="portal-hmid portal-vmid">[[Podcasts]]</li>
<li class="portal-hmid portal-vbot">[[Species]]</li>
<li class="portal-hright">[[System]]</li>
<li class="portal-hright portal-vmid">[https://www.thewebinarvet.com/?utm_source=wikivet&utm_medium=webinar_hp_link Webinars]</li>
<li class="portal-hright portal-vbot">[[Video]]s</li>
</ul>
</div>

<div class="MainPageBG" style="border:1px solid #5B9DA7; background:#f5faff; color:#000; padding:0 14px 8px; margin-top:7px;">

<h1 style="margin-top:1em;"><strong>WikiVet News and Updates</strong></h1>
==Virtual Congress 2021==
Join thousands of vets, nurses & other members of the veterinary profession at the world's largest online veterinary congress.

[https://vc2021.thewebinarvet.com?utm_source=wikivet&utm_medium=homepage&utm_campaign=vc21students Tickets available here]

[[File:VC2021 - Student Discount.png|link=https://vc2021.thewebinarvet.com?utm_source=wikivet&utm_medium=homepage&utm_campaign=vc21students|frameless|457x457px|alt=]]

==Our Partnership with [https://www.thewebinarvet.com/?utm_source=wikivet&utm_medium=news_update The Webinar Vet]==
[[File:The Webinar Vet Logo.png|The Webinar Vet Logo|link=https://www.thewebinarvet.com/|alt=The Webinar Vet|right|frameless|65x65px]]
We are thrilled to announce that WikiVet has partnered with The Webinar Vet, leaders in proving Veterinary CPD from the comfort of your own home. They are supporting WikiVet in developing new resources and building our community for '''2021'''.

Check out the array of interesting webinars available with [https://www.thewebinarvet.com/?utm_source=wikivet&utm_medium=news_update The Webinar Vet]

==VetChat Podcast ==
Are you a podcast fan? Then you should check out VetChat by The Webinar Vet, a podcast for the veterinary profession. You'll find weekly episodes and guests, discussing everything from clinical cases to hot topical debates.

'''[https://open.spotify.com/episode/3pfe9KNg6lgxgjpKsOedUv?si=kGGGCjBwQKOsRxWo_RHbPw Click here to listen to the latest episode 'Pete Wedderburn - Change Within The Veterinary Profession'.]'''

In this episode, Ben is joined by Pete Wedderburn, media veterinarian with regular national TV and radio appearances, and writer for a column in the Daily Telegraph since 2007. They chat about Pete's 35 years of experience, how the veterinary profession has changed over time and how to get the most out of your time within it.

==Twitter & Facebook==
{| style="float:right; margin-left: 10px;" >
|[[File:Facebook logo new.png|link=https://www.facebook.com/pages/WikiVet/188576847835536?v=wall|alt=WikiVet Facebook|30x30px|frameless]]
|[[File:Twitter logo.png|link=https://twitter.com/#!/WikiVet|alt=WikiVet Twitter|30x30px|frameless]]
|}
''[https://twitter.com/#!/WikiVet Follow us on Twitter]''' to be notified whenever a new page is released and to receive teaser questions! You can also find them on our [https://www.facebook.com/pages/WikiVet/188576847835536?v=wall Facebook page].

If you have any comments or suggestions, please email the [mailto:wikimaster@wikivet.net WikiVet team] or you can post a comment on our [https://www.facebook.com/pages/WikiVet/188576847835536?v=wall Facebook page]

[[File:IIE_Award.png|link=https://www.iie.uk.com/green-directory/the-webinar-vet/|alt=Investors in the Environment award for The Webinar Vet - Silver 2021|frameless|120x120px]]</div>

[[es:Página Principal]]
[[fr:Accueil]]

Veterinary Education Online

2021-02-01T10:49:06Z

Admin:

__NOTOC__
<templatestyles src="Main Page/styles.css" />
<div id="mp-topbanner" class="mp-bordered">
<div id="mp-welcomecount">
<div id="mp-welcome">Welcome to [[Main Page|WikiVet]],</div>
<div id="mp-free">Free [[WikiVet Introduction|veterinary encyclopedia]]. [[Frequently_Asked_Questions#How_do_I_edit_content|Submissions welcome]] and are reviewed by renowned veterinary professionals.</div>
<div id="articlecount">[[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]] articles in English</div>
</div>
<ul id="mp-portals">
<li>[[CPD Events]]</li>
<li class="portal-vmid">[[Discipline]]s</li>
<li class="portal-vbot">[[Learning Resources|Learning]]</li>
<li class="portal-hmid">[[Lectures]]</li>
<li class="portal-hmid portal-vmid">[[Podcasts]]</li>
<li class="portal-hmid portal-vbot">[[Species]]</li>
<li class="portal-hright">[[System]]</li>
<li class="portal-hright portal-vmid">[https://www.thewebinarvet.com/?utm_source=wikivet&utm_medium=webinar_hp_link Webinars]</li>
<li class="portal-hright portal-vbot">[[Video]]s</li>
</ul>
</div>

<div class="MainPageBG" style="border:1px solid #5B9DA7; background:#f5faff; color:#000; padding:0 14px 8px; margin-top:7px;">

<h1 style="margin-top:1em;"><strong>WikiVet News and Updates</strong></h1>
==Virtual Congress 2021==
Join thousands of vets, nurses & other members of the veterinary profession at the world's largest online veterinary congress.

[https://vc2021.thewebinarvet.com?utm_source=wikivet&utm_medium=homepage&utm_campaign=vc21students Tickets available here]

[[File:VC2021 - Student Discount.png|link=https://vc2021.thewebinarvet.com?utm_source=wikivet&utm_medium=homepage&utm_campaign=vc21students|frameless|457x457px|alt=]]

==Our Partnership with [https://www.thewebinarvet.com/?utm_source=wikivet&utm_medium=news_update The Webinar Vet]==
[[File:The Webinar Vet Logo.png|The Webinar Vet Logo|link=https://www.thewebinarvet.com/|alt=The Webinar Vet|right|frameless|65x65px]]
We are thrilled to announce that WikiVet has partnered with The Webinar Vet, leaders in proving Veterinary CPD from the comfort of your own home. They are supporting WikiVet in developing new resources and building our community for '''2021'''.

Check out the array of interesting webinars available with [https://www.thewebinarvet.com/?utm_source=wikivet&utm_medium=news_update The Webinar Vet]

==VetChat Podcast ==
Are you a podcast fan? Then you should check out VetChat by The Webinar Vet, a podcast for the veterinary profession. You'll find weekly episodes and guests, discussing everything from clinical cases to hot topical debates.

'''[https://open.spotify.com/episode/3pfe9KNg6lgxgjpKsOedUv?si=kGGGCjBwQKOsRxWo_RHbPw Click here to listen to the latest episode 'Pete Wedderburn - Change Within The Veterinary Profession'.]'''

In this episode, Ben is joined by Pete Wedderburn, media veterinarian with regular national TV and radio appearances, and writer for a column in the Daily Telegraph since 2007. They chat about Pete's 35 years of experience, how the veterinary profession has changed over time and how to get the most out of your time within it.

==Twitter & Facebook==
{| style="float:right; margin-left: 10px;" >
|[[File:Facebook logo new.png|link=https://www.facebook.com/pages/WikiVet/188576847835536?v=wall|alt=WikiVet Facebook|30x30px|frameless]]
|[[File:Twitter logo.png|link=https://twitter.com/#!/WikiVet|alt=WikiVet Twitter|30x30px|frameless]]
|}
''[https://twitter.com/#!/WikiVet Follow us on Twitter]''' to be notified whenever a new page is released and to receive teaser questions! You can also find them on our [https://www.facebook.com/pages/WikiVet/188576847835536?v=wall Facebook page].

If you have any comments or suggestions, please email the [mailto:wikimaster@wikivet.net WikiVet team] or you can post a comment on our [https://www.facebook.com/pages/WikiVet/188576847835536?v=wall Facebook page]

[[File:IIE_Award.png|link=https://www.iie.uk.com/green-directory/the-webinar-vet/|alt=Investors in the Environment award for The Webinar Vet - Silver 2021|frameless|120x120px]]</div>

[[es:Página Principal]]
[[fr:Accueil]]

CPD Events

2021-01-25T16:43:53Z

Admin:

== Virtual Events brought to you by The Webinar Vet ==
We are proud to help the veterinary community access CPD conferences and events online from all over the world, and there are so many excellent events coming up in the following months.

All of the following events are available to view online, either live, or as webinar recordings you can view at your own convenience.

=== [https://wcvd-9.com/tickets-sales/?v=79cba1185463&utm_source=wikivet&utm_medium=cpd_events&utm_campaign=wcvd9 The 9th World Congress of Veterinary Dermatology] ===
The Executive Organising Committee are delighted to announce that in light of current events, we are committed and proud to be delivering the first ever World Congress of Veterinary Dermatology virtual scientific program and commercial exhibition.

You will be challenged by a scientific program that will deliver the newest advances in veterinary dermatology including clinical and scientific research. The advanced and comprehensive continuing education program will highlight current trends in clinical dermatology practice from around the world.

=== '''[https://vc2021.thewebinarvet.com/virtual-congress-2021/?utm_source=wikivet&utm_medium=cpd_events&utm_campaign=vc2021 Virtual Congress 2021]''' ===
The Virtual Congress 2021 is going to be bigger and better than ever!

This year we have a brand new format with a week-long festival, a whole new lineup of exciting speakers and a variety of interesting topics including exotics, farm, equine, small animal and well-being.

[https://vc2021.thewebinarvet.com?utm_source=wikivet&utm_medium=homepage&utm_campaign=vc21students Tickets available here]

[[File:VC2021 - Student Discount.png|link=https://vc2021.thewebinarvet.com?utm_source=wikivet&utm_medium=homepage&utm_campaign=vc21students|frameless|457x457px|alt=]]

MediaWiki:Sidebar

2021-01-25T16:43:07Z

Admin:

Veterinary Education Online

2021-01-25T15:39:07Z

Admin:

__NOTOC__
<templatestyles src="Main Page/styles.css" />
<div id="mp-topbanner" class="mp-bordered">
<div id="mp-welcomecount">
<div id="mp-welcome">Welcome to [[Main Page|WikiVet]],</div>
<div id="mp-free">Free [[WikiVet Introduction|veterinary encyclopedia]] that [[Frequently_Asked_Questions#How_do_I_edit_content|anyone can edit]].</div>
<div id="articlecount">[[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]] articles in English</div>
</div>
<ul id="mp-portals">
<li>[[CPD Events]]</li>
<li class="portal-vmid">[[Discipline]]s</li>
<li class="portal-vbot">[[Learning Resources|Learning]]</li>
<li class="portal-hmid">[[Lectures]]</li>
<li class="portal-hmid portal-vmid">[[Podcasts]]</li>
<li class="portal-hmid portal-vbot">[[Species]]</li>
<li class="portal-hright">[[System]]</li>
<li class="portal-hright portal-vmid">[https://www.thewebinarvet.com/?utm_source=wikivet&utm_medium=webinar_hp_link Webinars]</li>
<li class="portal-hright portal-vbot">[[Video]]s</li>
</ul>
</div>

<div class="MainPageBG" style="border:1px solid #5B9DA7; background:#f5faff; color:#000; padding:0 14px 8px; margin-top:7px;">

<h1 style="margin-top:1em;"><strong>WikiVet News and Updates</strong></h1>
==Our Partnership with [https://www.thewebinarvet.com/?utm_source=wikivet&utm_medium=news_update The Webinar Vet]==
[[File:The Webinar Vet Logo.png|The Webinar Vet Logo|link=https://www.thewebinarvet.com/|alt=The Webinar Vet|right|frameless|120x120px]]
We are thrilled to announce that WikiVet has partnered with The Webinar Vet, leaders in proving Veterinary CPD from the comfort of your own home. They are supporting WikiVet in developing new resources and building our community for '''2021'''.

Check out the array of interesting webinars available with [https://www.thewebinarvet.com/?utm_source=wikivet&utm_medium=news_update The Webinar Vet]

==Virtual Congress 2021==
Join thousands of vets, nurses & other members of the veterinary profession at the world's largest online veterinary congress.

[https://www.thewebinarvet.com/pages/avs-virtual-congress-2021/?utm_source=wikivet&utm_medium=homepage&utm_campaign=vc21students Tickets available here]

[[File:VC2021 - Student Discount.png|link=https://www.thewebinarvet.com/pages/avs-virtual-congress-2021/?utm_source=wikivet&utm_medium=homepage&utm_campaign=vc21students|frameless|240x240px]]

==VetChat Podcast S3E7 Now Available ==
The latest episode of VetChat is available to listen now! Ben talks to Camilla Edwards, peripatetic veterinary ultrasonographer and founder of First Opinion Veterinary Ultrasound. They chat all things ultrasound, the history of Camilla’s career to where she is now and offer guidance on finding your own path in the Veterinary profession.

[[VetChat Podcasts|Find the episode here]]

==Twitter & Facebook==
{| style="float:right; margin-left: 10px;" >
|[[File:Facebook logo new.png|link=https://www.facebook.com/pages/WikiVet/188576847835536?v=wall|alt=WikiVet Facebook|30x30px|frameless]]
|[[File:Twitter logo.png|link=https://twitter.com/#!/WikiVet|alt=WikiVet Twitter|30x30px|frameless]]
|}
''[https://twitter.com/#!/WikiVet Follow us on Twitter]''' to be notified whenever a new page is released and to receive teaser questions! You can also find them on our [https://www.facebook.com/pages/WikiVet/188576847835536?v=wall Facebook page].

If you have any comments or suggestions, please email the [mailto:wikimaster@wikivet.net WikiVet team] or you can post a comment on our [https://www.facebook.com/pages/WikiVet/188576847835536?v=wall Facebook page]

[[File:IIE_Award.png|link=https://www.iie.uk.com/green-directory/the-webinar-vet/|alt=Investors in the Environment award for The Webinar Vet - Silver 2021|frameless|120x120px]]</div>

[[es:Página Principal]]
[[fr:Accueil]]

Veterinary Education Online

2021-01-21T10:47:30Z

Admin:

__NOTOC__
<templatestyles src="Main Page/styles.css" />
<div id="mp-topbanner" class="mp-bordered">
<div id="mp-welcomecount">
<div id="mp-welcome">Welcome to [[Main Page|WikiVet]],</div>
<div id="mp-free">Free [[WikiVet Introduction|veterinary encyclopedia]] that [[Frequently_Asked_Questions#How_do_I_edit_content|anyone can edit]].</div>
<div id="articlecount">[[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]] articles in English</div>
</div>
<ul id="mp-portals">
<li>[[CPD Events]]</li>
<li class="portal-vmid">[[Discipline]]s</li>
<li class="portal-vbot">[[Learning Resources|Learning]]</li>
<li class="portal-hmid">[[Lectures]]</li>
<li class="portal-hmid portal-vmid">[[Podcasts]]</li>
<li class="portal-hmid portal-vbot">[[Species]]</li>
<li class="portal-hright">[[System]]</li>
<li class="portal-hright portal-vmid">[https://www.thewebinarvet.com/?utm_source=wikivet&utm_medium=webinar_hp_link Webinars]</li>
<li class="portal-hright portal-vbot">[[Video]]s</li>
</ul>
</div>

<div class="MainPageBG" style="border:1px solid #5B9DA7; background:#f5faff; color:#000; padding:0 14px 8px; margin-top:7px;">

<h1 style="margin-top:1em;"><strong>WikiVet News and Updates</strong></h1>
==Our Partnership with [https://www.thewebinarvet.com/?utm_source=wikivet&utm_medium=news_update The Webinar Vet]==
[[File:The Webinar Vet Logo.png|The Webinar Vet Logo|link=https://www.thewebinarvet.com/|alt=The Webinar Vet|right|frameless|120x120px]]
We are thrilled to announce that WikiVet has partnered with The Webinar Vet, leaders in proving Veterinary CPD from the comfort of your own home. They are supporting WikiVet in developing new resources and building our community for '''2021'''.

Check out the array of interesting webinars available with [https://www.thewebinarvet.com/?utm_source=wikivet&utm_medium=news_update The Webinar Vet]

==Virtual Congress 2021==
Join thousands of vets, nurses & other members of the veterinary profession at the world's largest online veterinary congress.

[https://www.thewebinarvet.com/pages/avs-virtual-congress-2021/?utm_source=wikivet&utm_medium=homepage&utm_campaign=vc21students Tickets available here]

==VetChat Podcast S3E7 Now Available ==
The latest episode of VetChat is available to listen now! Ben talks to Camilla Edwards, peripatetic veterinary ultrasonographer and founder of First Opinion Veterinary Ultrasound. They chat all things ultrasound, the history of Camilla’s career to where she is now and offer guidance on finding your own path in the Veterinary profession.

[[VetChat Podcasts|Find the episode here]]

==Twitter & Facebook==
{|style="float:right; margin-left: 10px;">
|[[File:Facebook logo new.png|link=https://www.facebook.com/pages/WikiVet/188576847835536?v=wall|alt=WikiVet Facebook|30x30px|frameless]]
|[[File:Twitter logo.png|link=https://twitter.com/#!/WikiVet|alt=WikiVet Twitter|30x30px|frameless]]
|}
''[https://twitter.com/#!/WikiVet Follow us on Twitter]''' to be notified whenever a new page is released and to receive teaser questions! You can also find them on our [https://www.facebook.com/pages/WikiVet/188576847835536?v=wall Facebook page].

If you have any comments or suggestions, please email the [mailto:wikimaster@wikivet.net WikiVet team] or you can post a comment on our [https://www.facebook.com/pages/WikiVet/188576847835536?v=wall Facebook page]

[[File:IIE_Award.png|link=https://www.iie.uk.com/green-directory/the-webinar-vet/|alt=Investors in the Environment award for The Webinar Vet - Silver 2021|frameless|120x120px]]</div>

[[es:Página Principal]]
[[fr:Accueil]]

Veterinary Education Online

2021-01-21T10:44:56Z

Admin:

__NOTOC__
<templatestyles src="Main Page/styles.css" />
<div id="mp-topbanner" class="mp-bordered">
<div id="mp-welcomecount">
<div id="mp-welcome">Welcome to [[Main Page|WikiVet]],</div>
<div id="mp-free">Free [[WikiVet Introduction|veterinary encyclopedia]] that [[Frequently_Asked_Questions#How_do_I_edit_content|anyone can edit]].</div>
<div id="articlecount">[[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]] articles in English</div>
</div>
<ul id="mp-portals">
<li>[[CPD Events]]</li>
<li class="portal-vmid">[[Discipline]]s</li>
<li class="portal-vbot">[[Learning Resources|Learning]]</li>
<li class="portal-hmid">[[Lectures]]</li>
<li class="portal-hmid portal-vmid">[[Podcasts]]</li>
<li class="portal-hmid portal-vbot">[[Species]]</li>
<li class="portal-hright">[[System]]</li>
<li class="portal-hright portal-vmid">[https://www.thewebinarvet.com/?utm_source=wikivet&utm_medium=webinar_hp_link Webinars]</li>
<li class="portal-hright portal-vbot">[[Video]]s</li>
</ul>
</div>

<div class="MainPageBG" style="border:1px solid #5B9DA7; background:#f5faff; color:#000; padding:0 14px 8px; margin-top:7px;">

<h1 style="margin-top:1em;"><strong>WikiVet News and Updates</strong></h1>
==Our Partnership with [https://www.thewebinarvet.com/?utm_source=wikivet&utm_medium=news_update The Webinar Vet]==
[[File:The Webinar Vet Logo.png|The Webinar Vet Logo|link=https://www.thewebinarvet.com/|alt=The Webinar Vet|right|frameless|120x120px]]
We are thrilled to announce that WikiVet has partnered with The Webinar Vet, leaders in proving Veterinary CPD from the comfort of your own home. They are supporting WikiVet in developing new resources and building our community for '''2021'''.

Check out the array of interesting webinars available with [https://www.thewebinarvet.com/?utm_source=wikivet&utm_medium=news_update The Webinar Vet]

==Virtual Congress 2021==
Join thousands of vets, nurses & other members of the veterinary profession at the world's largest online veterinary congress.

[https://www.thewebinarvet.com/pages/avs-virtual-congress-2021/?utm_source=wikivet&utm_medium=homepage&utm_campaign=vc21students Tickets available here]

==VetChat Podcast S3E7 Now Available ==
The latest episode of VetChat is available to listen now! Ben talks to Camilla Edwards, peripatetic veterinary ultrasonographer and founder of First Opinion Veterinary Ultrasound. They chat all things ultrasound, the history of Camilla’s career to where she is now and offer guidance on finding your own path in the Veterinary profession.

[[VetChat Podcasts|Find the episode here]]

==Twitter & Facebook==
{|style="float:right; margin-left: 10px;">
|[[File:Facebook logo new.png|link=https://www.facebook.com/pages/WikiVet/188576847835536?v=wall|alt=WikiVet Twitter|30x30px|frameless]]
|[[File:Twitter logo.png|link=https://twitter.com/#!/WikiVet|alt=WikiVet Facebook|30x30px|frameless]]
|}
''[https://twitter.com/#!/WikiVet Follow us on Twitter]''' to be notified whenever a new page is released and to receive teaser questions! You can also find them on our [https://www.facebook.com/pages/WikiVet/188576847835536?v=wall Facebook page].

If you have any comments or suggestions, please email the [mailto:wikimaster@wikivet.net WikiVet team] or you can post a comment on our [https://www.facebook.com/pages/WikiVet/188576847835536?v=wall Facebook page]

[[File:IIE_Award.png|link=https://www.iie.uk.com/green-directory/the-webinar-vet/|alt=Investors in the Environment award for The Webinar Vet - Silver 2021|frameless|120x120px]]</div>

[[es:Página Principal]]
[[fr:Accueil]]

Veterinary Education Online

2021-01-20T16:48:21Z

Admin:

__NOTOC__
<templatestyles src="Main Page/styles.css" />
<div id="mp-topbanner" class="mp-bordered">
<div id="mp-welcomecount">
<div id="mp-welcome">Welcome to [[Main Page|WikiVet]],</div>
<div id="mp-free">Free [[WikiVet Introduction|veterinary encyclopedia]] that [[Frequently_Asked_Questions#How_do_I_edit_content|anyone can edit]].</div>
<div id="articlecount">[[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]] articles in English</div>
</div>
<ul id="mp-portals">
<li>[[CPD Events]]</li>
<li class="portal-vmid">[[Discipline]]s</li>
<li class="portal-vbot">[[Learning Resources|Learning]]</li>
<li class="portal-hmid">[[Lectures]]</li>
<li class="portal-hmid portal-vmid">[[Podcasts]]</li>
<li class="portal-hmid portal-vbot">[[Species]]</li>
<li class="portal-hright">[[System]]</li>
<li class="portal-hright portal-vmid">[https://www.thewebinarvet.com/?utm_source=wikivet&utm_medium=webinar_hp_link Webinars]</li>
<li class="portal-hright portal-vbot">[[Video]]s</li>
</ul>
</div>

<div class="MainPageBG" style="border:1px solid #5B9DA7; background:#f5faff; color:#000; padding:0 14px 8px; margin-top:7px;">

<h1 style="margin-top:1em;"><strong>WikiVet News and Updates</strong></h1>
==Our Partnership with [https://www.thewebinarvet.com/?utm_source=wikivet&utm_medium=news_update The Webinar Vet]==
[[File:The Webinar Vet Logo.png|The Webinar Vet Logo|link=https://www.thewebinarvet.com/|alt=The Webinar Vet|right|frameless|120x120px]]
We are thrilled to announce that WikiVet has partnered with The Webinar Vet, leaders in proving Veterinary CPD from the comfort of your own home. They are supporting WikiVet in developing new resources and building our community for '''2021'''.

Check out the array of interesting webinars available with [https://www.thewebinarvet.com/?utm_source=wikivet&utm_medium=news_update The Webinar Vet]

==Virtual Congress 2021==
Join thousands of vets, nurses & other members of the veterinary profession at the world's largest online veterinary congress.

[https://www.thewebinarvet.com/pages/avs-virtual-congress-2021/?utm_source=wikivet&utm_medium=homepage&utm_campaign=vc21students Tickets available here]

==VetChat Podcast S3E7 Now Available ==
The latest episode of VetChat is available to listen now! Ben talks to Camilla Edwards, peripatetic veterinary ultrasonographer and founder of First Opinion Veterinary Ultrasound. They chat all things ultrasound, the history of Camilla’s career to where she is now and offer guidance on finding your own path in the Veterinary profession.

[[VetChat Podcasts|Find the episode here]]

==Twitter & Facebook==

----
''[https://twitter.com/#!/WikiVet Follow us on Twitter]''' to be notified whenever a new page is released and to receive teaser questions! You can also find them on our [https://www.facebook.com/pages/WikiVet/188576847835536?v=wall Facebook page].

If you have any comments or suggestions, please email the [mailto:wikimaster@wikivet.net WikiVet team] or you can post a comment on our [https://www.facebook.com/pages/WikiVet/188576847835536?v=wall Facebook page]

[[File:IIE_Award.png|link=https://www.iie.uk.com/green-directory/the-webinar-vet/|alt=Investors in the Environment award for The Webinar Vet - Silver 2021|frameless|120x120px]]</div>

[[es:Página Principal]]
[[fr:Accueil]]

Veterinary Education Online

2021-01-20T16:47:18Z

Admin:

__NOTOC__
<templatestyles src="Main Page/styles.css" />
<div id="mp-topbanner" class="mp-bordered">
<div id="mp-welcomecount">
<div id="mp-welcome">Welcome to [[Main Page|WikiVet]],</div>
<div id="mp-free">Free [[WikiVet Introduction|veterinary encyclopedia]] that [[Frequently_Asked_Questions#How_do_I_edit_content|anyone can edit]].</div>
<div id="articlecount">[[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]] articles in English</div>
</div>
<ul id="mp-portals">
<li>[[CPD Events]]</li>
<li class="portal-vmid">[[Discipline]]s</li>
<li class="portal-vbot">[[Learning Resources|Learning]]</li>
<li class="portal-hmid">[[Lectures]]</li>
<li class="portal-hmid portal-vmid">[[Podcasts]]</li>
<li class="portal-hmid portal-vbot">[[Species]]</li>
<li class="portal-hright">[[System]]</li>
<li class="portal-hright portal-vmid">[https://www.thewebinarvet.com/?utm_source=wikivet&utm_medium=webinar_hp_link Webinars]</li>
<li class="portal-hright portal-vbot">[[Video]]s</li>
</ul>
</div>

<div class="MainPageBG" style="border:1px solid #5B9DA7; background:#f5faff; color:#000; padding:0 14px 8px; margin-top:7px;">

<h1 style="margin-top:1em;"><strong>WikiVet News and Updates</strong></h1>
==Our Partnership with [https://www.thewebinarvet.com/?utm_source=wikivet&utm_medium=news_update The Webinar Vet]==
[[File:The Webinar Vet Logo.png|The Webinar Vet Logo|alt=|right|frameless|120x120px]]
We are thrilled to announce that WikiVet has partnered with The Webinar Vet, leaders in proving Veterinary CPD from the comfort of your own home. They are supporting WikiVet in developing new resources and building our community for '''2021'''.

Check out the array of interesting webinars available with [https://www.thewebinarvet.com/?utm_source=wikivet&utm_medium=news_update The Webinar Vet]

==Virtual Congress 2021==
Join thousands of vets, nurses & other members of the veterinary profession at the world's largest online veterinary congress.

[https://www.thewebinarvet.com/pages/avs-virtual-congress-2021/?utm_source=wikivet&utm_medium=homepage&utm_campaign=vc21students Tickets available here]

==VetChat Podcast S3E7 Now Available ==
The latest episode of VetChat is available to listen now! Ben talks to Camilla Edwards, peripatetic veterinary ultrasonographer and founder of First Opinion Veterinary Ultrasound. They chat all things ultrasound, the history of Camilla’s career to where she is now and offer guidance on finding your own path in the Veterinary profession.

[[VetChat Podcasts|Find the episode here]]

==Twitter & Facebook==

----
''[https://twitter.com/#!/WikiVet Follow us on Twitter]''' to be notified whenever a new page is released and to receive teaser questions! You can also find them on our [https://www.facebook.com/pages/WikiVet/188576847835536?v=wall Facebook page].

If you have any comments or suggestions, please email the [mailto:wikimaster@wikivet.net WikiVet team] or you can post a comment on our [https://www.facebook.com/pages/WikiVet/188576847835536?v=wall Facebook page]

[[File:IIE_Award.png|link=https://www.iie.uk.com/green-directory/the-webinar-vet/|alt=Investors in the Environment award for The Webinar Vet - Silver 2021|frameless|120x120px]]</div>

[[es:Página Principal]]
[[fr:Accueil]]

Video:Tooth Sectioning - DOG - Part 4 Maxillary Teeth

2021-01-20T16:20:28Z

Admin:

{{Resource
|Name = Tooth Sectioning - DOG - Part 4 Maxillary Teeth video
|VimeoID = 177230630
|Description = Video part 4 - Sectioning dog maxillary teeth for extraction. <br>Duration: 10 minutes 05 seconds
|Source = Mars
|Date = November 2015
|Author = John GA Robinson BDS
|Licensing = {{Template:All rights reserved}}
|Image = DOG model part 4.jpg
}}

[[Category:Small Animal Dentistry Resources]]
[[Category:Vimeo]]

Video:Tooth Sectioning - DOG - Part 3 Mandibular Teeth

2021-01-20T16:20:03Z

Admin:

{{Resource
|Name = Tooth Sectioning - DOG - Part 3 Mandibular Teeth video
|VimeoID = 177230629
|Description = Video part 3 - Sectioning dog mandibular teeth for extraction. <br>Duration: 4 minutes 39 seconds
|Source = Mars
|Date = November 2015
|Author = John GA Robinson BDS
|Licensing = {{Template:All rights reserved}}
|Image = DOG model part 3.jpg
}}

[[Category:Small Animal Dentistry Resources]]
[[Category:Vimeo]]

Video:Tooth Sectioning - DOG - Part 2 Principles

2021-01-20T16:19:26Z

Admin:

{{Resource
|Name = Tooth Sectioning - DOG - Part 2 Principles video
|VimeoID = 177230041
|Description = Video part 2 - Principles of sectioning dog teeth for extraction. <br>Duration: 7 minutes 06 seconds
|Source = Mars
|Date = November 2015
|Author = John GA Robinson BDS
|Licensing = {{Template:All rights reserved}}
|Image = Dog model part 2.jpg
}}

[[Category:Small Animal Dentistry Resources]]
[[Category:Vimeo]]

Video:Tooth Sectioning - DOG - Part 1 Introduction

2021-01-20T16:19:00Z

Admin:

{{Resource
|Name = Tooth Sectioning - DOG - Part 1 Introduction video
|VimeoID = 177229294
|Description = Video introducing the model for sectioning Dog teeth for extraction.<br>Duration: 3 minutes 37 seconds
|Source = Mars
|Date = November 2015
|Author = John GA Robinson BDS
|Licensing = {{Template:All rights reserved}}
|Image = DOG model part 1.jpg
}}

[[Category:Small Animal Dentistry Resources]]
[[Category:Vimeo]]

Video:Tooth Sectioning - CAT - Part 4 Maxillary Teeth

2021-01-20T16:18:30Z

Admin:

{{Resource
|Name = Tooth Sectioning - CAT - Part 4 Maxillary Teeth video
|VimeoID = 177374926
|Description = Video part 4 - Sectioning cat maxillary teeth for extraction. <br>Duration: 3 minutes 35 seconds
|Source = Mars
|Date = November 2015
|Author = John GA Robinson BDS
|Licensing = {{Template:All rights reserved}}
|Image = CAT model part 4.jpg
}}

[[Category:Small Animal Dentistry Resources]]
[[Category:Vimeo]]

Video:Tooth Sectioning - CAT - Part 3 Mandibular Carnassial

2021-01-20T16:18:05Z

Admin:

{{Resource
|Name = Tooth Sectioning - CAT - Part 3 Mandibular Carnassial video
|VimeoID = 177374925
|Description = Video part 3 - Sectioning cat mandibular carnassial teeth for extraction. <br>Duration: 3 minutes 38 seconds
|Source = Mars
|Date = November 2015
|Author = John GA Robinson BDS
|Licensing = {{Template:All rights reserved}}
|Image = CAT model part 3.jpg
}}

[[Category:Small Animal Dentistry Resources]]
[[Category:Vimeo]]

Video:Tooth Sectioning - CAT - Part 2 Principles

2021-01-20T16:17:38Z

Admin:

{{Resource
|Name = Tooth Sectioning - CAT - Part 2 Principles video
|VimeoID = 177374924
|Description = Video part 2 - Principles of sectioning cat teeth for extraction. <br>Duration: 7 minutes 32 seconds
|Source = Mars
|Date = November 2015
|Author = John GA Robinson BDS
|Licensing = {{Template:All rights reserved}}
|Image = CAT model part 2.jpg
}}

[[Category:Small Animal Dentistry Resources]]
[[Category:Vimeo]]

Video:Tooth Sectioning - CAT - Part 1 Introduction

2021-01-20T16:16:57Z

Admin:

{{Resource
|Name = Tooth Sectioning - CAT - Part 1 Introduction video
|VimeoID = 177375976
|Description = Video introducing the model for sectioning cat teeth for extraction.<br>Duration: 3 minutes 29 seconds
|Source = Mars
|Date = November 2015
|Author = John GA Robinson BDS
|Licensing = {{Template:All rights reserved}}
|Image = CAT model part 1.jpg
}}

[[Category:Small Animal Dentistry Resources]]
[[Category:Vimeo]]

Video:Spray Marking Problems in the Cat

2021-01-20T16:16:36Z

Admin:

{{Resource
|Name = Spray Marking Problems in the Cat
|VimeoID = 177378911
|Description = '''Video''' discussing the spray marking behaviour of cats and how to solve it.<br>Duration: approximately 17 minutes
|Source = WikiVet/RVC
|Date = April 2015
|Author = Jon Bowen
|Licensing = {{Template:All rights reserved}}
|Image = Spray marking video screenshot.jpg
}}

[[Category:Feline Housesoiling]]
[[Category:Feline Video]]
[[Category:Vimeo]]

Video:Normal Territorial Behaviour in the Cat

2021-01-20T16:16:10Z

Admin:

{{Resource
|Name = Normal Territorial Behaviour in the Cat
|VimeoID = 177378909
|Description = '''Video''' discussing the normal territorial behaviour of cats.<br>Duration: approximately 14 minutes
|Source = WikiVet/RVC
|Date = April 2015
|Author = Jon Bowen
|Licensing = {{Template:All rights reserved}}
|Image = Normal territorial behaviour screenshot.jpg
}}

[[Category:Normal Feline Behaviour]]
[[Category:Feline Video]]
[[Category:Vimeo]]

Video:Dentistry Quiz Answers

2021-01-20T16:14:38Z

Admin:

{{Resource
|Name = WikiVet Global Challenge Dentistry Quiz Answers
|VimeoID = 177376704
|Description = Video of the answers and explanation to the [[Dentistry Quiz|WikiVet Global Challenge Dentistry Quiz]]. <br>Duration: 33 minutes
|Source = Lisa Milella
|Date = December 2014
|Author = Lisa Milella
|Licensing = {{Template:All rights reserved}}
|Image = Dentistry Quiz Answers Video.jpg
}}

[[Category:Small Animal Dentistry Resources]]
[[Category:Dentistry Quiz]]
[[Category:Vimeo]]

PDF Document - Portosystemic Shunts

2021-01-20T16:14:07Z

Admin:

{{Resource
|Name = Understanding Common Liver Disorders in Yorkshire Terriers and Other Breeds
|Link = https://wikivet-dev.s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/6/6f/MVD-Brochure.pdf
|Description = PDF document, 23 pages about canine portosystemic shunts and congenital portal vein hypoplasia with secondary microvascular dysplasia. It is thorough and based on referenced material.
|Source = Dr Karen Tobias
|Date = 2014
|Author = Karen M. Tobias, DVM, MS, Diplomate ACVS
|Licensing = {{All rights reserved}}
|Image = PSS pdf image.jpg
}}

Video: A guide to the cardiorespiratory examination of small animals

2021-01-20T16:12:11Z

Admin:

{{Resource
|Name= A guide to the cardiorespiratory examination of small animals
|VimeoID = 178605771
|Description= This is a video showing a cardiorespiratory examination of the dog. This features a live animal with audio commentary from the instructor. Relevant anatomy is demonstrated as it is described by the anatomist, and techniques for performing a cardiorespiratory examination are described.<br>'''Duration'''= 3 minutes 52 seconds
|Date= Unknown
|Author= RVC
|Source= [[Royal Veterinary College, London, UK|Royal Veterinary College]]
|Image = A guide to the cardiorespiratory examination of small animals.jpg
}}

<br>

[[Category:Vimeo]]
[[Category:Vimeo Sort]]

Video: Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus (BVDV) - part 3

2021-01-20T16:11:43Z

Admin:

{{Resource
|Name= Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus (BVDV) - part 3
|VimeoID = 178335638
|Description= This is an online lecture featuring a number of slides about Bovine Viral Diarrhoea virus accompanied by an audio lecture.<br>'''Duration''' = 10 minutes 38 seconds
|Date= Unknown
|Author= RVC
|Source= [[Royal Veterinary College, London, UK|Royal Veterinary College]]
|Image = Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus (BVDV) - part 3.jpg
}}

<br>
[[Category:Virology Video]]
[[Category:Bovine Video]]
[[Category:Vimeo]]

Video: Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus (BVDV) - part 2

2021-01-20T16:11:12Z

Admin:

{{Resource
|Name= Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus (BVDV) - part 2
|VimeoID = 178336204
|Description= This is an online lecture featuring a number of slides about Bovine Viral Diarrhoea virus accompanied by an audio lecture.<br>'''Duration''' = 18 minutes 17 seconds
|Date= Unknown
|Author= RVC
|Source= [[Royal Veterinary College, London, UK|Royal Veterinary College]]
|Image = Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus (BVDV) - part 2.jpg
}}

<br>
[[Category:Virology Video]]
[[Category:Bovine Video]]
[[Category:Vimeo]]

Video: Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus (BVDV) - part 1

2021-01-20T16:10:37Z

Admin:

{{Resource
|Name= Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus (BVDV) - part 1
|VimeoID = 178336124
|Description= This is an online lecture featuring a number of slides about Bovine Viral Diarrhoea virus accompanied by an audio lecture.<br>'''Duration '''= 10 minutes 41 seconds
|Date= Unknown
|Author= RVC
|Source= [[Royal Veterinary College, London, UK|Royal Veterinary College]]
|Image = Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus (BVDV) - part 1.jpg
}}

<br>

[[Category:Virology Video]]
[[Category:Bovine Video]]
[[Category:Vimeo]]

Video: Reproductive tract of the boar

2021-01-20T16:10:07Z

Admin:

{{Resource
|Name= Reproductive tract of the boar
|VimeoID = 178198074
|Description= This is a '''video potcast''' of the reproductive tract of the boar. This features a still image of an anatomical pot showing the reproductive tract of the boar with audio commentary. Relevant anatomy including the [[Testes and Epididymis - Anatomy & Physiology|'''testes''']] and [[Accessory Sex Glands - Anatomy & Physiology|'''accessory sex glands''']] are highlighted as they are described by the anatomist.<br>'''Duration''' = 2 minute 50 seconds<br>For further information:<br><br>[[File:Book.gif|40px]][[Reproductive System Development|Reproductive System Development]]<br>[[File:Book.gif|40px]][[Penis - Anatomy & Physiology|Penis Anatomy & Physiology]]<br>[[File:Dragster logo.png|40px]][[Comparative Male Reproductive Anatomy resource|Comparative Male Reproductive Anatomy Dragster]]
|Date= Unknown
|Author= Unknown
|Source= [[Royal Veterinary College, London, UK|Royal Veterinary College]]
|Image = Reproductive tract of the boar.jpg
}}

<br>
[[Category:OVAM launch potcasts]]
[[Category:Reproductive System Anatomy & Physiology Video]]
[[Category:Porcine Video]]
[[Category:Vimeo]]

Video: Clinical skills: How to 'open glove'

2021-01-20T16:09:39Z

Admin:

{{Resource
|Name= Clinical skills: How to 'open glove'
|VimeoID = 178604050
|Description= This is a clinical skills '''video''' demonstrating how to carry out the 'open gloving' technique. The instructor explains relevant techniques whilst demonstrating.<br>'''Duration''' = 2 minutes 17 seconds
|Date= Unknown
|Author= RVC
|Source= [[Royal Veterinary College, London, UK|Royal Veterinary College]]
|Image = Clinical skills - How to ‘open glove’.jpg
}}

<br>

[[Category:Vimeo]]
[[Category:Vimeo Sort]]

Video: Clinical skills: Two-handed tie

2021-01-20T16:09:10Z

Admin:

{{Resource
|Name= Clinical skills: Two-handed tie
|VimeoID = 178603760
|Description= This is a clinical skills '''video''' demonstrating how to perform a two-handed tie. The instructor explains relevant techniques whilst demonstrating.<br>'''Duration''' = 2 minutes 07 seconds
|Date= Unknown
|Author= RVC
|Source= [[Royal Veterinary College, London, UK|Royal Veterinary College]]
|Image = Two-handed tie.jpg
}}

<br>

[[Category:Vimeo]]
[[Category:Vimeo Sort]]

Video: Clinical skills: One-handed tie

2021-01-20T16:08:43Z

Admin:

{{Resource
|Name= Clinical skills: One-handed tie
|VimeoID = 178602653
|Description= This is a clinical skills '''video''' demonstrating how to perform a one-handed tie. The instructor explains relevant techniques whilst demonstrating.<br>'''Duration''' = 1 minute 49 seconds
|Date= Unknown
|Author= RVC
|Source= [[Royal Veterinary College, London, UK|Royal Veterinary College]]
|Image = One-handed tie.jpg
}}

<br>
[[Category:Clinical Skills Video]]
[[Category:Vimeo]]