WikiVet English - User contributions [en]

User:Cmcory

2010-08-01T13:12:27Z

Cmcory:

[[Link title]][[Image:Max.jpg|250px|thumb|right|'''Max (Copyright Max Cory 2010) ''']]
= About me =
I just entering third year at the [[University of Nottingham/School of Veterinary Medicine, Nottingham UK]]
 
== Contact details ==
* Email address: svycrcmc@nottingham.ac.uk

==What I aim to get out of this project==

My first involvement with WikiVet is the summer of 2010.

==Pages I am currently working on==

{| class="wikitable collapsible"
|Day
|'''Week 1''' (5-11th July)
|'''Week 2''' (12-18th July)
|'''Week 3''' (19-25th July)
|'''Week 4''' (26th Jul-1st Aug)
|'''Week 5''' (2-8th Aug)
|-
|Monday
|
|
|9
|9
|
|-
|Tuesday
|6
|6
|9
|9
|
|-
|Wednesday
|
|6
|4
|9
|
|-
|Thursday
|
|8
|4
|9
|
|-
|Friday
|
|6
|
|9
|
|-
|Saturday
|8
|9
|
|8
|
|-
|Sunday
|6
|6
|
|
|
|-
|'''Total hours'''
| 20
| 41
| 26
| 53
|
|-
|}
[[:Category:To Do - Max]]

User:Cmcory

2010-08-01T13:11:11Z

Cmcory:

User:Cmcory

2010-08-01T13:10:45Z

Cmcory:

[[Link title]][[Image:Max.jpg|250px|thumb|right|'''Max (Copyright Max Cory 2010) ''']]
= About me =
I just entering third year at the [[University of Nottingham/School of Veterinary Medicine, Nottingham UK]]
 
== Contact details ==
* Email address: svycrcmc@nottingham.ac.uk

==What I aim to get out of this project==

My first involvement with WikiVet is the summer of 2010.

==Pages I am currently working on==

{| class="wikitable collapsible"
|Day
|'''Week 1''' (5-11th July)
|'''Week 2''' (12-18th July)
|'''Week 3''' (19-25th July)
|'''Week 4''' (26th Jul-1st Aug)
|'''Week 5''' (2-8th Aug)
|-
|Monday
|
|
|9
|9
|
|-
|Tuesday
|6
|6
|9
|9
|
|-
|Wednesday
|
|6
|4
|9
|
|-
|Thursday
|
|8
|4
|9
|
|-
|Friday
|
|6
|
|9
|
|-
|Saturday
|8
|9
|8
|
|
|-
|Sunday
|6
|6
|
|
|
|-
|'''Total hours'''
| 20
| 41
| 26
|
|
|-
|}
[[:Category:To Do - Max]]

Trichostrongylus tenius

2010-07-31T12:38:02Z

Cmcory:

{{unfinished}}

{{Taxobox
|name =Trichostrongylus tenius
|class =[[Nematodes|Nematoda]]
|super-family =[[Trichostrongyloidea]]
}}

{| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" border="1"
| Also known as:
| '''''Trichostrongylus externuatus
|-
|}

==Hosts==
Game birds, chickens, ducks, geese, and turkeys.

==Identification==
''T. tenius'' is of the superfamily [[Trichostrongyloidea]]. The eggs are around 75μm in length, with a thin, smooth shell.

==Life Cycle==
The life-cycle and epidemiology of ''T. tenius'' is very similar to that of the ''Trichostrongylus'' species of ruminants, and hypobiosis can occur in winter. Eggs are past out in the faeces. The larvae develop in the heather, and are ingested by a host e.g. a grouse, when feeding on the heather. Worms are capable of surviving for up to 2 months, and are capable of causing damage to the intestine and the caecum.

[[Category:Trichostrongyloidea]][[Category:Poultry_Nematodes]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_Max]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_Review]]

Trichostrongylus tenius

2010-07-31T12:36:15Z

Cmcory:

{{unfinished}}

{{Taxobox
|name =Trichostrongylus tenius
|class =[[Nematodes|Nematoda]]
|super-family =[[Trichostrongyloidea]]
}}

==Hosts==
Game birds, chickens, ducks, geese, and turkeys.

==Identification==
''T. tenius'' is of the superfamily [[Trichostrongyloidea]]. The eggs are around 75μm in length, with a thin, smooth shell.

==Life Cycle==
The life-cycle and epidemiology of ''T. tenius'' is very similar to that of the ''Trichostrongylus'' species of ruminants, and hypobiosis can occur in winter. Eggs are past out in the faeces. The larvae develop in the heather, and are ingested by a host e.g. a grouse, when feeding on the heather. Worms are capable of surviving for up to 2 months, and are capable of causing damage to the intestine and the caecum.

[[Category:Trichostrongyloidea]][[Category:Poultry_Nematodes]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_Max]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_Review]]

Trichostrongylus axei

2010-07-31T12:35:18Z

Cmcory:

{{unfinished}}

{{Taxobox
|name = Trichostrongylus axei
|kingdom =
|phylum =
|class = [[Nematodes|Nematoda]]
|sub-class =
|order =
|super-family = [[Trichostrongyloidea]]
|family =
|sub-family =
|genus =
|species =
}}

{| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" border="1"
| Also known as:
| '''Trichostrongylus extenuatus
|-
|}

==Hosts==
Cattle, sheep, deer, horse, goat, donkey, pig and occasionally man.

==Identification==
''T. axei'' are small trichostrongyle, typically around 5mm. They are grey when young, but become reddish brown when they mature. The spiculus are dissimilar and are not all of the same length.

==Life Cycle==
The life cycle of ''T. axei'' is typical of the superfamily [[Trichostrongyloidea]], and is direct. The eggs develop into infective L3 in around one week. The larvae are then ingested by the host, and the larvae become unsheathed. They penetrate the mucosa of the small intestine. There are two further moults, and then the larvae become adults.

[[Category:Trichostrongyloidea]][[Category:Horse_Nematodes]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_Max]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_Review]]

Trichostrongyloidea - Overview

2010-07-31T12:33:57Z

Cmcory:

{{unfinished}}

[[Image:Trichostrongylus.jpg|thumb|right|150px|''Trichostrongylus'' - Joaquim Castellà Veterinary Parasitology Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona]]

The life cycle of a ''trichostrongyloidea'' are direct, and infection is through ingestion of L3. They are a bursate group, with ''[[Dictyocaulus]]'' forming the only exception. Important genera include ''[[Ostertagia]]'', ''[[Haemonchus]]'' and ''Trichostrongylus.''

== General Life-Cycle ==
The egg is approximately 80µm long, oval, thin-shelled, and containing 4-16 cells, so is a typical strongyle egg.

Egg → L1 → L2 → L3 occurs on the ground. L1 and L2 feed on bacteria, and L3 is exsheathed and represents the infective stage. L3 cannot feed, but do contain a finite amount of stored food to provide energy for movement. Infection is via ingestion of the L3. L3 → L4 → adult, these stages generally occur in the stomach or small intestine.

Parasitic development initially occurs in gastric glands or intestinal crypts, species dependent. Adults are generally found on the mucosal surface, and the prepatent period is typically about 3 weeks.

[[Category:Trichostrongyloidea|A]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_Max]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_Review]]

Toxocara cati

2010-07-31T12:32:54Z

Cmcory:

{{unfinished}}

{{Taxobox
|name = Toxocara cati
|kingdom =
|phylum =
|class = [[Nematodes|Nematoda]]
|sub-class =
|order =
|super-family = [[Ascaridoidea]]
|family =
|sub-family =
|genus =
|species =
}}

{| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" border="1"
| Also known as:
| '''Toxocara mystax
|-
|}

[[Image:Toxocara cati egg.jpg|200px|thumb|right|''Toxocara cati egg'' Joel Mills 2006, Wikimedia Commons]]

''Toxocara cati'' is a [[Nematodes|nematode]] of the superfamily ''[[Ascaridoidea]]''. ''T. cati'' is found worldwide, and can cause a wide range of gastrointestinal problems in infected hosts.

==Hosts==
Cat.

==Identification==
''T. catis'' is a large white worm. The female is capable of growing up to 10cm in length. The male, similar to ''[[Toxocara canis]]'', has a finger-like process on the tip of the tail.

The eggs have no distinct colour, but have a thick outer shell.

==Life Cycle==
Infection occurs by ingestion of the L2 in the egg, or after ingestion of a paratenic host, or via transmammary infection.

After direct ingestion of the larvae, they migrate through the liver, lungs and trachea, and then go back into the stomach, where they transform into L3. Ingestion of a paratenic host e.g. a mouse causes the larvae to be released by digestion, and they then enter the stomach of the cat, and will moult into L3.

Transmammary infection is also very important, and commonly seen throughout lactation. However, unlike ''T. canis'', prenatal infection does not occur.

The prepatent period of ''T. catis'' is 8 weeks.

[[Category:Ascaridoidea]][[Category:Cat Nematodes]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_Max]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_Review]]

Stomoxys calcitrans

2010-07-31T12:31:21Z

Cmcory:

{{unfinished}}

{{Taxobox
|name = Stomoxys calcitrans
|kingdom =
|phylum =
|class = [[Insecta]]
|sub-class =
|order =
|super-family =
|family = Muscidae
|sub-family =
|genus =
|species =
}}

==Introduction==
[[Image:Stomoxys calcitrans.jpg|150px|thumb|right|'''Stomoxys calcitrans''' Fir0002/Flagstaffotos 2007, Wikimedia Commons]]

{| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" border="1"
| Also known as:
| '''Stable fly
|-
|}

''S. calcitrans''are of the family ''Muscidae''. They can feed on a number of hosts in close succession, and therefore can act as an important mechanical vector in the transmission of disease e.g. [[Equine Infectious Anemia|Equine infectious anaemia]].

''S. calcitrans'' can also act as intermediate hosts of the nematode [[Parasitic skin infections - Pathology#Helminths|''Habronema'']].

==Identification==
''Stomoxys calcitrans'' has a high resemblance to [[Musca spp.|''Musca domestica'']].
''S. calcitrans'' is 5-7mm long, and both the males and females suck blood. They are grey with four long longitudinal stripes on the thorax, and with large black spots on the abdomen.

The larvae are identified by examination of the posterior spiracles.

Eggs are yellow, and approximately 1mm in length

==Life cycle==
Eggs are laid on manure, or rotting hay and straw. The eggs then develop into larvae in usually less than 4 days, and then transform from larvae into adults. The females require several large blood meals before they are successfully able to reproduce.

The life cycle from the production of an egg to a fully mature adult can range from 12-60 days.

Adult flies can survive for around 1 month.

[[Category:Biting_Flies]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_Max]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_Review]]

Setaria spp.

2010-07-31T12:29:48Z

Cmcory:

{{unfinished}}

{{Taxobox
|name =Setaria spp.
|class =[[Nematodes|Nematoda]]
|super-family =[[Filarioidea]]
}}

''Setaria spp.'' are of the superfamily [[Filarioidea]].

=Setaria labiato-papillosa=

{| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" border="1"
| Also known as:
| '''Bovine abdominal filariosis
|-
|}

==Hosts==
'''Intermediate hosts''': Mosquitoes.

'''Definitive hosts''': Cattle, buffalo and deer.

==Identification==
They are long, thin, white worms, generally less than 12cm in length.

==Life Cycle==
''S. labiato-papillosa'' is an indirect life cycle. Larvae are produced by adult worms, and are present in the hosts blood. The mosquitoes become infected whilst feeding. The larvae develop in mosquitos and infect a new definitive host.

The prepatent period is 8-10 months.

=Setaria digitatus=

{| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" border="1"
| Also known as:
| '''Kumri
|-
|}

==Hosts==
'''Intermediate hosts''': Mosquitos.

'''Definitive hosts''': Cattle and buffalos.

==Identification==

''S. digitatus'' is similar in appearance to ''S. labito-papillosa'', except slightly smaller at around 5cm.

[[Category:Filarioidea]]
[[Category:Horse_Nematodes]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_Max]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_Review]]

Psychodidae

2010-07-31T12:29:07Z

Cmcory:

{{unfinished}}

{{Taxobox
|name = Psychodidae
|kingdom = Animalia
|phylum = Arthropoda
|class = [[Insecta]]
|sub-class =
|order = Diptera
|super-family =
|family = Psychodidae
|sub-family =
|genus =
|species =
}}

==Introduction==

{| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" border="1"
| Also known as:
| '''Sandflies
|-
|}

The flies of this family are called ''Sandflies'', with ''Phelebotomus'' the genus of real veterinary significance. However, in the New World, the genus ''Lutzomyia'', is also of importance.

=''Phlebotomus''=

==Hosts==
Most mammals, reptiles, birds and humans.

==Identification==
The adults are small flies, only around 5mm in length. They have hairy bodies, and are a yellowish colour. Males have prominent genital terminalia, known as claspers. Both males and females have long, 16 segment antennae.

The eggs are dark brown or black.

==Life Cycles==
Eggs are laid, and hatch into larvae in 1-2 weeks. The larvae then undergo four further larval stages, before reaching the pupae stage. The adults emerge from pupation around 10 days later.

The complete life cycle is between 30-100 days.

=''Lutzomyia''=
''Lutzomyia'' is responsible for transmission of leishmaniasis. The sand fly carries the disease from infected animals, and then infects a new host whilst feeding, thus transmitting the disease.

Only the females suck blood, and lays large numbers of eggs in dark, humid areas. They undergo three larval transformations before pupating, and then turn into adults.

[[Category:Biting_Flies]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_Max]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_Review]]

Psoroptes cuniculi

2010-07-31T12:28:28Z

Cmcory:

{{unfinished}}

{{Taxobox
|name = Psoroptes cuniculi
|kingdom =
|phylum =
|class = Arachnida
|sub-class =
|order = Acariformes
|super-family =
|family = Psoroptidae
|sub-family =
|genus =
|species =
}}

{| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" border="1"
| Also known as:
| Ear canker mite
|-
| Predilection site
| Ears
|-
|}

[[Image:Psoroptes cuniculi.jpg|150px|thumb|right|'''Psoroptes cuniculi (Copyright Joel Mills, Wikimedia Commons) ''']]

Psoroptes cuniculi is a non-burrowing parasite, of the class ''Arachnida'' and is seen worldwide. It is found on the ears of the infected host, is generally seen in relatively small amounts. However, occassionally they will proliferate and the infection will become severe leading, resulting in mange.

==Hosts==
Commonly of rabbits, but also seen in rabbits, goats, sheep and horses.

==Identification==
Adults mite grow up to around 0.75mm in length. The legs are long and jointed, bearing suckers on the ends. The adults also have very characteristic pointed mouthparts.

It is highly likely that ''P. cuniculi'' is simply an adaptation of the species ''[[Psoroptes ovis]]''.

==Life Cycle==
The egg hatches forming an hexapod larvae. The larvae then moults forming a protonymph, which further moults to form a tritonymph, which then moults to become an adult. Each stage takes around two days, totalling to an approximate 10 day life cycle.

[[Category:Rabbit]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_Max]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_Review]]

Psoroptes

2010-07-31T12:27:27Z

Cmcory:

{{unfinished}}

{{Taxobox
|name = Psoroptes
|kingdom = Animalia
|phylum = Arthropoda
|class = Arachnida
|sub-class = Acari
|order = Sarcoptiformes
|super-family =
|family = Psoroptidae
|sub-family =
|genus = Psoroptes
|species =
}}

''Psoroptes'' is an oval shaped, astigmatic, non-burrowing mite, causing [[Psoroptic Mange|psoroptic skin infestation]] in cattle, sheep, horses and rabbits. The most common species of Psoroptes seen within the UK are ''[[Psoroptes ovis]]'', and ''[[Psoroptes cuniculi]]''.

[[Image:Psoroptes cuniculi.jpg|150px|thumb|right|'''Psoroptes cuniculi (Copyright Joel Mills, Wikimedia Commons) ''']]

==Identification==
Psoroptes is an oval shaped, with legs longer than those seen in burrowing mites.
The males have a pair of copulatory suckers. It is of the family Psoroptidae.

==Life cycle==
Psoroptes are confined to the skin surface, and feed on serous exudate by a siphoning process.

The Adult female is capable of laying up to 100 eggs during her life time, which is usually just one month. The duration of the life cycle is around 10 days, and consists of two nymphal stages.

[[Category:Non-Burrowing Mites]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_Max]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_Review]]

Paramphistomum

2010-07-31T12:25:59Z

Cmcory:

{{unfinished}}

[[Image:Paramphistomum cervi.jpg|right|150px|thumb|''Paramphistomum cervi'' - Joaquim Castellà Veterinary Parasitology Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona]]

''Paramphistomum spp'' are of the family ''Notocotylidae''. ''Paramphistomomes'' are rare in the UK, but can cause severe losses in ruminants in the wet tropics

The adult fluke is plump and cylindrical (unusual for a [[Trematodes|trematode]]). It attaches to the wall of the rumen without causing serious damage. The eggs are like those of ''Fasciola'', but are colourless, and have long filaments present at the poles.

The intermediate hosts are water snails, and these shed '''cercariae''' which later form '''metacercariae''' on vegetation.

Disease occurs if metacercariae are eaten in large numbers. [[Enteritis]] and [[diarrhoea]] result when immature flukes migrate along the small intestine, (where the metacercariae excyst) towards the rumen.

[[Category:Trematodes]]

[[Category:To_Do_-_Max]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_Review]]

Parafilaria spp.

2010-07-31T12:25:11Z

Cmcory:

{{unfinished}}

{{Taxobox
|name = Parafilaria spp.
|kingdom =
|phylum =
|class = [[Nematodes|Nematoda]]
|sub-class =
|order =
|super-family = [[Filarioidea]]
|family =
|sub-family =
|genus =
|species =
}}

=P. bovicola=

{| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" border="1"
| Also known as:
| '''Summer bleeding disease.
 
'''Verminous nodules
|-
|}

==Hosts==
'''Intermediate host''': Muscid flies.

'''Definitive host''': Cattle and buffalos.

==Identification==
''P. bovicola'' are thin, white worms, ranging between 3-6cm in length.

==Life Cycle==
This parasite is of the superfamily [[Filarioidea]]. The life cycle of ''P. bovicola'' is indirect. The eggs hatch on the surface of the host. These eggs are ingested by the flies acting as intermediate hosts. Larvae develop and transform into infective L3. The flies then feed on the host, and the larvae are past onto the host. The larvae then enter the skin of the host, and develop into adults subcutaneously.

The prepatent period of ''P. bovicola'' is 7-9 months.

=''P. multipapillosa''=

{| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" border="1"
| Also known as:
| '''Filaria haemorrhagica
|-
|}

==Hosts==
'''Intermediate hosts''': Horn flies.

'''Definitive host''': Horses and donkeys.

==Identification==
''P. multipapillosa'' are slender white worms, measuring 3-7cm in length.

==Life Cycle==
The eggs or L1 are ingested by horn flies. The larvae mature into L3 several months later. Infected flies feed on the definitive host. The larvae then attach to the host, and begin to migrate under the skin of the host, where they develop into adults.

The prepatent period is 9-12 months.

==References==

Taylor, M.A, Coop, R.L., Wall,R.L. (2007) '''Veterinary Parasitology''' ''Blackwell Publishing''

[[Category:Filarioidea]]
[[Category:Horse_Nematodes]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_Max]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_Review]]

Musca spp.

2010-07-31T12:21:56Z

Cmcory:

{{unfinished}}

[[Image:Muscidae.jpg|right|thumb|150px|''Muscidae sp.'' Bettinelli Roland 2008, Wikimedia Commons]]

{{Taxobox
|name = Musca spp.
|kingdom = Animalia
|phylum = Arthropoda
|class = [[Insecta]]
|sub-class =
|order = Diptera
|super-family =
|family = Muscidae
|sub-family =
|genus = Musca
|species =
}}

='''Musca autumnalis'''=

{| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" border="1"
| Also known as:
| '''Face Fly
|-
|}

''M. autumnalis'' is found worldwide, and is widely distributed throughout Europe.

==Identification==
The fly is around 7-8mm in length. It grey in colour and has 4 dark stripes on the thorax. It is very similar in appearance to ''M. domestica'', and has prominant red eyes.

==Life Cycle==
''M. autumnalis'' feeds on secretions from the nose, mouth, and the eyes, as well as blood from the wounds left by other flies. It lays eggs in cattle manure, which later develop into larvae. The larvae pass through three separate stages, before forming pupae in the soil. Under optimal conditions, they require around 2 weeks to complete the life cycle.

=''Musca domestica''=

{| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" border="1"
| Also known as:
| '''House Fly
|-
|}

''M. domestica'' is closely associated with humans and livestock. It is of importance as it mechanically transmits pathogens of real significance e.g. mastitis, and anthrax.

==Identification==
''M. domestica'' is around 7mm in length, and grey in colour, with four dark longitudinal shapes. The abdomen is dark yellow in colour, with a black median stripe.

==Life Cycle==
The female lays eggs in faeces and dead rotting material. The eggs then hatch within a day. There are 3 subsequent larval stages and feed upon the faeces. When the larvae mature, they relocate to drier areas, where they form pupae. The pupae will then later mature into adults.

[[Category:Nuisance_Flies]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_Max]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_Review]]

Melophagus ovinus

2010-07-31T12:21:15Z

Cmcory:

{{unfinished}}

=Melophagus ovinus=

{{Taxobox
|name =Melophagus spp
|kingdom =Animalia
|phylum =Arthropoda
|class =[[Insecta]]
|sub-class =
|order =Diptera
|super-family =
|family =[[Hippoboscidae]]
|sub-family =
|genus =Melophagus
|species ='''''M. ovinus'''''
}}

{| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" border="1"
| Also known as:
| '''Sheep Ked
|-
|}

==Hosts==
Sheep.

==Identification==
The adults are hairy, brown and around 6mm in length, and of the family [[Hippoboscidae]]. They have an segmented abdomen, and are wingless. ''M. ovinus'' has blood sucking mouthparts, and claws on the ends of the legs, designed to hold on to the host. They are dorso-ventrally flattened.

==Life Cycle==
They are permanent ectoparasites, feeding on the host. The female fly produce a single larvae at a time, and the larvae are held back until they are ready to pupate. The larvae then undergo three larval stages before becoming fully developed. Pupation of the larvae occurs, and they are clearly seen on the fleeces of the sheep. These then later emerge as adults.

[[Category:Hippoboscidae]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_Max]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_Review]]

Malassezia pachydermidis

2010-07-31T12:20:14Z

Cmcory:

{{unfinished}}

[[Image:Malassezia pachydermidis.jpg|thumb|right|150px|''Malassezia pachydermidis'' - Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath]]

''Malassezia pachydermidis'' is commonly found on healthy skin and mucosa. It is an opportunistic pathogen of both cats and dogs, and during infection it may increase 100-10000 fold on the skin. It is most commonly recovered from the ear, anus, and the paws.

Some breeds are more predisposed than others, with Dachshunds and Cocker spaniels amongst the most commonly seen. ''M. pachydermidis'' is seen concurrently with a ''Staphylococcus intermedius'' infection.

Hot, humid conditions favour the development of the infection.

''M. Pachydermatitis'' is bottle-shaped, and non-mycelial.

Gram stain shows purple yeast cells with a very wide base, and has a greenish discolouration on blood agar.

Grossly, regional lesions may be seen around the muzzle, [[Ear - Anatomy & Physiology|ears]], interdigital, and perianal. Other common signs include erythema, hyperpigmentation, [[Skin Glossary - Pathology|lichenified]] and scaly lesions with alopecia.

Microscopically, one may see;[[Skin Glossary - Pathology|hyperkeratosis, parakeratosis]], spongiotic pustular dermatitis, [[Skin Glossary - Pathology|Acanthosis]].

[[Category:To_Do_-_Max]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_Review]]

Insect Life Cycles

2010-07-31T12:18:50Z

Cmcory:

{{unfinished}}

Most adult female insects are '''oviparous''', meaning they lay eggs which hatch after deposition

Some adult female insects are '''viviparous''', they lay larvae or nymphs, and the eggs rupture in female reproductive tract

===Simple Metamorphosis===

Hemimetabolous; nymphs emerge from the eggs which resemble the adult but are '''sexually immature'''. The nymph grows and undergoes several ecdyses, also known as moults. The nymphs becomes adults.

Hemimetabolous = Egg - Nymph - Adult (3 stages).

===Complex Metamorphosis===

Holometabolous; larva emerge from the eggs and do not resemble the adults. The larva feed, grow and undergoes several ecdyses. Larvae undergoes a quiescent stage where the outer cuticle hardens to form a pupa, some species have a silken cocoon. The adult develops inside the pupal case before emerging e.g. Fleas and dipteran flies[[Category:Insecta]]

Holometabolous = Egg - Larva - Pupa - Adult (4 stages).

[[Category:To_Do_-_Max]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_Review]]

Heterakis

2010-07-31T12:17:45Z

Cmcory:

{{unfinished}}

{{Taxobox
|name =''Heterakis spp.
|kingdom =
|phylum =
|class =[[Nematodes|Nematoda]]
|sub-class =
|order =
|super-family =[[Ascaridoidea]]
|family =
|sub-family =
|genus =
|species =
}}

=Heterakis gallinarum=

{| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" border="1"
| Also known as:
| '''''Heterakis papillosa Heterakis gallinae Heterakis vesicularis
|-
|}

==Hosts==
Chickens, turkeys, pigeons, pheasants and many other wild birds.

==Identification==
''H. gallinarum'' are white worms, which may grow up to 1.5cm in length. Both the males and females have thin elongated tails.

==Life Cycle==
The eggs are present on the ground, and are taken up by earthworms acting as transport hosts. The eggs hatch and develop into L3. The definitive host e.g. chickens, then ingests the earthworms and become infected. The prepatent period is 4 months.

=Heterakis isolonche=

{| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" border="1"
| Also known as:
| '''''Caecal worm
|-
|}

==Hosts==
Pheasant, grouse, chickens, and ducks.

==Identification==
''H. isolonche'' are white worms around 1.5cm in length. The eggs are ovoid and similar in appearance to ''Ascaridia''.

==Life Cycle==
As for ''H. gallinarum''.

=Heterakis dispar=

==Hosts==
Ducks, geese, and chickens.

==Identification==
Similar in appearance to ''H. gallinarum'' except larger.

==Life Cycle==
Similar to that of ''H. gallinarum'', except the prepatent period is around 12 months.

[[Category:Ascaridoidea]]
[[Category:Poultry_Nematodes]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_Max]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_Review]]

Glossinidae

2010-07-31T12:16:16Z

Cmcory:

{{unfinished}}

{{Taxobox
|name = Glossinidae spp.
|kingdom = Animalia
|phylum = Arthropoda
|class = [[Insecta]]
|sub-class =
|order = Diptera
|super-family = Hippoboscoidea
|family = Glossinidae
|sub-family =
|genus = Glossina
|species =
}}

{| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" border="1"
| Also known as:
| '''TseTse flies
|-
|}

The only genus in the family ''Glossinidae'' is ''Glossina'', more commonly known as TseTse flies. They are solely found in sub-Sahara Africa, and feed on the blood of vertebrates.

[[Image:Glossinidae.jpg|150px|thumb|right|'''Glossinidae''' Abb. aus Meyers Lexikon 1888, Wikimedia Commons)]]

==Hosts==
Various mammals, reptiles and birds.

==Identification==
TseTse flies are 6-13mm in length, and have long, prominent forward pointing proboscis. They have a green thorax, and a yellow/brown abdomen. The wings are a very characteristic 'butchers cleaver' shape.

The larvae are a creamy white colour, and clearly segmented.

==Life cycle==
The females are viviparous, and only lay a single egg at a time. The fertilized eggs are held in the oviduct, where they hatch into larvae. The larvae develop, and when they are fully mature the larvae drop onto the ground.

The larvae then form pupae. This process takes several weeks, but can be considerably longer under cool conditions. The pupae transform into adults around one month later. The TseTse flies are blood feeders, and the females will require several good blood meals, before producing their first larva.

The complete life cycle of the ''Glossina'' is 2 months.

[[Category:Biting_Flies]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_Max]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_Review]]

Flea Life Cycle

2010-07-31T12:14:52Z

Cmcory:

{{unfinished}}

[[Image:Flea larvae.jpg|thumb|right|150px|''Flea Larvae'' Kalumet 2006, Wikimedia Commons]]
A thorough understanding of the flea life-cycle is important in order to be able to advise owners of adequate treatments to control flea infections on their animals and within the home environment.

The time for the egg to develop into the adult flea takes around '''3-4 weeks''' in summer, however, the duration of the life cycle is largely dependent on the environmental temperature.

==1. Adults==

Once the adults are on the host, the flea will usually remain for its duration. The adult flea takes frequent blood meals. Around 97% of fleas will feed within 1 hour of finding a host and feed for approximately 10-25 minutes. '''Flea dirt''' (faeces) is produced in large quantities.

The life span of the flea is largely determined by the grooming activity of the host. Usually the adult flea lives for '''7 to 10 days'''

==2. Eggs==

The adult usually lays eggs each day after locating a host, producing around 15 eggs per day.

The eggs are ivory white, oval and approximately 0.5mm long. The eggs drop to the ground within hours. In reality this usually happens when the animal makes sudden movements. Flea eggs will therefore cluster in these '''hot spots''' around the house. These areas should be paid particular attention when treating the environment in the case of a flea infestation.

==3. Larvae==

The larvae are small, at around 2-5mm in length. Larvae are yellow/white (look like maggots) and are covered in bristles. They have chitinous mouthparts and anal struts, which can be used for identification. The Larvae are negatively phototropic, so try to move away from light sources e.g. under furniture, into thick mats or carpet. Larvae feed on skin debris from other animals, flea dirt and other organic debris. High humidity is often needed for survival, and freezing temperatures will kill larvae.

==4. Pupae==

The larvae pupate, forming pupae around 5mm in length. A silk cocoon surrounds the pupae, which is slightly sticky so small particles adhere to it. These quickly become camouflaged in the environment. Methoprene, the juvenile development hormone, coordinates the growth of the immature stages, and activates genetic switches, determining the sequence of tissue and organ development.

Newly developed adults do not leave the cocoon straight away. The '''pupal window''' is the time that it takes for the adult to emerge. Temperature is a large factor in determining when the adult fleas emerge. Some fleas may wait several months before emerging
Newly emerged unfed adults can survive days without feeding but once they have fed, if they fall off the host they can only survive a few hours[[Category:Fleas|B]].

[[Category:To_Do_-_Max]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_Review]]

Diphyllobothrium latum

2010-07-31T12:12:43Z

Cmcory:

{{unfinished}}

{{Taxobox
|name =''Diphyllobothrium spp.
|kingdom =
|phylum =
|class =[[Cestodes|Cestoda]]
|sub-class =
|order =
|super-family =
|family = Diphyllobothriidae
|sub-family =
|genus =
|species =
}}

=== ''Diphyllobothrium latum'' ===

{| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" border="1"
| Also known as:
| '''Broad tapeworm
|-
|}

==Hosts==

'''Intermediate hosts''': Copepods and freshwater fish.

'''Definitive hosts''': Humans and fish eating mammals.

==Identification==
''D. latum'' are long tapeworms, with an unarmed scolex. The mature adults growing up to 20m in length. The eggs are yellow and ovoid in shape.

==Life Cycle==
The eggs develop in water, and hatch, releasing '''coracidium'''. These are ingested by copepods, and the coracidium develop into '''procercoids'''. The copepod is then ingested by freshwater fish. These procercoids develop into '''plerocercoid'''. The infected fish are then ingested by a definitive host.

[[Category:Pseudophyllidea]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_Max]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_Review]]

Clostridium novyi

2010-07-31T12:10:38Z

Cmcory:

{{unfinished}}

''Clostridium novyi'' is a gram-positive, obligate anaerobic bacteria of the class ''clostridia''.

It is responsible for [[Infectious Necrotic Hepatitis|Infectious necrotic hepatitis/black disease]], which is an acute disease of sheep, and cattle. Hepatic necrosis is caused by exotoxins of ''C. novyi'' type B in liver damaged by ''Fasciola hepatica''.
It causes dark discoloration of skin caused by subcutaneous venous congestion, and causes [[Necrosis - Pathology#Gas Gangrene|gas gangrene]] and [[Muscles Inflammatory - Pathology#Gas gangrene|myositis]].
It may be involved in [[Bacterial skin infections - Pathology#Systemic bacterial infections|cutaneous lesions]] and causes big head in rams - oedema of subcutaneous tissues of the head, neck and cranial thorax; necrotising lethal alpha toxin.

[[Category:Histotoxic_Clostridia]][[Category:Cattle]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_Max]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_Review]]

Clostridium difficile

2010-07-31T12:09:19Z

Cmcory:

{{unfinished}}

[[Image:Clostridium difficile.jpg|200px|thumb|right|'''Clostridium difficile''' (Author: Nephron, Wikimedia Commons)]]

''Clostridium difficle'' is a gram positive bacteria of the family ''Clostridiaceae''. They are part of the normal flora, so known as a commensal bacteria. The problem arises when the bacteria competing within the host are destroyed by antibiotics.

''C. difficle'' become overpopulated, and begin to produce pathogenic strains producing toxins, namely enterotoxin and cytotoxin. These may cause [[diarrhoea]], and abdominal pains, or pseudomembranous colitis (PMC) under more severe circumstances.

It is a motile bacteria, showing optimal growth on blood agar.

[[Category:Clostridium_species]][[Category:Dog]][[Category:Horse Bacteria]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_Max]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_Review]]

Ceratopogonidae

2010-07-31T12:08:33Z

Cmcory:

{{unfinished}}

{| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" border="1"
| Also known as:
| '''Midges
|-
| The most important veterinary species
|'''''Culicoides'''''
|-
|}

This parasite is found worldwide and attacks humans and a wide variety of animals. The only genus of the family ''Ceratopogonidae'' of current veterinary significance is ''Culicoides''.

The midge is a vector for several viruses, including [[Bluetongue Virus|Bluetongue]] and [[African Horse Sickness|African horse sickness]].

It causes allergic dermatitis of horses, primarily affecting the base of the tail and the withers, and induces an intermediate-type hypersensitivity reaction to the midge saliva, known as [[Skin Immunologic - Pathology#Culicoides hypersensitivity|'Sweet itch']]

==Identification==
Culicoides are small flies 2-5mm long with a dark colouring, more commonly known as '''biting midges'''. They have a characteristic arched thorax giving a 'hump-backed' appearance. The wings are mottled.

==Life cycle==
Eggs are laid onto plants near water and the larvae fall into water and pupate. The life cycle takes '''6-12 months''' to complete in temperate climates, but can take only '''1 month''' in tropical climates. Females of most species are adapted to sucking blood from the host.

[[Category:Biting_Flies]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_Max]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_Review]]

Babesia canis

2010-07-31T12:03:11Z

Cmcory:

{{unfinished}}

=Babesia canis=

{{Taxobox
|name = ''Babesia
|kingdom =
|phylum =
|class =''Sporozoasida
|sub-class =
|order =
|super-family =
|family =''Babesiidae
|sub-family =
|genus =''[[Babesia]]
|species =''Babesia canis
}}

{| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" border="1"
| Also known as:
| '''Canine piroplasmosis
|-
|}

==Hosts==
Dogs.

==Identification==
This parasite is of the family ''Babesiidae''. The adults are pyriform in shape, and around 5μm in length.

==Life Cycle==
Sporozoites enter the host, when the tick feeds. These reproduce in the erythrocytes of the host. Merogony then occurs, and releases merozoites. Blood is ingested by the tick. When the larval tick moults into the nymphal stage, and enters the salivary glands. The life cycle then continues.

''B. canis'' uses [[Hard Ticks - Overseas|''Rhipicephalus'']] as a vector and is spreading throughout Europe.

[[Category:Piroplasmida]][[Category:Dog]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_Max]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_Review]]

Babesia canis

2010-07-31T12:02:44Z

Cmcory:

=Babesia canis=

{{Taxobox
|name = ''Babesia
|kingdom =
|phylum =
|class =''Sporozoasida
|sub-class =
|order =
|super-family =
|family =''Babesiidae
|sub-family =
|genus =''[[Babesia]]
|species =''Babesia canis
}}

{| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" border="1"
| Also known as:
| '''Canine piroplasmosis
|-
|}

==Hosts==
Dogs.

==Identification==
This parasite is of the family ''Babesiidae''. The adults are pyriform in shape, and around 5μm in length.

==Life Cycle==
Sporozoites enter the host, when the tick feeds. These reproduce in the erythrocytes of the host. Merogony then occurs, and releases merozoites. Blood is ingested by the tick. When the larval tick moults into the nymphal stage, and enters the salivary glands. The life cycle then continues.

''B. canis'' uses [[Hard Ticks - Overseas|''Rhipicephalus'']] as a vector and is spreading throughout Europe.

[[Category:Piroplasmida]][[Category:Dog]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_Max]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_Review]]

Echidnophaga gallinacea

2010-07-31T12:00:36Z

Cmcory:

{{unfinished}}

{| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" border="1"
| Also known as:
| '''Sticktight flea
|-
|}

{{Taxobox
|name =''Echisnophaga gallinacea
|kingdom =
|phylum =
|class =[[Insecta]]
|sub-class =
|order =[[Siphonaptera]]
|super-family =
|family = Pulicidae
|sub-family =
|genus =
|species =
}}

==Hosts==
Poultry.

==Identification==
''E. gallinacea'' are of the family ''Pulicidae, and have no genal or pronotal ctenida. It is a small burrowing flea, at around 2mm in length.

==Life Cycle==
The adults are present on the surface of the host, where they feed. They then begin to migrate through the skin, where they copulate. The female soon begins to lay eggs, and ulcers are formed under the skin. As the animal moves, the eggs are released, and fall onto the ground. The eggs then hatch into larvae, which mature, typically feeding upon the chicken manure. The larvae then undergo pupation, and later become adults.

See [[Flea Life Cycle|general flea life cycle]].

See [[Flea Structure|general flea structure]].

[[Category:Poultry]]
[[Category:Fleas]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_Max]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_Review]]

Pulex irritans

2010-07-31T11:59:08Z

Cmcory:

{{unfinished}}

[[Image:Pulex irritans.jpg|200px|thumb|right|'''Pulex irritans''' Zsoldos Márton 2004, Wikimedia Commons]]

{| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" border="1"
| Also known as:
| '''Human flea
|-
|}

{{Taxobox
|name =''Pulex irritans
|kingdom =
|phylum =
|class =[[Insecta]]
|sub-class =
|order =[[Siphonaptera]]
|super-family =
|family = Pulicidae
|sub-family =
|genus =
|species =
}}

==Hosts==
Humans and pigs.

==Identification==
''P. irritans is a flea of the class [[Insecta]]. There are no genal, or pronotal ctenidia.

==Life Cycle==
The egss are laid in the host faeces. The eggs then hatch, and undergo three larval stages. The larvae then pupate before becoming adults.

See [[Flea Life Cycle|general flea life cycle]].

See [[Flea Structure|general flea structure]].

[[Category:Fleas]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_Max]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_Review]]

Simuliidae

2010-07-31T11:57:47Z

Cmcory:

Ceratopogonidae

2010-07-31T11:57:09Z

Cmcory:

==Introduction==

{| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" border="1"
| Also known as:
| '''Midges
|-
| The most important veterinary species
|'''''Culicoides'''''
|-
|}

This parasite is found worldwide and attacks humans and a wide variety of animals. The only genus of the family ''Ceratopogonidae'' of current veterinary significance is ''Culicoides''.

The midge is a vector for several viruses, including [[Bluetongue Virus|Bluetongue]] and [[African Horse Sickness|African horse sickness]].

It causes allergic dermatitis of horses, primarily affecting the base of the tail and the withers, and induces an intermediate-type hypersensitivity reaction to the midge saliva, known as [[Skin Immunologic - Pathology#Culicoides hypersensitivity|'Sweet itch']]

==Identification==
Culicoides are small flies 2-5mm long with a dark colouring, more commonly known as '''biting midges'''. They have a characteristic arched thorax giving a 'hump-backed' appearance. The wings are mottled.

==Life cycle==
Eggs are laid onto plants near water and the larvae fall into water and pupate. The life cycle takes '''6-12 months''' to complete in temperate climates, but can take only '''1 month''' in tropical climates. Females of most species are adapted to sucking blood from the host.

[[Category:Biting_Flies]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_Max]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_Review]]

Davainea

2010-07-31T11:55:44Z

Cmcory:

{{unfinished}}

{{Taxobox
|name = Davainea
|kingdom = Animalia
|phylum = Platyhelminthes
|class =[[Cestodes|Cestoda]]
|sub-class =
|order =[[Cyclophyllidea]]
|super-family =
|family =
|sub-family =
|genus =
|species =
}}

Davainea is genus of the family ''Davainedidae''. A small tapeworm, around 3mm in length, primarily affecting birds. They have hooks around the suckers as well as on the rostellum, designed to hold onto the host. They use molluscan intermediate hosts, and cause haemorrhagic enteritis in poultry and pigeons.

==References==

Taylor, M.A, Coop, R.L., Wall,R.L. (2007) '''Veterinary Parasitology''' ''Blackwell Publishing''

[[Category:Cyclophyllidea]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_Max]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_Review]]

Heterakis

2010-07-31T11:54:13Z

Cmcory:

{{Taxobox
|name =''Heterakis spp.
|kingdom =
|phylum =
|class =[[Nematodes|Nematoda]]
|sub-class =
|order =
|super-family =[[Ascaridoidea]]
|family =
|sub-family =
|genus =
|species =
}}

=Heterakis gallinarum=

{| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" border="1"
| Also known as:
| '''''Heterakis papillosa Heterakis gallinae Heterakis vesicularis
|-
|}

==Hosts==
Chickens, turkeys, pigeons, pheasants and many other wild birds.

==Identification==
''H. gallinarum'' are white worms, which may grow up to 1.5cm in length. Both the males and females have thin elongated tails.

==Life Cycle==
The eggs are present on the ground, and are taken up by earthworms acting as transport hosts. The eggs hatch and develop into L3. The definitive host e.g. chickens, then ingests the earthworms and become infected. The prepatent period is 4 months.

=Heterakis isolonche=

{| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" border="1"
| Also known as:
| '''''Caecal worm
|-
|}

==Hosts==
Pheasant, grouse, chickens, and ducks.

==Identification==
''H. isolonche'' are white worms around 1.5cm in length. The eggs are ovoid and similar in appearance to ''Ascaridia''.

==Life Cycle==
As for ''H. gallinarum''.

=Heterakis dispar=

==Hosts==
Ducks, geese, and chickens.

==Identification==
Similar in appearance to ''H. gallinarum'' except larger.

==Life Cycle==
Similar to that of ''H. gallinarum'', except the prepatent period is around 12 months.

[[Category:Ascaridoidea]]
[[Category:Poultry_Nematodes]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_Max]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_Review]]

Heterakis

2010-07-31T11:53:20Z

Cmcory:

{{Taxobox
|name =''Heterakis spp.
|kingdom =
|phylum =
|class =[[Nematodes|Nematoda]]
|sub-class =
|order =
|super-family =[[Ascaridoidea]]
|family =
|sub-family =
|genus =
|species =
}}

=Heterakis gallinarum=

{| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" border="1"
| Also known as:
| '''''Heterakis papillosa Heterakis gallinae Heterakis vesicularis
|-
|}

==Hosts==
Chickens, turkeys, pigeons, pheasants and many other wild birds.

==Identification==
''H. gallinarum'' are white worms, which may grow up to 1.5cm in length. Both the males and females have thin elongated tails.

==Life Cycle==
The eggs are present on the ground, and are taken up by earthworms acting as transport hosts. The eggs hatch and develop into L3. The definitive host e.g. chickens, then ingests the earthworms and become infected. The prepatent period is 4 months.

=Heterakis isolonche=

{| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" border="1"
| Also known as:
| '''''Caecal worm
|-
|}

==Hosts==
Pheasant, grouse, chickens, and ducks.

==Identification==
''H. isolonche'' are white worms around 1.5cm in length. The eggs are ovoid and similar in appearance to ''Ascaridia''.

==Life Cycle==
As for ''H. gallinarum''.

=Heterakis dispar=

==Hosts==
Ducks, geese, and chickens.

==Identification==
Similar in appearance to ''H. gallinarum'' except larger.

==Life Cycle==
Similar to that of ''H. gallinarum'', except the prepatent period is around 12 months.

[[Category:Ascaridoidea]][[Category:Poultry_Nematodes]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_Max]]

Protostrongylus rufescens

2010-07-31T11:52:19Z

Cmcory:

{{unfinished}}

{{Taxobox
|name =''Protostrongylus spp.
|kingdom =
|phylum =
|class =[[Nematodes|Nematoda]]
|sub-class =
|order =
|super-family = Metastrongyloidea
|family =
|sub-family =
|genus =
|species =
}}

=Protostrongylus rufescens=

{| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" border="1"
| Also known as:
| '''Red Lungworm
|-
|}

==Hosts==
'''Intermediate hosts''': Snails.

'''Definitive hosts''': Sheep, goats, and deer.

==Identification==
''P. rufescens'' are thin, red worms. The females are around 6.5cm in length, and the males have a very well developed bursa.

==Life Cycle==
The females are ovo-viviparous. The L1 larvae are past out in the faeces. The intermediate host, namely the snail, become infected after penetration of the L1 larvae. These mature and develop into L3 larvae in around 2-3 weeks.

The definitive host is infected through ingestion of the snail. The L3 moults in the digestive tract and migrates to the lymph nodes and lungs.

The prepatent period is 5-6 weeks.

[[Category:Metastrongyloidea]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_Max]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_Review]]
[[Category:Respiratory Parasitic Infections]][[Category:Sheep]]

Trichostrongyloidea - Overview

2010-07-31T11:50:53Z

Cmcory:

[[Image:Trichostrongylus.jpg|thumb|right|150px|''Trichostrongylus'' - Joaquim Castellà Veterinary Parasitology Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona]]

The life cycle of a ''trichostrongyloidea'' are direct, and infection is through ingestion of L3. They are a bursate group, with ''[[Dictyocaulus]]'' forming the only exception. Important genera include ''[[Ostertagia]]'', ''[[Haemonchus]]'' and ''Trichostrongylus.''

== General Life-Cycle ==
The egg is approximately 80µm long, oval, thin-shelled, and containing 4-16 cells, so is a typical strongyle egg.

Egg → L1 → L2 → L3 occurs on the ground. L1 and L2 feed on bacteria, and L3 is exsheathed and represents the infective stage. L3 cannot feed, but do contain a finite amount of stored food to provide energy for movement. Infection is via ingestion of the L3. L3 → L4 → adult, these stages generally occur in the stomach or small intestine.

Parasitic development initially occurs in gastric glands or intestinal crypts, species dependent. Adults are generally found on the mucosal surface, and the prepatent period is typically about 3 weeks.

[[Category:Trichostrongyloidea|A]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_Max]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_Review]]

Diphyllobothrium latum

2010-07-31T11:49:06Z

Cmcory:

{{Taxobox
|name =''Diphyllobothrium spp.
|kingdom =
|phylum =
|class =[[Cestodes|Cestoda]]
|sub-class =
|order =
|super-family =
|family = Diphyllobothriidae
|sub-family =
|genus =
|species =
}}

=== ''Diphyllobothrium latum'' ===

{| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" border="1"
| Also known as:
| '''Broad tapeworm
|-
|}

==Hosts==

'''Intermediate hosts''': Copepods and freshwater fish.

'''Definitive hosts''': Humans and fish eating mammals.

==Identification==
''D. latum'' are long tapeworms, with an unarmed scolex. The mature adults growing up to 20m in length. The eggs are yellow and ovoid in shape.

==Life Cycle==
The eggs develop in water, and hatch, releasing '''coracidium'''. These are ingested by copepods, and the coracidium develop into '''procercoids'''. The copepod is then ingested by freshwater fish. These procercoids develop into '''plerocercoid'''. The infected fish are then ingested by a definitive host.

[[Category:Pseudophyllidea]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_Max]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_Review]]

Diphyllobothrium latum

2010-07-31T11:48:28Z

Cmcory:

{{Taxobox
|name =''Diphyllobothrium spp.
|kingdom =
|phylum =
|class =[[Cestodes|Cestoda]]
|sub-class =
|order =
|super-family =
|family = Diphyllobothriidae
|sub-family =
|genus =
|species =
}}

=== ''Diphyllobothrium latum'' ===

{| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" border="1"
| Also known as:
| '''Broad tapeworm
|-
|}

==Hosts==

'''Intermediate hosts''': Copepods and freshwater fish.

'''Definitive hosts''': Humans and fish eating mammals.

==Identification==
''D. latum'' are long tapeworms, with an unarmed scolex. The mature adults growing up to 20m in length. The eggs are yellow and ovoid in shape.

==Life Cycle==
The eggs devlop in water, and hatch, releasing '''coracidium'''. These are ingested by copepods, and the coracidium develop into '''procercoids'''. The copepod is then ingested by freshwater fish. These procercoids develop into '''plerocercoid'''. The infected fish are then ingested by a defintive host.

[[Category:Pseudophyllidea]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_Max]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_Review]]

Linguatula serrata

2010-07-31T11:46:39Z

Cmcory:

{{unfinished}}

{{Taxobox
|name =''Linguatula serrata
|kingdom =
|phylum =
|class = Pentastomida
|sub-class =
|order =
|super-family =
|family = Linguatulidae
|sub-family =
|genus =
|species =
}}

{| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" border="1"
| Also known as:
| '''Tongue worm
|-
|}

==Hosts==
Tropical reptiles e.g. snakes.

==Identification==
The adults have apparent transverse striations. The males are around 20mm in length, whereas the females are larger at between 80-130mm in length.

==Life Cycle==
This is an indirect life cycle. Eggs are released into the environment through coughing and sneezing. Eggs are ingested by an intermediate host, most commonly the sheep and cattle. The larvae develop and migrate into the liver and the lungs. The larvae then enter the nymphal stage. The final host is infected via ingestion of inadequately cooked meat. The nymphs then migrate to the nasal cavity and sinuses. Infective nymphs mature to adults, and can survive for up to one year.

The complete life cycle takes around 6 months.

==References==

Taylor, M.A, Coop, R.L., Wall,R.L. (2007) '''Veterinary Parasitology''' ''Blackwell Publishing''

[[Category:Crustacea]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_Max]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_Review]]
[[Category:Respiratory Parasitic Infections]][[Category:Dog]]
[[Category:Cat]]

Linguatula serrata

2010-07-31T11:45:46Z

Cmcory:

{{unfinished}}

{{Taxobox
|name =''Linguatula serrata
|kingdom =
|phylum =
|class = Pentastomida
|sub-class =
|order =
|super-family =
|family = Linguatulidae
|sub-family =
|genus =
|species =
}}

{| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" border="1"
| Also known as:
| '''Tongue worm
|-
|}

==Hosts==
Tropical reptiles e.g. snakes.

==Identification==
The adults have apparent transverse striations. The males are around 20mm in length, whereas the females are larger at between 80-130mm in length.

==Life Cycle==
This is an indirect life cycle. Eggs are released into the environment through coughing and sneezing. Eggs are ingested by an intermediate host, most commonly the sheep and cattle. The larvae develop and migrate into the liver and the lungs. The larvae then enter the nymphal stage. The final host is infected via ingestion of inadequately cooked meat. The nymphs then migrate to the nasal cavity and sinuses. Infective nymphs mature to adults, and can survive for up to one year.

The complete life cycle takes around 6 months.

==References==

Taylor, M.A, Coop, R.L., Wall,R.L. (2007) '''Veterinary Parasitology''' ''Blackwell Publishing''

[[Category:Crustacea]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_Max]]
[[Category:Respiratory Parasitic Infections]][[Category:Dog]]
[[Category:Cat]]

Stephanofilaria stilesi

2010-07-31T11:44:51Z

Cmcory:

{{unfinished}}

=Stephanofilaira stilesi=

{{Taxobox
|name =''Stephanofilaira stilesi
|kingdom =
|phylum =
|class = [[Nematodes|Nematoda]]
|sub-class =
|order =
|super-family = [[Filarioidea]]
|family =
|sub-family =
|genus =
|species =
}}

==Hosts==

'''Intermediate hosts''': The horn fly e.g [[Haematobia irritans]]

'''Definitive hosts''': Cattle.

==Identification==
These small [[Nematodes|nematodes]] are between 3-6mm in length. The eggs have thin shells, and are around 65μm in length. The microfilaria are 50μm long and enclosed in a spherical, vitelline membrane.

==Lifecycle==
Horn flies feed on lesions found on the host skin, and ingest microfilariae, as they feed on cutaneous lesions. They later develop into L3 in around 18-21 days. The definitive host is infected when the fly leaves the L3 on the host.

[[Category:Filarioidea]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_Max]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_Review]]

Stephanofilaria stilesi

2010-07-31T11:44:02Z

Cmcory:

Onchocerca - Cattle

2010-07-31T11:43:06Z

Cmcory:

{{unfinished}}

{{Taxobox
|name =''Oncocerca spp.
|kingdom =
|phylum =
|class = [[Nematodes|Nematoda]]
|sub-class =
|order =
|super-family = [[Filarioidea]]
|family =
|sub-family =
|genus =
|species =
}}

=Onchocerca gutturosa=

{| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" border="1"
| Also known as:
| '''Onchocera lienalis Ligamentary onchocercosis
|-
|}

==Hosts==
'''Intermediate hosts''': Blackflies.

'''Definitive hosts''': Cattle

==Identification==
''O. gutturosa'' are thin, white worms. The females are capable of growing up to 60cm in length. The males are considerably smaller at around 4cm in length.

==Life Cycle==
Microfilariae are found on the surface of the host. Blackflies feed and ingest the microfilariae. These develop and mature into L3 larvae. The blackflies then feed on another host, which becomes infected.

=Onchocerca gibsoni=

==Hosts==

'''Intermediate hosts''': Midges ([[Ceratopogonidae|Culocoides]])

'''Definitive hosts''': Cattle.

==Identification==
''O. gutturosa'' are thin, white worms ranging from 2-20cm in length. The microfilariae are around 260μm in length.

==Life Cycle==
As for ''Onchocera gutturosa''.

[[Category:Filarioidea]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_Max]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_Review]]

Angiostrongylus cantonensis

2010-07-31T11:41:36Z

Cmcory:

{{Taxobox
|name =''Angiostrongylus cantonensis
|kingdom =
|phylum =
|class =[[Nematodes|Nematoda]]
|sub-class =
|order =
|super-family = Metastrongyloidea
|family =
|sub-family =
|genus =
|species =
}}

{| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" border="1"
| Also known as:
| '''Parastrongylus cantonensis
|-
|}

==Hosts==

'''Intermediate hosts''': Molluscs.

'''Definitive hosts''': Rats and humans.

==Identification==
''A. cantonensis'' is a parasite of the superfamily ''Metastrongyloidea''. Females have white tubules spiralling around the blood-filled intestine.

==Life Cycle==
The adult female worms lay eggs within the [[Respiratory Parasitic Infections - Pathology#Angiostrongylus vasorum|pulmonary arteries]]. The eggs hatch and go into the alveoli. They are then coughed up and swallowed, where they are later past out in the faeces. The L1 are ingested by the intermediate host, the mollusc. Infection of the definitive host is by ingestion of the mollusc infected with the L3 larvae. The larvae then enter the digestive tract.

[[Category:Angiostrongylidae]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_Max]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_Review]]

Simuliidae

2010-07-31T11:34:06Z

Cmcory:

Simuliidae

2010-07-31T11:20:36Z

Cmcory:

{{unfinished}}

{{Taxobox
|name =''Simuliidae
|kingdom = Animalia
|phylum = Arthropoda
|class =[[Insecta]]
|sub-class =
|order = Diptera
|super-family = Chironomoidea
|family =
|sub-family =
|genus =
|species =
}}

==Introduction==

{| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" border="1"
| Also known as:
| '''Buffalo gnats
|-
|}

*Found worldwide

*Attacks a wide variety of hosts, including animals, birds and humans

'''Recognition'''
*Small flies 2-4mm long

*Black colouring

*Arched thorax giving a 'hump-backed' appearance

*Short, hairless antennae

*Clear wings

*No hairs or scales on wings

'''Life cycle'''
*Eggs laid on plants or stones under flowing water

*Larvae attach to submerged rocks and pupate

*Conical shaped cocoon

*Adults emerge en masse

*Life cycle takes '''1 month''' to complete

'''Pathogenesis'''
*Most active in the morning and evening on warm, cloudy days

*Cause painful, irritating bites
**Only females suck blood

*Cause anaemia if present in large numbers

*Vectors for disease
**Viruses such as [[Equine Encephalitis Virus|Eastern equine encephalitis]] and vesicular stomatitis
**Parasites such as ''O. volvulus'' of cattle and ''Leucocytozoon'' of avian species
*[[Parasitic skin infections - Pathology#Protozoa|Protozoal skin infections]]

*Causes [[Parasitic skin infections - Pathology#Flies|skin infections]]
**[[Parasitic skin infections - Pathology#Onchocerciasis|Onchocerciasis]]
**Involved in [[Parasitic skin infections - Pathology#Cutaneous habronemiasis|cutaneous habronemiasis]]
**Involved in [[Parasitic skin infections - Pathology#Stephanofilariasis|stephanofilariasis]]

'''Control'''
*In warmer climates
**[[Ectoparasiticides|Insecticides]] applied to breeding sites
**Brush cleared to deprive the adult flies of resting sites
**Not needed in temperate climates
[[Category:Biting_Flies]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_Max]]

Simuliidae

2010-07-31T10:58:37Z

Cmcory:

==Introduction==

{| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" border="1"
| Also known as:
| '''Buffalo gnats
|-
|}

*Found worldwide

*Attacks a wide variety of hosts, including animals, birds and humans

'''Recognition'''
*Small flies 2-4mm long

*Black colouring

*Arched thorax giving a 'hump-backed' appearance

*Short, hairless antennae

*Clear wings

*No hairs or scales on wings

'''Life cycle'''
*Eggs laid on plants or stones under flowing water

*Larvae attach to submerged rocks and pupate

*Conical shaped cocoon

*Adults emerge en masse

*Life cycle takes '''1 month''' to complete

'''Pathogenesis'''
*Most active in the morning and evening on warm, cloudy days

*Cause painful, irritating bites
**Only females suck blood

*Cause anaemia if present in large numbers

*Vectors for disease
**Viruses such as [[Equine Encephalitis Virus|Eastern equine encephalitis]] and vesicular stomatitis
**Parasites such as ''O. volvulus'' of cattle and ''Leucocytozoon'' of avian species
*[[Parasitic skin infections - Pathology#Protozoa|Protozoal skin infections]]

*Causes [[Parasitic skin infections - Pathology#Flies|skin infections]]
**[[Parasitic skin infections - Pathology#Onchocerciasis|Onchocerciasis]]
**Involved in [[Parasitic skin infections - Pathology#Cutaneous habronemiasis|cutaneous habronemiasis]]
**Involved in [[Parasitic skin infections - Pathology#Stephanofilariasis|stephanofilariasis]]

'''Control'''
*In warmer climates
**[[Ectoparasiticides|Insecticides]] applied to breeding sites
**Brush cleared to deprive the adult flies of resting sites
**Not needed in temperate climates
[[Category:Biting_Flies]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_Max]]

Ceratopogonidae

2010-07-31T10:52:59Z

Cmcory:

User:Cmcory

2010-07-31T10:45:52Z

Cmcory:

[[Link title]][[Image:Max.jpg|250px|thumb|right|'''Max (Copyright Max Cory 2010) ''']]
= About me =
I just entering third year at the [[University of Nottingham/School of Veterinary Medicine, Nottingham UK]]
 
== Contact details ==
* Email address: svycrcmc@nottingham.ac.uk

==What I aim to get out of this project==

My first involvement with WikiVet is the summer of 2010.

==Pages I am currently working on==

{| class="wikitable collapsible"
|Day
|'''Week 1''' (5-11th July)
|'''Week 2''' (12-18th July)
|'''Week 3''' (19-25th July)
|'''Week 4''' (26th Jul-1st Aug)
|'''Week 5''' (2-8th Aug)
|-
|Monday
|
|
|9
|9
|
|-
|Tuesday
|6
|6
|9
|9
|
|-
|Wednesday
|
|6
|4
|9
|
|-
|Thursday
|
|8
|4
|9
|
|-
|Friday
|
|6
|
|9
|
|-
|Saturday
|8
|9
|
|
|
|-
|Sunday
|6
|6
|
|
|
|-
|'''Total hours'''
| 20
| 41
| 26
|
|
|-
|}
[[:Category:To Do - Max]]