WikiVet English - User contributions [en]

Dermatophytosis

2014-12-30T17:10:20Z

Brouwer: /* Introduction */

{{OpenPagesTop}}
Also known as: '''''Ringworm'''''

== Introduction ==
[[Image:Microsporum canis lesions.jpg|thumb|right|200px|<center>Microsporum canis alopecia and scaling lesions (Courtesy of Bristol BioMed Image Archive)</center>]] [[Image:Ringworm dog.jpg|thumb|right|200px|<center>Ringworm in a dog (Courtesy of Bristol BioMed Image Archive)</center>]] [[Image:Trichophyton mentagrophytes dog.jpg|thumb|right|200px|<center>''Trichophyton mentagrophytes'' in a dog (Courtesy of Bristol BioMed Image Archive)</center>]]
Dermatophytes are pigmented, saprophytic organisms called Phaeohyphomycetes and were previously called 'Fungi Imperfecti'. The two main species of veterinary interest are ''Microsporum'' and ''Trichophton ''and these are found worldwide.

They are usually secondary invaders and are able to penetrate all layers of [[Skin - Anatomy & Physiology|skin]], but are generally restricted to the keratin layer and its appendages. Therefore the condition is most often seen in subcuticular or cutaneous sites. A lack of tolerance to body temperature and antifungal activity in serum and body fluids prevent the fungi invading subcutaneously. Secondary invasion by ''[[Staphylococcus aureus]]'' and ''Staphylococcus intermedius'' are common and cause pustules in the hair follicles. Epidermal hyperplasia then follows with inflammation.

Dermatophytes are transmitted by direct or indirect contact e.g. on brushes, fomites etc. Signs vary in severity, but immunocompromised hosts may develop systemic infections.

There are certain types of dermatophytes: ''Microsporum'' is zoophilic and so parasitises animals, ''Trichophyton'' is geophilic and inhabits soil but will also parasitise animals. ''Epidermophyton'' is anthropophilic and so is a parasite of people.

''Microsporum canis'' is the most common dermatophyte to infect small animals and will be the cause of 90% of feline infections and 60% of canine infections. ''Trichophyton mentagrophytes'' affects around 30% of dogs, especially Terrier breeds. ''Trichophyton verrucosum'' causes most cases in cattle and sheep and ''Trichophyton equinum'' is the commonest cause in horses.
About 25% of wild hedgehogs are carriers of ''Trichophyton erinacei'' which can also infect dogs and humans.

== Signalment ==

The condition is common in many species, with certain strains affecting certain species more commonly. Hot, humid environments predispose to infection and young animals tend to be more commonly affected. The condition is more common in housed animals, rather than animals turned out to pasture and the highest incidence of the disease occurs during the winter months. It may resolve spontaneously in the spring and summer.

== Clinical Signs ==

There will be circular or irregular lesions (dependent on infectant organism) and these may coalesce. Scaly and crusty patches and alopecia will be seen in these areas due to broken hair shafts and hairs lost from inflammed regions of he skin. Follicular papules and pustules will also be present. There will be a peripheral red ring (ringworm) due to dead fungi in areas of inflammation at centre of lesions and viable fungi peripherally. There is usually a varying degree of pruritus.

== Diagnosis ==

Clinical signs are characteristic of the disease. '''Wood's Lamp''' can be used to shine UV light onto the lesion and it will fluoresce in 50% of cases (if ''Microsporum'' fungi are present). Therefore it is a good diagnostic tool in small animals but is not incredibly reliable. If there is no fluoresence, it does not mean there are no dermatophytes or no ''Microsporum''.

Samples can be taken and examined in '''10-20% KOH''' for the presence of hyphae or arthrospores. '''Lactophenol Cotton Blue''' enhances visualisation. One may see, septate hyphae or spores in the stratum corneum, keratin layers and in hair follicles. Perifolliculitis, folliculitis or furunculosis, epidermal hyperplasia and intracorneal microabscesses may also be seen.

'''Sabouraud's Dextrose agar''' containing cyclohexamide and chloramphenicol can be used to culture the dermatophyte at room temperature for a month.

A '''biopsy''' can also be taken and examined histologically. Signs will include epidermal hyperplasia (hyperkeratosis, parakeratosis, acanthosis) and inflammation.

== Treatment ==

The affected animal should be isolated and precautions should be taken to prevent human infection, such as wearing gloves. Hair should be clipped around the skin lesions.

[[Antifungal Drugs]]:

[[Antifungal Drugs#Griseofluvin|'''Griseofulvin''']] is the best method of systemic treatment, however it can be expensive and prolonged oral treatment may be required. Griseofulvin is no longer licensed for small animals but has been used for many years with useful results. The treatment is continued for 2 weeks after clinical and mycological cure. Griseofulvin is teratogenic and contra-indicated in pregnancy. Haematological side effects have been reported, including neutropenia in [[FIV]]-positive cats. Owners handling tablets must wear gloves.

'''Itraconazole''' is now licensed for cats in the U.K. (Itrafungol, Janssen). The manufacturers suggest 3 cycles of therapy, one week on, one week off, reflecting the lipophilic properties of the drug that leads to its persistence in the stratum corneum. Laboratory infection models of ''M. canis'' infection in kittens have shown that griseofulvin and itraconazole have comparable efficacy.

Apply '''topical therapy'''. Topical therapy alone is unlikely to shorten the course of disease because the agents do not penetrate into infected hairs. However, it does assist in removal of surface organisms and reduces environmental contamination. '''Enilconazole''' (Imaverol) is licensed for use in dogs and should be applied every three days, in conjunction with systemic therapy. Fatal idiosyncratic reactions have been reported in cats treated with enilconazole. A miconazole + chlorhexidine shampoo (Malaseb, VetXX) is helpful in cats and dogs, and is licensed in the former species for use in conjunction with griseofulvin.

Monitor treatment by repeat cultures.

== Image Gallery ==

{| align="center"
|-
| <gallery>Image:Dermatophyte arthrospore hair root.jpg|<center>'''Dermatophyte arthrospores on a hair root'''Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</center>
Image:Dermatophyte mycelium in skin.jpg|<center>'''Dermatophytosis mycelium in skin'''Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</center>
Image:Dermatophyte skin KOH.jpg|<center>'''Dermatophyte in skin using a KOH mount'''Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</center>
Image:Dermatophytosis Wood's Lamp.jpg|<center>'''Dermatophytosis lesion in a cat diagnosed using a Wood's Lamp'''|Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</center>
Image:Ringworm on human arm.jpg|<center>'''Ringworm on a human arm'''Wikimedia Commons</center>
Image:Dermatophytosis in a dog.jpg|<center>'''Dermatophytosis in a dog'''Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</center>
Image:Dermatophytosis in a cow.jpg|<center>'''Dermatophytosis in a cow'''Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</center>
Image:Dermatophytosis in a chicken.jpg|<center>'''Dermatophytosis in a chicken'''Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</center>
Image:Dermatophytosis dog foot.jpg|<center>'''Dermatophytosis lesion on a dog's leg'''Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</center>
Image:Dermatophytosis in a horse.jpg|<center>'''Dermatophytosis in a horse'''Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</center>
Image:Microsporum canis.jpg|<center>'''''Microsporum canis'''''Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</center>
Image:Microsporum canis macroconidium.jpg|<center>'''''Microsporum canis ''macroconidium'''Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</center>
Image:T.mentagrophytes.jpg|<center>'''''T. mentagrophytes'''''Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</center>
Image:Microsporum canis dysgonic.jpg|<center>'''''Microsporum canis'' dysgonic at 3 weeks'''Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</center>
Image:Microsporum equinum.jpg|<center>'''''Microsporum equinum'''''Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</center></gallery>
|}

{{Learning
|flashcards = [[Dermatophytosis - Flashcards|Dermatophytosis Flashcards]] [[Small Animal Dermatology Q&A 08]] [[Small Mammals Q&A 20]]
}}

{{Chapter}}
{{Mansonchapter
|chapterlink = http://www.mansonpublishing.co.uk/book-images/9781840760491_sample.pdf
|chaptername = Ringworm
|book = Sheep Medicine
|author = Philip R. Scott
|isbn = 9781840761498
}}

== References ==

Foster, A, and Foll, C. (2003) '''BSAVA small animal dermatology '''(Second Edition) ''British Small Animal Veterinary Association''

Merck & Co (2008) '''The Merck Veterinary Manual''' (Eighth Edition) ''Merial''

Nelson, R.W. and Couto, C.G. (2009) '''Small Animal Internal Medicine '''(Fourth Edition)'' Mosby Elsevier.''

Quinn, P.J., Markey, B.K., Carter, M.E., Donnelly, W.J., Leonard, F.C. (2007)''' Veterinary Microbiology and Microbial Disease '''''Blackwell Publishing''

Radostits, O.M, Arundel, J.H, and Gay, C.C. (2000) '''Veterinary Medicine: a textbook of the diseases of cattle, sheep, pigs, goats and horses''''' Elsevier Health Sciences''

Tilley, L.P. and Smith, F.W.K.(2004) '''The 5-minute Veterinary Consult''' (Third Edition) ''Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins.''

{{review}}

{{OpenPages}}

[[Category:Expert_Review]] [[Category:Dermatological_Diseases_-_Dog]] [[Category:Dermatological_Diseases_-_Cat]][[Category:Dermatological_Diseases_-_Horse]][[Category:Dermatological_Diseases_-_Cattle]][[Category:Dermatological_Diseases_-_Sheep]][[Category:Cutaneous_Mycoses]]
[[Category:Zoonoses]]

Candidiasis

2014-12-30T17:05:52Z

Brouwer: /* Clinical Signs */

{{OpenPagesTop}}
==Introduction==
[[File:C albicans germ tubes.jpg|200px|right|thumb|''Candida'' spp]]
Candidiasis is a '''fungal infection''' caused by [[Candida spp.|''Candida'' spp.]], most commonly '''''Candida ablicans''''' that affects many species.

The yeast is normally present on '''skin''' and in the [[Alimentary System Overview - Anatomy & Physiology|GI tract]]. Symptoms of disease are usually only seen in '''immunocompromised''' animals following '''opportunistic''' infection. It is most common in the bird (see [[Candidiasis - Birds]]) but has also been reported in [[Candidiasis – Rabbit|rabbits]], horses, pigs, cows, sheep, cats and dogs - in particular neonates.

==Clinical Signs==
Lesions are found on '''mucous membranes''' and at '''mucocutaneous junctions''' most commonly. The disease will usually remain '''localised''' to the mucocutaneous junctions, but on rare occasions it may spread '''systemically'''.

Gross clinical signs include:
* '''Exudative''', '''papular''', '''pustular''' to '''ulcerative dermatitis'''
* '''Raised''', '''circular white plaques''' or '''ulcers''' with overlying '''scabs'''
* '''Keratinous thickening''' of tissue
* [[Stomatitis|'''Stomatitis''']] and [[Otitis Externa - Cat and Dog|'''otitis externa''']]

Microscopically there is evidence of:
*Spongiotic neutrophilic pustular [[Inflammation|'''inflammation''']]
*'''Parakeratosis'''
*'''Ulcerations'''
*Superficial [[Exudate|'''exudate''']] containing organisms

Infection may also cause a variety of '''other clinical signs''' depending on the '''species''' and the '''site of infection''', for example [[Mastitis|mastitis]], [[Arthritis|arthritis]], [[Diarrhoea|diarrhoea]] and general malaise.

==Predisposing factors==
* Immunosuppressive drugs
* Immunosuppressive disease
* Indwelling urinary or intravenous catheters
* Antibiotic administration

==Diagnosis==
Diagnosis can be confirmed via '''microscopic examination''' and '''identification of the fungus''' following a '''skin scrape''' of the lesion. The fungus should be visible after staining with a Gram, Methylene Blue or Wrights stain. It is a '''gram-positive ovoid''', '''budding yeast''' with or without '''hyphae'''. '''Culture''' of a sample in Sabourauds Dextrose agar or Blood agar should also confirm diagnosis.

==Treatment==
'''Topical''' or '''systemic anti-fungals''' are used to treat the infection.

==Prognosis==
Prognosis depends on both the severity of infection and the animal affected.

<big>
Also see:
:[[Candidiasis - Birds|Candidiasis in Birds]]
:[[Candidiasis – Rabbit|Candidiasis in Rabbits]]
</big>

==References==

Merck & Co (2009) '''The Merck Veterinary Manual''' (Ninth Edition), ''Merial''

{{review}}

{{OpenPages}}

[[Category:Cutaneous Mycoses]]
[[Category:Expert Review]]

Scrapie

2011-06-01T17:06:13Z

Brouwer:

== Introduction ==
Scrapie is one of the Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSEs), which are neurodegenerative diseases that have been found in humans, cattle, sheep and other mammals (e.g. cats, goats, deer, antelope). The agent of disease is believed to be an abnormal prion protein (or is prion associated). An abnormal prion is a protein with an abnormal folding structure when compared to the naturally occurring prion found in nervous and lymphoreticular tissues. Various abbreviations are in use to refer to this: Prion Protein (PrP); Abnormal Prion Protein (PrPab); Resistant Prion Protein (PrPres); Scrapie Prion Protein (PrPsc) and others. In most instances the abnormal prion is resistant to protein kinase digestion, a feature used in diagnostic techniques. Clinical signs include progressive ataxia and pruritus. Histology (immunohistochemistry) usually shows vacuolation and an accumulation of prion proteins in various parts of the CNS (especially the brain and spinal cord).

'''Three TSEs have been recorded in small ruminants: classical scrapie, atypical scrapie and BSE.'''
In sheep, both resistance to BSE and scrapie infection and the distribution of infectivity through the body is known to be determined genetically. Genetic resistance to TSEs is not defined in goats although research is ongoing.

'''Classical scrapie (CS)''' exists at a low prevalence in the UK sheep and goat population and thus has relatively minor animal health implications, however, individual flocks can be affected dramatically. Classical Scrapie was first recorded in 1732. Different strains of scrapie are recognised and a variety of straintyping techniques have been proposed. Most scholars consider that the clinical manifestation is a result of the straintype and its interaction with the genotype of the host. There is no evidence that it is transmissible to man and some epidemiological evidence that it is not. However, it is not possible to rule out this risk completely. The UK Spongiform Encephalopathy Advisory Committee’s (SEAC) advice on this issue has been as follows:

“…reducing the incidence of classical scrapie per se would not directly reduce the risk to public health, since classical scrapie has been evident for over 200 years and there is no evidence it poses a significant risk to human health.” [2006]

“There is no firm evidence for a link between human TSEs and classical scrapie. Although a link cannot be ruled out, even if there is a link, the human health risk from classical scrapie must be very low and result in very few human TSE cases per annum. This is because the incidence of human TSEs is very low and relatively constant world-wide (around one case per million people per year) showing that there must be at least a substantial, if not complete, barrier to transmission of classical scrapie to humans”. [2008]

'''Atypical scrapie (AS)''' is considered not transmissible although it has been shown as transmissible experimentally. It was first recorded in the late 90's when new, more sensitive, testing techniques for BSE and scrapie were developed and applied. Atypical scrapie exists at a similarly low prevalence as CS in the UK sheep and goat population and has now been found in most European countries.

BSE - a known human health risk - was confirmed in one goat slaughtered in France in 2002; and probably present in one UK goat born in 1987. Another UK goat killed in 2008 remains under investigation as BSE could not be excluded on standard tests. Naturally occurring BSE has not been recorded in sheep, and based on the results of extensive active surveillance (currently 10,000 fallen sheep, 500 fallen goats and 10,000 sheep intended for human consumption per annum). The UK’s independent Spongiform Encephalopathy Advisory Committee (SEAC) concluded in 2007, that the UK prevalence was probably 0, or at the worst, 10 flocks might be affected.

{{unfinished}}
[[Category:Neurological Diseases - Sheep]][[Category:Neurological Diseases - Cattle]]
[[Category:Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_Jaimie Meagor]]
[[Category:To Do - Major]]

Bovine Breeds - WikiNormals

2009-08-13T11:38:23Z

Brouwer:

{{toplink
|linkpage =WikiNormals
|linktext =WikiNormals
|maplink = WikiNormals Content Map
|pagetype =WikiNormals
|sublink1= Bovine Section - WikiNormals
|subtext1= Bovine Section
}}
 

===Overview===

The following breeds have been classified according to The Cattle Site, an international database for cattle breeds. Clearly far more breeds exist than have been included below although these are not likely to be encountered in Europe. For further information regarding a specific breed please see http://thecattlesite.com/breeds/.

==Dairy Breeds==
 

===UK Breeds===
<gallery widths="115px" perrow="6">
Image:Brown Swiss Breed.png|'''Brown Swiss'''© Nottingham Uni 2009
Image:Shorthorn.jpg|'''Dairy Shorthorn''' WikiCommons
Image:Milking_devon.jpg|'''Devon (Milking)''' WikiCommons
Image:Friesian_cow.JPG|'''Friesian''' WikiCommons
Image:Guernsey.jpg|'''Guernsey''' WikiCommons
Image:Holstein.JPG|'''Holstein''' © Nottingham Uni 2009
Image:Irish_moiled.jpg|'''Irish Moiled''' WikiCommons
Image:Jersey.jpg|'''Jersey''' WikiCommons
Image:Kerry.jpeg|'''Kerry''' WikiCommons
<--Add more breeds here-->

</gallery>

===Continental Breeds===
<gallery widths="115px" perrow="6">

Image:Busa.jpg|'''Busa''' thecattlesite.com
Image:Canadienne.jpg|'''Canadienne''' WikiCommons
Image:Dutch_belted.jpg|'''Dutch Belted''' WikiCommons
Image:Estonianred.jpg|'''Estonian Red''' ansi.okstate.edu
Image:Girolando.jpg|'''Girolando''' WikiCommons
Image:Illawarra.jpg|'''Illawarra''' ansi.okstate.edu
Image:Lineback.jpg|'''Lineback''' WikiCommons
Image:Meuse_Rhine_Issel.jpg|'''Meuse Rhine Issel''' rakaunuifarm.com
Image:Montbéliarde.jpg|'''Montbéliarde''' WikiCommons
Image:Normande.jpg|'''Normande''' WikiCommons
Image:Norwegian_Red.JPG|'''Norwegian Red''' WikiCommons
Image:Randall.jpg|'''Randall''' WikiCommons
Image:Sahiwal.JPG|'''Sahiwal''' kanglade.com
</gallery>

==Beef Breeds==
===UK Breeds===
<gallery widths="115px" perrow="6">
Image:Angus.jpg|'''Aberdeen Angus''' WikiCommons
Image:Beef_shorthorn.jpg|'''Beef Shorthorn''' WikiCommons
Image:Belted_galloway.jpg|'''Belted Galloway''' WikiCommons
Image:British_white.jpg|'''British White''' WikiCommons
Image:Red_Devon.jpg|'''Devon''' WikiCommons
Image:Dexter.jpg|'''Dexter''' WikiCommons
Image:Longhorn.jpg|'''English Longhorn''' WikiCommons
Image:Galloway.JPG|'''Galloway''' WikiCommons
Image:Gloucester.jpg|'''Gloucester''' thecattlesite.com
Image:Hereford_bull.jpg|'''Hereford''' WikiCommons
Image:Highland_cattle.jpg|'''Highland''' WikiCommons
Image:Luing.jpg|'''Luing''' WikiCommons
Image:Red-angus.jpg|'''Red Angus''' ''(And Black)'' WikiCommons
Image:Red_Poll.jpg|'''Red Poll''' WikiCommons
Image:Shetland_cattle.JPG|'''Shetland''' WikiCommons
Image:South_devon.jpg|'''South Devon''' WikiCommons
Image:Sussex_cattle.jpg|'''Sussex''' thecattlesite.com
Image:Welsh_black.jpg|'''Welsh Black''' WikiCommons
Image:Whitebred.jpg|'''Whitebred Shorthorn''' thecattlesite.com
<--Add more breeds here-->

</gallery>

===Continental Breeds: Europe/Asia/Africa/Americas/Australia===
<gallery widths="115px" perrow="6">
Image:Africander.jpg|'''Africander/Afrikaner (Southern Africa)''' ansi.okstate.edu
Image:Aubrac.jpg|'''Aubrac''' WikiCommons
Image:Barzona.jpg|'''Barzona''' ansi.okstate.edu
Image:Bazadaise.jpg|'''Bazadaise''' WikiCommons
Image:Beefalo.jpg|'''Beefalo''' thecattlesite.com
Image:Beefmaster.jpg|'''Beefmaster''' thecattlesite.com
Image:Belgian_blue.jpg|'''Belgian Blue''' WikiCommons
Image:Belmont_Red.jpg|'''Belmont Red''' WikiCommons
Image:Blonde.jpg|'''Blonde d'Aguitaine''' thecattlesite.com
Image:Bonsmara.jpg|'''Bonsmara (Southern Africa)''' thecattlesite.com
Image:Boran.jpg|'''Boran''' thecattlesite.com
Image:Braford.jpg|'''Braford''' WikiCommons
Image:Brahman.jpg|'''Brahman''' WikiCommons
Image:Brahmousin.jpg|'''Brahmousin''' thecattlesite.com
Image:Brangus.JPG|'''Brangus''' WikiCommons
Image:Buelingo.jpg|'''Buelingo''' thecattlesite.com
Image:Canchim.jpg|'''Canchim''' WikiCommons
Image:Caracu.jpg|'''Caracu''' thecattlesite.com
Image:Charolais.jpg|'''Charolais''' WikiCommons
Image:Chianina.jpg|'''Chianina''' WikiCommons
Image:Corriente.jpg|'''Corriente''' WikiCommons
Image:Drak.jpg|'''Drakensberger (Southern Africa)''' thecattlesite.com
Image:Droughtmaster.jpg|'''Droughtmaster''' WikiCommons
Image:Gelbvieh.jpg|'''Gelbvien''' WikiCommons
Image:Limousin.gif|'''Limousin''' WikiCommons
Image:Lincolnred.jpg|'''Lincoln Red''' WikiCommons
Image:Lowline.jpg|'''Lowline''' WikiCommons
Image:maineanjou.jpg|'''Maine Anjou''' WikiCommons
Image:Marchigiana.jpg|'''Marchigiana''' thecattlesite.com
Image:Minhereford.jpg|'''Miniature Hereford''' WikiCommons
Image:Mirandesa.jpg|'''Mirandesa''' thecattlesite.com
Image:Murray_Grey.JPG|'''Murray Grey''' Wikicommons
Image:Nelore.jpg|'''Nelore''' Wikicommons
Image:Nguni.jpg|'''Nguni (Africa)''' thecattlesite.com
Image:Parthenais.jpg|'''Parthenais''' bovin.qc.ca
Image:Piemontese.jpg|'''Piemontese''' WikiCommons
Image:Pinzgauer.jpg|'''Pinzgauer''' pinzgauer.ca
Image:Retinta.jpg|'''Retinta''' Wikicommons
Image:Romagnola.jpg|'''Romagnola''' cattlenetwork.net
Image:Salers.jpg|'''Salers''' WikiCommons
Image:Sanganer.jpg|'''Sanganer''' thecattlesite.com
Image:Santa_cruz.jpg|'''Santa Cruz''' king-ranch.com
Image:Santa_Gertrudis.JPG|'''Santa Gertrudis''' WikiCommons
Image:Senepol.jpg|'''Senepol''' thecattlesite.com
Image:Simbrah.jpg|'''Simbrah''' thecattlesite.com
Image:Simmental.JPG|'''Simental''' WikiCommons
Image:Speckle_Park.jpg|'''Speckle Park''' thecattlesite.com
Image:Tarentaise.jpg|'''Tarentaise''' WikiCommons
Image:Texas_Longhorn.jpg|'''Texas Longhorn''' WikiCommons
Image:Tuli.jpg|'''Tuli''' WikiCommons
Image:Wagyu.jpg|'''Wagyu''' WikiCommons
Image:Watusi.jpg|'''Watusi''' WikiCommons
Image:Zebu.jpg|'''Zebu''' WikiCommons
<--Add more breeds here-->

</gallery>

Bovine Breeds - WikiNormals

2009-08-13T11:33:42Z

Brouwer: /* Continental Breeds */

{{toplink
|linkpage =WikiNormals
|linktext =WikiNormals
|maplink = WikiNormals Content Map
|pagetype =WikiNormals
|sublink1= Bovine Section - WikiNormals
|subtext1= Bovine Section
}}
 

===Overview===

The following breeds have been classified according to The Cattle Site, an international database for cattle breeds. Clearly far more breeds exist than have been included below although these are not likely to be encountered in Europe. For further information regarding a specific breed please see http://thecattlesite.com/breeds/.

==Dairy Breeds==
 

===UK Breeds===
<gallery widths="115px" perrow="6">
Image:Brown Swiss Breed.png|'''Brown Swiss'''© Nottingham Uni 2009
Image:Shorthorn.jpg|'''Dairy Shorthorn''' WikiCommons
Image:Milking_devon.jpg|'''Devon (Milking)''' WikiCommons
Image:Friesian_cow.JPG|'''Friesian''' WikiCommons
Image:Guernsey.jpg|'''Guernsey''' WikiCommons
Image:Holstein.JPG|'''Holstein''' © Nottingham Uni 2009
Image:Irish_moiled.jpg|'''Irish Moiled''' WikiCommons
Image:Jersey.jpg|'''Jersey''' WikiCommons
Image:Kerry.jpeg|'''Kerry''' WikiCommons
<--Add more breeds here-->

</gallery>

===Continental Breeds===
<gallery widths="115px" perrow="6">

Image:Busa.jpg|'''Busa''' thecattlesite.com
Image:Canadienne.jpg|'''Canadienne''' WikiCommons
Image:Dutch_belted.jpg|'''Dutch Belted''' WikiCommons
Image:Estonianred.jpg|'''Estonian Red''' ansi.okstate.edu
Image:Girolando.jpg|'''Girolando''' WikiCommons
Image:Illawarra.jpg|'''Illawarra''' ansi.okstate.edu
Image:Lineback.jpg|'''Lineback''' WikiCommons
Image:Meuse_Rhine_Issel.jpg|'''Meuse Rhine Issel''' rakaunuifarm.com
Image:Montbéliarde.jpg|'''Montbéliarde''' WikiCommons
Image:Normande.jpg|'''Normande''' WikiCommons
Image:Norwegian_Red.JPG|'''Norwegian Red''' WikiCommons
Image:Randall.jpg|'''Randall''' WikiCommons
Image:Sahiwal.JPG|'''Sahiwal''' kanglade.com
</gallery>

==Beef Breeds==
===UK Breeds===
<gallery widths="115px" perrow="6">
Image:Angus.jpg|'''Aberdeen Angus''' WikiCommons
Image:Beef_shorthorn.jpg|'''Beef Shorthorn''' WikiCommons
Image:Belted_galloway.jpg|'''Belted Galloway''' WikiCommons
Image:British_white.jpg|'''British White''' WikiCommons
Image:Red_Devon.jpg|'''Devon''' WikiCommons
Image:Dexter.jpg|'''Dexter''' WikiCommons
Image:Longhorn.jpg|'''English Longhorn''' WikiCommons
Image:Galloway.JPG|'''Galloway''' WikiCommons
Image:Gloucester.jpg|'''Gloucester''' thecattlesite.com
Image:Hereford_bull.jpg|'''Hereford''' WikiCommons
Image:Highland_cattle.jpg|'''Highland''' WikiCommons
Image:Luing.jpg|'''Luing''' WikiCommons
Image:Red-angus.jpg|'''Red Angus''' ''(And Black)'' WikiCommons
Image:Red_Poll.jpg|'''Red Poll''' WikiCommons
Image:Shetland_cattle.JPG|'''Shetland''' WikiCommons
Image:South_devon.jpg|'''South Devon''' WikiCommons
Image:Sussex_cattle.jpg|'''Sussex''' thecattlesite.com
Image:Welsh_black.jpg|'''Welsh Black''' WikiCommons
Image:Whitebred.jpg|'''Whitebred Shorthorn''' thecattlesite.com
<--Add more breeds here-->

</gallery>

===Continental Breeds: Europe/Asia/Africa/Americas===
<gallery widths="115px" perrow="6">
Image:Africander.jpg|'''Africander/Afrikaner (Southern Africa)''' ansi.okstate.edu
Image:Aubrac.jpg|'''Aubrac''' WikiCommons
Image:Barzona.jpg|'''Barzona''' ansi.okstate.edu
Image:Bazadaise.jpg|'''Bazadaise''' WikiCommons
Image:Beefalo.jpg|'''Beefalo''' thecattlesite.com
Image:Beefmaster.jpg|'''Beefmaster''' thecattlesite.com
Image:Belgian_blue.jpg|'''Belgian Blue''' WikiCommons
Image:Belmont_Red.jpg|'''Belmont Red''' WikiCommons
Image:Blonde.jpg|'''Blonde d'Aguitaine''' thecattlesite.com
Image:Bonsmara.jpg|'''Bonsmara (Southern Africa)''' thecattlesite.com
Image:Boran.jpg|'''Boran''' thecattlesite.com
Image:Braford.jpg|'''Braford''' WikiCommons
Image:Brahman.jpg|'''Brahman''' WikiCommons
Image:Brahmousin.jpg|'''Brahmousin''' thecattlesite.com
Image:Brangus.JPG|'''Brangus''' WikiCommons
Image:Buelingo.jpg|'''Buelingo''' thecattlesite.com
Image:Canchim.jpg|'''Canchim''' WikiCommons
Image:Caracu.jpg|'''Caracu''' thecattlesite.com
Image:Charolais.jpg|'''Charolais''' WikiCommons
Image:Chianina.jpg|'''Chianina''' WikiCommons
Image:Corriente.jpg|'''Corriente''' WikiCommons
Image:Drak.jpg|'''Drakensberger (Southern Africa)''' thecattlesite.com
Image:Droughtmaster.jpg|'''Droughtmaster''' WikiCommons
Image:Gelbvieh.jpg|'''Gelbvien''' WikiCommons
Image:Limousin.gif|'''Limousin''' WikiCommons
Image:Lincolnred.jpg|'''Lincoln Red''' WikiCommons
Image:Lowline.jpg|'''Lowline''' WikiCommons
Image:maineanjou.jpg|'''Maine Anjou''' WikiCommons
Image:Marchigiana.jpg|'''Marchigiana''' thecattlesite.com
Image:Minhereford.jpg|'''Miniature Hereford''' WikiCommons
Image:Mirandesa.jpg|'''Mirandesa''' thecattlesite.com
Image:Murray_Grey.JPG|'''Murray Grey''' Wikicommons
Image:Nelore.jpg|'''Nelore''' Wikicommons
Image:Nguni.jpg|'''Nguni (Africa)''' thecattlesite.com
Image:Parthenais.jpg|'''Parthenais''' bovin.qc.ca
Image:Piemontese.jpg|'''Piemontese''' WikiCommons
Image:Pinzgauer.jpg|'''Pinzgauer''' pinzgauer.ca
Image:Retinta.jpg|'''Retinta''' Wikicommons
Image:Romagnola.jpg|'''Romagnola''' cattlenetwork.net
Image:Salers.jpg|'''Salers''' WikiCommons
Image:Sanganer.jpg|'''Sanganer''' thecattlesite.com
Image:Santa_cruz.jpg|'''Santa Cruz''' king-ranch.com
Image:Santa_Gertrudis.JPG|'''Santa Gertrudis''' WikiCommons
Image:Senepol.jpg|'''Senepol''' thecattlesite.com
Image:Simbrah.jpg|'''Simbrah''' thecattlesite.com
Image:Simmental.JPG|'''Simental''' WikiCommons
Image:Speckle_Park.jpg|'''Speckle Park''' thecattlesite.com
Image:Tarentaise.jpg|'''Tarentaise''' WikiCommons
Image:Texas_Longhorn.jpg|'''Texas Longhorn''' WikiCommons
Image:Tuli.jpg|'''Tuli''' WikiCommons
Image:Wagyu.jpg|'''Wagyu''' WikiCommons
Image:Watusi.jpg|'''Watusi''' WikiCommons
Image:Zebu.jpg|'''Zebu''' WikiCommons
<--Add more breeds here-->

</gallery>

Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy

2008-12-16T12:40:09Z

Brouwer: New page: Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSEs) are neurological diseases that have been found in humans, cattle, sheep and other mammals (e.g. cats, goats, deer, antelope). The agent of ...

Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSEs) are neurological diseases that have been found in humans, cattle, sheep and other mammals (e.g. cats, goats, deer, antelope). The agent of disease is believed to be an abnormal prion protein (or is prion associated). An abnormal prion is a protein with an abnormal folding structure when compared to the naturally occurring prion found in nervous and lymphoreticular tissues. Various abbreviations are in use to refer to this: Prion Protein (PrP); Abnormal Prion Protein (PrPab); Resistant Prion Protein (PrPres); Scrapie Prion Protein (PrPsc) and others. In most instances the abnormal prion is resistant to protein kinase digestion, a feature used in diagnostic techniques. Clinical signs include progressive ataxia and pruritis. Histology (immunohistochemistry) usually shows vacuolation and an accumulation of prion proteins in various parts of the CNS (especially the brain and spinal cord).

Scrapie

2008-12-16T12:35:33Z

Brouwer:

{{unfinished}}
{{toplink
|backcolour =
|linkpage =Infectious agents and parasites
|linktext =INFECTIOUS AGENTS AND PARASITES
|pagetype=Bugs
}}
 
Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSEs) are neurological diseases that have been found in humans, cattle, sheep and other mammals (e.g. cats, goats, deer, antelope). The agent of disease is believed to be an abnormal prion protein (or is prion associated). An abnormal prion is a protein with an abnormal folding structure when compared to the naturally occurring prion found in nervous and lymphoreticular tissues. Various abbreviations are in use to refer to this: Prion Protein (PrP); Abnormal Prion Protein (PrPab); Resistant Prion Protein (PrPres); Scrapie Prion Protein (PrPsc) and others. In most instances the abnormal prion is resistant to protein kinase digestion, a feature used in diagnostic techniques. Clinical signs include progressive ataxia and pruritis. Histology (immunohistochemistry) usually shows vacuolation and an accumulation of prion proteins in various parts of the CNS (especially the brain and spinal cord).

'''Three TSEs have been recorded in small ruminants: classical scrapie, atypical scrapie and BSE.'''
In sheep, both resistance to BSE and scrapie infection and the distribution of infectivity through the body is known to be determined genetically. Genetic resistance to TSEs is not defined in goats although research is ongoing.

'''Classical scrapie (CS)''' exists at a low prevalence in the UK sheep and goat population and thus has relatively minor animal health implications. Classical Scrapie was first recorded in 1732. There is no evidence that it is transmissible to man and some epidemiological evidence that it is not. However, it is not possible to rule out this risk completely. The Spongiform Encephalopathy Advisory Committee’s (SEAC) advice on this issue has been as follows:

“…reducing the incidence of classical scrapie per se would not directly reduce the risk to public health, since classical scrapie has been evident for over 200 years and there is no evidence it poses a significant risk to human health.” [2006]

“There is no firm evidence for a link between human TSEs and classical scrapie. Although a link cannot be ruled out, even if there is a link, the human health risk from classical scrapie must be very low and result in very few human TSE cases per annum. This is because the incidence of human TSEs is very low and relatively constant world-wide (around one case per million people per year) showing that there must be at least a substantial, if not complete, barrier to transmission of classical scrapie to humans”. [2008]

'''Atypical scrapie (AS)''' is either not transmissible or rarely transmitted. It was first recorded in the late 90's when new testing techniques for BSE and scrapie were developed and applied. Atypical scrapie exists at a similarly low prevalence in the UK sheep and goat population as CS and has now been found in most European countries.

BSE - a known human health risk - was confirmed in one goat slaughtered in France in 2002; and probably present in one UK goat born in 1987. Another UK goat killed in 2008 remains under investigation as BSE could not be excluded on standard tests. Naturally occurring BSE has not been recorded in sheep, and based on the results of extensive active surveillance (currently 10,000 fallen sheep, 500 fallen goats and 10,000 sheep intended for human consumption per annum). The UK’s independent Spongiform Encephalopathy Advisory Committee (SEAC) concluded in 2007, that the UK prevalence was probably 0, or at the worst 10 flocks might be affected.

Rumination

2008-12-04T10:54:47Z

Brouwer: /* Function */

{{toplink
|backcolour =BCED91
|linkpage =Alimentary - Anatomy & Physiology
|linktext =Alimentary System
|maplink = Alimentary (Concept Map)- Anatomy & Physiology
|pagetype =Anatomy
|sublink1=The Rumen - Anatomy & Physiology
|subtext1=THE RUMEN
}}
 
==Introduction==

Rumination is the process of digestion in the ruminant. It involves three simplified processes. the first is regurgitation . The second is re-mastication, which increases the surface area of food particles for digestion through further mechanical breakdown, and the third is reinsalivation. Reinsalivation increases the volume of saliva produced (whilst chewing) and allows minerals to be recycled. Saliva is an important buffer in relation to rumen pH.

==Process==

[[Image:Diagram of ruminating contractions.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Diagram of ruminating contractions - Copyright RVC 2008]]
*Reflex initiated by mechanical stimulation of the receptors in the mucosa of the [[The Reticulum - Anatomy & Physiology|reticulum]], ruminoreticular fold and cardiac area of the [[The Rumen - Anatomy & Physiology|rumen]]

*Frequency of contractions depends on the animal's feeding activity and diet contents
*E.g. Cattle fed on hay or straw have the most frequent contractions at 79-100 per hour during feeding, 55-76 per hour during rumination
*E.g. Cattle that are resting (not feeding or ruminating) only have contractions at 47-80 per hour

*Discrete reticular contraction preceeds biphasic ruminal contraction (see [[The Rumen - Anatomy & Physiology#Ruminoreticular contraction|ruminoreticular contractions]])

*Regurgitation depends upon the coordination of the stomach movements with the thoracic wall and throat: inspiration against a closed glottis creating a negative pressure in the thorax - allowing ingesta to be drawn into the [[Oesophagus - Anatomy & Physiology|oesophagus]]

*Ingesta carried to the oral cavity via an antiperistaltic wave

*the process is controlled by rumination centres in the hypothalamus

*Fibre increases stomach motility (type and length of fibre is important)

*Increase in [[Volatile Fatty Acids - Anatomy & Physioogy|volatile fatty acids]] decrease stomach motility

==Function==

*Decrease particle size

*Increase surface area for microbial digestion

*Breaks down impervious plant coatings

*Mixes food

*Introduces saliva as an aid to maintaining rumen pH

*Coarseness of the ration influences the amount of time spent in rumination
**Cattle ruminate for up to 10 hours per day
**E.g. Hay diet spends roughly 8 hours per day ruminating
**E.g. Ground dried grass diet spends roughly 5-9 hours per day ruminating
**E.g. Concentrate diet spends roughly 2.5 hours per day ruminating

(Cattle claw health has been linked to the time cattle spend grazing versus ruminating)

Rumination

2008-12-04T10:53:17Z

Brouwer: /* Function */

Rumination

2008-12-04T10:50:50Z

Brouwer: /* Process */

{{toplink
|backcolour =BCED91
|linkpage =Alimentary - Anatomy & Physiology
|linktext =Alimentary System
|maplink = Alimentary (Concept Map)- Anatomy & Physiology
|pagetype =Anatomy
|sublink1=The Rumen - Anatomy & Physiology
|subtext1=THE RUMEN
}}
 
==Introduction==

Rumination is the process of digestion in the ruminant. It involves three simplified processes. the first is regurgitation . The second is re-mastication, which increases the surface area of food particles for digestion through further mechanical breakdown, and the third is reinsalivation. Reinsalivation increases the volume of saliva produced (whilst chewing) and allows minerals to be recycled. Saliva is an important buffer in relation to rumen pH.

==Process==

[[Image:Diagram of ruminating contractions.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Diagram of ruminating contractions - Copyright RVC 2008]]
*Reflex initiated by mechanical stimulation of the receptors in the mucosa of the [[The Reticulum - Anatomy & Physiology|reticulum]], ruminoreticular fold and cardiac area of the [[The Rumen - Anatomy & Physiology|rumen]]

*Frequency of contractions depends on the animal's feeding activity and diet contents
*E.g. Cattle fed on hay or straw have the most frequent contractions at 79-100 per hour during feeding, 55-76 per hour during rumination
*E.g. Cattle that are resting (not feeding or ruminating) only have contractions at 47-80 per hour

*Discrete reticular contraction preceeds biphasic ruminal contraction (see [[The Rumen - Anatomy & Physiology#Ruminoreticular contraction|ruminoreticular contractions]])

*Regurgitation depends upon the coordination of the stomach movements with the thoracic wall and throat: inspiration against a closed glottis creating a negative pressure in the thorax - allowing ingesta to be drawn into the [[Oesophagus - Anatomy & Physiology|oesophagus]]

*Ingesta carried to the oral cavity via an antiperistaltic wave

*the process is controlled by rumination centres in the hypothalamus

*Fibre increases stomach motility (type and length of fibre is important)

*Increase in [[Volatile Fatty Acids - Anatomy & Physioogy|volatile fatty acids]] decrease stomach motility

==Function==

*Decrease particle size

*Increase surface area for microbial digestion

*Breaks down impervious plant coatings

*Mixes food

*Coarseness of the ration influences the amount of time spent in rumination
**Cattle ruminate for up to 10 hours per day
**E.g. Hay diet spends roughly 8 hours per day ruminating
**E.g. Ground dried grass diet spends roughly 5-9 hours per day ruminating
**E.g. Concentrate diet spends roughly 2.5 hours per day ruminating

Rumination

2008-12-04T10:43:59Z

Brouwer: /* Introduction */

{{toplink
|backcolour =BCED91
|linkpage =Alimentary - Anatomy & Physiology
|linktext =Alimentary System
|maplink = Alimentary (Concept Map)- Anatomy & Physiology
|pagetype =Anatomy
|sublink1=The Rumen - Anatomy & Physiology
|subtext1=THE RUMEN
}}
 
==Introduction==

Rumination is the process of digestion in the ruminant. It involves three simplified processes. the first is regurgitation . The second is re-mastication, which increases the surface area of food particles for digestion through further mechanical breakdown, and the third is reinsalivation. Reinsalivation increases the volume of saliva produced (whilst chewing) and allows minerals to be recycled. Saliva is an important buffer in relation to rumen pH.

==Process==

[[Image:Diagram of ruminating contractions.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Diagram of ruminating contractions - Copyright RVC 2008]]
*Reflex initiated by mechanical stimlation of the receptors in the mucosa of the [[The Reticulum - Anatomy & Physiology|reticulum]], ruminoreticular fold and cardiac area of the [[The Rumen - Anatomy & Physiology|rumen]]

*Frequency of contractions depends on the animal's activity
*E.g. Cattle fed on hay or straw have the most frequent contractions at 79-100 per hour during feeding, 55-76 per hour during rumination
*E.g. Cattle that are resting (not feeding or ruminating) only have contractions 47-80 per hour

*Discrete reticular contraction preceedes biphasic ruminal contraction (see [[The Rumen - Anatomy & Physiology#Ruminoreticular contraction|ruminoreticular contractions]])

*Rumination depends upon the coordination of the stomach movements with the thoracic wall and throat

*Associated with inspiration against a closed glottis creating a negative pressure in the thorax allowing ingesta to be drawn into the [[Oesophagus - Anatomy & Physiology|oesophagus]]

*Ingesta carried orally via an antiperistaltic wave

*Controlled by rumination centres in the hypothalamus

*Fibre increases stomach motility

*Increase in [[Volatile Fatty Acids - Anatomy & Physioogy|volatile fatty acids]] decrease stomach motility

==Function==

*Decrease particle size

*Increase surface area for microbial digestion

*Breaks down impervious plant coatings

*Mixes food

*Coarseness of the ration influences the amount of time spent in rumination
**Cattle ruminate for up to 10 hours per day
**E.g. Hay diet spends roughly 8 hours per day ruminating
**E.g. Ground dried grass diet spends roughly 5-9 hours per day ruminating
**E.g. Concentrate diet spends roughly 2.5 hours per day ruminating

Scrapie

2008-11-06T13:59:22Z

Brouwer:

{{unfinished}}
{{toplink
|backcolour =
|linkpage =Infectious agents and parasites
|linktext =INFECTIOUS AGENTS AND PARASITES
|pagetype=Bugs
}}
 
Scrapie is a neurological disease of sheep (and goats) first recorded in 1732. Clinical signs include progressive ataxia and pruritis. Histology usually shows vacuolation of CNS (brain and spinal cord). The agent of disease is believed to be an abnormal prion (or is prion associated), which is a protein with an abnormal folding structure.