{{UserPage
|Name= Chris Palgrave
|Occupation= Veterinary Surgeon
|School= UK - Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies
|Year= 2007
|Email= Chris.Palgrave@bristol.ac.uk
|Image= Chris Palgrave.jpg
}}

<big> '''''Senior Lecturer in Veterinary Pathology, Bristol Veterinary School '''''</big> 
<big> '''''Manager of the WikiVet Pathology Facebook page''''' </big>
 

==About Me==
Dr Chris Palgrave graduated from the [[UK - Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Edinburgh|Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies]] (R(D)SVS) in 2007 where he completed an intercalated BSc (Hons) and PhD in addition the BVM&S veterinary degree. He spent a year working in mixed practice in the USA before attending the veterinary anatomic pathology residency training programme at North Carolina State University in Raleigh, USA. He returned to the UK in 2010 as a Lecturer in Veterinary Pathology at the R(D)SVS before moving to the [[UK - Bristol Veterinary School, Bristol|Bristol Veterinary School]] in January 2012 where he is a Senior Lecturer and and Manager of the [http://www.facebook.com/WikiVetPathology WikiVet Pathology Facebook page]. Chris is also a Fellow of the [http://www.rcpath.org/ Royal College of Pathologists].
 
''"Like many students, I started vet school with the sole intention of being a mixed-practice vet. However, after the second year of the vet course I took the opportunity to take a year out to try research. After two long years of physiology, biochemistry and anatomy this was an amazing chance to try research and use my brain to really think about something, rather than just memorising vast amounts of information!''
 
''At the end of this 'intercalated' year I was awarded my BSc (Hons). However, instead of returning to the vet course immediately, I stayed out for a further three years as a PhD student. During this time I worked at both the [http://www.ed.ac.uk/schools-departments/vet R(D)SVS] and the [http://www.roslin.ed.ac.uk/ Roslin Institute], investigating how genetic differences in the immune system of pigs determine how different species respond to infection.''
 
''Upon graduation, in addition to working in practice, there were a range of career options open to me. Having both a vet degree and a PhD meant I was a candidate for a number of positions, including research, industry, academia/teaching or further specialist training (eg a residency). In order to develop my clinical skills and experience, I worked for a year in mixed practice in the United States before attending the Veterinary Anatomic Pathology Residency Training Program at [http://www.cvm.ncsu.edu/ North Carolina State University] in Raleigh, USA.''
 
''As a pathologist, senior lecturer and researcher, I now have the opportunity to use my clinical experience, research background and specialist training in pathology in a number of ways. These include teaching veterinary and research students, participating in the diagnostic pathology service and working in comparative pathology research - focusing on questions which have direct and practical relevance to both human and animal disease."''
 
For more information, please visit Dr Chris Palgrave's University of Bristol [http://www.bris.ac.uk/vetscience/people/chris-j-palgrave/overview.html staff profile page]
 

==Expert Reviewing==
See pages that Chris is [[:Category:Chris Palgrave reviewing|reviewing]], and pages that he has already [[:Category:Chris Palgrave reviewed|reviewed]]
 
==Pathology Rotation Quizzes==
Chris is working with students at the [[UK - Bristol Veterinary School, Bristol|Bristol Veterinary School]] to create pathology quizzes. You can see these [[:Category:Bristol Pathology Quizzes|here]].

[[Category:Expert Reviewer]]

User:Chris palgrave

2013-04-23T12:45:50Z

Chris palgrave: update

{{UserPage
|Name= Chris Palgrave
|Occupation= Veterinary Surgeon
|School= UK - Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies
|Year= 2007
|Email= Chris.Palgrave@bristol.ac.uk
|Image= Chris Palgrave.jpg
}}

<big> '''''Veterinary Pathology Department, Bristol Veterinary School '''''</big> 
<big> '''''Manager of the WikiVet Pathology Facebook page''''' </big>
 

==About Me==
Dr Chris Palgrave graduated from the [[UK - Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Edinburgh|Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies]] (R(D)SVS) in 2007 where he completed an intercalated BSc (Hons) and PhD in addition the BVM&S veterinary degree. He spent a year working in mixed practice in the USA before attending the veterinary anatomic pathology residency training programme at North Carolina State University in Raleigh, USA. He returned to the UK in 2010 as a Lecturer in Veterinary Pathology at the R(D)SVS before moving to the [[UK - Bristol Veterinary School, Bristol|Bristol Veterinary School]] in January 2012 where he is a Senior Lecturer and and Manager of the [http://www.facebook.com/WikiVetPathology WikiVet Pathology Facebook page]. Chris is also a Fellow of the [http://www.rcpath.org/ Royal College of Pathologists].
 
''"Like many students, I started vet school with the sole intention of being a mixed-practice vet. However, after the second year of the vet course I took the opportunity to take a year out to try research. After two long years of physiology, biochemistry and anatomy this was an amazing chance to try research and use my brain to really think about something, rather than just memorising vast amounts of information!''
 
''At the end of this 'intercalated' year I was awarded my BSc (Hons). However, instead of returning to the vet course immediately, I stayed out for a further three years as a PhD student. During this time I worked at both the [http://www.ed.ac.uk/schools-departments/vet R(D)SVS] and the [http://www.roslin.ed.ac.uk/ Roslin Institute], investigating how genetic differences in the immune system of pigs determine how different species respond to infection.''
 
''Upon graduation, in addition to working in practice, there were a range of career options open to me. Having both a vet degree and a PhD meant I was a candidate for a number of positions, including research, industry, academia/teaching or further specialist training (eg a residency). In order to develop my clinical skills and experience, I worked for a year in mixed practice in the United States before attending the Veterinary Anatomic Pathology Residency Training Program at [http://www.cvm.ncsu.edu/ North Carolina State University] in Raleigh, USA.''
 
''As a pathologist, senior lecturer and researcher, I now have the opportunity to use my clinical experience, research background and specialist training in pathology in a number of ways. These include teaching veterinary and research students, participating in the diagnostic pathology service and working in comparative pathology research - focusing on questions which have direct and practical relevance to both human and animal disease."''
 
For more information, please visit Dr Chris Palgrave's University of Bristol [http://www.bris.ac.uk/vetscience/people/chris-j-palgrave/overview.html staff profile page]
 

==Expert Reviewing==
See pages that Chris is [[:Category:Chris Palgrave reviewing|reviewing]], and pages that he has already [[:Category:Chris Palgrave reviewed|reviewed]]
 
==Pathology Rotation Quizzes==
Chris is working with students at [[UK - Bristol Veterinary School, Bristol|Bristol Veterinary School]] to create pathology quizzes. You can see these [[:Category:Bristol Pathology Quizzes|here]].

[[Category:Expert Reviewer]]

Bristol Pathology Quiz Q1

2013-04-23T12:28:39Z

Chris palgrave: reviewed

Bristol Pathology Quiz Q2

2013-04-23T12:26:31Z

Chris palgrave: Created page with "{{Bristolquiz}} <WikiQuiz questionnumber="2" question="This is the heart of a 10 year old Golden Retriever. What is the most likely diagnosis for the lesion in the photograph..."

{{Bristolquiz}}

<WikiQuiz
questionnumber="2"
question="This is the heart of a 10 year old Golden Retriever. What is the most likely diagnosis for the lesion in the photograph?"
choice4="Chemodectoma"
choice5="Rhabdomyosarcoma"
choice3="Lymphoma"
choice2="Haemangiosarcoma"
choice1="Melanoma"
correctchoice="2"
feedback2="'''Correct!''' This right atrial mass is most likely to be haemangiosarcoma. For more information, please see the following WikiVet [[Haemangiosarcoma|page]]."
feedback5="'''Incorrect.''' Masses on the right atrium are most likely to be haemangiosarcoma. For more information, please see the following WikiVet [[Haemangiosarcoma|page]]."
feedback3="'''Incorrect.''' Masses on the right atrium are most likely to be haemangiosarcoma. For more information, please see the following WikiVet [[Haemangiosarcoma|page]]."
feedback4="'''Incorrect.''' Masses on the right atrium are most likely to be haemangiosarcoma. For more information, please see the following WikiVet [[Haemangiosarcoma|page]]."
feedback1="'''Incorrect.''' Masses on the right atrium are most likely to be haemangiosarcoma. For more information, please see the following WikiVet [[Haemangiosarcoma|page]]."
image="File:Gross Heart.jpg">
</WikiQuiz>

{{#tag:imagemap|Image:Next Question.png{{!}}center{{!}}200px
rect 0 0 860 850 [[Bristol Pathology Quiz Q3]]
desc none}}
 
{{review}}

[[Category:Bristol Pathology Quizzes]]
[[Category:Chris Palgrave reviewing]]

Template:Bristolquiz

2013-04-23T12:13:34Z

Chris palgrave: update text

{| align="left" width="100%" style="background-color:#ffa500"
|-
| align="center" | [[File:Bristollogo.jpg|90px|Bristol University logo]]
| align="left" | <big>'''This question was provided by students at the [[UK - Bristol Veterinary School, Bristol|Bristol Veterinary School]]'''</big>
|}

2011-07-21T11:15:20Z

Chris palgrave: Added image of right atrial mass

{{VPU}}
[[Image:High power.jpg|thumb|400px|left|High power micrograph of mass]]
[[Image:Gross Heart.jpg|thumb|200px|Gross heart with pericardium removed]][[Image:Liver pathology.jpg|thumb|200px|Masses in liver]][[Image:Low power.jpg|thumb|200px|Low power micrograph of mass]]

You are presented with a case of a 9 year old, male neutered golden retriever. The dog had a history of sudden death. On gross examination the pericardial sac was full of blood, a 4cm mass is present on the right atrium.
 
Multifocal to coalescing, dark red, pinpoint to 5cm masses were also present throughout the liver.
 
Microscopically, the mass is composed of multiple, variably-sized, irregular, blood-filled channels and spaces.
 
On high power, these spaces channels are lined by plump, pleomorphic spindle cells which exhibit marked anisocytosis and anisokaryosis. The nuclei contain 1-2 dark basophilic nucleoli. Within this single high power field (400x), four mitotic figures are present (arrows). The cells are not arranged in an organised manner, instead they are ‘piled up’ on top of one another.
 
<WikiQuiz
questionnumber="1"
question="

Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis for this right atrial mass?
"
choice5="Haemangiosarcoma"
choice1="Dilated cardiomyopathy"
choice4="Haematoma"
choice2="Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy"
choice3="Chemodectoma"
correctchoice="5"
feedback5="'''Correct!''' Cellular pleomorphism, anisocytosis, anisokaryosis, high mitotic index and lack of tissue organisation are all histological features of malignancy. The spindle shape of the neoplastic cell population is indicative of a malignant mesenchymal tumour i.e. a sarcoma. The formation of blood-filled channels and spaces is typical of a tumour of endothelial cells, which under normal circumstances are responsible for lining the internal surface of blood vessels. The diagnosis in this case is therefore haemangiosarcoma. [[Haemangiosarcoma|WikiVet Article: Haemangiosarcoma]]
"
feedback1="'''Incorrect.''' Cellular pleomorphism, anisocytosis, anisokaryosis, high mitotic index and lack of tissue organisation are all histological features of malignancy. The spindle shape of the neoplastic cell population is indicative of a malignant mesenchymal tumour i.e. a sarcoma. The formation of blood-filled channels and spaces is typical of a tumour of endothelial cells, which under normal circumstances are responsible for lining the internal surface of blood vessels. The diagnosis in this case is therefore haemangiosarcoma.[[Haemangiosarcoma|WikiVet Article: Haemangiosarcoma]]
"
feedback4="'''Incorrect.''' Cellular pleomorphism, anisocytosis, anisokaryosis, high mitotic index and lack of tissue organisation are all histological features of malignancy. The spindle shape of the neoplastic cell population is indicative of a malignant mesenchymal tumour i.e. a sarcoma. The formation of blood-filled channels and spaces is typical of a tumour of endothelial cells, which under normal circumstances are responsible for lining the internal surface of blood vessels. The diagnosis in this case is therefore haemangiosarcoma. [[Haemangiosarcoma|WikiVet Article: Haemangiosarcoma]]
"
feedback2="'''Incorrect.''' Cellular pleomorphism, anisocytosis, anisokaryosis, high mitotic index and lack of tissue organisation are all histological features of malignancy. The spindle shape of the neoplastic cell population is indicative of a malignant mesenchymal tumour i.e. a sarcoma. The formation of blood-filled channels and spaces is typical of a tumour of endothelial cells, which under normal circumstances are responsible for lining the internal surface of blood vessels. The diagnosis in this case is therefore haemangiosarcoma. [[Haemangiosarcoma|WikiVet Article: Haemangiosarcoma]]
"
feedback3="'''Incorrect.''' Cellular pleomorphism, anisocytosis, anisokaryosis, high mitotic index and lack of tissue organisation are all histological features of malignancy. The spindle shape of the neoplastic cell population is indicative of a malignant mesenchymal tumour i.e. a sarcoma. The formation of blood-filled channels and spaces is typical of a tumour of endothelial cells, which under normal circumstances are responsible for lining the internal surface of blood vessels. The diagnosis in this case is therefore haemangiosarcoma.[[Haemangiosarcoma|WikiVet Article: Haemangiosarcoma]]
"
image= "File:Right atrium cropped.jpg">
</WikiQuiz>

{{Chris Palgrave reviewed
|date = 16th July 2011
}}

[[Category:R(D)SVS VPU]]
[[Category:Chris Palgrave reviewed]]

General Oedema

Chris palgrave:

{{review}}

{{toplink
|backcolour = E0EEEE
|linkpage = Nervous System - Pathology
|linktext =Nervous System
|maplink = Nervous System (Content Map) - Pathology
|pagetype =Pathology
}}
 
==Idiopathic Epilepsy==

* A seizure is a brain disorder which manifests as paroxysmal cerebral dysrhythmia.
** The episode has a sudden onset and ceases spontaneously.
** Seizures tend to recur.
* In epilepsy, individuals appear to have a low seizure threshold.
** This predisposes their neurons to depolarize of their own volition.
* "Idiopathic epilepsy" is said to occur when no other cause of seizuring is apparent.

===Pathogenesis===

* All seizures arise from a small group of neurons that periodically and spontaneously depolarize.
* In addition to being idiopathic (i.e. low seizure threshold), this sudden, uncontrolled neuronal discharge can occur due to:
** Structural causes
*** Neoplasms
*** Inflammation
*** Trauma
** Biochemical causes
*** Hypocalcaemia
*** hypoglycaemia
*** Hepatic encephalopathy.

==Pug Dog Encephalitis==

* A non-infectious [[CNS Inflammation - Pathology|central nervous inflammatory disease]]
* Affects pugs.
** Similar conditions are seen in yorkshire and maltese terriers.
* Officially known as necrotising meningoencephalitis of small dogs.
* Characterised by histological forebrain inflammation and necrosis.
* The disease is uniformly fatal.
** Corticosterid treatment has no effect.

==Granulomatous Meningoencephalitis==

* A non-infectious [[CNS Inflammation - Pathology|central nervous inflammatory disease]]
* May occur as:
** A disseminated disease
** A focal mass lesion
** A primary occular disease
* Brainstem signs are common, although the forebrain is primarily affected.
* May be incorrectly diagnosed as lymphoma.
* Changes are apparent in the CSF.
** There is usually a mononucloear pleocytosis.
** Sometimes only protein is elveated.
* Diffuse inflammatory changes or a mass lesion will be seen by advanced imaging.
** However, biopsy is required for a definative diagnosis.
* Life span is between 6 months and 1 year from diagnosis.

==Polyneuritis equi==

* A non-infectious [[CNS Inflammation - Pathology|central nervous inflammatory disease]]
* Polyneuritis equi (PNE) is an uncommon disease which affects mature horses
* Formerly known as 'cauda equina syndrome' or 'cauda equina neuritis'
* May occur as:
** A disease effecting the spinal nerve roots and ganglia of the cauda equina.
** A disease effecting the cranial nerves.
* Cauda equina disease is characterised by progressive loss of anal tone, tail paralysis, urinary and/or faecal incontinence, urine scalding of the hindlimbs, hyperaesthesia and muscle fasciculations over hindquarters.
* If the pelvic nerve roots are also involved, there may be changes in hindlimb gait.
* Cranial nerve signs may be apparent, including signs associated with facial nerve paralysis.
* Changes in the CSF are often non-specific.
** There is usually a moderate mononucloear pleocytosis.
** Protein is usually elveated.
* Histologically, the disease presents as a severe, chronic, destructive lymphocytic and histiocytic polyradiculoneuritis.
* Pathogenesis not completely understood, but considered to be caused by a T-lymphocyte mediated response to myelin, followed by destruction of myelin and axons by macrophages
* Disease appears similar to:
** Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS), an autoimmune demyelinating diease in humans
** Experimental allergic neuritis (EAN) in laboratory animals
* Important differential diagnoses for progressive neurologic signs effecting the bladder, rectum, perineum, tail, penis and hindlimbs in horses include:
** Equine herpesvirus-1 myeloencephalopathy
** Sacral/coccygeal trauma
** Equine motor neuron disease
** Abberant parasite migration (e.g. ''Strongylus spp.'')
** In endemic areas, ''Sarcocystis neurona'' myelitis (equine protozoal myelitis), rabies and ''rhodococcus equi'' myeloencepahlitis should also be considered.