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Dirofilaria immitis

2014-02-23T13:50:05Z

BAnna:

{{OpenPagesTop}}
[[Image:Dirofilaria immitus.jpg|thumb|right|250px|''Dirofilaria immitis'' - Courtesy of the Laboratory of Parasitology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine]]

Also known as: '''Heartworm Disease — Dirofilariasis

Beware confusing with: ''[[Angiostrongylus vasorum]]'', [[angiostrongylosis]].

==Introduction==
''Dirofilaria immitis'' is a nematode parasite that causes heartworm disease in dogs, cats and ferrets. Heartworm disease is transmitted by [[Culicidae|mosquito]] bites and there are more than 70 species of mosquito that are able to transmit infection; ''Aedes, Anopheles'' and ''Culex'' are the most common vector species. Heartworm disease has been reported in many countries with temperate climate and is particularly prevalent in the USA, Canada, and southern Europe. The introduction of the PETS travel scheme has increased the concern over Dirofilariasis in the UK.

''Dirofilaria'' does have zoonotic potential: infected mosquitos can transmit ''D. immitis'' to humans, but the infection does not become patent. The infective larvae instead reach the lungs, become encapsulated, and die causing granulomatous reactions called "coin lesions" in the process. These are only important because they may be confused with neoplastic metastasis to the lungs on radiography1.

==Life Cycle==
''Dirofilaria immitis'' adults reach maturity and sexually reproduce in the '''pulmonary arteries''' and '''right ventricle'''. Adult males are around 15cm in length, and females are around 25cm1. After mating, female worms release larvae known as microfilariae (or L1) into the circulation. When a mosquito takes a blood meal from the infected dog or cat, microfilariae are ingested. Mosquitoes are true intermediate hosts for ''Dirofilaria immitis'', since microfilariae require a period of maturation to L2 then L3 in the vector. The duration of this development depends upon environmental conditions. For example, maturation at 30°C takes around 8 days, but when temperatures are down to 18°C, this takes around one month2. Below 14°C, development is halted and resumes when temperatures rise. In cooler climates, this means that transmission of heartworm disease to new canine or feline hosts can only occur in warmer months.

Once matured, L3 in the mosquito migrate to the labium, from which they erupt onto the host's skin as the mosquito feeds. Larvae then migrate into the bite wound and, as most dogs are highly susceptible to heartworm disease, most L3 then establish infection. It takes 2-3 days for L3 to moult to L4, which remain in the subcutaneous tissues for up to two months before becoming young adults (L5) and migrating to the pulmonary arteries.

Cats differ from dogs in that they are more resistant to infection with ''Dirofilaria immitis''. A lower percentage of exposed cats develop adult infections, and when this does occur the burden is usually low1. L5 in the pulmonary arteries also have a relatively short (2 year) survival time in cats.

==Pathogenesis==
Heartworm disease primarily affects the cardiopulmonary system and the severity and extent of lesions depends on several factors. These include the number and location of adult worms1, 2, the duration of infection, and the level of activity of the host1. Parasites in the pulmonary arteries cause mechanical irritation, leading to endothelial damage, proliferation of the intima and perivascular cuffing with inflammatory cells. This results in narrowing and occlusion of the vessels which in turn causes pulmonary hypertension. A combination of pulmonary hypertension and inflammatory mediators can lead to an increase in the permeability of pulmonary vessels, giving periarterial oedema and intersitial and alveolar infiltrates. Eventually, irreversible interstitial fibrosis arises.

Sequelae to heartworm infection include pulmonary thromboembolism, which can either occur due to the death and metastasis of adult worms, or due to platelet aggregation induced by the parasite. In severe cases, live nematodes can migrate to the right ventricle, right atrium and caudal vena cava. The resulting incompetence of the tricuspid valve, augmented by concurrent pulmonary hypertension, leads to signs of right-sided heart failure. Flow of erythrocytes through the mass of parasites formed can also cause haemolysis and thus haemoglobinaemia. This combination of acute right-sided heart failure and intravascular haemolysis is referred to as "caval syndrome", which in severe cases can also be characterised by thromboembolic events and [[Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation|disseminated intravascular coagulation]]. Due to the smaller numbers of adult worms, caval syndrome is less common in cats2.

In cats, heartworm disease generally causes a diffuse pulmonary infiltrate and an eosinophilic pneumonia2. Adult worms may die and embolise to the lungs, resulting in severe haemorrhage and oedema of the affected lobe. Immature nematodes have also been known to migrate to sites other than the pulmonary arteries and heart such as the CNS, eye and subcutaneous tissues. These ectopic infections are far more common in cats than in dogs, suggesting that ''D. immitis'' is not well adapted to feline hosts.

==Signalment==
''Dirofilaria immitis'' infection affects dogs more commonly than cats, and risk is greatest in outdoor animals. Dogs of any age may be affected, but infections are most common in 3 to 8 year old dogs, and medium and large breeds are over-represented1, 3. In cats, there are no breed or age predispositions, but males are more frequently affected3. Ferrets may also contract dirofilariasis; there are no age or sex predilections1.

==Diagnosis==
===Clinical Signs===

In dogs, historical findings at the time of presentation can vary. Some animals are asymptomatic, or cough only occasionally. In countries where heartworm is endemic, animals may be routinely tested for dirofilariasis six months after the end of the high-risk season3. Therefore, positive laboratory testing may be the first indication of disease1. More obvious signs may be seen depending on the severity of disease. Generally, the onset of heartworm disease is insidious, and clinical signs are related either to a high parasite burden, or to an allergic response to the parasite2. Affected dogs most often show coughing, and dyspnoea/tachypnoea, exercise intolerance, loss of condition and syncope may also be seen. In severe cases the pulmonary vessels may rupture, leading to haemoptysis or epistaxis. There is a tendency for signs to only manifest during exercise, and so patients with a sedentary lifestyle may never show overt disease. Right-sided congestive heart failure may ensue when worm burden is high, and signs can include jugular distension, ascites, marked exercise intolerance and hepatomegaly. A systolic murmur is sometimes audible on cardiac auscultation.

A classification system for the presentation of heartworm disease exists1, outlined in the table below.

{| class="wikitable collapsible"
|-
!width="8%"|<center>'''Class '''</center>
!width="92%"|<center>'''Clinical Signs'''</center>
|-
|<center>'''Class I'''</center>
|'''Asymptomatic or mild disease'''
*Weight loss, reduced exercise tolerance or an occasional cough may be seen.
*No radiographic signs or laboratory abnormalities.
|-
|<center>'''Class II'''</center>
|'''Moderate disease'''
*Animal coughs occasionally and shows mild-to-moderate exercise intolerance.
*Lung sounds may be increased
*Radiography may show mild-to-moderate changes, e.g. right ventricular enlargement.
*Anaemia and proteinuria may be present.
|-
|<center>'''Class III'''</center>
|'''Severe disease'''
*Signs are variable but may include weight loss, exercise intolerance, tachypnoea, dyspnoea, severe/persistent coughing, haemoptysis, syncope, or ascites.
*Radiographs appear abnormal: right ventricular hypertrophy, enlargement of the main pulmonary artery, and diffuse pulmonary densities. ECG often shows right ventricular hypertrophy.
*Anaemia, thrombocytopenia, and proteinuria are seen.
|-
|<center>'''Class IV'''</center>
|'''Caval syndrome'''
*Sudden onset of collapse, haemoglobinuria, and respiratory distress.
*Usually fatal without immediate surgery.
|-
|}

'''Caval syndrome''' is a very severe form of heartworm disease that can occur in dogs and cats. It is characterised by respiratory distress, signs of right-sided heart failure, intravascular haemolysis and haemoglobinuria. Disseminated intravascular coagulation frequently occurs, and the syndrome is often fatal.

In cats, most infections are asymptomatic. However, sudden death can occasionally occur. This may be preceded by an acute respiratory crisis, thought to be due to parasitic thromboembolism and obstruction of a major pulmonary artery1, 2. When clinical signs are less acute, they are vague and may include anorexia, weight loss and lethargy. Intermittent coughing and dyspnoea can appear similar to feline asthma. Syncope may also occur, and cats may vomit. The cause of this vomiting is undetermined3.

===Radiography===
In dogs, thoracic radiography provides good information on disease severity and is useful for screening dogs showing clinical signs compatible with ''D. immitis'' infection1. However, thoracic radiograph do not necessarily reflect the current worm burden: radiographic signs of advanced disease can persist long after an infection has run its course4. Conversely, dogs with high burdens may be inactive and thus show few clinical signs or radiographic changes. Radiographic signs are mild-to-moderate in class II disease, but become more obvious in class III infections. The main pulmonary artery is enlarged1, 4, and the caudal lobar vessels appear tortuous1. Ill-defined, fluffy infiltrates are apparent, and often surround the caudal lobar vessels. Right-sided cardiomegaly may be appreciated, and pleural and peritoneal effusions can be noted in right-sided congestive heart failure4.

Cardiac changes on thoracic radiography are less common in cats than dogs. The caudal lobar veins are enlarged (greater than 1.5 times the width of the ninth rib), and the pulmonary arteries are blunted and tortuous3, 5. Patchy parenchymal infiltrates may be seen in the region of vessels in animals showing respiratory signs1, 3. Enlargement of the main pulmonary artery cannot normally be seen in cats, as it has a relatively midline position and is thus obscured by the cardiac silhouette1, 5. Right-sided cardiomegaly is not considered a typical finding in the cat5.

===Echocardiography===
In dogs, echocardiography is not particularly useful as a diagnostic tool for heartworm disease. In severe, chronic pulmonary hypertension, right ventricular hypertrophy, septal flattening, underloading of the left heart, and high-velocity tricuspid and pulmonic regurgitation may be seen1. With caval syndrome or high-burden infections, worms may be visualised in the right heart and vena cava.

Echocardiography is more important in cats than dogs because of the increased difficulty of diagnosis and the fact that this test can have a high sensitivity depending on operator experience1. Specificity is 100%5, and the test can help exclude or confirm other primary cardiac diseases such as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy3. Worms can be visualised as parallel hyperechoic lines1, and are seen in the right atrium and ventricle and main pulmonary artery1, 3, 5.

===Electrocardiography===
The ECG of infected dogs is usually normal. Right ventricular hypertrophy patterns may be seen in chronic ,severe pulmonary hypertension and are associated with impending or apparent right-sided congestive heart failure4. Arrhythmias do not normally occur, buy atrial fibrillation is is occasionally seen in Class III disease.

Electrocardiography is less useful in the cat, as involvement of the heart chambers does not occur as frequently as in the dog5.

===Laboratory Tests===
In both dogs and cats, '''routine haematology, biochemistry and urinalysis''' should be performed. Most parameters are usually within normal limits, but an anaemia can often be seen. Eosinophilia and basophilia are also common1, 3. Eosinophilia peaks as L5 enter the pulmonary arteries and subsequently varies. An inflammatory leukogram is possible3. Hyperglobulinaemia due to antigenic stimulation is an inconsistent finding1, 3. Right-sided heart failure or immune-complex glomerulonephritis can lead to hypoalbuminaemia and, very occasionally, nephrotic syndrome1. Because of this, it is possible for urinalysis to reveal proteiunuria1, 3. Haemoglobinaemia and haemoglobinuria are associated with caval syndrome3.

[[Image:dirofilariasis.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Dirofilariasis. Courtesy of T. Scase]]
There are several methods for the specific demonstration of ''Dirofilaria immitis'' in the animal. Firstly, direct '''microscopic examination''' allows rapid identification of microfilariae in a drop of fresh blood, as their movements can vigorously displace the surrounding red blood cells2. Despite being quick, simple and inexpensive, this test is not sufficiently sensitive to provide a definitive diagnosis, particularly when there is a low concentration of microfilariae in the bloodstream. '''Filtration methods''' therefore exist to facilitate the microscopic demonstration of microfilariae2, 3. These include the '''modified Knott's test''', which involves haemolysis, centrifugation and staining with methylene blue before direct examination. Tests such as this are more sensitive than merely examining a drop of blood, and the morphology of microfilariae can be clearly seen. However, sensitivity in comparison to other methods is still low and so microfilarial identification tests are often reserved for confirmation of weak positive antigen tests and determination of microfilarial status prior to treatment with a microfilaricide3. Cats frequently lack circulating microfilariae, and so direct microscopic examination is of little use in this species.
[[Image:dirofilariasis 2.jpg|right|thumb|200px|'''Dirofilariasis'''. Courtesy of T. Scase]]
Tests exist to detect ''D. immitis'' antigens. '''ELISAs''' specific for proteins released from the reproductive tract of adult female worms are available for in-house use2. Sensitivity and specificity are excellent, but small worm burdens and the presence of immature female- or male-only infections can give low antigen titres hence false negatives. This is especially common in cats. '''Specific agglutination and immunochromatography''' techniques are also available for use in dogs. Any antigen test performed in the first six months of infection may give false negative results as levels of circulating antigen are initially low while female worms mature. '''In-house tests''' are also available to detect antibody against ''Dirofilaria immitis''. The presence of antibodies confirms exposure, but does not necessarily provide information about current infection. These tests are therefore most useful for ruling out infection. ''D. immitis'' antibody tests have a low specificity2 and so have largely been superceded by tests for antigen.

'''PCR-based tests''' are highly sensitive and specific for the diagnosis of immature and adult heartworms, and are especially useful in unconventional (e.g. wildlife) hosts2. At present, these tests are not widely available for the diagnosis of ''Dirofilaria immitis''.

===Pathology===

On post-mortem examination, ''Dirofilaria immitis'' worms are apparent in the pulmonary artery and possibly the right side of the heart. The right side of the heart is found to be enlarged and there is proliferation of the pulmonary arterial myointima. Pulmonary thromboembolism and haemorrhage may be seen. If right-sided congestive heart failure was present in life, hepatomegaly and hepatic congestion will be apparent.

==Treatment==
Animals with right-sided congestive heart failure require stablisation with diuretics, ACE inhibitors and cage rest before treatment for heartworm disease is implemented. Animals with severe respiratory signs also require stabilisation with oxygen supplementation, anti-inflammatory doses of corticosteroid and anti-thrombotic drugs.

The specific adulticidal treatment for ''Dirofilaria immitis'' is '''melarsomine dihydrochoride''', a new generation arsenical compound. Melarsomine is administered intramuscularly into the epaxial muscles, and pressure should be applied during and after needle withdrawal3. A "graded-kill" protocol is recommended: an initial injection is followed one month later with two injections at an interval of 24 hours, given on opposite sides1-4. This spreads the killing effects over two treatments, with an aim to reducing the occurrence of thromboembolism after parasite death. Cage rest and anti-inflammatory doses of corticosteroids in the week following melarsomine treatment can also reduce the likelihood of pulmonary thromboembolism. Antigen testing four months after adulticidal treatment will determine whether it is necessary to repeat the therapy3.

Adulticidal treatment may be declined by the owner, owing to the risk of thromboembolism. Alternatively, it may not be possible to implement adulticidal treatment if the patient is suffering renal or hepatic failure3. In these cases, monthly administration of prophylactic doses of ivermectin is a reasonable treatment option, as it prevents further infection and may kill some adult nematodes2.

Even low grade infections in cats may result in pulmonary thromboembolism with adulticidal treatment. Because of this, symptomatic treatment of sick cats may be followed by surgical or catheter-based extraction of nematodes once the patient is stable3. Stablisation is similar to that for feline asthma, and can include cage rest, oxygen supplementation, bronchodilators (e.g. theophylline), tapering doses of prednisolone, and balanced fluid therapy if indicated3. Heartworms have a much shorter life-span in cats, and spontaneous remission is seen in some cases. Regular monitoring may therefore be the best course of action in clinically well cats.

In '''caval syndrome''', surgery is the treatment of choice. Worms are removed from the right side of the heart and the main pulmonary artery using flexible crocodile or basket-type retrieval forceps2. This procedure is complex and requires general anaesthesia and fluoroscopic imaging, but reduces the risk of thromboembolism following subsequent adulticidal treatment. Symptomatic and supportive therapy to stabilise the patient should be continued for around one month after surgery before adulticidal treatment is administered3.

'''No drugs are specifically approved for microfilaricidal treatment''' of ''Dirofilaria immitis'', and successful elimination of adult worms should result in the demise of circulating microfilariae four to six weeks later2. '''Single doses of ivermectin, milbemycin oxime, moxidection or selamectin''' are, however, effective at removing microfilariae from the circulation. The sudden death of large numbers of microfilariae may invoke an anaphylactic response, and oral prednisolone may be administered with microfilaricides to help prevent this.

Heartworm prophylaxis should be implemented in all cats and dogs living in or visiting areas in which ''Dirofilaria immitis'' is endemic. Ivermectin or milbemycin oxime can be given ''per os'' on a monthly basis, and selemectin spot-on is effective when applied each month. If animals have already been exposed to ''Dirofilaria immitis'' it may be wise to perform an antigen test before starting treatment. In endemic countries, routine antigen testing six months after the end of the previous heartworm season will detect infections that have slipped through the net, and enable treatment during the mild, early stages of disease3.

==Prognosis==

In mildly symptomatic or asymptomatic animals, the course of dirofilariasis is usually uneventful following treatment and the prognosis is excellent3. Animals with severe infection carry a guarded prognosis with a higher risk of complications.

{{Learning
|literature search = [http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?rowId=1&options1=AND&q1=%22Dirofilaria+immitis%22&occuring1=title&rowId=2&options2=AND&q2=&occuring2=freetext&rowId=3&options3=AND&q3=&occuring3=freetext&x=21&y=6&publishedstart=2000&publishedend=yyyy&calendarInput=yyyy-mm-dd&la=any&it=any&show=all Dirofilaria immitis publications since 2000]
|full text = [http://www.cabi.org/cabdirect/FullTextPDF/2010/20103181752.pdf '''A review of American heartworm society guidelines for the management of heartworm infections in cats.''' Guerrero, J.; The North American Veterinary Conference, Gainesville, USA, Small animal and exotics. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference, Orlando, Florida, USA, 16-20 January 2010, 2010, pp 1173-1176, 1 ref.]

[http://www.cabi.org/cabdirect/FullTextPDF/2008/20083097550.pdf '''Epidemiology and prevention of ''Dirofilaria'' infections in dogs and cats.''' Genchi, C.; Guerrero, J.; McCall, J. W.; Venco, L.; Veterinary Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Naples, Italy, Mappe Parassitologiche, 2007, 8, pp 145-161, many ref.]

[http://www.cabi.org/cabdirect/FullTextPDF/2006/20063226177.pdf ''' Heartworm of dog - its aetiopathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and prevention.''' Kundu, P.; Intas Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Ahmedabad, India, Intas Polivet, 2006, 7, 1, pp 106-110, 16 ref.]

[http://www.cabi.org/cabdirect/FullTextPDF/2005/20053201370.pdf ''' The utility of echocardiography in the diagnosis of feline heartworm disease: a review of published reports.''' Defrancesco, T. C.; Atkins, C. E.; Seward, R. L.; Knight, D. H.; American Heartworm Society, Batavia, USA, Recent advances in heartworm disease: Symposium '98, Tampa, Florida, USA, 1-3 May, 1998, 1998, pp 103-106, 20 ref.]
}}

{{Chapter}}
{{Mansonchapter
|chapterlink = http://www.mansonpublishing.co.uk/book-images/9781840760576_sample.pdf
|chaptername = Cardiopulmonary Dirofilariasis
|book = Arthropod-borne Infectious Diseases of the Dog and Cat
|author = Susan E. Shaw, Michael J. Day
|isbn = 9781840760576
}}

==Links==

*[http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm/bc/11300.htm The Merck Veterinary Manual - Heartworm Disease]
*[http://www.dogheartworm.org/ dogheartworm.org]
*[http://www.defra.gov.uk/foodfarm/farmanimal/diseases/vetsurveillance/dactari/ DEFRA - Dog and Cat Travel and Risk Information]

==References==

#Merck & Co (2008) '''The Merck Veterinary Manual (Eighth Edition)''', ''Merial''.
#Ferasin, L (2004) Disease risks for the travelling pet: Heartworm disease, ''In Practice'', '''26(6)''', 350-357.
#Tilley, L P and Smith, F W K (2004) '''The 5-minute Veterinary Consult (Fourth Edition)''',''Blackwell''.
#Venco, L (2007) Heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) disease in dogs. ''Dirofilaria immitis and D. repens in dog and cat and human infections'', 117-125.
#Venco, L (2007) Heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) disease in cats. ''Dirofilaria immitis and D. repens in dog and cat and human infections'', 126-132.
#Ridyard, A (2005) Heartworm and lungworm in dogs and cats in the UK, ''In Practice'', '''27(3)''', 147-153.

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[[Category:Filarioidea]]
[[Category:Dog_Nematodes]]
[[Category:Cat_Nematodes]]
[[Category:Zoonoses]]
[[Category:Cardiovascular Diseases - Dog]]
[[Category:Cardiovascular Diseases - Cat]]
[[Category:Respiratory Parasitic Infections]]

[[Category:Expert_Review]]
[[Category:Cardiology Section]]

Haemonchosis - Sheep

2014-02-19T10:17:06Z

BAnna:

{{OpenPagesTop}}
== Introduction ==

''[[Haemonchus contortus]]'' is a tropical and sub tropical parasite of the abomasum, that may cause problems in temperate regions. It is around 2 cm long and has a 'barbers pole' appearance. It is a blood-sucking nematode and hence, clinical signs may be quite severe. Together with ''[[Ostertagia]]'', ''[[Nematodirus]]'' and ''[[:Category:Trichostrongyloidea|Trichostrongylus]]'' it makes up the [[Parasitic Gastroenteritis|parasitic gastroenteritis]] complex in sheep.

''Haemonchus'' has a high biotic potential and egg to L3 development occurs very fast in hot humid conditions. In '''tropical and sub-tropical areas''', disease outbreaks depend on local rainfall. The parasite survives prolonged dry periods by arrested development which is resumed just prior to rainy season e.g. Australia, Brazil, Middle East and Nigeria. Arrested development is less common in areas with more frequent rainfall e.g. East Africa. There are several cycles of infection annually.

In '''temperate regions''', the ewe is the primary source of infection (relatively few L3 overwinter on pasture) and eggs hatch and develop to L3. Most L3 ingested by ewes and lambs in late summer become arrested (EL4, abomasal wall) to then resume development following spring and cause acute haemonchosis (epidemiology equivalent to type 2 [[Ostertagiosis and Trichostrongylosis - Sheep|ostertagiosis]]). A few L3 ingested by lambs do not become arrested and immediately cause acute haemonchosis (if sufficient L3 ingested; equivalent to Type 1 ostertagiosis). This is most likely to happen in hot thundery summer periods. There is normally only one cycle of infection annually in temperate areas.

A moderate infection (2000 worms) leads to increased red blood cell turnover (from 4 months to 3 weeks) and a loss of haemoglobin and iron (normally recycled). Depleted iron reserves leading to [[:Category:Anaemia|anaemia]] and death.

== Clinical Signs ==

There are three forms of Haemonchosis. The '''hyperacute''' form, occurs mainly in the tropics where the biotic potential is very high and worm burdens can suddenly become huge over a period of a few days. Signs in this form of the disease will include sudden death in apparently healthy sheep and severe anaemia. In temperate regions, an '''acute''' form can arise. This will consist of oedema, loss of condition, diarrhoea, lethargy and death. The sheep will also be anaemic and hypoalbuminaemic. The '''chronic''' form can arise over two months or so and signs will include progressive weight loss or reduced weight gain and diarrhoea and will appear similar to signs of poor nutrition.

== Diagnosis ==

Clinical signs and time of year are characteristic of the disease.

Blood tests may reveal anaemia (low blood haemoglobin, PCV and red blood cell count), elevated blood pepsinogen and hypoalbuminaemia, which would lead to a presumptive diagnosis as no other nematode of sheep is blood-sucking to that degree.

A faecal egg count to assess for presence of haemonchus eggs should be performed. If infection is present, this sample will probably be very high.

Post-mortem examination may reveal an extremely high proportion of adult worms (>2000 adult worms in some cases). There will also be numerous haemorrhagic lesions on gastric mucosa and there may be brown fluid in the abomasum. The carcasses of sheep that may have succumbed to the disease will appear pale and oedematous. There may be expansion of red marrow from epiphysis into medullary cavity of long bones.

== Treatment and Control ==

If infection is discovered, treat with an anthelmintic. Give electrolyte solution if diarrhoea is severe.

'''Temperate Areas''': Dose ewes around lambing.

'''Tropical and Sub-Tropical Areas''': Dose all stock every two to four weeks during the rainy season.

There is a hidden antigen vaccine currently under development.

{{Learning
|flashcards = [[Sheep Medicine Q&A 06]]

[[Small Ruminant Nematodes Flashcards|Small Ruminant Nematodes Flashcards]]
}}

== References ==

Blood, D.C. and Studdert, V. P. (1999) '''Saunders Comprehensive Veterinary Dictionary''' (2nd Edition) ''Elsevier Science''

Fox, M and Jacobs, D. (2007) '''Parasitology Study Guide Part 2: Helminths '''''Royal Veterinary College''

Merck & Co (2008) '''The Merck Veterinary Manual '''(Eighth Edition) ''Merial''

Radostits, O.M, Arundel, J.H, and Gay, C.C. (2000) '''Veterinary Medicine: a textbook of the diseases of cattle, sheep, pigs, goats and horses '''''Elsevier Health Sciences''

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[[Category:Gastric_Diseases_-_Sheep]] [[Category:Expert Review - Farm Animal]]

Neutrophilia

2014-02-17T16:15:42Z

BAnna:

==Description==
Neutrophilia refers to an increase in the number of [[Neutrophil|neutrophils]] in the blood. In many cases, neutrophilia is accompanied by the release of substantial numbers of immature neutrophils into the blood stream from the bone marrow. The nuclei of these '''Band cells''' are not segmented and they appear to be elongated bent tubes in the cytoplasm. The presence of band cells in the blood indicates that there is an intense need for neutrophils to maintain normal blood levels as they are lost in a purulent process somewhere in the body. When the percentage of the total neutrophil population that is contributed by these immature forms is high, the neutrophilia is described as having a '''regenerative left shift'''.

==Neutrophilia: degenerative right shift==
Very severe diseases that deplete the neutrophils may also exhaust the reserve supply of these cells in the bone marrow. In such situations, there is a neutropenia without band cells in the circulation and degenerate neutrophils are seen - this is known as a degenerative right shift. Degenerate neutrophils have a highly segmented nucleus, often in the shape of the 'Victoria Cross'. Some severe localised infections (including pyometras) may cause a neutrophilia of much greater magnitude than is usually observed. This so-called '''leukaemoid response''' may precede a right shift.

==Causes of Neutrophilia==
There are numerous causes of neutrophilia and it is the most common and least specific abnormal finding when blood samples undergo haematological analysis. Common causes include:

*'''Purulent foci''' and '''abscesses''' in the body can produce a substantial neutrophilia. Examples include pyometra, severe pyoderma and empyema (purulent inflammation of a body cavity). In severe cases of purulent inflammation, neutrophils may appear '''toxic''' when observed on cytological slides. These toxic cells have evident, blue-staining cytoplasmic granules and some cytoplasmic vacuolation. These cells have decreased bactericidal capability and do not respond as quickly to chemotactic stimuli. In contrast, abscesses that have become walled off may fail to induce the expected neutrophilia.

*'''Bacterial infection''' may result in neutrophilia as neutrophils are the major type of leucocyte that act to control this type of pathogen. Some bacteria, particularly Gram positive species, are particularly pyogenic due to their ability to resist intracellular killing by neutrophils.

*'''Necrosis''' of any tissue will result in neutrophilia. Common causes of tissue necrosis include burns, malignancies and infections.

*'''Fungal infection''' with, for example ''[[Aspergillus spp.]]''.

*'''Viral infection''' may cause a neutrophilia but neutrophils are often not the major type of inflammatory cell responding to the infection and they may be reacting to the threat of secondary bacterial infections rather than the primary viral pathogen. Examples include [[Paramyxoviridae#Canine Distemper Virus (CDV)|canine distemper]], [[Equine Herpesvirus 1|equine rhinotracheitis virus]] (EHV-1) and [[Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis|infectious bovine rhinotracheitis]] (IBR or BHV-1).

*'''Parasitic infection''' may cause a neutrophilia but neutrophils are often not the major type of inflammatory cell responding to the infection and [[Eosinophilia|eosinophilia]] is more likely. Examples include [[Fasciolosis|fasciolosis]] and [[Toxoplasmosis - Cat and Dog|toxoplasmosis]].

*'''Immune-mediated disease''' frequently causes a neutrophilia, often with a concurrent [[Monocytosis|monocytosis]]. Examples include [[Rheumatoid Arthritis|rheumatoid arthritis]], [[Systemic Lupus Erythematosus|systemic lupus erythematosus]] and [[Immune Mediated Haemolytic Anaemia|immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia]] (IMHA).

==Miscellaneous causes of neutrophilia==
'''Miscellaneous factors''' that can cause neutrophilia include:
*Excitement, fear and strenuous exercise in young animals.
*Corticosteroids as part of a [[Stress Leucogram|stress leucogram]] with concurrent [[Monocytosis|monocytosis]], [[Eosinopenia|eosinopenia]] and [[Lymphopenia|lymphopenia]]. The corticosteroids may be endogenous (with pain, stress or [[Hyperadrenocorticism|hyperadrenocorticism]]) or exogenous with medical therapy for a variety of other diseases.
*Neutrophilia can occur in response to any of the causes of [[Regenerative and Non-Regenerative Anaemias|anaemia]].

[[Category:Haematology Changes]]

Leishmania

2014-02-08T12:24:37Z

BAnna: /* Epidemiology */

{{OpenPagesTop}}
Causes: '''''Leishmaniasis'''''
{{Taxobox
|name =''Leishmania spp.''
|kingdom =Eukaryota
|sub-kingdom =
|phylum =Euglenozoa
|super-class =
|class =Kinetoplastea
|sub-class =
|super-order =
|order =Trypanosomatida
|sub-order =
|super-family =
|family =Trypanosomatidae
|sub-family =
|genus =Leishmania
|species =''L. infantum'', ''L. donovani'', ''L.chagasi''
}}
==Overview==
[[Image:Leishmania Life Cycle.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Leishmania Life Cycle - Wikimedia Commons]]
[[Image:Leishmania donovani.jpg|thumb|right|150px|''Leishmania donovani'' in bone marrow cell - Dr. L.L. Moore, Jr.]]
[[Image:Leishmania tropica.jpg|right|thumb|150px|''L. tropica'' Yutaka TsutsumiWikiMedia Commons]]
''Leishmania spp.'' are intracellular parasites of [[Macrophage|macrophages]] from the same family as ''[[Trypanosoma]] spp.''. These organisms parasitise human, dogs and wild animals throughout southern Europe, Africa, Asia and South America. The infection is transmitted by [[Psychodidae|sandflies]]. Infection can cause both cutaneous and visceral disease. Clinical disease cause by ''Leishmania'' is termed Leishmaniasis. Three types of ''Leishmania spp.'' are described;
# '''Hypopylaria''' - found in lizards that ingest the sandfly intermediate host. Development occurs in the hindgut of the fly.
# '''Peripylaria''' - found in mammals and lizards, development occurs in the fore- and hindgut of the fly.
# '''Suprapylaria''' - found only in mammals transmitted by the bite of a sandfly, development occurs in the fore- and midgut of the fly.

==Recognition==
''Leishmania spp.'' are ovoid shaped parasites containing a rod shaped 'kinetoplast'. The kinetoplast is associated with a rudimentary flagellum that does not extened beyond the cell margin. The position of the kinetoplast changes as the parasite changes between life stages. Once ingested by a sand fly the parasite takes the promastigote form and the kinetoplast moves the the posterior of the cell.

==Life Cycle==
The life cycle of ''Leishamania spp.'' requires transmission between mammalian (and occasionally reptile) hosts by a blood sucking fly. The [[Psychodidae|sand flies]] is the intermediate host, in the Old World the flies are of the genus ''Phlebotomus'' and in the New World they are of the genus ''Lutzomyia''.

The promastigote form which lacks a flagella is found in the vertebrate hosts [[Macrophage|macrophages]]. The amistgote is ingested by the sand fly whilst it feeds on the host, once ingested the ''Leishamnia'' will transform into the flagellated promastigote form in the insect gut. Replication by binary fission occurs in the insects gut followed by migration to the proboscis of the insect. The presence of ''Leishamnia'' in the insects proboscis allows innoculation of the next host on which the fly feeds with the ''Leishmania'' parasite. Crushing the sand fly on the skin of a mammal can allow percutaneous transmission.

Once inside the vertebrate host the ''Leishmania'' will invade the hosts [[Macrophage|macrophages]] and having done this revert to the amastigote form.

==Pathogenesis==
Infection with ''Leishmania'' can produce either cutaneous or visceral disease as the infected macrophages proliferate in foci. The cutaneous form of the disease produces areas of ulceration on the pinnae of the [[Ear - Anatomy & Physiology|ears]], eyelids or on the [[Lips|lips]]. These ulcerations can also be seen between the digits of the dogs paw. This is a parasitic infection of the [[Protozoal Dermatosis|skin]]. The visceral form causes a chronic wasting condition where generalised excema can be seen. Hair is lost from around the eyes giving the animal a 'spectacled' appearance. These symptoms are accompanied by an intermittent fever and some generalized lymphadenopathy.

There is a very long incubation period from infection to pathology, which can take years and therefore many infected dogs either never become symptomatic or remain so for a long period of time. Even once an animal has been treated for leishmaniasis it is not uncommon for clinical symptoms to recur after a lengthy period of remission.

==Epidemiology==
The spread of the disease relies on the presence of the [[Psychodidae|sand fly]] as a vector. Therfore the regions in which it is found commonly are those in which conditions are suitable for the flies such as the Mediteranean coast, southern Europe as well as in central America and northern Africa. As these flies are very common in these regions, controlling their numbers has limited success, however due to control of [[Culicidae|mosquitos]] to prevent the spread of malaria, the number of sand flies has also been reduced and a reduction in the number of cases of leishmania has been noted. Although this parasite is of primary veterinary importance in dogs, large reservoirs exist in wild animals and stray dogs. This reservoir is easily accessed by the sand fly vector and compounds the issue of controlling the spread of the disease.

Although the UK is not home to any species of sand fly, leishmaniasis is being observed more frequently in the domestic dog population. This has largely been attributed to the increase in the number of animals that travel to areas of Europe and north Africa where the disease is endemic. These animals often acquire the disease whilst abroad but may not show clinical signs until they have been back in the UK for a considerable length of time. There has however been some evidence to show that close contact between dogs can spread the disease, though this method of transmission is much less common.

==Diagnosis==
Definitive diagnosis of Leishmaniasis requires combining observation of the clinical signs and the demonstration of ''Leishmania'' organisms in the animal. In the cutaneous disease this may be done by microscopic analysis of skin scrapings from the animals. For diagnosis of the visceral disease samples of joint fluid, [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy & Physiology|lymph node]] or [[Bone Marrow - Anatomy & Physiology|bone marrow]] biopsies may all contain macrophages that have been infected by the organisms.

Cytological examination of fine needle aspirates should show evidence of [[Lymph Node Abnormalities|reactive hyperplasia]] in the lymph nodes, with increased numbers of lymphoblasts and [[B cell differentiation|plasma cells]]. [[Lymph Node Abnormalities|Reactive hyperplasia]] of [[B cell differentiation|plasma cells]] is especially common in Leishmaniasis cases as it causes chronic antigen stimulation. [[B cell differentiation|Mott cells]], which are [[B cell differentiation|plasma cells]] containing vesicles of accumulated [[Immunoglobulins - Overview|immunoglobulins]] (Russell bodies) may also be evident. They are also the result of a chronic disease process, such as Leishmaniasis.
As mentioned above, the parasite itself can be identified cytologically within [[Macrophage|macrophages]] to confirm disease.

==Treatment and Control==
Control of ''Leishmania'' is difficult due to the large environmental pool and the sand flies that transmit the disease. One method is to prevent the sand flies from biting dogs by using collars inpregnated with [[Ectoparasiticides|insecticides]] or repellents. These have a limited effect and do not guarantee the safety of the animal. Destruction of infected and stray dogs will decrease the pool from which sand flies may obtain the parasite but this is often morally difficult and due to the infection of wildlife does not stop spread completely.

Chemotherapy can be used to treat dogs with leishmaniasis; however this will not eliminate the infection completely. It may appear to resolve the infection, but it is not uncommon for clinical sign to return later in the dog's life. It is important to factor in the risks involved with chemotherapy, such as suppression of the immune system, and the expense of prolonged treatment.

{{Learning
|flashcards = [[Protozoa_Flashcards#Tropical_Protozoa|Tropical Protozoa Flashcards]]
[[Cytology Q&A 08]]
|full text = [http://www.cabi.org/cabdirect/FullTextPDF/2005/20053201552.pdf ''' Canine visceral leishmaniasis.''' Gaskin, A.; Seward, R. L.; Knight, D. H.; American Heartworm Society, Batavia, USA, Recent advances in heartworm disease: Symposium 01, San Antonio, Texas, USA, 20-22 April, 2001, 2001, pp 63-65, 35 ref.]
}}

{{review}}

{{OpenPages}}

[[Category:Tropical Protozoa]]
[[Category:Dermatological Diseases - Dog]]
[[Category:Expert Review]]

Leishmania

2014-02-08T12:24:10Z

BAnna: /* Epidemiology */

{{OpenPagesTop}}
Causes: '''''Leishmaniasis'''''
{{Taxobox
|name =''Leishmania spp.''
|kingdom =Eukaryota
|sub-kingdom =
|phylum =Euglenozoa
|super-class =
|class =Kinetoplastea
|sub-class =
|super-order =
|order =Trypanosomatida
|sub-order =
|super-family =
|family =Trypanosomatidae
|sub-family =
|genus =Leishmania
|species =''L. infantum'', ''L. donovani'', ''L.chagasi''
}}
==Overview==
[[Image:Leishmania Life Cycle.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Leishmania Life Cycle - Wikimedia Commons]]
[[Image:Leishmania donovani.jpg|thumb|right|150px|''Leishmania donovani'' in bone marrow cell - Dr. L.L. Moore, Jr.]]
[[Image:Leishmania tropica.jpg|right|thumb|150px|''L. tropica'' Yutaka TsutsumiWikiMedia Commons]]
''Leishmania spp.'' are intracellular parasites of [[Macrophage|macrophages]] from the same family as ''[[Trypanosoma]] spp.''. These organisms parasitise human, dogs and wild animals throughout southern Europe, Africa, Asia and South America. The infection is transmitted by [[Psychodidae|sandflies]]. Infection can cause both cutaneous and visceral disease. Clinical disease cause by ''Leishmania'' is termed Leishmaniasis. Three types of ''Leishmania spp.'' are described;
# '''Hypopylaria''' - found in lizards that ingest the sandfly intermediate host. Development occurs in the hindgut of the fly.
# '''Peripylaria''' - found in mammals and lizards, development occurs in the fore- and hindgut of the fly.
# '''Suprapylaria''' - found only in mammals transmitted by the bite of a sandfly, development occurs in the fore- and midgut of the fly.

==Recognition==
''Leishmania spp.'' are ovoid shaped parasites containing a rod shaped 'kinetoplast'. The kinetoplast is associated with a rudimentary flagellum that does not extened beyond the cell margin. The position of the kinetoplast changes as the parasite changes between life stages. Once ingested by a sand fly the parasite takes the promastigote form and the kinetoplast moves the the posterior of the cell.

==Life Cycle==
The life cycle of ''Leishamania spp.'' requires transmission between mammalian (and occasionally reptile) hosts by a blood sucking fly. The [[Psychodidae|sand flies]] is the intermediate host, in the Old World the flies are of the genus ''Phlebotomus'' and in the New World they are of the genus ''Lutzomyia''.

The promastigote form which lacks a flagella is found in the vertebrate hosts [[Macrophage|macrophages]]. The amistgote is ingested by the sand fly whilst it feeds on the host, once ingested the ''Leishamnia'' will transform into the flagellated promastigote form in the insect gut. Replication by binary fission occurs in the insects gut followed by migration to the proboscis of the insect. The presence of ''Leishamnia'' in the insects proboscis allows innoculation of the next host on which the fly feeds with the ''Leishmania'' parasite. Crushing the sand fly on the skin of a mammal can allow percutaneous transmission.

Once inside the vertebrate host the ''Leishmania'' will invade the hosts [[Macrophage|macrophages]] and having done this revert to the amastigote form.

==Pathogenesis==
Infection with ''Leishmania'' can produce either cutaneous or visceral disease as the infected macrophages proliferate in foci. The cutaneous form of the disease produces areas of ulceration on the pinnae of the [[Ear - Anatomy & Physiology|ears]], eyelids or on the [[Lips|lips]]. These ulcerations can also be seen between the digits of the dogs paw. This is a parasitic infection of the [[Protozoal Dermatosis|skin]]. The visceral form causes a chronic wasting condition where generalised excema can be seen. Hair is lost from around the eyes giving the animal a 'spectacled' appearance. These symptoms are accompanied by an intermittent fever and some generalized lymphadenopathy.

There is a very long incubation period from infection to pathology, which can take years and therefore many infected dogs either never become symptomatic or remain so for a long period of time. Even once an animal has been treated for leishmaniasis it is not uncommon for clinical symptoms to recur after a lengthy period of remission.

==Epidemiology==
The spread of the disease relies on the presence of the [[Psychodidae|sand fly]] as a vector. Therfore the regions in which it is found commonly are those in which conditions are suitable for the flies such as the Mediteranean coast, southern Europe as well as in central America and northern Africa. As these flies are very common in these regions controlling their numbers has limited success, however due to control of [[Culicidae|mosquitos]] to prevent the spread of malaria, the number of sand flies has also been reduced and a reduction in the number of cases of leishmania has been noted. Although this parasite is of primary veterinary importance in dogs, large reservoirs exist in wild animals and stray dogs. This reservoir is easily accessed by the sand fly vector and compounds the issue of controlling the spread of the disease.

Although the UK is not home to any species of sand fly, leishmaniasis is being observed more frequently in the domestic dog population. This has largely been attributed to the increase in the number of animals that travel to areas of Europe and north Africa where the disease is endemic. These animals often acquire the disease whilst abroad but may not show clinical signs until they have been back in the UK for a considerable length of time. There has however been some evidence to show that close contact between dogs can spread the disease, though this method of transmission is much less common.

==Diagnosis==
Definitive diagnosis of Leishmaniasis requires combining observation of the clinical signs and the demonstration of ''Leishmania'' organisms in the animal. In the cutaneous disease this may be done by microscopic analysis of skin scrapings from the animals. For diagnosis of the visceral disease samples of joint fluid, [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy & Physiology|lymph node]] or [[Bone Marrow - Anatomy & Physiology|bone marrow]] biopsies may all contain macrophages that have been infected by the organisms.

Cytological examination of fine needle aspirates should show evidence of [[Lymph Node Abnormalities|reactive hyperplasia]] in the lymph nodes, with increased numbers of lymphoblasts and [[B cell differentiation|plasma cells]]. [[Lymph Node Abnormalities|Reactive hyperplasia]] of [[B cell differentiation|plasma cells]] is especially common in Leishmaniasis cases as it causes chronic antigen stimulation. [[B cell differentiation|Mott cells]], which are [[B cell differentiation|plasma cells]] containing vesicles of accumulated [[Immunoglobulins - Overview|immunoglobulins]] (Russell bodies) may also be evident. They are also the result of a chronic disease process, such as Leishmaniasis.
As mentioned above, the parasite itself can be identified cytologically within [[Macrophage|macrophages]] to confirm disease.

==Treatment and Control==
Control of ''Leishmania'' is difficult due to the large environmental pool and the sand flies that transmit the disease. One method is to prevent the sand flies from biting dogs by using collars inpregnated with [[Ectoparasiticides|insecticides]] or repellents. These have a limited effect and do not guarantee the safety of the animal. Destruction of infected and stray dogs will decrease the pool from which sand flies may obtain the parasite but this is often morally difficult and due to the infection of wildlife does not stop spread completely.

Chemotherapy can be used to treat dogs with leishmaniasis; however this will not eliminate the infection completely. It may appear to resolve the infection, but it is not uncommon for clinical sign to return later in the dog's life. It is important to factor in the risks involved with chemotherapy, such as suppression of the immune system, and the expense of prolonged treatment.

{{Learning
|flashcards = [[Protozoa_Flashcards#Tropical_Protozoa|Tropical Protozoa Flashcards]]
[[Cytology Q&A 08]]
|full text = [http://www.cabi.org/cabdirect/FullTextPDF/2005/20053201552.pdf ''' Canine visceral leishmaniasis.''' Gaskin, A.; Seward, R. L.; Knight, D. H.; American Heartworm Society, Batavia, USA, Recent advances in heartworm disease: Symposium 01, San Antonio, Texas, USA, 20-22 April, 2001, 2001, pp 63-65, 35 ref.]
}}

{{review}}

{{OpenPages}}

[[Category:Tropical Protozoa]]
[[Category:Dermatological Diseases - Dog]]
[[Category:Expert Review]]

Germany - Stiftung Tierârztliche Hochschule Hannover

2011-05-28T07:48:33Z

BAnna: /* Introduction */

You should add information for each section by clicking on the 'edit' button that corresponds to the section. You should write below the line in the edit screen.

When you think you have added all the information you can, contact the [mailto:wikimaster@wikivet.net WikiVet Team] again and they will put this information into the template. At this stage they will put the pin on the map so others can see your school

If you would like to see an example of a completed Vet School page, have a look at the [[RVC|Royal Veterinary College's]] page for an idea of what you should write about.
==Images==
Please click on the below links to upload images onto WikiVet that can be used for your school page. Please ensure that you know the copyright status of the image and have permission to make it available on the site, or that you are the image's author (i.e. you took the photo).

[[File:TiHo1.jpg|http://en.wikivet.net/File:TiHo1.jpg]]
 [[File:TiHo2.jpg]]
 [[File:TiHo3.jpg]]

==Introduction== 

Since the foundation of the University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover in 1778 it is independent and therewith unique in Germany. When in 2003 the university became a foundation, more self-responsibility and liberties were granted.
The TiHo has got five interdiciplinary centres and joins six clinics, 20 institutes and three subject groups on two campuses in Hannover. Two remote stations in the south of Hannover in Ruthe and in Bakum near Vechta focus on research and education.

==History== 

1778 Foundation of the Royal Horse Medicine School on the order of Georg III., King of Greatbritain and Elector of Hannover First Teacher: Johann Adam Kersting
1887 Ennoblement to University
1899 Transfer of the University to the location of Braunschweiger Platz
1903 A levels become requirement for studying at the TiHo
1910 the TiHo recieves the right to award doctorates
1913 establishment of the headmaster constitution
1918 receipt of right of habilitation
1926 Expansion of the campus at Bischofsholer Damm
1926 Aquisation of the manor Adendorf near Lüneburg for educational purposes
1953 Purchase of the Westfalenhof at theBünteweg in Kirchrode
1961 Exchange of the manor Adendorf against the former domane Ruthe near Sarstedt as educational an research manor
1969 For the first time in Germany: establishment of a two-year post-graduation course
1974 EU-Referencylaboratorium at the TiHo
1974 Establishment of the WHO-Center "Veterinary Public Health"
1998 Establishment of the PhD path
2002 Establishment of the presidency constitution
2003 Transfer to Foundation
2003 225-year-celebration
2003 Establishment of the post-doctoral path "Systems Neuroscience"
2004 Establishment of the bachelor path biology
2006 Establishment of the master path "Animal Biology and Biomedical Sciences"
2009 New clinic centre at the Bünteweg
2010 Opening of the new canteen "Caballus" at the campus Bischofsholer Damm

==Education== 

Studying veterinary medicine in Hannover is very popular, so even if there are far more applications, each year about 250 places are granted to elementary students. Including the doctoral candidates and PhD-students over 2.400 students are matriculated to the TiHo. Also, the university educates biology students in coorporatioin with the Leibnitz University Hannover and the Hannover Medical School
Further academic qualification of post-graduated vets and scientists, in 2003 the Graduate School for Biomedical Sciences Hannover was founded. It offers two PhD-degree courses and a master path in biology. The PhD-Programm Veterinary Research and Animal Biology was founded in 1998 which made it the first PhD path in Germany.

==Research== 

Research at the TiHo stands for research on and for animals - and translational for men. The focus of research at the TiHo are:
- Infection medicine
- systemic neurosciences
- animal health and food quality
- clinical research

Many questions are dealt with in cooperatins and collaboration with universities and the industry. Next to successful participation in the initiative for excellecy and three special research projects that were supported by the German Research Association (DFG) there are to name the WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training in Veterinary Public Health as well as the EU-Referencylaboratory für European Swine Fewer and other pestilential viruses.

The TiHo has many international connections and contacts. At this point there are partnerships ans cooperations with 30 froreign universities and veterinary faculties in 23 countries.

==Clinical== 

==School name== 

University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover

(Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover)

==Established== 
1778

==Location== 

Hannover, capital of Lower Saxony in Germany

==Principal's name== 

Dr. Gerhard Greif, president since 2002

==Total number of Students== 

2.400

==Number of Undergraduates== 

==Number of Postgraduates== 

==Website address== 

www.tiho-hannover.de

==Contact details== 

University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation

Buenteweg 2

30559 Hannover

Postfach 71 11 80

30545 Hannover

Tel.: +49 511 953-60

Fax: +49 511 953-8050

Germany - Stiftung Tierârztliche Hochschule Hannover

2011-05-27T19:56:25Z

BAnna: /* Location */

You should add information for each section by clicking on the 'edit' button that corresponds to the section. You should write below the line in the edit screen.

When you think you have added all the information you can, contact the [mailto:wikimaster@wikivet.net WikiVet Team] again and they will put this information into the template. At this stage they will put the pin on the map so others can see your school

If you would like to see an example of a completed Vet School page, have a look at the [[RVC|Royal Veterinary College's]] page for an idea of what you should write about.
==Images==
Please click on the below links to upload images onto WikiVet that can be used for your school page. Please ensure that you know the copyright status of the image and have permission to make it available on the site, or that you are the image's author (i.e. you took the photo).

[[File:TiHo1.jpg]]
 [[File:TiHo2.jpg]]
 [[File:TiHo3.jpg]]

==Introduction== 

Since the foundation of the University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover in 1778 it is independent and therewith unique in Germany. When in 2003 the university became a foundation, more self-responsibility and liberties were granted.
The TiHo has got five interdiciplinary centres and joins six clinics, 20 institutes and three branches on two campuses in Hannover. Two remote stations in the south of Hannover in Ruthe and in Bakum near Vechta focus on research and education.

==History== 

1778 Foundation of the Royal Horse Medicine School on the order of Georg III., King of Greatbritain and Elector of Hannover First Teacher: Johann Adam Kersting
1887 Ennoblement to University
1899 Transfer of the University to the location of Braunschweiger Platz
1903 A levels become requirement for studying at the TiHo
1910 the TiHo recieves the right to award doctorates
1913 establishment of the headmaster constitution
1918 receipt of right of habilitation
1926 Expansion of the campus at Bischofsholer Damm
1926 Aquisation of the manor Adendorf near Lüneburg for educational purposes
1953 Purchase of the Westfalenhof at theBünteweg in Kirchrode
1961 Exchange of the manor Adendorf against the former domane Ruthe near Sarstedt as educational an research manor
1969 For the first time in Germany: establishment of a two-year post-graduation course
1974 EU-Referencylaboratorium at the TiHo
1974 Establishment of the WHO-Center "Veterinary Public Health"
1998 Establishment of the PhD path
2002 Establishment of the presidency constitution
2003 Transfer to Foundation
2003 225-year-celebration
2003 Establishment of the post-doctoral path "Systems Neuroscience"
2004 Establishment of the bachelor path biology
2006 Establishment of the master path "Animal Biology and Biomedical Sciences"
2009 New clinic centre at the Bünteweg
2010 Opening of the new canteen "Caballus" at the campus Bischofsholer Damm

==Education== 

Studying veterinary medicine in Hannover is very popular, so even if there are far more applications, each year about 250 places are granted to elementary students. Including the doctoral candidates and PhD-students over 2.400 students are matriculated to the TiHo. Also, the university educates biology students in coorporatioin with the Leibnitz University Hannover and the Hannover Medical School
Further academic qualification of post-graduated vets and scientists, in 2003 the Graduate School for Biomedical Sciences Hannover was founded. It offers two PhD-degree courses and a master path in biology. The PhD-Programm Veterinary Research and Animal Biology was founded in 1998 which made it the first PhD path in Germany.

==Research== 

Research at the TiHo stands for research on and for animals - and translational for men. The focus of research at the TiHo are:
- Infection medicine
- systemic neurosciences
- animal health and food quality
- clinical research

Many questions are dealt with in cooperatins and collaboration with universities and the industry. Next to successful participation in the initiative for excellecy and three special research projects that were supported by the German Research Association (DFG) there are to name the WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training in Veterinary Public Health as well as the EU-Referencylaboratory für European Swine Fewer and other pestilential viruses.

The TiHo has many international connections and contacts. At this point there are partnerships ans cooperations with 30 froreign universities and veterinary faculties in 23 countries.

==Clinical== 

==School name== 

University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover

(Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover)

==Established== 
1778

==Location== 

Hannover, capital of Lower Saxony in Germany

==Principal's name== 

Dr. Gerhard Greif, president since 2002

==Total number of Students== 

2.400

==Number of Undergraduates== 

==Number of Postgraduates== 

==Website address== 

www.tiho-hannover.de

==Contact details== 

University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation

Buenteweg 2

30559 Hannover

Postfach 71 11 80

30545 Hannover

Tel.: +49 511 953-60

Fax: +49 511 953-8050

Germany - Stiftung Tierârztliche Hochschule Hannover

2011-05-27T19:55:18Z

BAnna: /* Established */

You should add information for each section by clicking on the 'edit' button that corresponds to the section. You should write below the line in the edit screen.

When you think you have added all the information you can, contact the [mailto:wikimaster@wikivet.net WikiVet Team] again and they will put this information into the template. At this stage they will put the pin on the map so others can see your school

If you would like to see an example of a completed Vet School page, have a look at the [[RVC|Royal Veterinary College's]] page for an idea of what you should write about.
==Images==
Please click on the below links to upload images onto WikiVet that can be used for your school page. Please ensure that you know the copyright status of the image and have permission to make it available on the site, or that you are the image's author (i.e. you took the photo).

[[File:TiHo1.jpg]]
 [[File:TiHo2.jpg]]
 [[File:TiHo3.jpg]]

==Introduction== 

Since the foundation of the University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover in 1778 it is independent and therewith unique in Germany. When in 2003 the university became a foundation, more self-responsibility and liberties were granted.
The TiHo has got five interdiciplinary centres and joins six clinics, 20 institutes and three branches on two campuses in Hannover. Two remote stations in the south of Hannover in Ruthe and in Bakum near Vechta focus on research and education.

==History== 

1778 Foundation of the Royal Horse Medicine School on the order of Georg III., King of Greatbritain and Elector of Hannover First Teacher: Johann Adam Kersting
1887 Ennoblement to University
1899 Transfer of the University to the location of Braunschweiger Platz
1903 A levels become requirement for studying at the TiHo
1910 the TiHo recieves the right to award doctorates
1913 establishment of the headmaster constitution
1918 receipt of right of habilitation
1926 Expansion of the campus at Bischofsholer Damm
1926 Aquisation of the manor Adendorf near Lüneburg for educational purposes
1953 Purchase of the Westfalenhof at theBünteweg in Kirchrode
1961 Exchange of the manor Adendorf against the former domane Ruthe near Sarstedt as educational an research manor
1969 For the first time in Germany: establishment of a two-year post-graduation course
1974 EU-Referencylaboratorium at the TiHo
1974 Establishment of the WHO-Center "Veterinary Public Health"
1998 Establishment of the PhD path
2002 Establishment of the presidency constitution
2003 Transfer to Foundation
2003 225-year-celebration
2003 Establishment of the post-doctoral path "Systems Neuroscience"
2004 Establishment of the bachelor path biology
2006 Establishment of the master path "Animal Biology and Biomedical Sciences"
2009 New clinic centre at the Bünteweg
2010 Opening of the new canteen "Caballus" at the campus Bischofsholer Damm

==Education== 

Studying veterinary medicine in Hannover is very popular, so even if there are far more applications, each year about 250 places are granted to elementary students. Including the doctoral candidates and PhD-students over 2.400 students are matriculated to the TiHo. Also, the university educates biology students in coorporatioin with the Leibnitz University Hannover and the Hannover Medical School
Further academic qualification of post-graduated vets and scientists, in 2003 the Graduate School for Biomedical Sciences Hannover was founded. It offers two PhD-degree courses and a master path in biology. The PhD-Programm Veterinary Research and Animal Biology was founded in 1998 which made it the first PhD path in Germany.

==Research== 

Research at the TiHo stands for research on and for animals - and translational for men. The focus of research at the TiHo are:
- Infection medicine
- systemic neurosciences
- animal health and food quality
- clinical research

Many questions are dealt with in cooperatins and collaboration with universities and the industry. Next to successful participation in the initiative for excellecy and three special research projects that were supported by the German Research Association (DFG) there are to name the WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training in Veterinary Public Health as well as the EU-Referencylaboratory für European Swine Fewer and other pestilential viruses.

The TiHo has many international connections and contacts. At this point there are partnerships ans cooperations with 30 froreign universities and veterinary faculties in 23 countries.

==Clinical== 

==School name== 

University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover

(Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover)

==Established== 
1778

==Location== 

==Principal's name== 

Dr. Gerhard Greif, president since 2002

==Total number of Students== 

2.400

==Number of Undergraduates== 

==Number of Postgraduates== 

==Website address== 

www.tiho-hannover.de

==Contact details== 

University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation

Buenteweg 2

30559 Hannover

Postfach 71 11 80

30545 Hannover

Tel.: +49 511 953-60

Fax: +49 511 953-8050

Germany - Stiftung Tierârztliche Hochschule Hannover

2011-05-27T19:54:31Z

BAnna: /* Research */

You should add information for each section by clicking on the 'edit' button that corresponds to the section. You should write below the line in the edit screen.

When you think you have added all the information you can, contact the [mailto:wikimaster@wikivet.net WikiVet Team] again and they will put this information into the template. At this stage they will put the pin on the map so others can see your school

If you would like to see an example of a completed Vet School page, have a look at the [[RVC|Royal Veterinary College's]] page for an idea of what you should write about.
==Images==
Please click on the below links to upload images onto WikiVet that can be used for your school page. Please ensure that you know the copyright status of the image and have permission to make it available on the site, or that you are the image's author (i.e. you took the photo).

[[File:TiHo1.jpg]]
 [[File:TiHo2.jpg]]
 [[File:TiHo3.jpg]]

==Introduction== 

Since the foundation of the University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover in 1778 it is independent and therewith unique in Germany. When in 2003 the university became a foundation, more self-responsibility and liberties were granted.
The TiHo has got five interdiciplinary centres and joins six clinics, 20 institutes and three branches on two campuses in Hannover. Two remote stations in the south of Hannover in Ruthe and in Bakum near Vechta focus on research and education.

==History== 

1778 Foundation of the Royal Horse Medicine School on the order of Georg III., King of Greatbritain and Elector of Hannover First Teacher: Johann Adam Kersting
1887 Ennoblement to University
1899 Transfer of the University to the location of Braunschweiger Platz
1903 A levels become requirement for studying at the TiHo
1910 the TiHo recieves the right to award doctorates
1913 establishment of the headmaster constitution
1918 receipt of right of habilitation
1926 Expansion of the campus at Bischofsholer Damm
1926 Aquisation of the manor Adendorf near Lüneburg for educational purposes
1953 Purchase of the Westfalenhof at theBünteweg in Kirchrode
1961 Exchange of the manor Adendorf against the former domane Ruthe near Sarstedt as educational an research manor
1969 For the first time in Germany: establishment of a two-year post-graduation course
1974 EU-Referencylaboratorium at the TiHo
1974 Establishment of the WHO-Center "Veterinary Public Health"
1998 Establishment of the PhD path
2002 Establishment of the presidency constitution
2003 Transfer to Foundation
2003 225-year-celebration
2003 Establishment of the post-doctoral path "Systems Neuroscience"
2004 Establishment of the bachelor path biology
2006 Establishment of the master path "Animal Biology and Biomedical Sciences"
2009 New clinic centre at the Bünteweg
2010 Opening of the new canteen "Caballus" at the campus Bischofsholer Damm

==Education== 

Studying veterinary medicine in Hannover is very popular, so even if there are far more applications, each year about 250 places are granted to elementary students. Including the doctoral candidates and PhD-students over 2.400 students are matriculated to the TiHo. Also, the university educates biology students in coorporatioin with the Leibnitz University Hannover and the Hannover Medical School
Further academic qualification of post-graduated vets and scientists, in 2003 the Graduate School for Biomedical Sciences Hannover was founded. It offers two PhD-degree courses and a master path in biology. The PhD-Programm Veterinary Research and Animal Biology was founded in 1998 which made it the first PhD path in Germany.

==Research== 

Research at the TiHo stands for research on and for animals - and translational for men. The focus of research at the TiHo are:
- Infection medicine
- systemic neurosciences
- animal health and food quality
- clinical research

Many questions are dealt with in cooperatins and collaboration with universities and the industry. Next to successful participation in the initiative for excellecy and three special research projects that were supported by the German Research Association (DFG) there are to name the WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training in Veterinary Public Health as well as the EU-Referencylaboratory für European Swine Fewer and other pestilential viruses.

The TiHo has many international connections and contacts. At this point there are partnerships ans cooperations with 30 froreign universities and veterinary faculties in 23 countries.

==Clinical== 

==School name== 

University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover

(Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover)

==Established== 

==Location== 

==Principal's name== 

Dr. Gerhard Greif, president since 2002

==Total number of Students== 

2.400

==Number of Undergraduates== 

==Number of Postgraduates== 

==Website address== 

www.tiho-hannover.de

==Contact details== 

University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation

Buenteweg 2

30559 Hannover

Postfach 71 11 80

30545 Hannover

Tel.: +49 511 953-60

Fax: +49 511 953-8050

Germany - Stiftung Tierârztliche Hochschule Hannover

2011-05-27T19:42:53Z

BAnna: /* Principal's name */

You should add information for each section by clicking on the 'edit' button that corresponds to the section. You should write below the line in the edit screen.

When you think you have added all the information you can, contact the [mailto:wikimaster@wikivet.net WikiVet Team] again and they will put this information into the template. At this stage they will put the pin on the map so others can see your school

If you would like to see an example of a completed Vet School page, have a look at the [[RVC|Royal Veterinary College's]] page for an idea of what you should write about.
==Images==
Please click on the below links to upload images onto WikiVet that can be used for your school page. Please ensure that you know the copyright status of the image and have permission to make it available on the site, or that you are the image's author (i.e. you took the photo).

[[File:TiHo1.jpg]]
 [[File:TiHo2.jpg]]
 [[File:TiHo3.jpg]]

==Introduction== 

Since the foundation of the University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover in 1778 it is independent and therewith unique in Germany. When in 2003 the university became a foundation, more self-responsibility and liberties were granted.
The TiHo has got five interdiciplinary centres and joins six clinics, 20 institutes and three branches on two campuses in Hannover. Two remote stations in the south of Hannover in Ruthe and in Bakum near Vechta focus on research and education.

==History== 

1778 Foundation of the Royal Horse Medicine School on the order of Georg III., King of Greatbritain and Elector of Hannover First Teacher: Johann Adam Kersting
1887 Ennoblement to University
1899 Transfer of the University to the location of Braunschweiger Platz
1903 A levels become requirement for studying at the TiHo
1910 the TiHo recieves the right to award doctorates
1913 establishment of the headmaster constitution
1918 receipt of right of habilitation
1926 Expansion of the campus at Bischofsholer Damm
1926 Aquisation of the manor Adendorf near Lüneburg for educational purposes
1953 Purchase of the Westfalenhof at theBünteweg in Kirchrode
1961 Exchange of the manor Adendorf against the former domane Ruthe near Sarstedt as educational an research manor
1969 For the first time in Germany: establishment of a two-year post-graduation course
1974 EU-Referencylaboratorium at the TiHo
1974 Establishment of the WHO-Center "Veterinary Public Health"
1998 Establishment of the PhD path
2002 Establishment of the presidency constitution
2003 Transfer to Foundation
2003 225-year-celebration
2003 Establishment of the post-doctoral path "Systems Neuroscience"
2004 Establishment of the bachelor path biology
2006 Establishment of the master path "Animal Biology and Biomedical Sciences"
2009 New clinic centre at the Bünteweg
2010 Opening of the new canteen "Caballus" at the campus Bischofsholer Damm

==Education== 

Studying veterinary medicine in Hannover is very popular, so even if there are far more applications, each year about 250 places are granted to elementary students. Including the doctoral candidates and PhD-students over 2.400 students are matriculated to the TiHo. Also, the university educates biology students in coorporatioin with the Leibnitz University Hannover and the Hannover Medical School
Further academic qualification of post-graduated vets and scientists, in 2003 the Graduate School for Biomedical Sciences Hannover was founded. It offers two PhD-degree courses and a master path in biology. The PhD-Programm Veterinary Research and Animal Biology was founded in 1998 which made it the first PhD path in Germany.

==Research== 

==Clinical== 

==School name== 

University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover

(Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover)

==Established== 

==Location== 

==Principal's name== 

Dr. Gerhard Greif, president since 2002

==Total number of Students== 

2.400

==Number of Undergraduates== 

==Number of Postgraduates== 

==Website address== 

www.tiho-hannover.de

==Contact details== 

University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation

Buenteweg 2

30559 Hannover

Postfach 71 11 80

30545 Hannover

Tel.: +49 511 953-60

Fax: +49 511 953-8050

Germany - Stiftung Tierârztliche Hochschule Hannover

2011-05-27T19:41:46Z

BAnna: /* School name */

You should add information for each section by clicking on the 'edit' button that corresponds to the section. You should write below the line in the edit screen.

When you think you have added all the information you can, contact the [mailto:wikimaster@wikivet.net WikiVet Team] again and they will put this information into the template. At this stage they will put the pin on the map so others can see your school

If you would like to see an example of a completed Vet School page, have a look at the [[RVC|Royal Veterinary College's]] page for an idea of what you should write about.
==Images==
Please click on the below links to upload images onto WikiVet that can be used for your school page. Please ensure that you know the copyright status of the image and have permission to make it available on the site, or that you are the image's author (i.e. you took the photo).

[[File:TiHo1.jpg]]
 [[File:TiHo2.jpg]]
 [[File:TiHo3.jpg]]

==Introduction== 

Since the foundation of the University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover in 1778 it is independent and therewith unique in Germany. When in 2003 the university became a foundation, more self-responsibility and liberties were granted.
The TiHo has got five interdiciplinary centres and joins six clinics, 20 institutes and three branches on two campuses in Hannover. Two remote stations in the south of Hannover in Ruthe and in Bakum near Vechta focus on research and education.

==History== 

1778 Foundation of the Royal Horse Medicine School on the order of Georg III., King of Greatbritain and Elector of Hannover First Teacher: Johann Adam Kersting
1887 Ennoblement to University
1899 Transfer of the University to the location of Braunschweiger Platz
1903 A levels become requirement for studying at the TiHo
1910 the TiHo recieves the right to award doctorates
1913 establishment of the headmaster constitution
1918 receipt of right of habilitation
1926 Expansion of the campus at Bischofsholer Damm
1926 Aquisation of the manor Adendorf near Lüneburg for educational purposes
1953 Purchase of the Westfalenhof at theBünteweg in Kirchrode
1961 Exchange of the manor Adendorf against the former domane Ruthe near Sarstedt as educational an research manor
1969 For the first time in Germany: establishment of a two-year post-graduation course
1974 EU-Referencylaboratorium at the TiHo
1974 Establishment of the WHO-Center "Veterinary Public Health"
1998 Establishment of the PhD path
2002 Establishment of the presidency constitution
2003 Transfer to Foundation
2003 225-year-celebration
2003 Establishment of the post-doctoral path "Systems Neuroscience"
2004 Establishment of the bachelor path biology
2006 Establishment of the master path "Animal Biology and Biomedical Sciences"
2009 New clinic centre at the Bünteweg
2010 Opening of the new canteen "Caballus" at the campus Bischofsholer Damm

==Education== 

Studying veterinary medicine in Hannover is very popular, so even if there are far more applications, each year about 250 places are granted to elementary students. Including the doctoral candidates and PhD-students over 2.400 students are matriculated to the TiHo. Also, the university educates biology students in coorporatioin with the Leibnitz University Hannover and the Hannover Medical School
Further academic qualification of post-graduated vets and scientists, in 2003 the Graduate School for Biomedical Sciences Hannover was founded. It offers two PhD-degree courses and a master path in biology. The PhD-Programm Veterinary Research and Animal Biology was founded in 1998 which made it the first PhD path in Germany.

==Research== 

==Clinical== 

==School name== 

University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover

(Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover)

==Established== 

==Location== 

==Principal's name== 

==Total number of Students== 

2.400

==Number of Undergraduates== 

==Number of Postgraduates== 

==Website address== 

www.tiho-hannover.de

==Contact details== 

University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation

Buenteweg 2

30559 Hannover

Postfach 71 11 80

30545 Hannover

Tel.: +49 511 953-60

Fax: +49 511 953-8050

Germany - Stiftung Tierârztliche Hochschule Hannover

2011-05-27T19:40:44Z

BAnna: /* Total number of Students */

You should add information for each section by clicking on the 'edit' button that corresponds to the section. You should write below the line in the edit screen.

When you think you have added all the information you can, contact the [mailto:wikimaster@wikivet.net WikiVet Team] again and they will put this information into the template. At this stage they will put the pin on the map so others can see your school

If you would like to see an example of a completed Vet School page, have a look at the [[RVC|Royal Veterinary College's]] page for an idea of what you should write about.
==Images==
Please click on the below links to upload images onto WikiVet that can be used for your school page. Please ensure that you know the copyright status of the image and have permission to make it available on the site, or that you are the image's author (i.e. you took the photo).

[[File:TiHo1.jpg]]
 [[File:TiHo2.jpg]]
 [[File:TiHo3.jpg]]

==Introduction== 

Since the foundation of the University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover in 1778 it is independent and therewith unique in Germany. When in 2003 the university became a foundation, more self-responsibility and liberties were granted.
The TiHo has got five interdiciplinary centres and joins six clinics, 20 institutes and three branches on two campuses in Hannover. Two remote stations in the south of Hannover in Ruthe and in Bakum near Vechta focus on research and education.

==History== 

1778 Foundation of the Royal Horse Medicine School on the order of Georg III., King of Greatbritain and Elector of Hannover First Teacher: Johann Adam Kersting
1887 Ennoblement to University
1899 Transfer of the University to the location of Braunschweiger Platz
1903 A levels become requirement for studying at the TiHo
1910 the TiHo recieves the right to award doctorates
1913 establishment of the headmaster constitution
1918 receipt of right of habilitation
1926 Expansion of the campus at Bischofsholer Damm
1926 Aquisation of the manor Adendorf near Lüneburg for educational purposes
1953 Purchase of the Westfalenhof at theBünteweg in Kirchrode
1961 Exchange of the manor Adendorf against the former domane Ruthe near Sarstedt as educational an research manor
1969 For the first time in Germany: establishment of a two-year post-graduation course
1974 EU-Referencylaboratorium at the TiHo
1974 Establishment of the WHO-Center "Veterinary Public Health"
1998 Establishment of the PhD path
2002 Establishment of the presidency constitution
2003 Transfer to Foundation
2003 225-year-celebration
2003 Establishment of the post-doctoral path "Systems Neuroscience"
2004 Establishment of the bachelor path biology
2006 Establishment of the master path "Animal Biology and Biomedical Sciences"
2009 New clinic centre at the Bünteweg
2010 Opening of the new canteen "Caballus" at the campus Bischofsholer Damm

==Education== 

Studying veterinary medicine in Hannover is very popular, so even if there are far more applications, each year about 250 places are granted to elementary students. Including the doctoral candidates and PhD-students over 2.400 students are matriculated to the TiHo. Also, the university educates biology students in coorporatioin with the Leibnitz University Hannover and the Hannover Medical School
Further academic qualification of post-graduated vets and scientists, in 2003 the Graduate School for Biomedical Sciences Hannover was founded. It offers two PhD-degree courses and a master path in biology. The PhD-Programm Veterinary Research and Animal Biology was founded in 1998 which made it the first PhD path in Germany.

==Research== 

==Clinical== 

==School name== 

==Established== 

==Location== 

==Principal's name== 

==Total number of Students== 

2.400

==Number of Undergraduates== 

==Number of Postgraduates== 

==Website address== 

www.tiho-hannover.de

==Contact details== 

University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation

Buenteweg 2

30559 Hannover

Postfach 71 11 80

30545 Hannover

Tel.: +49 511 953-60

Fax: +49 511 953-8050

Germany - Stiftung Tierârztliche Hochschule Hannover

2011-05-27T19:40:29Z

BAnna: /* Website address */

You should add information for each section by clicking on the 'edit' button that corresponds to the section. You should write below the line in the edit screen.

When you think you have added all the information you can, contact the [mailto:wikimaster@wikivet.net WikiVet Team] again and they will put this information into the template. At this stage they will put the pin on the map so others can see your school

If you would like to see an example of a completed Vet School page, have a look at the [[RVC|Royal Veterinary College's]] page for an idea of what you should write about.
==Images==
Please click on the below links to upload images onto WikiVet that can be used for your school page. Please ensure that you know the copyright status of the image and have permission to make it available on the site, or that you are the image's author (i.e. you took the photo).

[[File:TiHo1.jpg]]
 [[File:TiHo2.jpg]]
 [[File:TiHo3.jpg]]

==Introduction== 

Since the foundation of the University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover in 1778 it is independent and therewith unique in Germany. When in 2003 the university became a foundation, more self-responsibility and liberties were granted.
The TiHo has got five interdiciplinary centres and joins six clinics, 20 institutes and three branches on two campuses in Hannover. Two remote stations in the south of Hannover in Ruthe and in Bakum near Vechta focus on research and education.

==History== 

1778 Foundation of the Royal Horse Medicine School on the order of Georg III., King of Greatbritain and Elector of Hannover First Teacher: Johann Adam Kersting
1887 Ennoblement to University
1899 Transfer of the University to the location of Braunschweiger Platz
1903 A levels become requirement for studying at the TiHo
1910 the TiHo recieves the right to award doctorates
1913 establishment of the headmaster constitution
1918 receipt of right of habilitation
1926 Expansion of the campus at Bischofsholer Damm
1926 Aquisation of the manor Adendorf near Lüneburg for educational purposes
1953 Purchase of the Westfalenhof at theBünteweg in Kirchrode
1961 Exchange of the manor Adendorf against the former domane Ruthe near Sarstedt as educational an research manor
1969 For the first time in Germany: establishment of a two-year post-graduation course
1974 EU-Referencylaboratorium at the TiHo
1974 Establishment of the WHO-Center "Veterinary Public Health"
1998 Establishment of the PhD path
2002 Establishment of the presidency constitution
2003 Transfer to Foundation
2003 225-year-celebration
2003 Establishment of the post-doctoral path "Systems Neuroscience"
2004 Establishment of the bachelor path biology
2006 Establishment of the master path "Animal Biology and Biomedical Sciences"
2009 New clinic centre at the Bünteweg
2010 Opening of the new canteen "Caballus" at the campus Bischofsholer Damm

==Education== 

Studying veterinary medicine in Hannover is very popular, so even if there are far more applications, each year about 250 places are granted to elementary students. Including the doctoral candidates and PhD-students over 2.400 students are matriculated to the TiHo. Also, the university educates biology students in coorporatioin with the Leibnitz University Hannover and the Hannover Medical School
Further academic qualification of post-graduated vets and scientists, in 2003 the Graduate School for Biomedical Sciences Hannover was founded. It offers two PhD-degree courses and a master path in biology. The PhD-Programm Veterinary Research and Animal Biology was founded in 1998 which made it the first PhD path in Germany.

==Research== 

==Clinical== 

==School name== 

==Established== 

==Location== 

==Principal's name== 

==Total number of Students== 

==Number of Undergraduates== 

==Number of Postgraduates== 

==Website address== 

www.tiho-hannover.de

==Contact details== 

University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation

Buenteweg 2

30559 Hannover

Postfach 71 11 80

30545 Hannover

Tel.: +49 511 953-60

Fax: +49 511 953-8050

Germany - Stiftung Tierârztliche Hochschule Hannover

2011-05-27T19:40:08Z

BAnna: /* Contact details */

You should add information for each section by clicking on the 'edit' button that corresponds to the section. You should write below the line in the edit screen.

When you think you have added all the information you can, contact the [mailto:wikimaster@wikivet.net WikiVet Team] again and they will put this information into the template. At this stage they will put the pin on the map so others can see your school

If you would like to see an example of a completed Vet School page, have a look at the [[RVC|Royal Veterinary College's]] page for an idea of what you should write about.
==Images==
Please click on the below links to upload images onto WikiVet that can be used for your school page. Please ensure that you know the copyright status of the image and have permission to make it available on the site, or that you are the image's author (i.e. you took the photo).

[[File:TiHo1.jpg]]
 [[File:TiHo2.jpg]]
 [[File:TiHo3.jpg]]

==Introduction== 

Since the foundation of the University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover in 1778 it is independent and therewith unique in Germany. When in 2003 the university became a foundation, more self-responsibility and liberties were granted.
The TiHo has got five interdiciplinary centres and joins six clinics, 20 institutes and three branches on two campuses in Hannover. Two remote stations in the south of Hannover in Ruthe and in Bakum near Vechta focus on research and education.

==History== 

1778 Foundation of the Royal Horse Medicine School on the order of Georg III., King of Greatbritain and Elector of Hannover First Teacher: Johann Adam Kersting
1887 Ennoblement to University
1899 Transfer of the University to the location of Braunschweiger Platz
1903 A levels become requirement for studying at the TiHo
1910 the TiHo recieves the right to award doctorates
1913 establishment of the headmaster constitution
1918 receipt of right of habilitation
1926 Expansion of the campus at Bischofsholer Damm
1926 Aquisation of the manor Adendorf near Lüneburg for educational purposes
1953 Purchase of the Westfalenhof at theBünteweg in Kirchrode
1961 Exchange of the manor Adendorf against the former domane Ruthe near Sarstedt as educational an research manor
1969 For the first time in Germany: establishment of a two-year post-graduation course
1974 EU-Referencylaboratorium at the TiHo
1974 Establishment of the WHO-Center "Veterinary Public Health"
1998 Establishment of the PhD path
2002 Establishment of the presidency constitution
2003 Transfer to Foundation
2003 225-year-celebration
2003 Establishment of the post-doctoral path "Systems Neuroscience"
2004 Establishment of the bachelor path biology
2006 Establishment of the master path "Animal Biology and Biomedical Sciences"
2009 New clinic centre at the Bünteweg
2010 Opening of the new canteen "Caballus" at the campus Bischofsholer Damm

==Education== 

Studying veterinary medicine in Hannover is very popular, so even if there are far more applications, each year about 250 places are granted to elementary students. Including the doctoral candidates and PhD-students over 2.400 students are matriculated to the TiHo. Also, the university educates biology students in coorporatioin with the Leibnitz University Hannover and the Hannover Medical School
Further academic qualification of post-graduated vets and scientists, in 2003 the Graduate School for Biomedical Sciences Hannover was founded. It offers two PhD-degree courses and a master path in biology. The PhD-Programm Veterinary Research and Animal Biology was founded in 1998 which made it the first PhD path in Germany.

==Research== 

==Clinical== 

==School name== 

==Established== 

==Location== 

==Principal's name== 

==Total number of Students== 

==Number of Undergraduates== 

==Number of Postgraduates== 

==Website address== 

==Contact details== 

University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation

Buenteweg 2

30559 Hannover

Postfach 71 11 80

30545 Hannover

Tel.: +49 511 953-60

Fax: +49 511 953-8050

Germany - Stiftung Tierârztliche Hochschule Hannover

2011-05-27T19:31:46Z

BAnna: /* History */

You should add information for each section by clicking on the 'edit' button that corresponds to the section. You should write below the line in the edit screen.

When you think you have added all the information you can, contact the [mailto:wikimaster@wikivet.net WikiVet Team] again and they will put this information into the template. At this stage they will put the pin on the map so others can see your school

If you would like to see an example of a completed Vet School page, have a look at the [[RVC|Royal Veterinary College's]] page for an idea of what you should write about.
==Images==
Please click on the below links to upload images onto WikiVet that can be used for your school page. Please ensure that you know the copyright status of the image and have permission to make it available on the site, or that you are the image's author (i.e. you took the photo).

[[File:TiHo1.jpg]]
 [[File:TiHo2.jpg]]
 [[File:TiHo3.jpg]]

==Introduction== 

Since the foundation of the University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover in 1778 it is independent and therewith unique in Germany. When in 2003 the university became a foundation, more self-responsibility and liberties were granted.
The TiHo has got five interdiciplinary centres and joins six clinics, 20 institutes and three branches on two campuses in Hannover. Two remote stations in the south of Hannover in Ruthe and in Bakum near Vechta focus on research and education.

==History== 

1778 Foundation of the Royal Horse Medicine School on the order of Georg III., King of Greatbritain and Elector of Hannover First Teacher: Johann Adam Kersting
1887 Ennoblement to University
1899 Transfer of the University to the location of Braunschweiger Platz
1903 A levels become requirement for studying at the TiHo
1910 the TiHo recieves the right to award doctorates
1913 establishment of the headmaster constitution
1918 receipt of right of habilitation
1926 Expansion of the campus at Bischofsholer Damm
1926 Aquisation of the manor Adendorf near Lüneburg for educational purposes
1953 Purchase of the Westfalenhof at theBünteweg in Kirchrode
1961 Exchange of the manor Adendorf against the former domane Ruthe near Sarstedt as educational an research manor
1969 For the first time in Germany: establishment of a two-year post-graduation course
1974 EU-Referencylaboratorium at the TiHo
1974 Establishment of the WHO-Center "Veterinary Public Health"
1998 Establishment of the PhD path
2002 Establishment of the presidency constitution
2003 Transfer to Foundation
2003 225-year-celebration
2003 Establishment of the post-doctoral path "Systems Neuroscience"
2004 Establishment of the bachelor path biology
2006 Establishment of the master path "Animal Biology and Biomedical Sciences"
2009 New clinic centre at the Bünteweg
2010 Opening of the new canteen "Caballus" at the campus Bischofsholer Damm

==Education== 

Studying veterinary medicine in Hannover is very popular, so even if there are far more applications, each year about 250 places are granted to elementary students. Including the doctoral candidates and PhD-students over 2.400 students are matriculated to the TiHo. Also, the university educates biology students in coorporatioin with the Leibnitz University Hannover and the Hannover Medical School
Further academic qualification of post-graduated vets and scientists, in 2003 the Graduate School for Biomedical Sciences Hannover was founded. It offers two PhD-degree courses and a master path in biology. The PhD-Programm Veterinary Research and Animal Biology was founded in 1998 which made it the first PhD path in Germany.

==Research== 

==Clinical== 

==School name== 

==Established== 

==Location== 

==Principal's name== 

==Total number of Students== 

==Number of Undergraduates== 

==Number of Postgraduates== 

==Website address== 

==Contact details==

Germany - Stiftung Tierârztliche Hochschule Hannover

2011-05-27T19:04:06Z

BAnna: /* Education */

Germany - Stiftung Tierârztliche Hochschule Hannover

2011-05-27T18:52:43Z

BAnna: /* Introduction */