WikiVet English - User contributions [en]

User:Crank

2010-08-19T21:42:32Z

Crank: /* What I am working on */

[[Image:Caz Rank.jpg|200px|thumb|right|'''AVS London 2009 (Copyright Caz Rank 2010) ''']]
==About me==

I am due to graduate as a vet from the RVC London in July of this year, I plan to get a job in mixed practice following a summer working as a wikivet author.
== Contact details ==
* Email address: crank@rvc.ac.uk

==What I hope to get out of this project==
I hope to consolidate some of the veterinary knowledge I have acquired over the last 5 years.

==What I am working on==
[[:category:To Do - Caz]]

[[Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency]]
{| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" border="1"
| '''Date'''
| '''Hours worked'''
|-
|Monday 5th July
|1
|-
|Tuesday 6th July
|6
|-
|Wednesday 7th July
|6
|-
|Thursday 8th July
|4
|-
|Friday 9th July
|
|-
|'''Week 1 Total'''
|
|-
|Sunday18th July
|6hrs
|-
|Monday 19th July
|3
|-
|Wednesday 21th July
|1
|-
|Friday 24st July
|6.5
|-
|Saturday 25nd July
|1
|-
|Sunday 26rd July
|7
|-
|Monday 27th July
|7
|-

|Tuesday 28th july
|8
|-

|Monday 2nd August
|4
|-
|Tuesday 3rd August
|7
|-

|Wednesday 4th August
|7.5
|-[[Pay slip|Pay slip]]
|Thursday 5th August
|7
|-
|Friday 6th August
|4
|-
|Monday 9th August
|7
|-
|Wednesday 10th August
|7
|-
|Thursday 11th August
|7
|-
|Friday 12th August
|3
|-
|Saturday 13th August
|7
|-
|Sunday 14th August
|1.5
|-
|Monday 15th August
|7
|-
|Tuesday 16th August
|6
|-
|Wednesday 17th august
|6
|-
|Thursday 18th august
|2.5
|-

Lymphoma

2010-08-19T21:38:28Z

Crank:

{{unfinished}}
[[Image:tonguelymphoma.gif|right|thumb|125px|<center>Tongue Lymphoma - a recognised entity (Courtesy of Alun Williams (RVC))</center>]][[Category:Tongue_-_Pathology]]

==Description==
Lymphoma is caused by malignant clonal expansion of lymphoid cells and most commonly arises from lymphoid tissues including the [[Bone Marrow|bone marrow]], [[Thymus|thymus]], [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy & Physiology|lymph nodes]] and [[Spleen - Anatomy & Physiology|spleen]]. Lymphoma is documented to be the most common haematopoietic [[Neoplasia - Pathology|neoplasm]] in dogs.
In the dog, multicentric lymphoma is most common representing 80% of cases. [[Alimentary - Anatomy & Physiology|Alimentary]], cutaneous, [[Mediastinum - Anatomy & Physiology|mediastinal]] and extranodal sites are less common. Additionally the majority of lymphoma cases in dogs are of the B-cell immunophenotype.

In cats following the inroduction of widespread [[Feline Leukaemia Virus|FeLV]] testing and [[vaccines|vaccination]] the most common type of lymphoma affecting cats is alimentary when previously it had been mediastinal and multicentric forms.
Only 10% of lymphoma cases in cats are now associated with FeLV.

==Signalment==
The median age of affected cats is 9-10 years and oriental [[Feline Breeds - WikiNormals|cat breeds]] may be predisposed.

Affected dogs have a wide age range, most are middle-aged however young animals can be affected. There may also be a male predilection.

==Diagnosis==
==Clinical Signs==
====Dogs: Multicentric Lymphoma====
The most common presenting sign in dogs is a lymphadenopathy, with only 10-20% of dogs presenting clinically unwell. Dogs that do present with clinical signs may be anorexic, lethargic and have lost weight.

For other types of lymphoma affecting dogs the clinical signs will demonstrate the anatomical site affected.

'''Mediastinal''' forms will present with decreased [[Heart - Anatomy & Physiology|heart]] sounds, [[Dyspnoea|dyspnoea]] and polyuria and polydypsia due to paraneoplastic hypercalcaemia.
Dogs with mediastinal lymphoma can also have pitting [[Oedema - Pathology|oedema]] of the head and neck due to compression of the cranial vena cava.

'''Alimentary''' forms will present with [[Vomiting|vomiting]], [[Diarrhoea|diarrhoea]], anorexia and thickened loops of [[Small Intestine - Anatomy & Physiology|intestine]] on abdominal palpation.

'''Cutaneous''' lymphoma can also occur with a varied presentation but often present as cutaneous nodules.

====Feline Lymphoma====
In contrast to dogs, cats are more likely to present unwell. Again the clinical signs will depend on the anatomical location affected.

'''Alimentary''' cats will present with vomiting, diarrhoea, weight loss and anorexia.

'''Mediastinal''' cats will present with respiratory signs and may be in respiratory distress.

'''Renal''' lymphoma also occurs in cats and affeted animals will present with signs similar to [[Kidney Renal Failure - Pathology|renal failure]].

===Physical Examination===
An abdominal mass may be palpable and bowel loops may feel thickened in alimentary lymphoma. Additionally enlarged mesenteric [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy & Physiology|lymph nodes]] and enlarged abdominal organs may be palpable . Muffled [[ Heart - Anatomy & Physiology|heart]] sounds and a non-compressible thoracic region may be found in mediastinal lymphoma.
Petechiae, [[Anaemia - Introduction|anaemia]] and icterus may also be present in any form of lymphoma.

==Laboratory Tests==
===Haematology and Biochemistry===
Haematological analysis should always be performed with suspected lymphoma for staging purposes and for the recording of base-line parameters prior to the initiation of any treatment to assess the severity of any future myelosuppression. Potential abnormalities for those patients with [[Bone Marrow|bone marrow]] involvement may include [[Lymphocytosis|lymphocytosis]], [[Platelet Abnormalities#Thrombocytopaenia|thrombocytopenia]], [[Neutropenia|neutropenia]] and the presence of immature lymphoid precursors.
Affected cats are not usually leukemic.
On biochemistry abnormalities may include hypoproteinaemia, elevated hepatic enzymes and elevated [[Blood urea nitrogen|Blood Urea Nitrogen]] /[[Creatinine|creatinine]].

===FeLV/FIV===
All cats with suspected lymphoma should be tested for FeLV and [[Feline Immunodeficiency Virus|FIV]], usually performed via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ([[ELISA testing|ELISA]]) available in general practice in kit form (CITE test). Virus isolation would be required for a definitive result, however this is not only more time consuming but is more expensive. An ELISA is also frequently used for the diagnosis of FIV.

===Paraneoplastic Syndromes===
Dogs may present with hypercalcaemia, this is due to the release of Parathyroid hormone- related protein (PTHrp) released by the tumor, which produces these effects by acting like parathyroid hormone. Affected cats are not usually hypercalcaemic

==Radiography==
A mass may be visible via plain or contrast abdominal radiography. Both abdominal and thoracic imaging is required in assessing the surrounding structures.

==Ultrasonography==
Superior to radiography in assessing infiltration or abnormalities of tissue architecture and assessing the surrounding structures for [[Neoplasia - Pathology#The Process of Metastasis|metastasis]]. Guided aspirates or biopsies may also be taken at this time, including lymph node sampling, to evaluate degree of systemic involvement.

==Bone Marrow Aspirate/Biopsy==
Should be taken ideally for all cases as part of the staging procedure.

===Staging===
A staging system is used for lymphoma (Owen, 1980):
* Stage I - Involvement limited to a single node or lymphoid tissue in a single organ (excluding bone marrow)
* Stage II - Involvement of many lymph nodes in a regional area (+/- tonsils)
* Stage III - Generalised lymph node involvement
* Stage IV - [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|Liver]] and/or [[Spleen - Anatomy & Physiology|spleen]] involvement (+ stage III)
* Stage V - Manifestations in the blood and involvement of bone marrow and/or other organ systems (+/-stages I-IV)
Each stage is then subclassifed as a) without systemic signs or b) with systemic signs.

==Treatment==
===Surgery===
Firstly, a laparotomy is required for many cases of Alimentary lymphoma to obtain biopsy material. For solitary masses without systemic disease resection and anastomosis of the intestine is advised (single modality treatment). Local resection in cats has occasionally been curative. Other focal lyphoma may also be resected, however surgery alone may be insufficient for long-term control of the disease and if not all the tumour is able to be resected, or should relapse occur, or if there is systemic progression, chemotherapy will be required (multimodal treatment).

===Radiotherapy===
Lymphoma is highly radiosensitive and in theory should be efficient in treating all forms of lymphoma, however, surrounding tissues often have a low tolerance.

===Chemotherapy===
Combination chemotherapy is the most frequent method of treatment and the most commonly used protocols include:
* COP which consists of Cyclophosphamide, Vincristine and Prednisolone. It is frequently used in cats and can be used for induction therapy (8 weeks) as well as a long term maintenance protocol.
* COAP consists of Cyclophosphamide, Vincristine, Prednisolone and Cytosine arabinoside
* CHOP consists of Cyclophosphamide, Vincristine, Prednisolone and Doxorubicin.
Corticosteroids must not be administered prior to initiation of chemotherapy as they can cause resistance to cytotoxics and hence reduce the rate of response and the survival time.
The aim is to induce remission and then continue with a maintenance regime, adjusting the dose as required with rescue therapy should relapse occur.
Response to treatment can be monitored via reduction in tumour mass and size of lymph nodes. Haematological values should be frequently monitored to assess the effects of the drugs. In particular animals should be monitored for the presence of [[Azotaemia|Azotaemia]], neutropenia/sepsis, hypercalcaemia and pyrexia.

===Supportive Therapy===
Whilst receiving chemotherapy patients should recieve a high quality, palatable diet to maintain calorific intake. If animals become anorexic they should recieve appetite stimulation in cats e.g Cyproheptadine (Periactin) or [[Emetics and Anti-Emetic Drugs|antiemetics]] if vomiting occurs.
Additionally [[Principles of Fluid Therapy|fluid therapy]], laxatives and [[Systemic Analgesia|analgesia]] may be required.

==Prognosis==
The mean survival times for dogs and cats without therapy is 6-8 weeks. For those recieving corticosteroids alone is 3 months.
If chemotherapy is administered then the mean survival time increases to 6-9 months.
Local canine lymphoma responds better to chemotherapy than the diffuse form of disease.
Immunophenotype (T cell versus B cell lymphoma) does not appear to be associated with prognosis in cats as it can be in dogs. Factors indicating a better prognosis (overall survival) in cats include: an early presentation, a complete initial response to treatment and a clinically well patient(‘substage a’ disease).

In cats, response rate to induction chemotherapy is 26-79% and thus there is an apparently a poorer response rate in cats compared with dogs, however, 30-40% of cats that do have complete remission and will maintain complete remission for two years or more and long-term maintenance chemotherapy can frequently be stopped and many will then live free of disease. Hence, dogs may have higher remission rates but are less likely than cats to be able to maintain remission without chemotherapy.

==References==

Hayes A. (2006) '''Feline lymphoma 1. Principles of diagnosis and management''', ''In Practice'', 28, pp 516-524

Head K. W, Else R. W, Dubielzig R.R, (2002)''' Tumours of the Alimentary Tract, in Tumours in Domestic Animals''', 4th edition, Ed Menten D. J, Iowa State Press, ''Blackwell Publishing'', Iowa, pp 471-472

Morris J, Dobson J (2001) '''Gastrointestinal Tract, in Small Animal Oncology''', ''Blackwell Science'', pp 228-239

Selting K. A, (2007), '''Intestinal Tumours, Cancer of the Gastrointestinal Tract, in Withrow and MacEwen's Small Animal Clinical Oncology''', fourth edition, Eds Withrow S.J, Vail D.M, Missouri, ''Saunders Elsevier'', pp 491-501

White, R. A. S, (2003), '''Tumours of the intestines, in BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Oncology''', second edition, Eds Dobson J. M, Lascelles B. D. X, Gloucester, ''British Small Animal Veterinary Association'', pp 229-233

[[Category:Stomach_and_Abomasum_-_Proliferative_Pathology]][[Category:Dog]][[Category:Cattle]]
[[Category:Intestines_-_Proliferative_Pathology]]
[[Category:To Do - Caz]][[Category:Lymphoreticular and Haemopoietic Diseases]]
[[Category:Neoplasia]]
[[Category:To Do_-_Review]]

Lymphoma

2010-08-19T21:34:27Z

Crank: /* Supportive Therapy */

Lymphoma

2010-08-19T21:32:06Z

Crank: /* Surgery */

{{unfinished}}
[[Image:tonguelymphoma.gif|right|thumb|125px|<center>Tongue Lymphoma - a recognised entity (Courtesy of Alun Williams (RVC))</center>]][[Category:Tongue_-_Pathology]]

==Description==
Lymphoma is caused by malignant clonal expansion of lymphoid cells and most commonly arises from lymphoid tissues including the [[Bone Marrow|bone marrow]], [[Thymus|thymus]], [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy & Physiology|lymph nodes]] and [[Spleen - Anatomy & Physiology|spleen]]. Lymphoma is documented to be the most common haematopoietic [[Neoplasia - Pathology|neoplasm]] in dogs.
In the dog, multicentric lymphoma is most common representing 80% of cases. [[Alimentary - Anatomy & Physiology|Alimentary]], cutaneous, [[Mediastinum - Anatomy & Physiology|mediastinal]] and extranodal sites are less common. Additionally the majority of lymphoma cases in dogs are of the B-cell immunophenotype.

In cats following the inroduction of widespread [[Feline Leukaemia Virus|FeLV]] testing and [[vaccines|vaccination]] the most common type of lymphoma affecting cats is alimentary when previously it had been mediastinal and multicentric forms.
Only 10% of lymphoma cases in cats are now associated with FeLV.

==Signalment==
The median age of affected cats is 9-10 years and oriental [[Feline Breeds - WikiNormals|cat breeds]] may be predisposed.

Affected dogs have a wide age range, most are middle-aged however young animals can be affected. There may also be a male predilection.

==Diagnosis==
==Clinical Signs==
====Dogs: Multicentric Lymphoma====
The most common presenting sign in dogs is a lymphadenopathy, with only 10-20% of dogs presenting clinically unwell. Dogs that do present with clinical signs may be anorexic, lethargic and have lost weight.

For other types of lymphoma affecting dogs the clinical signs will demonstrate the anatomical site affected.

'''Mediastinal''' forms will present with decreased [[Heart - Anatomy & Physiology|heart]] sounds, [[Dyspnoea|dyspnoea]] and polyuria and polydypsia due to paraneoplastic hypercalcaemia.
Dogs with mediastinal lymphoma can also have pitting [[Oedema - Pathology|oedema]] of the head and neck due to compression of the cranial vena cava.

'''Alimentary''' forms will present with [[Vomiting|vomiting]], [[Diarrhoea|diarrhoea]], anorexia and thickened loops of [[Small Intestine - Anatomy & Physiology|intestine]] on abdominal palpation.

'''Cutaneous''' lymphoma can also occur with a varied presentation but often present as cutaneous nodules.

====Feline Lymphoma====
In contrast to dogs, cats are more likely to present unwell. Again the clinical signs will depend on the anatomical location affected.

'''Alimentary''' cats will present with vomiting, diarrhoea, weight loss and anorexia.

'''Mediastinal''' cats will present with respiratory signs and may be in respiratory distress.

'''Renal''' lymphoma also occurs in cats and affeted animals will present with signs similar to [[Kidney Renal Failure - Pathology|renal failure]].

===Physical Examination===
An abdominal mass may be palpable and bowel loops may feel thickened in alimentary lymphoma. Additionally enlarged mesenteric [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy & Physiology|lymph nodes]] and enlarged abdominal organs may be palpable . Muffled [[ Heart - Anatomy & Physiology|heart]] sounds and a non-compressible thoracic region may be found in mediastinal lymphoma.
Petechiae, [[Anaemia - Introduction|anaemia]] and icterus may also be present in any form of lymphoma.

==Laboratory Tests==
===Haematology and Biochemistry===
Haematological analysis should always be performed with suspected lymphoma for staging purposes and for the recording of base-line parameters prior to the initiation of any treatment to assess the severity of any future myelosuppression. Potential abnormalities for those patients with [[Bone Marrow|bone marrow]] involvement may include [[Lymphocytosis|lymphocytosis]], [[Platelet Abnormalities#Thrombocytopaenia|thrombocytopenia]], [[Neutropenia|neutropenia]] and the presence of immature lymphoid precursors.
Affected cats are not usually leukemic.
On biochemistry abnormalities may include hypoproteinaemia, elevated hepatic enzymes and elevated [[Blood urea nitrogen|Blood Urea Nitrogen]] /[[Creatinine|creatinine]].

===FeLV/FIV===
All cats with suspected lymphoma should be tested for FeLV and [[Feline Immunodeficiency Virus|FIV]], usually performed via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ([[ELISA testing|ELISA]]) available in general practice in kit form (CITE test). Virus isolation would be required for a definitive result, however this is not only more time consuming but is more expensive. An ELISA is also frequently used for the diagnosis of FIV.

===Paraneoplastic Syndromes===
Dogs may present with hypercalcaemia, this is due to the release of Parathyroid hormone- related protein (PTHrp) released by the tumor, which produces these effects by acting like parathyroid hormone. Affected cats are not usually hypercalcaemic

==Radiography==
A mass may be visible via plain or contrast abdominal radiography. Both abdominal and thoracic imaging is required in assessing the surrounding structures.

==Ultrasonography==
Superior to radiography in assessing infiltration or abnormalities of tissue architecture and assessing the surrounding structures for [[Neoplasia - Pathology#The Process of Metastasis|metastasis]]. Guided aspirates or biopsies may also be taken at this time, including lymph node sampling, to evaluate degree of systemic involvement.

==Bone Marrow Aspirate/Biopsy==
Should be taken ideally for all cases as part of the staging procedure.

===Staging===
A staging system is used for lymphoma (Owen, 1980):
* Stage I - Involvement limited to a single node or lymphoid tissue in a single organ (excluding bone marrow)
* Stage II - Involvement of many lymph nodes in a regional area (+/- tonsils)
* Stage III - Generalised lymph node involvement
* Stage IV - [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|Liver]] and/or [[Spleen - Anatomy & Physiology|spleen]] involvement (+ stage III)
* Stage V - Manifestations in the blood and involvement of bone marrow and/or other organ systems (+/-stages I-IV)
Each stage is then subclassifed as a) without systemic signs or b) with systemic signs.

==Treatment==
===Surgery===
Firstly, a laparotomy is required for many cases of Alimentary lymphoma to obtain biopsy material. For solitary masses without systemic disease resection and anastomosis of the intestine is advised (single modality treatment). Local resection in cats has occasionally been curative. Other focal lyphoma may also be resected, however surgery alone may be insufficient for long-term control of the disease and if not all the tumour is able to be resected, or should relapse occur, or if there is systemic progression, chemotherapy will be required (multimodal treatment).

===Radiotherapy===
Lymphoma is highly radiosensitive and in theory should be efficient in treating all forms of lymphoma, however, surrounding tissues often have a low tolerance.

===Chemotherapy===
Combination chemotherapy is the most frequent method of treatment and the most commonly used protocols include:
* COP which consists of Cyclophosphamide, Vincristine and Prednisolone. It is frequently used in cats and can be used for induction therapy (8 weeks) as well as a long term maintenance protocol.
* COAP consists of Cyclophosphamide, Vincristine, Prednisolone and Cytosine arabinoside
* CHOP consists of Cyclophosphamide, Vincristine, Prednisolone and Doxorubicin.
Corticosteroids must not be administered prior to initiation of chemotherapy as they can cause resistance to cytotoxics and hence reduce the rate of response and the survival time.
The aim is to induce remission and then continue with a maintenance regime, adjusting the dose as required with rescue therapy should relapse occur.
Response to treatment can be monitored via reduction in tumour mass and size of lymph nodes. Haematological values should be frequently monitored to assess the effects of the drugs. In particular animals should be monitored for the presence of [[Azotaemia|Azotaemia]], neutropenia/sepsis, hypercalcaemia and pyrexia.

===Supportive Therapy===
Whilst receiving chemotherapy patients should recieve a high quality, palatable diet to maintain calorific intake. If animals become anorexic they should recieve appetite stimulation in cats e.g Cyproheptadine (Periactin) or antiemetics if vomiting occurs.
Additionally fluid therapy, laxatives and analgesia may be required.

==Prognosis==
The mean survival times for dogs and cats without therapy is 6-8 weeks. For those recieving corticosteroids alone is 3 months.
If chemotherapy is administered then the mean survival time increases to 6-9 months.
Local canine lymphoma responds better to chemotherapy than the diffuse form of disease.
Immunophenotype (T cell versus B cell lymphoma) does not appear to be associated with prognosis in cats as it can be in dogs. Factors indicating a better prognosis (overall survival) in cats include: an early presentation, a complete initial response to treatment and a clinically well patient(‘substage a’ disease).

In cats, response rate to induction chemotherapy is 26-79% and thus there is an apparently a poorer response rate in cats compared with dogs, however, 30-40% of cats that do have complete remission and will maintain complete remission for two years or more and long-term maintenance chemotherapy can frequently be stopped and many will then live free of disease. Hence, dogs may have higher remission rates but are less likely than cats to be able to maintain remission without chemotherapy.

==References==

Hayes A. (2006) '''Feline lymphoma 1. Principles of diagnosis and management''', ''In Practice'', 28, pp 516-524

Head K. W, Else R. W, Dubielzig R.R, (2002)''' Tumours of the Alimentary Tract, in Tumours in Domestic Animals''', 4th edition, Ed Menten D. J, Iowa State Press, ''Blackwell Publishing'', Iowa, pp 471-472

Morris J, Dobson J (2001) '''Gastrointestinal Tract, in Small Animal Oncology''', ''Blackwell Science'', pp 228-239

Selting K. A, (2007), '''Intestinal Tumours, Cancer of the Gastrointestinal Tract, in Withrow and MacEwen's Small Animal Clinical Oncology''', fourth edition, Eds Withrow S.J, Vail D.M, Missouri, ''Saunders Elsevier'', pp 491-501

White, R. A. S, (2003), '''Tumours of the intestines, in BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Oncology''', second edition, Eds Dobson J. M, Lascelles B. D. X, Gloucester, ''British Small Animal Veterinary Association'', pp 229-233

[[Category:Stomach_and_Abomasum_-_Proliferative_Pathology]][[Category:Dog]][[Category:Cattle]]
[[Category:Intestines_-_Proliferative_Pathology]]
[[Category:To Do - Caz]][[Category:Lymphoreticular and Haemopoietic Diseases]]
[[Category:Neoplasia]]

Lymphoma

2010-08-19T21:30:04Z

Crank: /* Staging */

{{unfinished}}
[[Image:tonguelymphoma.gif|right|thumb|125px|<center>Tongue Lymphoma - a recognised entity (Courtesy of Alun Williams (RVC))</center>]][[Category:Tongue_-_Pathology]]

==Description==
Lymphoma is caused by malignant clonal expansion of lymphoid cells and most commonly arises from lymphoid tissues including the [[Bone Marrow|bone marrow]], [[Thymus|thymus]], [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy & Physiology|lymph nodes]] and [[Spleen - Anatomy & Physiology|spleen]]. Lymphoma is documented to be the most common haematopoietic [[Neoplasia - Pathology|neoplasm]] in dogs.
In the dog, multicentric lymphoma is most common representing 80% of cases. [[Alimentary - Anatomy & Physiology|Alimentary]], cutaneous, [[Mediastinum - Anatomy & Physiology|mediastinal]] and extranodal sites are less common. Additionally the majority of lymphoma cases in dogs are of the B-cell immunophenotype.

In cats following the inroduction of widespread [[Feline Leukaemia Virus|FeLV]] testing and [[vaccines|vaccination]] the most common type of lymphoma affecting cats is alimentary when previously it had been mediastinal and multicentric forms.
Only 10% of lymphoma cases in cats are now associated with FeLV.

==Signalment==
The median age of affected cats is 9-10 years and oriental [[Feline Breeds - WikiNormals|cat breeds]] may be predisposed.

Affected dogs have a wide age range, most are middle-aged however young animals can be affected. There may also be a male predilection.

==Diagnosis==
==Clinical Signs==
====Dogs: Multicentric Lymphoma====
The most common presenting sign in dogs is a lymphadenopathy, with only 10-20% of dogs presenting clinically unwell. Dogs that do present with clinical signs may be anorexic, lethargic and have lost weight.

For other types of lymphoma affecting dogs the clinical signs will demonstrate the anatomical site affected.

'''Mediastinal''' forms will present with decreased [[Heart - Anatomy & Physiology|heart]] sounds, [[Dyspnoea|dyspnoea]] and polyuria and polydypsia due to paraneoplastic hypercalcaemia.
Dogs with mediastinal lymphoma can also have pitting [[Oedema - Pathology|oedema]] of the head and neck due to compression of the cranial vena cava.

'''Alimentary''' forms will present with [[Vomiting|vomiting]], [[Diarrhoea|diarrhoea]], anorexia and thickened loops of [[Small Intestine - Anatomy & Physiology|intestine]] on abdominal palpation.

'''Cutaneous''' lymphoma can also occur with a varied presentation but often present as cutaneous nodules.

====Feline Lymphoma====
In contrast to dogs, cats are more likely to present unwell. Again the clinical signs will depend on the anatomical location affected.

'''Alimentary''' cats will present with vomiting, diarrhoea, weight loss and anorexia.

'''Mediastinal''' cats will present with respiratory signs and may be in respiratory distress.

'''Renal''' lymphoma also occurs in cats and affeted animals will present with signs similar to [[Kidney Renal Failure - Pathology|renal failure]].

===Physical Examination===
An abdominal mass may be palpable and bowel loops may feel thickened in alimentary lymphoma. Additionally enlarged mesenteric [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy & Physiology|lymph nodes]] and enlarged abdominal organs may be palpable . Muffled [[ Heart - Anatomy & Physiology|heart]] sounds and a non-compressible thoracic region may be found in mediastinal lymphoma.
Petechiae, [[Anaemia - Introduction|anaemia]] and icterus may also be present in any form of lymphoma.

==Laboratory Tests==
===Haematology and Biochemistry===
Haematological analysis should always be performed with suspected lymphoma for staging purposes and for the recording of base-line parameters prior to the initiation of any treatment to assess the severity of any future myelosuppression. Potential abnormalities for those patients with [[Bone Marrow|bone marrow]] involvement may include [[Lymphocytosis|lymphocytosis]], [[Platelet Abnormalities#Thrombocytopaenia|thrombocytopenia]], [[Neutropenia|neutropenia]] and the presence of immature lymphoid precursors.
Affected cats are not usually leukemic.
On biochemistry abnormalities may include hypoproteinaemia, elevated hepatic enzymes and elevated [[Blood urea nitrogen|Blood Urea Nitrogen]] /[[Creatinine|creatinine]].

===FeLV/FIV===
All cats with suspected lymphoma should be tested for FeLV and [[Feline Immunodeficiency Virus|FIV]], usually performed via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ([[ELISA testing|ELISA]]) available in general practice in kit form (CITE test). Virus isolation would be required for a definitive result, however this is not only more time consuming but is more expensive. An ELISA is also frequently used for the diagnosis of FIV.

===Paraneoplastic Syndromes===
Dogs may present with hypercalcaemia, this is due to the release of Parathyroid hormone- related protein (PTHrp) released by the tumor, which produces these effects by acting like parathyroid hormone. Affected cats are not usually hypercalcaemic

==Radiography==
A mass may be visible via plain or contrast abdominal radiography. Both abdominal and thoracic imaging is required in assessing the surrounding structures.

==Ultrasonography==
Superior to radiography in assessing infiltration or abnormalities of tissue architecture and assessing the surrounding structures for [[Neoplasia - Pathology#The Process of Metastasis|metastasis]]. Guided aspirates or biopsies may also be taken at this time, including lymph node sampling, to evaluate degree of systemic involvement.

==Bone Marrow Aspirate/Biopsy==
Should be taken ideally for all cases as part of the staging procedure.

===Staging===
A staging system is used for lymphoma (Owen, 1980):
* Stage I - Involvement limited to a single node or lymphoid tissue in a single organ (excluding bone marrow)
* Stage II - Involvement of many lymph nodes in a regional area (+/- tonsils)
* Stage III - Generalised lymph node involvement
* Stage IV - [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|Liver]] and/or [[Spleen - Anatomy & Physiology|spleen]] involvement (+ stage III)
* Stage V - Manifestations in the blood and involvement of bone marrow and/or other organ systems (+/-stages I-IV)
Each stage is then subclassifed as a) without systemic signs or b) with systemic signs.

==Treatment==
===Surgery===
Firstly, a laparotomy is required for many cases of Alimentary lymphoma to obtain biopsy material. For solitary masses without systemic disease resection and anastomosis of the intestine is advised (single modality treatment). Local resection in cats has occasionally been curative. Other focal lyphoma may also be resected, however surgery alone may be insufficient for long-term control of the disease and if not all the tumour is able to be resected, or should relapse occur, or if there is systemic progression, chemotherapy will be required(multimodal treatment).

===Radiotherapy===
Lymphoma is highly radiosensitive and in theory should be efficient in treating all forms of lymphoma, however, surrounding tissues often have a low tolerance.

===Chemotherapy===
Combination chemotherapy is the most frequent method of treatment and the most commonly used protocols include:
* COP which consists of Cyclophosphamide, Vincristine and Prednisolone. It is frequently used in cats and can be used for induction therapy (8 weeks) as well as a long term maintenance protocol.
* COAP consists of Cyclophosphamide, Vincristine, Prednisolone and Cytosine arabinoside
* CHOP consists of Cyclophosphamide, Vincristine, Prednisolone and Doxorubicin.
Corticosteroids must not be administered prior to initiation of chemotherapy as they can cause resistance to cytotoxics and hence reduce the rate of response and the survival time.
The aim is to induce remission and then continue with a maintenance regime, adjusting the dose as required with rescue therapy should relapse occur.
Response to treatment can be monitored via reduction in tumour mass and size of lymph nodes. Haematological values should be frequently monitored to assess the effects of the drugs. In particular animals should be monitored for the presence of [[Azotaemia|Azotaemia]], neutropenia/sepsis, hypercalcaemia and pyrexia.

===Supportive Therapy===
Whilst receiving chemotherapy patients should recieve a high quality, palatable diet to maintain calorific intake. If animals become anorexic they should recieve appetite stimulation in cats e.g Cyproheptadine (Periactin) or antiemetics if vomiting occurs.
Additionally fluid therapy, laxatives and analgesia may be required.

==Prognosis==
The mean survival times for dogs and cats without therapy is 6-8 weeks. For those recieving corticosteroids alone is 3 months.
If chemotherapy is administered then the mean survival time increases to 6-9 months.
Local canine lymphoma responds better to chemotherapy than the diffuse form of disease.
Immunophenotype (T cell versus B cell lymphoma) does not appear to be associated with prognosis in cats as it can be in dogs. Factors indicating a better prognosis (overall survival) in cats include: an early presentation, a complete initial response to treatment and a clinically well patient(‘substage a’ disease).

In cats, response rate to induction chemotherapy is 26-79% and thus there is an apparently a poorer response rate in cats compared with dogs, however, 30-40% of cats that do have complete remission and will maintain complete remission for two years or more and long-term maintenance chemotherapy can frequently be stopped and many will then live free of disease. Hence, dogs may have higher remission rates but are less likely than cats to be able to maintain remission without chemotherapy.

==References==

Hayes A. (2006) '''Feline lymphoma 1. Principles of diagnosis and management''', ''In Practice'', 28, pp 516-524

Head K. W, Else R. W, Dubielzig R.R, (2002)''' Tumours of the Alimentary Tract, in Tumours in Domestic Animals''', 4th edition, Ed Menten D. J, Iowa State Press, ''Blackwell Publishing'', Iowa, pp 471-472

Morris J, Dobson J (2001) '''Gastrointestinal Tract, in Small Animal Oncology''', ''Blackwell Science'', pp 228-239

Selting K. A, (2007), '''Intestinal Tumours, Cancer of the Gastrointestinal Tract, in Withrow and MacEwen's Small Animal Clinical Oncology''', fourth edition, Eds Withrow S.J, Vail D.M, Missouri, ''Saunders Elsevier'', pp 491-501

White, R. A. S, (2003), '''Tumours of the intestines, in BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Oncology''', second edition, Eds Dobson J. M, Lascelles B. D. X, Gloucester, ''British Small Animal Veterinary Association'', pp 229-233

[[Category:Stomach_and_Abomasum_-_Proliferative_Pathology]][[Category:Dog]][[Category:Cattle]]
[[Category:Intestines_-_Proliferative_Pathology]]
[[Category:To Do - Caz]][[Category:Lymphoreticular and Haemopoietic Diseases]]
[[Category:Neoplasia]]

Lymphoma

2010-08-19T21:28:28Z

Crank: /* Ultrasonography */

{{unfinished}}
[[Image:tonguelymphoma.gif|right|thumb|125px|<center>Tongue Lymphoma - a recognised entity (Courtesy of Alun Williams (RVC))</center>]][[Category:Tongue_-_Pathology]]

==Description==
Lymphoma is caused by malignant clonal expansion of lymphoid cells and most commonly arises from lymphoid tissues including the [[Bone Marrow|bone marrow]], [[Thymus|thymus]], [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy & Physiology|lymph nodes]] and [[Spleen - Anatomy & Physiology|spleen]]. Lymphoma is documented to be the most common haematopoietic [[Neoplasia - Pathology|neoplasm]] in dogs.
In the dog, multicentric lymphoma is most common representing 80% of cases. [[Alimentary - Anatomy & Physiology|Alimentary]], cutaneous, [[Mediastinum - Anatomy & Physiology|mediastinal]] and extranodal sites are less common. Additionally the majority of lymphoma cases in dogs are of the B-cell immunophenotype.

In cats following the inroduction of widespread [[Feline Leukaemia Virus|FeLV]] testing and [[vaccines|vaccination]] the most common type of lymphoma affecting cats is alimentary when previously it had been mediastinal and multicentric forms.
Only 10% of lymphoma cases in cats are now associated with FeLV.

==Signalment==
The median age of affected cats is 9-10 years and oriental [[Feline Breeds - WikiNormals|cat breeds]] may be predisposed.

Affected dogs have a wide age range, most are middle-aged however young animals can be affected. There may also be a male predilection.

==Diagnosis==
==Clinical Signs==
====Dogs: Multicentric Lymphoma====
The most common presenting sign in dogs is a lymphadenopathy, with only 10-20% of dogs presenting clinically unwell. Dogs that do present with clinical signs may be anorexic, lethargic and have lost weight.

For other types of lymphoma affecting dogs the clinical signs will demonstrate the anatomical site affected.

'''Mediastinal''' forms will present with decreased [[Heart - Anatomy & Physiology|heart]] sounds, [[Dyspnoea|dyspnoea]] and polyuria and polydypsia due to paraneoplastic hypercalcaemia.
Dogs with mediastinal lymphoma can also have pitting [[Oedema - Pathology|oedema]] of the head and neck due to compression of the cranial vena cava.

'''Alimentary''' forms will present with [[Vomiting|vomiting]], [[Diarrhoea|diarrhoea]], anorexia and thickened loops of [[Small Intestine - Anatomy & Physiology|intestine]] on abdominal palpation.

'''Cutaneous''' lymphoma can also occur with a varied presentation but often present as cutaneous nodules.

====Feline Lymphoma====
In contrast to dogs, cats are more likely to present unwell. Again the clinical signs will depend on the anatomical location affected.

'''Alimentary''' cats will present with vomiting, diarrhoea, weight loss and anorexia.

'''Mediastinal''' cats will present with respiratory signs and may be in respiratory distress.

'''Renal''' lymphoma also occurs in cats and affeted animals will present with signs similar to [[Kidney Renal Failure - Pathology|renal failure]].

===Physical Examination===
An abdominal mass may be palpable and bowel loops may feel thickened in alimentary lymphoma. Additionally enlarged mesenteric [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy & Physiology|lymph nodes]] and enlarged abdominal organs may be palpable . Muffled [[ Heart - Anatomy & Physiology|heart]] sounds and a non-compressible thoracic region may be found in mediastinal lymphoma.
Petechiae, [[Anaemia - Introduction|anaemia]] and icterus may also be present in any form of lymphoma.

==Laboratory Tests==
===Haematology and Biochemistry===
Haematological analysis should always be performed with suspected lymphoma for staging purposes and for the recording of base-line parameters prior to the initiation of any treatment to assess the severity of any future myelosuppression. Potential abnormalities for those patients with [[Bone Marrow|bone marrow]] involvement may include [[Lymphocytosis|lymphocytosis]], [[Platelet Abnormalities#Thrombocytopaenia|thrombocytopenia]], [[Neutropenia|neutropenia]] and the presence of immature lymphoid precursors.
Affected cats are not usually leukemic.
On biochemistry abnormalities may include hypoproteinaemia, elevated hepatic enzymes and elevated [[Blood urea nitrogen|Blood Urea Nitrogen]] /[[Creatinine|creatinine]].

===FeLV/FIV===
All cats with suspected lymphoma should be tested for FeLV and [[Feline Immunodeficiency Virus|FIV]], usually performed via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ([[ELISA testing|ELISA]]) available in general practice in kit form (CITE test). Virus isolation would be required for a definitive result, however this is not only more time consuming but is more expensive. An ELISA is also frequently used for the diagnosis of FIV.

===Paraneoplastic Syndromes===
Dogs may present with hypercalcaemia, this is due to the release of Parathyroid hormone- related protein (PTHrp) released by the tumor, which produces these effects by acting like parathyroid hormone. Affected cats are not usually hypercalcaemic

==Radiography==
A mass may be visible via plain or contrast abdominal radiography. Both abdominal and thoracic imaging is required in assessing the surrounding structures.

==Ultrasonography==
Superior to radiography in assessing infiltration or abnormalities of tissue architecture and assessing the surrounding structures for [[Neoplasia - Pathology#The Process of Metastasis|metastasis]]. Guided aspirates or biopsies may also be taken at this time, including lymph node sampling, to evaluate degree of systemic involvement.

==Bone Marrow Aspirate/Biopsy==
Should be taken ideally for all cases as part of the staging procedure.

===Staging===
A staging system is used for lymphoma (Owen, 1980):
* Stage I - Involvement limited to a single node or lymphoid tissue in a single organ (excluding bone marrow)
* Stage II - Involvement of many lymph nodes in a regional area (+/- tonsils)
* Stage III - Generalised lymph node involvement
* Stage IV - Liver and/or spleen involvement (+ stage III)
* Stage V - Manifestations in the blood and involvement of bone marrow and/or other organ systems (+/-stages I-IV)
Each stage is then subclassifed as a) without systemic signs or b) with systemic signs.

==Treatment==
===Surgery===
Firstly, a laparotomy is required for many cases of Alimentary lymphoma to obtain biopsy material. For solitary masses without systemic disease resection and anastomosis of the intestine is advised (single modality treatment). Local resection in cats has occasionally been curative. Other focal lyphoma may also be resected, however surgery alone may be insufficient for long-term control of the disease and if not all the tumour is able to be resected, or should relapse occur, or if there is systemic progression, chemotherapy will be required(multimodal treatment).

===Radiotherapy===
Lymphoma is highly radiosensitive and in theory should be efficient in treating all forms of lymphoma, however, surrounding tissues often have a low tolerance.

===Chemotherapy===
Combination chemotherapy is the most frequent method of treatment and the most commonly used protocols include:
* COP which consists of Cyclophosphamide, Vincristine and Prednisolone. It is frequently used in cats and can be used for induction therapy (8 weeks) as well as a long term maintenance protocol.
* COAP consists of Cyclophosphamide, Vincristine, Prednisolone and Cytosine arabinoside
* CHOP consists of Cyclophosphamide, Vincristine, Prednisolone and Doxorubicin.
Corticosteroids must not be administered prior to initiation of chemotherapy as they can cause resistance to cytotoxics and hence reduce the rate of response and the survival time.
The aim is to induce remission and then continue with a maintenance regime, adjusting the dose as required with rescue therapy should relapse occur.
Response to treatment can be monitored via reduction in tumour mass and size of lymph nodes. Haematological values should be frequently monitored to assess the effects of the drugs. In particular animals should be monitored for the presence of [[Azotaemia|Azotaemia]], neutropenia/sepsis, hypercalcaemia and pyrexia.

===Supportive Therapy===
Whilst receiving chemotherapy patients should recieve a high quality, palatable diet to maintain calorific intake. If animals become anorexic they should recieve appetite stimulation in cats e.g Cyproheptadine (Periactin) or antiemetics if vomiting occurs.
Additionally fluid therapy, laxatives and analgesia may be required.

==Prognosis==
The mean survival times for dogs and cats without therapy is 6-8 weeks. For those recieving corticosteroids alone is 3 months.
If chemotherapy is administered then the mean survival time increases to 6-9 months.
Local canine lymphoma responds better to chemotherapy than the diffuse form of disease.
Immunophenotype (T cell versus B cell lymphoma) does not appear to be associated with prognosis in cats as it can be in dogs. Factors indicating a better prognosis (overall survival) in cats include: an early presentation, a complete initial response to treatment and a clinically well patient(‘substage a’ disease).

In cats, response rate to induction chemotherapy is 26-79% and thus there is an apparently a poorer response rate in cats compared with dogs, however, 30-40% of cats that do have complete remission and will maintain complete remission for two years or more and long-term maintenance chemotherapy can frequently be stopped and many will then live free of disease. Hence, dogs may have higher remission rates but are less likely than cats to be able to maintain remission without chemotherapy.

==References==

Hayes A. (2006) '''Feline lymphoma 1. Principles of diagnosis and management''', ''In Practice'', 28, pp 516-524

Head K. W, Else R. W, Dubielzig R.R, (2002)''' Tumours of the Alimentary Tract, in Tumours in Domestic Animals''', 4th edition, Ed Menten D. J, Iowa State Press, ''Blackwell Publishing'', Iowa, pp 471-472

Morris J, Dobson J (2001) '''Gastrointestinal Tract, in Small Animal Oncology''', ''Blackwell Science'', pp 228-239

Selting K. A, (2007), '''Intestinal Tumours, Cancer of the Gastrointestinal Tract, in Withrow and MacEwen's Small Animal Clinical Oncology''', fourth edition, Eds Withrow S.J, Vail D.M, Missouri, ''Saunders Elsevier'', pp 491-501

White, R. A. S, (2003), '''Tumours of the intestines, in BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Oncology''', second edition, Eds Dobson J. M, Lascelles B. D. X, Gloucester, ''British Small Animal Veterinary Association'', pp 229-233

[[Category:Stomach_and_Abomasum_-_Proliferative_Pathology]][[Category:Dog]][[Category:Cattle]]
[[Category:Intestines_-_Proliferative_Pathology]]
[[Category:To Do - Caz]][[Category:Lymphoreticular and Haemopoietic Diseases]]
[[Category:Neoplasia]]

Lymphoma

2010-08-19T21:24:52Z

Crank: /* FeLV/FIV */

{{unfinished}}
[[Image:tonguelymphoma.gif|right|thumb|125px|<center>Tongue Lymphoma - a recognised entity (Courtesy of Alun Williams (RVC))</center>]][[Category:Tongue_-_Pathology]]

==Description==
Lymphoma is caused by malignant clonal expansion of lymphoid cells and most commonly arises from lymphoid tissues including the [[Bone Marrow|bone marrow]], [[Thymus|thymus]], [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy & Physiology|lymph nodes]] and [[Spleen - Anatomy & Physiology|spleen]]. Lymphoma is documented to be the most common haematopoietic [[Neoplasia - Pathology|neoplasm]] in dogs.
In the dog, multicentric lymphoma is most common representing 80% of cases. [[Alimentary - Anatomy & Physiology|Alimentary]], cutaneous, [[Mediastinum - Anatomy & Physiology|mediastinal]] and extranodal sites are less common. Additionally the majority of lymphoma cases in dogs are of the B-cell immunophenotype.

In cats following the inroduction of widespread [[Feline Leukaemia Virus|FeLV]] testing and [[vaccines|vaccination]] the most common type of lymphoma affecting cats is alimentary when previously it had been mediastinal and multicentric forms.
Only 10% of lymphoma cases in cats are now associated with FeLV.

==Signalment==
The median age of affected cats is 9-10 years and oriental [[Feline Breeds - WikiNormals|cat breeds]] may be predisposed.

Affected dogs have a wide age range, most are middle-aged however young animals can be affected. There may also be a male predilection.

==Diagnosis==
==Clinical Signs==
====Dogs: Multicentric Lymphoma====
The most common presenting sign in dogs is a lymphadenopathy, with only 10-20% of dogs presenting clinically unwell. Dogs that do present with clinical signs may be anorexic, lethargic and have lost weight.

For other types of lymphoma affecting dogs the clinical signs will demonstrate the anatomical site affected.

'''Mediastinal''' forms will present with decreased [[Heart - Anatomy & Physiology|heart]] sounds, [[Dyspnoea|dyspnoea]] and polyuria and polydypsia due to paraneoplastic hypercalcaemia.
Dogs with mediastinal lymphoma can also have pitting [[Oedema - Pathology|oedema]] of the head and neck due to compression of the cranial vena cava.

'''Alimentary''' forms will present with [[Vomiting|vomiting]], [[Diarrhoea|diarrhoea]], anorexia and thickened loops of [[Small Intestine - Anatomy & Physiology|intestine]] on abdominal palpation.

'''Cutaneous''' lymphoma can also occur with a varied presentation but often present as cutaneous nodules.

====Feline Lymphoma====
In contrast to dogs, cats are more likely to present unwell. Again the clinical signs will depend on the anatomical location affected.

'''Alimentary''' cats will present with vomiting, diarrhoea, weight loss and anorexia.

'''Mediastinal''' cats will present with respiratory signs and may be in respiratory distress.

'''Renal''' lymphoma also occurs in cats and affeted animals will present with signs similar to [[Kidney Renal Failure - Pathology|renal failure]].

===Physical Examination===
An abdominal mass may be palpable and bowel loops may feel thickened in alimentary lymphoma. Additionally enlarged mesenteric [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy & Physiology|lymph nodes]] and enlarged abdominal organs may be palpable . Muffled [[ Heart - Anatomy & Physiology|heart]] sounds and a non-compressible thoracic region may be found in mediastinal lymphoma.
Petechiae, [[Anaemia - Introduction|anaemia]] and icterus may also be present in any form of lymphoma.

==Laboratory Tests==
===Haematology and Biochemistry===
Haematological analysis should always be performed with suspected lymphoma for staging purposes and for the recording of base-line parameters prior to the initiation of any treatment to assess the severity of any future myelosuppression. Potential abnormalities for those patients with [[Bone Marrow|bone marrow]] involvement may include [[Lymphocytosis|lymphocytosis]], [[Platelet Abnormalities#Thrombocytopaenia|thrombocytopenia]], [[Neutropenia|neutropenia]] and the presence of immature lymphoid precursors.
Affected cats are not usually leukemic.
On biochemistry abnormalities may include hypoproteinaemia, elevated hepatic enzymes and elevated [[Blood urea nitrogen|Blood Urea Nitrogen]] /[[Creatinine|creatinine]].

===FeLV/FIV===
All cats with suspected lymphoma should be tested for FeLV and [[Feline Immunodeficiency Virus|FIV]], usually performed via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ([[ELISA testing|ELISA]]) available in general practice in kit form (CITE test). Virus isolation would be required for a definitive result, however this is not only more time consuming but is more expensive. An ELISA is also frequently used for the diagnosis of FIV.

===Paraneoplastic Syndromes===
Dogs may present with hypercalcaemia, this is due to the release of Parathyroid hormone- related protein (PTHrp) released by the tumor, which produces these effects by acting like parathyroid hormone. Affected cats are not usually hypercalcaemic

==Radiography==
A mass may be visible via plain or contrast abdominal radiography. Both abdominal and thoracic imaging is required in assessing the surrounding structures.

==Ultrasonography==
Superior to radiography in assessing infiltration or abnormalities of tissue architecture and assessing the surrounding structures for metastasis. Guided aspirates or biopsies may also be taken at this time, including lymph node sampling, to evaluate degree of systemic involvement.

==Bone Marrow Aspirate/Biopsy==
Should be taken ideally for all cases as part of the staging procedure.

===Staging===
A staging system is used for lymphoma (Owen, 1980):
* Stage I - Involvement limited to a single node or lymphoid tissue in a single organ (excluding bone marrow)
* Stage II - Involvement of many lymph nodes in a regional area (+/- tonsils)
* Stage III - Generalised lymph node involvement
* Stage IV - Liver and/or spleen involvement (+ stage III)
* Stage V - Manifestations in the blood and involvement of bone marrow and/or other organ systems (+/-stages I-IV)
Each stage is then subclassifed as a) without systemic signs or b) with systemic signs.

==Treatment==
===Surgery===
Firstly, a laparotomy is required for many cases of Alimentary lymphoma to obtain biopsy material. For solitary masses without systemic disease resection and anastomosis of the intestine is advised (single modality treatment). Local resection in cats has occasionally been curative. Other focal lyphoma may also be resected, however surgery alone may be insufficient for long-term control of the disease and if not all the tumour is able to be resected, or should relapse occur, or if there is systemic progression, chemotherapy will be required(multimodal treatment).

===Radiotherapy===
Lymphoma is highly radiosensitive and in theory should be efficient in treating all forms of lymphoma, however, surrounding tissues often have a low tolerance.

===Chemotherapy===
Combination chemotherapy is the most frequent method of treatment and the most commonly used protocols include:
* COP which consists of Cyclophosphamide, Vincristine and Prednisolone. It is frequently used in cats and can be used for induction therapy (8 weeks) as well as a long term maintenance protocol.
* COAP consists of Cyclophosphamide, Vincristine, Prednisolone and Cytosine arabinoside
* CHOP consists of Cyclophosphamide, Vincristine, Prednisolone and Doxorubicin.
Corticosteroids must not be administered prior to initiation of chemotherapy as they can cause resistance to cytotoxics and hence reduce the rate of response and the survival time.
The aim is to induce remission and then continue with a maintenance regime, adjusting the dose as required with rescue therapy should relapse occur.
Response to treatment can be monitored via reduction in tumour mass and size of lymph nodes. Haematological values should be frequently monitored to assess the effects of the drugs. In particular animals should be monitored for the presence of [[Azotaemia|Azotaemia]], neutropenia/sepsis, hypercalcaemia and pyrexia.

===Supportive Therapy===
Whilst receiving chemotherapy patients should recieve a high quality, palatable diet to maintain calorific intake. If animals become anorexic they should recieve appetite stimulation in cats e.g Cyproheptadine (Periactin) or antiemetics if vomiting occurs.
Additionally fluid therapy, laxatives and analgesia may be required.

==Prognosis==
The mean survival times for dogs and cats without therapy is 6-8 weeks. For those recieving corticosteroids alone is 3 months.
If chemotherapy is administered then the mean survival time increases to 6-9 months.
Local canine lymphoma responds better to chemotherapy than the diffuse form of disease.
Immunophenotype (T cell versus B cell lymphoma) does not appear to be associated with prognosis in cats as it can be in dogs. Factors indicating a better prognosis (overall survival) in cats include: an early presentation, a complete initial response to treatment and a clinically well patient(‘substage a’ disease).

In cats, response rate to induction chemotherapy is 26-79% and thus there is an apparently a poorer response rate in cats compared with dogs, however, 30-40% of cats that do have complete remission and will maintain complete remission for two years or more and long-term maintenance chemotherapy can frequently be stopped and many will then live free of disease. Hence, dogs may have higher remission rates but are less likely than cats to be able to maintain remission without chemotherapy.

==References==

Hayes A. (2006) '''Feline lymphoma 1. Principles of diagnosis and management''', ''In Practice'', 28, pp 516-524

Head K. W, Else R. W, Dubielzig R.R, (2002)''' Tumours of the Alimentary Tract, in Tumours in Domestic Animals''', 4th edition, Ed Menten D. J, Iowa State Press, ''Blackwell Publishing'', Iowa, pp 471-472

Morris J, Dobson J (2001) '''Gastrointestinal Tract, in Small Animal Oncology''', ''Blackwell Science'', pp 228-239

Selting K. A, (2007), '''Intestinal Tumours, Cancer of the Gastrointestinal Tract, in Withrow and MacEwen's Small Animal Clinical Oncology''', fourth edition, Eds Withrow S.J, Vail D.M, Missouri, ''Saunders Elsevier'', pp 491-501

White, R. A. S, (2003), '''Tumours of the intestines, in BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Oncology''', second edition, Eds Dobson J. M, Lascelles B. D. X, Gloucester, ''British Small Animal Veterinary Association'', pp 229-233

[[Category:Stomach_and_Abomasum_-_Proliferative_Pathology]][[Category:Dog]][[Category:Cattle]]
[[Category:Intestines_-_Proliferative_Pathology]]
[[Category:To Do - Caz]][[Category:Lymphoreticular and Haemopoietic Diseases]]
[[Category:Neoplasia]]

Lymphoma

2010-08-19T21:20:27Z

Crank: /* Haematology and Biochemistry */

{{unfinished}}
[[Image:tonguelymphoma.gif|right|thumb|125px|<center>Tongue Lymphoma - a recognised entity (Courtesy of Alun Williams (RVC))</center>]][[Category:Tongue_-_Pathology]]

==Description==
Lymphoma is caused by malignant clonal expansion of lymphoid cells and most commonly arises from lymphoid tissues including the [[Bone Marrow|bone marrow]], [[Thymus|thymus]], [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy & Physiology|lymph nodes]] and [[Spleen - Anatomy & Physiology|spleen]]. Lymphoma is documented to be the most common haematopoietic [[Neoplasia - Pathology|neoplasm]] in dogs.
In the dog, multicentric lymphoma is most common representing 80% of cases. [[Alimentary - Anatomy & Physiology|Alimentary]], cutaneous, [[Mediastinum - Anatomy & Physiology|mediastinal]] and extranodal sites are less common. Additionally the majority of lymphoma cases in dogs are of the B-cell immunophenotype.

In cats following the inroduction of widespread [[Feline Leukaemia Virus|FeLV]] testing and [[vaccines|vaccination]] the most common type of lymphoma affecting cats is alimentary when previously it had been mediastinal and multicentric forms.
Only 10% of lymphoma cases in cats are now associated with FeLV.

==Signalment==
The median age of affected cats is 9-10 years and oriental [[Feline Breeds - WikiNormals|cat breeds]] may be predisposed.

Affected dogs have a wide age range, most are middle-aged however young animals can be affected. There may also be a male predilection.

==Diagnosis==
==Clinical Signs==
====Dogs: Multicentric Lymphoma====
The most common presenting sign in dogs is a lymphadenopathy, with only 10-20% of dogs presenting clinically unwell. Dogs that do present with clinical signs may be anorexic, lethargic and have lost weight.

For other types of lymphoma affecting dogs the clinical signs will demonstrate the anatomical site affected.

'''Mediastinal''' forms will present with decreased [[Heart - Anatomy & Physiology|heart]] sounds, [[Dyspnoea|dyspnoea]] and polyuria and polydypsia due to paraneoplastic hypercalcaemia.
Dogs with mediastinal lymphoma can also have pitting [[Oedema - Pathology|oedema]] of the head and neck due to compression of the cranial vena cava.

'''Alimentary''' forms will present with [[Vomiting|vomiting]], [[Diarrhoea|diarrhoea]], anorexia and thickened loops of [[Small Intestine - Anatomy & Physiology|intestine]] on abdominal palpation.

'''Cutaneous''' lymphoma can also occur with a varied presentation but often present as cutaneous nodules.

====Feline Lymphoma====
In contrast to dogs, cats are more likely to present unwell. Again the clinical signs will depend on the anatomical location affected.

'''Alimentary''' cats will present with vomiting, diarrhoea, weight loss and anorexia.

'''Mediastinal''' cats will present with respiratory signs and may be in respiratory distress.

'''Renal''' lymphoma also occurs in cats and affeted animals will present with signs similar to [[Kidney Renal Failure - Pathology|renal failure]].

===Physical Examination===
An abdominal mass may be palpable and bowel loops may feel thickened in alimentary lymphoma. Additionally enlarged mesenteric [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy & Physiology|lymph nodes]] and enlarged abdominal organs may be palpable . Muffled [[ Heart - Anatomy & Physiology|heart]] sounds and a non-compressible thoracic region may be found in mediastinal lymphoma.
Petechiae, [[Anaemia - Introduction|anaemia]] and icterus may also be present in any form of lymphoma.

==Laboratory Tests==
===Haematology and Biochemistry===
Haematological analysis should always be performed with suspected lymphoma for staging purposes and for the recording of base-line parameters prior to the initiation of any treatment to assess the severity of any future myelosuppression. Potential abnormalities for those patients with [[Bone Marrow|bone marrow]] involvement may include [[Lymphocytosis|lymphocytosis]], [[Platelet Abnormalities#Thrombocytopaenia|thrombocytopenia]], [[Neutropenia|neutropenia]] and the presence of immature lymphoid precursors.
Affected cats are not usually leukemic.
On biochemistry abnormalities may include hypoproteinaemia, elevated hepatic enzymes and elevated [[Blood urea nitrogen|Blood Urea Nitrogen]] /[[Creatinine|creatinine]].

===FeLV/FIV===
All cats with suspected lymphoma should be tested for FeLV and FIV, usually performed via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) available in general practice in kit form (CITE test). Virus isolation would be required for a definitive result, however this is not only more time-consuming but is more expensive. An ELISA is also frequently used for the diagnosis of FIV.

===Paraneoplastic Syndromes===
Dogs may present with hypercalcaemia, this is due to the release of Parathyroid hormone- related protein (PTHrp) released by the tumor, which produces these effects by acting like parathyroid hormone. Affected cats are not usually hypercalcaemic

==Radiography==
A mass may be visible via plain or contrast abdominal radiography. Both abdominal and thoracic imaging is required in assessing the surrounding structures.

==Ultrasonography==
Superior to radiography in assessing infiltration or abnormalities of tissue architecture and assessing the surrounding structures for metastasis. Guided aspirates or biopsies may also be taken at this time, including lymph node sampling, to evaluate degree of systemic involvement.

==Bone Marrow Aspirate/Biopsy==
Should be taken ideally for all cases as part of the staging procedure.

===Staging===
A staging system is used for lymphoma (Owen, 1980):
* Stage I - Involvement limited to a single node or lymphoid tissue in a single organ (excluding bone marrow)
* Stage II - Involvement of many lymph nodes in a regional area (+/- tonsils)
* Stage III - Generalised lymph node involvement
* Stage IV - Liver and/or spleen involvement (+ stage III)
* Stage V - Manifestations in the blood and involvement of bone marrow and/or other organ systems (+/-stages I-IV)
Each stage is then subclassifed as a) without systemic signs or b) with systemic signs.

==Treatment==
===Surgery===
Firstly, a laparotomy is required for many cases of Alimentary lymphoma to obtain biopsy material. For solitary masses without systemic disease resection and anastomosis of the intestine is advised (single modality treatment). Local resection in cats has occasionally been curative. Other focal lyphoma may also be resected, however surgery alone may be insufficient for long-term control of the disease and if not all the tumour is able to be resected, or should relapse occur, or if there is systemic progression, chemotherapy will be required(multimodal treatment).

===Radiotherapy===
Lymphoma is highly radiosensitive and in theory should be efficient in treating all forms of lymphoma, however, surrounding tissues often have a low tolerance.

===Chemotherapy===
Combination chemotherapy is the most frequent method of treatment and the most commonly used protocols include:
* COP which consists of Cyclophosphamide, Vincristine and Prednisolone. It is frequently used in cats and can be used for induction therapy (8 weeks) as well as a long term maintenance protocol.
* COAP consists of Cyclophosphamide, Vincristine, Prednisolone and Cytosine arabinoside
* CHOP consists of Cyclophosphamide, Vincristine, Prednisolone and Doxorubicin.
Corticosteroids must not be administered prior to initiation of chemotherapy as they can cause resistance to cytotoxics and hence reduce the rate of response and the survival time.
The aim is to induce remission and then continue with a maintenance regime, adjusting the dose as required with rescue therapy should relapse occur.
Response to treatment can be monitored via reduction in tumour mass and size of lymph nodes. Haematological values should be frequently monitored to assess the effects of the drugs. In particular animals should be monitored for the presence of [[Azotaemia|Azotaemia]], neutropenia/sepsis, hypercalcaemia and pyrexia.

===Supportive Therapy===
Whilst receiving chemotherapy patients should recieve a high quality, palatable diet to maintain calorific intake. If animals become anorexic they should recieve appetite stimulation in cats e.g Cyproheptadine (Periactin) or antiemetics if vomiting occurs.
Additionally fluid therapy, laxatives and analgesia may be required.

==Prognosis==
The mean survival times for dogs and cats without therapy is 6-8 weeks. For those recieving corticosteroids alone is 3 months.
If chemotherapy is administered then the mean survival time increases to 6-9 months.
Local canine lymphoma responds better to chemotherapy than the diffuse form of disease.
Immunophenotype (T cell versus B cell lymphoma) does not appear to be associated with prognosis in cats as it can be in dogs. Factors indicating a better prognosis (overall survival) in cats include: an early presentation, a complete initial response to treatment and a clinically well patient(‘substage a’ disease).

In cats, response rate to induction chemotherapy is 26-79% and thus there is an apparently a poorer response rate in cats compared with dogs, however, 30-40% of cats that do have complete remission and will maintain complete remission for two years or more and long-term maintenance chemotherapy can frequently be stopped and many will then live free of disease. Hence, dogs may have higher remission rates but are less likely than cats to be able to maintain remission without chemotherapy.

==References==

Hayes A. (2006) '''Feline lymphoma 1. Principles of diagnosis and management''', ''In Practice'', 28, pp 516-524

Head K. W, Else R. W, Dubielzig R.R, (2002)''' Tumours of the Alimentary Tract, in Tumours in Domestic Animals''', 4th edition, Ed Menten D. J, Iowa State Press, ''Blackwell Publishing'', Iowa, pp 471-472

Morris J, Dobson J (2001) '''Gastrointestinal Tract, in Small Animal Oncology''', ''Blackwell Science'', pp 228-239

Selting K. A, (2007), '''Intestinal Tumours, Cancer of the Gastrointestinal Tract, in Withrow and MacEwen's Small Animal Clinical Oncology''', fourth edition, Eds Withrow S.J, Vail D.M, Missouri, ''Saunders Elsevier'', pp 491-501

White, R. A. S, (2003), '''Tumours of the intestines, in BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Oncology''', second edition, Eds Dobson J. M, Lascelles B. D. X, Gloucester, ''British Small Animal Veterinary Association'', pp 229-233

[[Category:Stomach_and_Abomasum_-_Proliferative_Pathology]][[Category:Dog]][[Category:Cattle]]
[[Category:Intestines_-_Proliferative_Pathology]]
[[Category:To Do - Caz]][[Category:Lymphoreticular and Haemopoietic Diseases]]
[[Category:Neoplasia]]

Lymphoma

2010-08-19T21:15:06Z

Crank: /* Physical Examination */

{{unfinished}}
[[Image:tonguelymphoma.gif|right|thumb|125px|<center>Tongue Lymphoma - a recognised entity (Courtesy of Alun Williams (RVC))</center>]][[Category:Tongue_-_Pathology]]

==Description==
Lymphoma is caused by malignant clonal expansion of lymphoid cells and most commonly arises from lymphoid tissues including the [[Bone Marrow|bone marrow]], [[Thymus|thymus]], [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy & Physiology|lymph nodes]] and [[Spleen - Anatomy & Physiology|spleen]]. Lymphoma is documented to be the most common haematopoietic [[Neoplasia - Pathology|neoplasm]] in dogs.
In the dog, multicentric lymphoma is most common representing 80% of cases. [[Alimentary - Anatomy & Physiology|Alimentary]], cutaneous, [[Mediastinum - Anatomy & Physiology|mediastinal]] and extranodal sites are less common. Additionally the majority of lymphoma cases in dogs are of the B-cell immunophenotype.

In cats following the inroduction of widespread [[Feline Leukaemia Virus|FeLV]] testing and [[vaccines|vaccination]] the most common type of lymphoma affecting cats is alimentary when previously it had been mediastinal and multicentric forms.
Only 10% of lymphoma cases in cats are now associated with FeLV.

==Signalment==
The median age of affected cats is 9-10 years and oriental [[Feline Breeds - WikiNormals|cat breeds]] may be predisposed.

Affected dogs have a wide age range, most are middle-aged however young animals can be affected. There may also be a male predilection.

==Diagnosis==
==Clinical Signs==
====Dogs: Multicentric Lymphoma====
The most common presenting sign in dogs is a lymphadenopathy, with only 10-20% of dogs presenting clinically unwell. Dogs that do present with clinical signs may be anorexic, lethargic and have lost weight.

For other types of lymphoma affecting dogs the clinical signs will demonstrate the anatomical site affected.

'''Mediastinal''' forms will present with decreased [[Heart - Anatomy & Physiology|heart]] sounds, [[Dyspnoea|dyspnoea]] and polyuria and polydypsia due to paraneoplastic hypercalcaemia.
Dogs with mediastinal lymphoma can also have pitting [[Oedema - Pathology|oedema]] of the head and neck due to compression of the cranial vena cava.

'''Alimentary''' forms will present with [[Vomiting|vomiting]], [[Diarrhoea|diarrhoea]], anorexia and thickened loops of [[Small Intestine - Anatomy & Physiology|intestine]] on abdominal palpation.

'''Cutaneous''' lymphoma can also occur with a varied presentation but often present as cutaneous nodules.

====Feline Lymphoma====
In contrast to dogs, cats are more likely to present unwell. Again the clinical signs will depend on the anatomical location affected.

'''Alimentary''' cats will present with vomiting, diarrhoea, weight loss and anorexia.

'''Mediastinal''' cats will present with respiratory signs and may be in respiratory distress.

'''Renal''' lymphoma also occurs in cats and affeted animals will present with signs similar to [[Kidney Renal Failure - Pathology|renal failure]].

===Physical Examination===
An abdominal mass may be palpable and bowel loops may feel thickened in alimentary lymphoma. Additionally enlarged mesenteric [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy & Physiology|lymph nodes]] and enlarged abdominal organs may be palpable . Muffled [[ Heart - Anatomy & Physiology|heart]] sounds and a non-compressible thoracic region may be found in mediastinal lymphoma.
Petechiae, [[Anaemia - Introduction|anaemia]] and icterus may also be present in any form of lymphoma.

==Laboratory Tests==
===Haematology and Biochemistry===
Haematological analysis should always be performed with suspected lymphoma for staging purposes and for the recording of base-line parameters prior to the initiation of any treatment to assess the severity of any future myelosuppression. Potential abnormalities for those patients with bone marrow involvement may include lymphocytosis, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia and the presence of immature lymphoid precursors
Affected cats are not usually leukemic.
On biochemistry abnormalities may include hypoproteinaemia, elevated hepatic enzymes and elevated Blood Urea Nitrogen /creatinine.

===FeLV/FIV===
All cats with suspected lymphoma should be tested for FeLV and FIV, usually performed via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) available in general practice in kit form (CITE test). Virus isolation would be required for a definitive result, however this is not only more time-consuming but is more expensive. An ELISA is also frequently used for the diagnosis of FIV.

===Paraneoplastic Syndromes===
Dogs may present with hypercalcaemia, this is due to the release of Parathyroid hormone- related protein (PTHrp) released by the tumor, which produces these effects by acting like parathyroid hormone. Affected cats are not usually hypercalcaemic

==Radiography==
A mass may be visible via plain or contrast abdominal radiography. Both abdominal and thoracic imaging is required in assessing the surrounding structures.

==Ultrasonography==
Superior to radiography in assessing infiltration or abnormalities of tissue architecture and assessing the surrounding structures for metastasis. Guided aspirates or biopsies may also be taken at this time, including lymph node sampling, to evaluate degree of systemic involvement.

==Bone Marrow Aspirate/Biopsy==
Should be taken ideally for all cases as part of the staging procedure.

===Staging===
A staging system is used for lymphoma (Owen, 1980):
* Stage I - Involvement limited to a single node or lymphoid tissue in a single organ (excluding bone marrow)
* Stage II - Involvement of many lymph nodes in a regional area (+/- tonsils)
* Stage III - Generalised lymph node involvement
* Stage IV - Liver and/or spleen involvement (+ stage III)
* Stage V - Manifestations in the blood and involvement of bone marrow and/or other organ systems (+/-stages I-IV)
Each stage is then subclassifed as a) without systemic signs or b) with systemic signs.

==Treatment==
===Surgery===
Firstly, a laparotomy is required for many cases of Alimentary lymphoma to obtain biopsy material. For solitary masses without systemic disease resection and anastomosis of the intestine is advised (single modality treatment). Local resection in cats has occasionally been curative. Other focal lyphoma may also be resected, however surgery alone may be insufficient for long-term control of the disease and if not all the tumour is able to be resected, or should relapse occur, or if there is systemic progression, chemotherapy will be required(multimodal treatment).

===Radiotherapy===
Lymphoma is highly radiosensitive and in theory should be efficient in treating all forms of lymphoma, however, surrounding tissues often have a low tolerance.

===Chemotherapy===
Combination chemotherapy is the most frequent method of treatment and the most commonly used protocols include:
* COP which consists of Cyclophosphamide, Vincristine and Prednisolone. It is frequently used in cats and can be used for induction therapy (8 weeks) as well as a long term maintenance protocol.
* COAP consists of Cyclophosphamide, Vincristine, Prednisolone and Cytosine arabinoside
* CHOP consists of Cyclophosphamide, Vincristine, Prednisolone and Doxorubicin.
Corticosteroids must not be administered prior to initiation of chemotherapy as they can cause resistance to cytotoxics and hence reduce the rate of response and the survival time.
The aim is to induce remission and then continue with a maintenance regime, adjusting the dose as required with rescue therapy should relapse occur.
Response to treatment can be monitored via reduction in tumour mass and size of lymph nodes. Haematological values should be frequently monitored to assess the effects of the drugs. In particular animals should be monitored for the presence of [[Azotaemia|Azotaemia]], neutropenia/sepsis, hypercalcaemia and pyrexia.

===Supportive Therapy===
Whilst receiving chemotherapy patients should recieve a high quality, palatable diet to maintain calorific intake. If animals become anorexic they should recieve appetite stimulation in cats e.g Cyproheptadine (Periactin) or antiemetics if vomiting occurs.
Additionally fluid therapy, laxatives and analgesia may be required.

==Prognosis==
The mean survival times for dogs and cats without therapy is 6-8 weeks. For those recieving corticosteroids alone is 3 months.
If chemotherapy is administered then the mean survival time increases to 6-9 months.
Local canine lymphoma responds better to chemotherapy than the diffuse form of disease.
Immunophenotype (T cell versus B cell lymphoma) does not appear to be associated with prognosis in cats as it can be in dogs. Factors indicating a better prognosis (overall survival) in cats include: an early presentation, a complete initial response to treatment and a clinically well patient(‘substage a’ disease).

In cats, response rate to induction chemotherapy is 26-79% and thus there is an apparently a poorer response rate in cats compared with dogs, however, 30-40% of cats that do have complete remission and will maintain complete remission for two years or more and long-term maintenance chemotherapy can frequently be stopped and many will then live free of disease. Hence, dogs may have higher remission rates but are less likely than cats to be able to maintain remission without chemotherapy.

==References==

Hayes A. (2006) '''Feline lymphoma 1. Principles of diagnosis and management''', ''In Practice'', 28, pp 516-524

Head K. W, Else R. W, Dubielzig R.R, (2002)''' Tumours of the Alimentary Tract, in Tumours in Domestic Animals''', 4th edition, Ed Menten D. J, Iowa State Press, ''Blackwell Publishing'', Iowa, pp 471-472

Morris J, Dobson J (2001) '''Gastrointestinal Tract, in Small Animal Oncology''', ''Blackwell Science'', pp 228-239

Selting K. A, (2007), '''Intestinal Tumours, Cancer of the Gastrointestinal Tract, in Withrow and MacEwen's Small Animal Clinical Oncology''', fourth edition, Eds Withrow S.J, Vail D.M, Missouri, ''Saunders Elsevier'', pp 491-501

White, R. A. S, (2003), '''Tumours of the intestines, in BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Oncology''', second edition, Eds Dobson J. M, Lascelles B. D. X, Gloucester, ''British Small Animal Veterinary Association'', pp 229-233

[[Category:Stomach_and_Abomasum_-_Proliferative_Pathology]][[Category:Dog]][[Category:Cattle]]
[[Category:Intestines_-_Proliferative_Pathology]]
[[Category:To Do - Caz]][[Category:Lymphoreticular and Haemopoietic Diseases]]
[[Category:Neoplasia]]

Lymphoma

2010-08-19T21:12:06Z

Crank: /* Feline Lymphoma */

{{unfinished}}
[[Image:tonguelymphoma.gif|right|thumb|125px|<center>Tongue Lymphoma - a recognised entity (Courtesy of Alun Williams (RVC))</center>]][[Category:Tongue_-_Pathology]]

==Description==
Lymphoma is caused by malignant clonal expansion of lymphoid cells and most commonly arises from lymphoid tissues including the [[Bone Marrow|bone marrow]], [[Thymus|thymus]], [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy & Physiology|lymph nodes]] and [[Spleen - Anatomy & Physiology|spleen]]. Lymphoma is documented to be the most common haematopoietic [[Neoplasia - Pathology|neoplasm]] in dogs.
In the dog, multicentric lymphoma is most common representing 80% of cases. [[Alimentary - Anatomy & Physiology|Alimentary]], cutaneous, [[Mediastinum - Anatomy & Physiology|mediastinal]] and extranodal sites are less common. Additionally the majority of lymphoma cases in dogs are of the B-cell immunophenotype.

In cats following the inroduction of widespread [[Feline Leukaemia Virus|FeLV]] testing and [[vaccines|vaccination]] the most common type of lymphoma affecting cats is alimentary when previously it had been mediastinal and multicentric forms.
Only 10% of lymphoma cases in cats are now associated with FeLV.

==Signalment==
The median age of affected cats is 9-10 years and oriental [[Feline Breeds - WikiNormals|cat breeds]] may be predisposed.

Affected dogs have a wide age range, most are middle-aged however young animals can be affected. There may also be a male predilection.

==Diagnosis==
==Clinical Signs==
====Dogs: Multicentric Lymphoma====
The most common presenting sign in dogs is a lymphadenopathy, with only 10-20% of dogs presenting clinically unwell. Dogs that do present with clinical signs may be anorexic, lethargic and have lost weight.

For other types of lymphoma affecting dogs the clinical signs will demonstrate the anatomical site affected.

'''Mediastinal''' forms will present with decreased [[Heart - Anatomy & Physiology|heart]] sounds, [[Dyspnoea|dyspnoea]] and polyuria and polydypsia due to paraneoplastic hypercalcaemia.
Dogs with mediastinal lymphoma can also have pitting [[Oedema - Pathology|oedema]] of the head and neck due to compression of the cranial vena cava.

'''Alimentary''' forms will present with [[Vomiting|vomiting]], [[Diarrhoea|diarrhoea]], anorexia and thickened loops of [[Small Intestine - Anatomy & Physiology|intestine]] on abdominal palpation.

'''Cutaneous''' lymphoma can also occur with a varied presentation but often present as cutaneous nodules.

====Feline Lymphoma====
In contrast to dogs, cats are more likely to present unwell. Again the clinical signs will depend on the anatomical location affected.

'''Alimentary''' cats will present with vomiting, diarrhoea, weight loss and anorexia.

'''Mediastinal''' cats will present with respiratory signs and may be in respiratory distress.

'''Renal''' lymphoma also occurs in cats and affeted animals will present with signs similar to [[Kidney Renal Failure - Pathology|renal failure]].

===Physical Examination===
An abdominal mass may be palpable and bowel loops may feel thickened in alimentary lymphoma. Additionally enlarged mesenteric lymph nodes and enlarged abdominal organs may be palpable . Muffled heart sounds and a non-compressible thoracic region may be found in mediastinal lymphoma.
Petechiae, anaemia and icterus may also be present in any form of lymphoma.

==Laboratory Tests==
===Haematology and Biochemistry===
Haematological analysis should always be performed with suspected lymphoma for staging purposes and for the recording of base-line parameters prior to the initiation of any treatment to assess the severity of any future myelosuppression. Potential abnormalities for those patients with bone marrow involvement may include lymphocytosis, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia and the presence of immature lymphoid precursors
Affected cats are not usually leukemic.
On biochemistry abnormalities may include hypoproteinaemia, elevated hepatic enzymes and elevated Blood Urea Nitrogen /creatinine.

===FeLV/FIV===
All cats with suspected lymphoma should be tested for FeLV and FIV, usually performed via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) available in general practice in kit form (CITE test). Virus isolation would be required for a definitive result, however this is not only more time-consuming but is more expensive. An ELISA is also frequently used for the diagnosis of FIV.

===Paraneoplastic Syndromes===
Dogs may present with hypercalcaemia, this is due to the release of Parathyroid hormone- related protein (PTHrp) released by the tumor, which produces these effects by acting like parathyroid hormone. Affected cats are not usually hypercalcaemic

==Radiography==
A mass may be visible via plain or contrast abdominal radiography. Both abdominal and thoracic imaging is required in assessing the surrounding structures.

==Ultrasonography==
Superior to radiography in assessing infiltration or abnormalities of tissue architecture and assessing the surrounding structures for metastasis. Guided aspirates or biopsies may also be taken at this time, including lymph node sampling, to evaluate degree of systemic involvement.

==Bone Marrow Aspirate/Biopsy==
Should be taken ideally for all cases as part of the staging procedure.

===Staging===
A staging system is used for lymphoma (Owen, 1980):
* Stage I - Involvement limited to a single node or lymphoid tissue in a single organ (excluding bone marrow)
* Stage II - Involvement of many lymph nodes in a regional area (+/- tonsils)
* Stage III - Generalised lymph node involvement
* Stage IV - Liver and/or spleen involvement (+ stage III)
* Stage V - Manifestations in the blood and involvement of bone marrow and/or other organ systems (+/-stages I-IV)
Each stage is then subclassifed as a) without systemic signs or b) with systemic signs.

==Treatment==
===Surgery===
Firstly, a laparotomy is required for many cases of Alimentary lymphoma to obtain biopsy material. For solitary masses without systemic disease resection and anastomosis of the intestine is advised (single modality treatment). Local resection in cats has occasionally been curative. Other focal lyphoma may also be resected, however surgery alone may be insufficient for long-term control of the disease and if not all the tumour is able to be resected, or should relapse occur, or if there is systemic progression, chemotherapy will be required(multimodal treatment).

===Radiotherapy===
Lymphoma is highly radiosensitive and in theory should be efficient in treating all forms of lymphoma, however, surrounding tissues often have a low tolerance.

===Chemotherapy===
Combination chemotherapy is the most frequent method of treatment and the most commonly used protocols include:
* COP which consists of Cyclophosphamide, Vincristine and Prednisolone. It is frequently used in cats and can be used for induction therapy (8 weeks) as well as a long term maintenance protocol.
* COAP consists of Cyclophosphamide, Vincristine, Prednisolone and Cytosine arabinoside
* CHOP consists of Cyclophosphamide, Vincristine, Prednisolone and Doxorubicin.
Corticosteroids must not be administered prior to initiation of chemotherapy as they can cause resistance to cytotoxics and hence reduce the rate of response and the survival time.
The aim is to induce remission and then continue with a maintenance regime, adjusting the dose as required with rescue therapy should relapse occur.
Response to treatment can be monitored via reduction in tumour mass and size of lymph nodes. Haematological values should be frequently monitored to assess the effects of the drugs. In particular animals should be monitored for the presence of [[Azotaemia|Azotaemia]], neutropenia/sepsis, hypercalcaemia and pyrexia.

===Supportive Therapy===
Whilst receiving chemotherapy patients should recieve a high quality, palatable diet to maintain calorific intake. If animals become anorexic they should recieve appetite stimulation in cats e.g Cyproheptadine (Periactin) or antiemetics if vomiting occurs.
Additionally fluid therapy, laxatives and analgesia may be required.

==Prognosis==
The mean survival times for dogs and cats without therapy is 6-8 weeks. For those recieving corticosteroids alone is 3 months.
If chemotherapy is administered then the mean survival time increases to 6-9 months.
Local canine lymphoma responds better to chemotherapy than the diffuse form of disease.
Immunophenotype (T cell versus B cell lymphoma) does not appear to be associated with prognosis in cats as it can be in dogs. Factors indicating a better prognosis (overall survival) in cats include: an early presentation, a complete initial response to treatment and a clinically well patient(‘substage a’ disease).

In cats, response rate to induction chemotherapy is 26-79% and thus there is an apparently a poorer response rate in cats compared with dogs, however, 30-40% of cats that do have complete remission and will maintain complete remission for two years or more and long-term maintenance chemotherapy can frequently be stopped and many will then live free of disease. Hence, dogs may have higher remission rates but are less likely than cats to be able to maintain remission without chemotherapy.

==References==

Hayes A. (2006) '''Feline lymphoma 1. Principles of diagnosis and management''', ''In Practice'', 28, pp 516-524

Head K. W, Else R. W, Dubielzig R.R, (2002)''' Tumours of the Alimentary Tract, in Tumours in Domestic Animals''', 4th edition, Ed Menten D. J, Iowa State Press, ''Blackwell Publishing'', Iowa, pp 471-472

Morris J, Dobson J (2001) '''Gastrointestinal Tract, in Small Animal Oncology''', ''Blackwell Science'', pp 228-239

Selting K. A, (2007), '''Intestinal Tumours, Cancer of the Gastrointestinal Tract, in Withrow and MacEwen's Small Animal Clinical Oncology''', fourth edition, Eds Withrow S.J, Vail D.M, Missouri, ''Saunders Elsevier'', pp 491-501

White, R. A. S, (2003), '''Tumours of the intestines, in BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Oncology''', second edition, Eds Dobson J. M, Lascelles B. D. X, Gloucester, ''British Small Animal Veterinary Association'', pp 229-233

[[Category:Stomach_and_Abomasum_-_Proliferative_Pathology]][[Category:Dog]][[Category:Cattle]]
[[Category:Intestines_-_Proliferative_Pathology]]
[[Category:To Do - Caz]][[Category:Lymphoreticular and Haemopoietic Diseases]]
[[Category:Neoplasia]]

Lymphoma

2010-08-19T21:10:57Z

Crank: /* Dogs: Multicentric Lymphoma */

{{unfinished}}
[[Image:tonguelymphoma.gif|right|thumb|125px|<center>Tongue Lymphoma - a recognised entity (Courtesy of Alun Williams (RVC))</center>]][[Category:Tongue_-_Pathology]]

==Description==
Lymphoma is caused by malignant clonal expansion of lymphoid cells and most commonly arises from lymphoid tissues including the [[Bone Marrow|bone marrow]], [[Thymus|thymus]], [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy & Physiology|lymph nodes]] and [[Spleen - Anatomy & Physiology|spleen]]. Lymphoma is documented to be the most common haematopoietic [[Neoplasia - Pathology|neoplasm]] in dogs.
In the dog, multicentric lymphoma is most common representing 80% of cases. [[Alimentary - Anatomy & Physiology|Alimentary]], cutaneous, [[Mediastinum - Anatomy & Physiology|mediastinal]] and extranodal sites are less common. Additionally the majority of lymphoma cases in dogs are of the B-cell immunophenotype.

In cats following the inroduction of widespread [[Feline Leukaemia Virus|FeLV]] testing and [[vaccines|vaccination]] the most common type of lymphoma affecting cats is alimentary when previously it had been mediastinal and multicentric forms.
Only 10% of lymphoma cases in cats are now associated with FeLV.

==Signalment==
The median age of affected cats is 9-10 years and oriental [[Feline Breeds - WikiNormals|cat breeds]] may be predisposed.

Affected dogs have a wide age range, most are middle-aged however young animals can be affected. There may also be a male predilection.

==Diagnosis==
==Clinical Signs==
====Dogs: Multicentric Lymphoma====
The most common presenting sign in dogs is a lymphadenopathy, with only 10-20% of dogs presenting clinically unwell. Dogs that do present with clinical signs may be anorexic, lethargic and have lost weight.

For other types of lymphoma affecting dogs the clinical signs will demonstrate the anatomical site affected.

'''Mediastinal''' forms will present with decreased [[Heart - Anatomy & Physiology|heart]] sounds, [[Dyspnoea|dyspnoea]] and polyuria and polydypsia due to paraneoplastic hypercalcaemia.
Dogs with mediastinal lymphoma can also have pitting [[Oedema - Pathology|oedema]] of the head and neck due to compression of the cranial vena cava.

'''Alimentary''' forms will present with [[Vomiting|vomiting]], [[Diarrhoea|diarrhoea]], anorexia and thickened loops of [[Small Intestine - Anatomy & Physiology|intestine]] on abdominal palpation.

'''Cutaneous''' lymphoma can also occur with a varied presentation but often present as cutaneous nodules.

====Feline Lymphoma====
In contrast to dogs, cats are more likely to present unwell. Again the clinical signs will depend on the anatomical location affected.

'''Alimentary''' cats will present with vomiting, diarrhoea, weight loss and anorexia.

'''Mediastinal''' cats will present with respiratory signs and may be in respiratory distress.

'''Renal''' lymphoma also occurs in cats and affeted animals will present with signs similar to renal failure.

===Physical Examination===
An abdominal mass may be palpable and bowel loops may feel thickened in alimentary lymphoma. Additionally enlarged mesenteric lymph nodes and enlarged abdominal organs may be palpable . Muffled heart sounds and a non-compressible thoracic region may be found in mediastinal lymphoma.
Petechiae, anaemia and icterus may also be present in any form of lymphoma.

==Laboratory Tests==
===Haematology and Biochemistry===
Haematological analysis should always be performed with suspected lymphoma for staging purposes and for the recording of base-line parameters prior to the initiation of any treatment to assess the severity of any future myelosuppression. Potential abnormalities for those patients with bone marrow involvement may include lymphocytosis, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia and the presence of immature lymphoid precursors
Affected cats are not usually leukemic.
On biochemistry abnormalities may include hypoproteinaemia, elevated hepatic enzymes and elevated Blood Urea Nitrogen /creatinine.

===FeLV/FIV===
All cats with suspected lymphoma should be tested for FeLV and FIV, usually performed via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) available in general practice in kit form (CITE test). Virus isolation would be required for a definitive result, however this is not only more time-consuming but is more expensive. An ELISA is also frequently used for the diagnosis of FIV.

===Paraneoplastic Syndromes===
Dogs may present with hypercalcaemia, this is due to the release of Parathyroid hormone- related protein (PTHrp) released by the tumor, which produces these effects by acting like parathyroid hormone. Affected cats are not usually hypercalcaemic

==Radiography==
A mass may be visible via plain or contrast abdominal radiography. Both abdominal and thoracic imaging is required in assessing the surrounding structures.

==Ultrasonography==
Superior to radiography in assessing infiltration or abnormalities of tissue architecture and assessing the surrounding structures for metastasis. Guided aspirates or biopsies may also be taken at this time, including lymph node sampling, to evaluate degree of systemic involvement.

==Bone Marrow Aspirate/Biopsy==
Should be taken ideally for all cases as part of the staging procedure.

===Staging===
A staging system is used for lymphoma (Owen, 1980):
* Stage I - Involvement limited to a single node or lymphoid tissue in a single organ (excluding bone marrow)
* Stage II - Involvement of many lymph nodes in a regional area (+/- tonsils)
* Stage III - Generalised lymph node involvement
* Stage IV - Liver and/or spleen involvement (+ stage III)
* Stage V - Manifestations in the blood and involvement of bone marrow and/or other organ systems (+/-stages I-IV)
Each stage is then subclassifed as a) without systemic signs or b) with systemic signs.

==Treatment==
===Surgery===
Firstly, a laparotomy is required for many cases of Alimentary lymphoma to obtain biopsy material. For solitary masses without systemic disease resection and anastomosis of the intestine is advised (single modality treatment). Local resection in cats has occasionally been curative. Other focal lyphoma may also be resected, however surgery alone may be insufficient for long-term control of the disease and if not all the tumour is able to be resected, or should relapse occur, or if there is systemic progression, chemotherapy will be required(multimodal treatment).

===Radiotherapy===
Lymphoma is highly radiosensitive and in theory should be efficient in treating all forms of lymphoma, however, surrounding tissues often have a low tolerance.

===Chemotherapy===
Combination chemotherapy is the most frequent method of treatment and the most commonly used protocols include:
* COP which consists of Cyclophosphamide, Vincristine and Prednisolone. It is frequently used in cats and can be used for induction therapy (8 weeks) as well as a long term maintenance protocol.
* COAP consists of Cyclophosphamide, Vincristine, Prednisolone and Cytosine arabinoside
* CHOP consists of Cyclophosphamide, Vincristine, Prednisolone and Doxorubicin.
Corticosteroids must not be administered prior to initiation of chemotherapy as they can cause resistance to cytotoxics and hence reduce the rate of response and the survival time.
The aim is to induce remission and then continue with a maintenance regime, adjusting the dose as required with rescue therapy should relapse occur.
Response to treatment can be monitored via reduction in tumour mass and size of lymph nodes. Haematological values should be frequently monitored to assess the effects of the drugs. In particular animals should be monitored for the presence of [[Azotaemia|Azotaemia]], neutropenia/sepsis, hypercalcaemia and pyrexia.

===Supportive Therapy===
Whilst receiving chemotherapy patients should recieve a high quality, palatable diet to maintain calorific intake. If animals become anorexic they should recieve appetite stimulation in cats e.g Cyproheptadine (Periactin) or antiemetics if vomiting occurs.
Additionally fluid therapy, laxatives and analgesia may be required.

==Prognosis==
The mean survival times for dogs and cats without therapy is 6-8 weeks. For those recieving corticosteroids alone is 3 months.
If chemotherapy is administered then the mean survival time increases to 6-9 months.
Local canine lymphoma responds better to chemotherapy than the diffuse form of disease.
Immunophenotype (T cell versus B cell lymphoma) does not appear to be associated with prognosis in cats as it can be in dogs. Factors indicating a better prognosis (overall survival) in cats include: an early presentation, a complete initial response to treatment and a clinically well patient(‘substage a’ disease).

In cats, response rate to induction chemotherapy is 26-79% and thus there is an apparently a poorer response rate in cats compared with dogs, however, 30-40% of cats that do have complete remission and will maintain complete remission for two years or more and long-term maintenance chemotherapy can frequently be stopped and many will then live free of disease. Hence, dogs may have higher remission rates but are less likely than cats to be able to maintain remission without chemotherapy.

==References==

Hayes A. (2006) '''Feline lymphoma 1. Principles of diagnosis and management''', ''In Practice'', 28, pp 516-524

Head K. W, Else R. W, Dubielzig R.R, (2002)''' Tumours of the Alimentary Tract, in Tumours in Domestic Animals''', 4th edition, Ed Menten D. J, Iowa State Press, ''Blackwell Publishing'', Iowa, pp 471-472

Morris J, Dobson J (2001) '''Gastrointestinal Tract, in Small Animal Oncology''', ''Blackwell Science'', pp 228-239

Selting K. A, (2007), '''Intestinal Tumours, Cancer of the Gastrointestinal Tract, in Withrow and MacEwen's Small Animal Clinical Oncology''', fourth edition, Eds Withrow S.J, Vail D.M, Missouri, ''Saunders Elsevier'', pp 491-501

White, R. A. S, (2003), '''Tumours of the intestines, in BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Oncology''', second edition, Eds Dobson J. M, Lascelles B. D. X, Gloucester, ''British Small Animal Veterinary Association'', pp 229-233

[[Category:Stomach_and_Abomasum_-_Proliferative_Pathology]][[Category:Dog]][[Category:Cattle]]
[[Category:Intestines_-_Proliferative_Pathology]]
[[Category:To Do - Caz]][[Category:Lymphoreticular and Haemopoietic Diseases]]
[[Category:Neoplasia]]

Lymphoma

2010-08-19T20:48:01Z

Crank: /* Description */

{{unfinished}}
[[Image:tonguelymphoma.gif|right|thumb|125px|<center>Tongue Lymphoma - a recognised entity (Courtesy of Alun Williams (RVC))</center>]][[Category:Tongue_-_Pathology]]

==Description==
Lymphoma is caused by malignant clonal expansion of lymphoid cells and most commonly arises from lymphoid tissues including the [[Bone Marrow|bone marrow]], [[Thymus|thymus]], [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy & Physiology|lymph nodes]] and [[Spleen - Anatomy & Physiology|spleen]]. Lymphoma is documented to be the most common haematopoietic [[Neoplasia - Pathology|neoplasm]] in dogs.
In the dog, multicentric lymphoma is most common representing 80% of cases. [[Alimentary - Anatomy & Physiology|Alimentary]], cutaneous, [[Mediastinum - Anatomy & Physiology|mediastinal]] and extranodal sites are less common. Additionally the majority of lymphoma cases in dogs are of the B-cell immunophenotype.

In cats following the inroduction of widespread [[Feline Leukaemia Virus|FeLV]] testing and [[vaccines|vaccination]] the most common type of lymphoma affecting cats is alimentary when previously it had been mediastinal and multicentric forms.
Only 10% of lymphoma cases in cats are now associated with FeLV.

==Signalment==
The median age of affected cats is 9-10 years and oriental [[Feline Breeds - WikiNormals|cat breeds]] may be predisposed.

Affected dogs have a wide age range, most are middle-aged however young animals can be affected. There may also be a male predilection.

==Diagnosis==
==Clinical Signs==
====Dogs: Multicentric Lymphoma====
The most common presenting sign in dogs is a lymphadenopathy, with only 10-20% of dogs presenting clinically unwell. Dogs that do present with clinical signs may be anorexic, lethargic and have lost weight.

For other types of lymphoma affecting dogs the clinical signs will demonstrate the anatomical site affected.

'''Mediastinal''' forms will present with decreased [[Heart - Anatomy & Physiology|heart]] sounds, [[Dyspnoea|dyspnoea]] and polyuria and polydypsia due to paraneoplastic hypercalcaemia.
Dogs with mediastinal lymphoma can also have pitting [[Oedema - Pathology|oedema]] of the head and neck due to compression of the cranial vena cava.

'''Alimentary''' forms will present with vomiting, diarrhoea, anorexia and thickened loops on intestine on abdominal palpation.

'''Cutaneous''' lymphoma can also occur with a varied presentation but often present as cutaneous nodules.

====Feline Lymphoma====
In contrast to dogs, cats are more likely to present unwell. Again the clinical signs will depend on the anatomical location affected.

'''Alimentary''' cats will present with vomiting, diarrhoea, weight loss and anorexia.

'''Mediastinal''' cats will present with respiratory signs and may be in respiratory distress.

'''Renal''' lymphoma also occurs in cats and affeted animals will present with signs similar to renal failure.

===Physical Examination===
An abdominal mass may be palpable and bowel loops may feel thickened in alimentary lymphoma. Additionally enlarged mesenteric lymph nodes and enlarged abdominal organs may be palpable . Muffled heart sounds and a non-compressible thoracic region may be found in mediastinal lymphoma.
Petechiae, anaemia and icterus may also be present in any form of lymphoma.

==Laboratory Tests==
===Haematology and Biochemistry===
Haematological analysis should always be performed with suspected lymphoma for staging purposes and for the recording of base-line parameters prior to the initiation of any treatment to assess the severity of any future myelosuppression. Potential abnormalities for those patients with bone marrow involvement may include lymphocytosis, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia and the presence of immature lymphoid precursors
Affected cats are not usually leukemic.
On biochemistry abnormalities may include hypoproteinaemia, elevated hepatic enzymes and elevated Blood Urea Nitrogen /creatinine.

===FeLV/FIV===
All cats with suspected lymphoma should be tested for FeLV and FIV, usually performed via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) available in general practice in kit form (CITE test). Virus isolation would be required for a definitive result, however this is not only more time-consuming but is more expensive. An ELISA is also frequently used for the diagnosis of FIV.

===Paraneoplastic Syndromes===
Dogs may present with hypercalcaemia, this is due to the release of Parathyroid hormone- related protein (PTHrp) released by the tumor, which produces these effects by acting like parathyroid hormone. Affected cats are not usually hypercalcaemic

==Radiography==
A mass may be visible via plain or contrast abdominal radiography. Both abdominal and thoracic imaging is required in assessing the surrounding structures.

==Ultrasonography==
Superior to radiography in assessing infiltration or abnormalities of tissue architecture and assessing the surrounding structures for metastasis. Guided aspirates or biopsies may also be taken at this time, including lymph node sampling, to evaluate degree of systemic involvement.

==Bone Marrow Aspirate/Biopsy==
Should be taken ideally for all cases as part of the staging procedure.

===Staging===
A staging system is used for lymphoma (Owen, 1980):
* Stage I - Involvement limited to a single node or lymphoid tissue in a single organ (excluding bone marrow)
* Stage II - Involvement of many lymph nodes in a regional area (+/- tonsils)
* Stage III - Generalised lymph node involvement
* Stage IV - Liver and/or spleen involvement (+ stage III)
* Stage V - Manifestations in the blood and involvement of bone marrow and/or other organ systems (+/-stages I-IV)
Each stage is then subclassifed as a) without systemic signs or b) with systemic signs.

==Treatment==
===Surgery===
Firstly, a laparotomy is required for many cases of Alimentary lymphoma to obtain biopsy material. For solitary masses without systemic disease resection and anastomosis of the intestine is advised (single modality treatment). Local resection in cats has occasionally been curative. Other focal lyphoma may also be resected, however surgery alone may be insufficient for long-term control of the disease and if not all the tumour is able to be resected, or should relapse occur, or if there is systemic progression, chemotherapy will be required(multimodal treatment).

===Radiotherapy===
Lymphoma is highly radiosensitive and in theory should be efficient in treating all forms of lymphoma, however, surrounding tissues often have a low tolerance.

===Chemotherapy===
Combination chemotherapy is the most frequent method of treatment and the most commonly used protocols include:
* COP which consists of Cyclophosphamide, Vincristine and Prednisolone. It is frequently used in cats and can be used for induction therapy (8 weeks) as well as a long term maintenance protocol.
* COAP consists of Cyclophosphamide, Vincristine, Prednisolone and Cytosine arabinoside
* CHOP consists of Cyclophosphamide, Vincristine, Prednisolone and Doxorubicin.
Corticosteroids must not be administered prior to initiation of chemotherapy as they can cause resistance to cytotoxics and hence reduce the rate of response and the survival time.
The aim is to induce remission and then continue with a maintenance regime, adjusting the dose as required with rescue therapy should relapse occur.
Response to treatment can be monitored via reduction in tumour mass and size of lymph nodes. Haematological values should be frequently monitored to assess the effects of the drugs. In particular animals should be monitored for the presence of [[Azotaemia|Azotaemia]], neutropenia/sepsis, hypercalcaemia and pyrexia.

===Supportive Therapy===
Whilst receiving chemotherapy patients should recieve a high quality, palatable diet to maintain calorific intake. If animals become anorexic they should recieve appetite stimulation in cats e.g Cyproheptadine (Periactin) or antiemetics if vomiting occurs.
Additionally fluid therapy, laxatives and analgesia may be required.

==Prognosis==
The mean survival times for dogs and cats without therapy is 6-8 weeks. For those recieving corticosteroids alone is 3 months.
If chemotherapy is administered then the mean survival time increases to 6-9 months.
Local canine lymphoma responds better to chemotherapy than the diffuse form of disease.
Immunophenotype (T cell versus B cell lymphoma) does not appear to be associated with prognosis in cats as it can be in dogs. Factors indicating a better prognosis (overall survival) in cats include: an early presentation, a complete initial response to treatment and a clinically well patient(‘substage a’ disease).

In cats, response rate to induction chemotherapy is 26-79% and thus there is an apparently a poorer response rate in cats compared with dogs, however, 30-40% of cats that do have complete remission and will maintain complete remission for two years or more and long-term maintenance chemotherapy can frequently be stopped and many will then live free of disease. Hence, dogs may have higher remission rates but are less likely than cats to be able to maintain remission without chemotherapy.

==References==

Hayes A. (2006) '''Feline lymphoma 1. Principles of diagnosis and management''', ''In Practice'', 28, pp 516-524

Head K. W, Else R. W, Dubielzig R.R, (2002)''' Tumours of the Alimentary Tract, in Tumours in Domestic Animals''', 4th edition, Ed Menten D. J, Iowa State Press, ''Blackwell Publishing'', Iowa, pp 471-472

Morris J, Dobson J (2001) '''Gastrointestinal Tract, in Small Animal Oncology''', ''Blackwell Science'', pp 228-239

Selting K. A, (2007), '''Intestinal Tumours, Cancer of the Gastrointestinal Tract, in Withrow and MacEwen's Small Animal Clinical Oncology''', fourth edition, Eds Withrow S.J, Vail D.M, Missouri, ''Saunders Elsevier'', pp 491-501

White, R. A. S, (2003), '''Tumours of the intestines, in BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Oncology''', second edition, Eds Dobson J. M, Lascelles B. D. X, Gloucester, ''British Small Animal Veterinary Association'', pp 229-233

[[Category:Stomach_and_Abomasum_-_Proliferative_Pathology]][[Category:Dog]][[Category:Cattle]]
[[Category:Intestines_-_Proliferative_Pathology]]
[[Category:To Do - Caz]][[Category:Lymphoreticular and Haemopoietic Diseases]]
[[Category:Neoplasia]]

Lymphoma

2010-08-19T20:20:44Z

Crank: /* Description */

{{unfinished}}
[[Image:tonguelymphoma.gif|right|thumb|125px|<center>Tongue Lymphoma - a recognised entity (Courtesy of Alun Williams (RVC))</center>]][[Category:Tongue_-_Pathology]]

==Description==
Lymphoma is caused by malignant clonal expansion of lymphoid cells and most commonly arises from lymphoid tissues including the [[Bone Marrow|bone marrow]], [[Thymus|thymus]], [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy & Physiology|lymph nodes]] and [[Spleen - Anatomy & Physiology|spleen]]. Lymphoma is documented to be the most common haematopoietic [[Neoplasia - Pathology|neoplasm]] in dogs.
In the dog, multicentric lymphoma is most common representing 80% of cases. [[Alimentary - Anatomy & Physiology|Alimentary]], cutaneous, [[Mediastinum - Anatomy & Physiology|mediastinal]] and extranodal sites are less common. Additionally the majority of lymphoma cases in dogs are of the B-cell immunophenotype.

In cats following the inroduction of widespread [[Feline Leukaemia Virus|FeLV]] testing and [[vaccination]] the most common type of lymphoma affecting cats is alimentary when previously it had been mediastinal and multicentric forms.
Only 10% of lymphoma cases in cats are now associated with FeLV.

==Signalment==
The median age of affected cats is 9-10 years and oriental [[Feline Breeds - WikiNormals|cat breeds]] may be predisposed.

Affected dogs have a wide age range, most are middle-aged however young animals can be affected. There may also be a male predilection.

==Diagnosis==
==Clinical Signs==
====Dogs: Multicentric Lymphoma====
The most common presenting sign in dogs is a lymphadenopathy, with only 10-20% of dogs presenting clinically unwell. Dogs that do present with clinical signs may be anorexic, lethargic and have lost weight.

For other types of lymphoma affecting dogs the clinical signs will demonstrate the anatomical site affected.

'''Mediastinal''' forms will present with decreased [[Heart - Anatomy & Physiology|heart]] sounds, [[Dyspnoea|dyspnoea]] and polyuria and polydypsia due to paraneoplastic hypercalcaemia.
Dogs with mediastinal lymphoma can also have pitting [[Oedema - Pathology|oedema]] of the head and neck due to compression of the cranial vena cava.

'''Alimentary''' forms will present with vomiting, diarrhoea, anorexia and thickened loops on intestine on abdominal palpation.

'''Cutaneous''' lymphoma can also occur with a varied presentation but often present as cutaneous nodules.

====Feline Lymphoma====
In contrast to dogs, cats are more likely to present unwell. Again the clinical signs will depend on the anatomical location affected.

'''Alimentary''' cats will present with vomiting, diarrhoea, weight loss and anorexia.

'''Mediastinal''' cats will present with respiratory signs and may be in respiratory distress.

'''Renal''' lymphoma also occurs in cats and affeted animals will present with signs similar to renal failure.

===Physical Examination===
An abdominal mass may be palpable and bowel loops may feel thickened in alimentary lymphoma. Additionally enlarged mesenteric lymph nodes and enlarged abdominal organs may be palpable . Muffled heart sounds and a non-compressible thoracic region may be found in mediastinal lymphoma.
Petechiae, anaemia and icterus may also be present in any form of lymphoma.

==Laboratory Tests==
===Haematology and Biochemistry===
Haematological analysis should always be performed with suspected lymphoma for staging purposes and for the recording of base-line parameters prior to the initiation of any treatment to assess the severity of any future myelosuppression. Potential abnormalities for those patients with bone marrow involvement may include lymphocytosis, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia and the presence of immature lymphoid precursors
Affected cats are not usually leukemic.
On biochemistry abnormalities may include hypoproteinaemia, elevated hepatic enzymes and elevated Blood Urea Nitrogen /creatinine.

===FeLV/FIV===
All cats with suspected lymphoma should be tested for FeLV and FIV, usually performed via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) available in general practice in kit form (CITE test). Virus isolation would be required for a definitive result, however this is not only more time-consuming but is more expensive. An ELISA is also frequently used for the diagnosis of FIV.

===Paraneoplastic Syndromes===
Dogs may present with hypercalcaemia, this is due to the release of Parathyroid hormone- related protein (PTHrp) released by the tumor, which produces these effects by acting like parathyroid hormone. Affected cats are not usually hypercalcaemic

==Radiography==
A mass may be visible via plain or contrast abdominal radiography. Both abdominal and thoracic imaging is required in assessing the surrounding structures.

==Ultrasonography==
Superior to radiography in assessing infiltration or abnormalities of tissue architecture and assessing the surrounding structures for metastasis. Guided aspirates or biopsies may also be taken at this time, including lymph node sampling, to evaluate degree of systemic involvement.

==Bone Marrow Aspirate/Biopsy==
Should be taken ideally for all cases as part of the staging procedure.

===Staging===
A staging system is used for lymphoma (Owen, 1980):
* Stage I - Involvement limited to a single node or lymphoid tissue in a single organ (excluding bone marrow)
* Stage II - Involvement of many lymph nodes in a regional area (+/- tonsils)
* Stage III - Generalised lymph node involvement
* Stage IV - Liver and/or spleen involvement (+ stage III)
* Stage V - Manifestations in the blood and involvement of bone marrow and/or other organ systems (+/-stages I-IV)
Each stage is then subclassifed as a) without systemic signs or b) with systemic signs.

==Treatment==
===Surgery===
Firstly, a laparotomy is required for many cases of Alimentary lymphoma to obtain biopsy material. For solitary masses without systemic disease resection and anastomosis of the intestine is advised (single modality treatment). Local resection in cats has occasionally been curative. Other focal lyphoma may also be resected, however surgery alone may be insufficient for long-term control of the disease and if not all the tumour is able to be resected, or should relapse occur, or if there is systemic progression, chemotherapy will be required(multimodal treatment).

===Radiotherapy===
Lymphoma is highly radiosensitive and in theory should be efficient in treating all forms of lymphoma, however, surrounding tissues often have a low tolerance.

===Chemotherapy===
Combination chemotherapy is the most frequent method of treatment and the most commonly used protocols include:
* COP which consists of Cyclophosphamide, Vincristine and Prednisolone. It is frequently used in cats and can be used for induction therapy (8 weeks) as well as a long term maintenance protocol.
* COAP consists of Cyclophosphamide, Vincristine, Prednisolone and Cytosine arabinoside
* CHOP consists of Cyclophosphamide, Vincristine, Prednisolone and Doxorubicin.
Corticosteroids must not be administered prior to initiation of chemotherapy as they can cause resistance to cytotoxics and hence reduce the rate of response and the survival time.
The aim is to induce remission and then continue with a maintenance regime, adjusting the dose as required with rescue therapy should relapse occur.
Response to treatment can be monitored via reduction in tumour mass and size of lymph nodes. Haematological values should be frequently monitored to assess the effects of the drugs. In particular animals should be monitored for the presence of [[Azotaemia|Azotaemia]], neutropenia/sepsis, hypercalcaemia and pyrexia.

===Supportive Therapy===
Whilst receiving chemotherapy patients should recieve a high quality, palatable diet to maintain calorific intake. If animals become anorexic they should recieve appetite stimulation in cats e.g Cyproheptadine (Periactin) or antiemetics if vomiting occurs.
Additionally fluid therapy, laxatives and analgesia may be required.

==Prognosis==
The mean survival times for dogs and cats without therapy is 6-8 weeks. For those recieving corticosteroids alone is 3 months.
If chemotherapy is administered then the mean survival time increases to 6-9 months.
Local canine lymphoma responds better to chemotherapy than the diffuse form of disease.
Immunophenotype (T cell versus B cell lymphoma) does not appear to be associated with prognosis in cats as it can be in dogs. Factors indicating a better prognosis (overall survival) in cats include: an early presentation, a complete initial response to treatment and a clinically well patient(‘substage a’ disease).

In cats, response rate to induction chemotherapy is 26-79% and thus there is an apparently a poorer response rate in cats compared with dogs, however, 30-40% of cats that do have complete remission and will maintain complete remission for two years or more and long-term maintenance chemotherapy can frequently be stopped and many will then live free of disease. Hence, dogs may have higher remission rates but are less likely than cats to be able to maintain remission without chemotherapy.

==References==

Hayes A. (2006) '''Feline lymphoma 1. Principles of diagnosis and management''', ''In Practice'', 28, pp 516-524

Head K. W, Else R. W, Dubielzig R.R, (2002)''' Tumours of the Alimentary Tract, in Tumours in Domestic Animals''', 4th edition, Ed Menten D. J, Iowa State Press, ''Blackwell Publishing'', Iowa, pp 471-472

Morris J, Dobson J (2001) '''Gastrointestinal Tract, in Small Animal Oncology''', ''Blackwell Science'', pp 228-239

Selting K. A, (2007), '''Intestinal Tumours, Cancer of the Gastrointestinal Tract, in Withrow and MacEwen's Small Animal Clinical Oncology''', fourth edition, Eds Withrow S.J, Vail D.M, Missouri, ''Saunders Elsevier'', pp 491-501

White, R. A. S, (2003), '''Tumours of the intestines, in BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Oncology''', second edition, Eds Dobson J. M, Lascelles B. D. X, Gloucester, ''British Small Animal Veterinary Association'', pp 229-233

[[Category:Stomach_and_Abomasum_-_Proliferative_Pathology]][[Category:Dog]][[Category:Cattle]]
[[Category:Intestines_-_Proliferative_Pathology]]
[[Category:To Do - Caz]][[Category:Lymphoreticular and Haemopoietic Diseases]]
[[Category:Neoplasia]]

Neosporosis - Cattle

2010-08-19T20:17:06Z

Crank:

{{unfinished}}

==Description==
Caused by the protozoan parasite ''[[Neospora|Neospora caninum]]'' and is the commonest cause of abortion in dairy cattle. ''Neospora caninum'' is similar to ''Toxoplasma gondii'' and although the complete life cycle of the protozoa is unknown, the dog has been found to be the definitive host.

Stillborn calves can be born from infected dams and congenitally infected calves may be born with encephalomyelitis. Abortion usually occurs between 5-7 months of gestation but can occur as early as 3 months.
Most cases of infection occur via vertical transmission however animals can become infected from their mothers milk, by eating food and water contaminated with dog faeces containing '''Neospora caninum'' oocysts, or from cow to cow.

==Signalment==
Neospora has been documented to infect cattle both beef and dairy, sheep, goats and dogs.
There is no age predilection.

==Diagnosis==

The histological appearance of lesions on an aborted fetus can be enough to confirm a diagnosis.
Additionally antibodies to the protozoa can be identified via serological methods.

==Clinical Signs==
Often infected cattle present with no clinical signs other than abortion.

Calves can be born with encephalomyelitis causing various neurological signs such as paresis, decreased reflexes and ataxia.

Repeat abortions are often reported in affected animals due to a persistent infection.

==Laboratory Tests==
An indirect fluorescent antibody test can be used to detect antibodies from samples and an [[ELISA testing|ELISA]] is available which will also detect antibodies.
A PCR method to identify antigen is currently under development

==Pathology==
Non-suppurative encephalitis is most commonly seen in aborted foetuses. Additionally non suppurative [[Myocarditis|myocarditis]], myositis and widespread non suppurative infiltrates in other organs are often found. Tissue cysts will be present and can be identified.

Hepatitis may also be found in epidemic abortions.

Signs of placentitis will be evident on inspection of the placenta.

==Treatment==
To avoid the transmission of Neospora caninum oocysts from dogs to cattle, dogs should not be allowed access to calving cows, placental membranes and aborted or dead calves. Dogs should also be stopped from defecating in cattle feeding areas.

Seropositive cattle should be identified and culled and none of their progeny should be bred from and hence seronegative cattle should be selected for breeding.

[[Vaccines|Vaccination]] is possible but only in the USA.
It is a killed protozoal vaccine for healthy, pregnant cows and is given in the first 3 weeks of pregnancy and then every 3-4 weeks during gestation.
Revaccination with 2 doses should be undertaken during each subsequent pregnancy.

[[Category:Cattle]]
[[Category:Tissue_Cyst_Forming_Coccidia]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_Caz]]
[[Category:To Do_-_Review]]

Neosporosis - Cattle

2010-08-19T20:16:18Z

Crank: /* Treatment */

Neosporosis - Cattle

2010-08-19T20:11:49Z

Crank: /* Pathology */

{{unfinished}}

==Description==
Caused by the protozoan parasite ''[[Neospora|Neospora caninum]]'' and is the commonest cause of abortion in dairy cattle. ''Neospora caninum'' is similar to ''Toxoplasma gondii'' and although the complete life cycle of the protozoa is unknown, the dog has been found to be the definitive host.

Stillborn calves can be born from infected dams and congenitally infected calves may be born with encephalomyelitis. Abortion usually occurs between 5-7 months of gestation but can occur as early as 3 months.
Most cases of infection occur via vertical transmission however animals can become infected from their mothers milk, by eating food and water contaminated with dog faeces containing '''Neospora caninum'' oocysts, or from cow to cow.

==Signalment==
Neospora has been documented to infect cattle both beef and dairy, sheep, goats and dogs.
There is no age predilection.

==Diagnosis==

The histological appearance of lesions on an aborted fetus can be enough to confirm a diagnosis.
Additionally antibodies to the protozoa can be identified via serological methods.

==Clinical Signs==
Often infected cattle present with no clinical signs other than abortion.

Calves can be born with encephalomyelitis causing various neurological signs such as paresis, decreased reflexes and ataxia.

Repeat abortions are often reported in affected animals due to a persistent infection.

==Laboratory Tests==
An indirect fluorescent antibody test can be used to detect antibodies from samples and an [[ELISA testing|ELISA]] is available which will also detect antibodies.
A PCR method to identify antigen is currently under development

==Pathology==
Non-suppurative encephalitis is most commonly seen in aborted foetuses. Additionally non suppurative [[Myocarditis|myocarditis]], myositis and widespread non suppurative infiltrates in other organs are often found. Tissue cysts will be present and can be identified.

Hepatitis may also be found in epidemic abortions.

Signs of placentitis will be evident on inspection of the placenta.

==Treatment==
Dogs should not be allowed access to calving cows, placental membranes and aborted or dead calves

Dogs should also be stopped from defecating in cattle feeding areas.

Seropositive cattle should be identified and culled and none of their progeny should be bred from.

Seronegative cattle should be selected for breeding.

[[Vaccines|Vaccination]] is possible but only in the USA.
It is a killed protozoal vaccine for healthy, pregnant cows and is given in the first 3 weeks of pregnancy and then every 3-4 weeks during gestation.
Revaccination with 2 doses should be undertaken during each subsequent pregnancy.

[[Category:Cattle]]
[[Category:Tissue_Cyst_Forming_Coccidia]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_Caz]]

Neosporosis - Cattle

2010-08-19T20:10:58Z

Crank: /* Laboratory Tests */

{{unfinished}}

==Description==
Caused by the protozoan parasite ''[[Neospora|Neospora caninum]]'' and is the commonest cause of abortion in dairy cattle. ''Neospora caninum'' is similar to ''Toxoplasma gondii'' and although the complete life cycle of the protozoa is unknown, the dog has been found to be the definitive host.

Stillborn calves can be born from infected dams and congenitally infected calves may be born with encephalomyelitis. Abortion usually occurs between 5-7 months of gestation but can occur as early as 3 months.
Most cases of infection occur via vertical transmission however animals can become infected from their mothers milk, by eating food and water contaminated with dog faeces containing '''Neospora caninum'' oocysts, or from cow to cow.

==Signalment==
Neospora has been documented to infect cattle both beef and dairy, sheep, goats and dogs.
There is no age predilection.

==Diagnosis==

The histological appearance of lesions on an aborted fetus can be enough to confirm a diagnosis.
Additionally antibodies to the protozoa can be identified via serological methods.

==Clinical Signs==
Often infected cattle present with no clinical signs other than abortion.

Calves can be born with encephalomyelitis causing various neurological signs such as paresis, decreased reflexes and ataxia.

Repeat abortions are often reported in affected animals due to a persistent infection.

==Laboratory Tests==
An indirect fluorescent antibody test can be used to detect antibodies from samples and an [[ELISA testing|ELISA]] is available which will also detect antibodies.
A PCR method to identify antigen is currently under development

==Pathology==
Non-suppurative encephalitis is most commonly seen in aborted foetuses. Additionally non suppurative [[Myocarditis|myocarditis]], myositis and widespread non suppurative infiltrates in other organs are often found. Tissue cysts will be present and can be identified.
Hepatitis may also be found in epidemic abortions.

==Treatment==
Dogs should not be allowed access to calving cows, placental membranes and aborted or dead calves

Dogs should also be stopped from defecating in cattle feeding areas.

Seropositive cattle should be identified and culled and none of their progeny should be bred from.

Seronegative cattle should be selected for breeding.

[[Vaccines|Vaccination]] is possible but only in the USA.
It is a killed protozoal vaccine for healthy, pregnant cows and is given in the first 3 weeks of pregnancy and then every 3-4 weeks during gestation.
Revaccination with 2 doses should be undertaken during each subsequent pregnancy.

[[Category:Cattle]]
[[Category:Tissue_Cyst_Forming_Coccidia]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_Caz]]

Neosporosis - Cattle

2010-08-19T20:09:22Z

Crank: /* Signalment */

{{unfinished}}

==Description==
Caused by the protozoan parasite ''[[Neospora|Neospora caninum]]'' and is the commonest cause of abortion in dairy cattle. ''Neospora caninum'' is similar to ''Toxoplasma gondii'' and although the complete life cycle of the protozoa is unknown, the dog has been found to be the definitive host.

Stillborn calves can be born from infected dams and congenitally infected calves may be born with encephalomyelitis. Abortion usually occurs between 5-7 months of gestation but can occur as early as 3 months.
Most cases of infection occur via vertical transmission however animals can become infected from their mothers milk, by eating food and water contaminated with dog faeces containing '''Neospora caninum'' oocysts, or from cow to cow.

==Signalment==
Neospora has been documented to infect cattle both beef and dairy, sheep, goats and dogs.
There is no age predilection.

==Diagnosis==

The histological appearance of lesions on an aborted fetus can be enough to confirm a diagnosis.
Additionally antibodies to the protozoa can be identified via serological methods.

==Clinical Signs==
Often infected cattle present with no clinical signs other than abortion.

Calves can be born with encephalomyelitis causing various neurological signs such as paresis, decreased reflexes and ataxia.

Repeat abortions are often reported in affected animals due to a persistent infection.

==Laboratory Tests==
An indirect fluorescent antibody test can be used to detect antibodies from samples and an ELISA is available which will also detect antibodies.
A PCR method to identify antigen is currently under development

==Pathology==
Non-suppurative encephalitis is most commonly seen in aborted foetuses. Additionally non suppurative [[Myocarditis|myocarditis]], myositis and widespread non suppurative infiltrates in other organs are often found. Tissue cysts will be present and can be identified.
Hepatitis may also be found in epidemic abortions.

==Treatment==
Dogs should not be allowed access to calving cows, placental membranes and aborted or dead calves

Dogs should also be stopped from defecating in cattle feeding areas.

Seropositive cattle should be identified and culled and none of their progeny should be bred from.

Seronegative cattle should be selected for breeding.

[[Vaccines|Vaccination]] is possible but only in the USA.
It is a killed protozoal vaccine for healthy, pregnant cows and is given in the first 3 weeks of pregnancy and then every 3-4 weeks during gestation.
Revaccination with 2 doses should be undertaken during each subsequent pregnancy.

[[Category:Cattle]]
[[Category:Tissue_Cyst_Forming_Coccidia]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_Caz]]

Neosporosis - Cattle

2010-08-19T20:09:04Z

Crank: /* Signalment */

{{unfinished}}

==Description==
Caused by the protozoan parasite ''[[Neospora|Neospora caninum]]'' and is the commonest cause of abortion in dairy cattle. ''Neospora caninum'' is similar to ''Toxoplasma gondii'' and although the complete life cycle of the protozoa is unknown, the dog has been found to be the definitive host.

Stillborn calves can be born from infected dams and congenitally infected calves may be born with encephalomyelitis. Abortion usually occurs between 5-7 months of gestation but can occur as early as 3 months.
Most cases of infection occur via vertical transmission however animals can become infected from their mothers milk, by eating food and water contaminated with dog faeces containing '''Neospora caninum'' oocysts, or from cow to cow.

==Signalment==
Neospora has been documented to infect cattle both beef and dairy, sheep, goats and dogs.

==Diagnosis==

The histological appearance of lesions on an aborted fetus can be enough to confirm a diagnosis.
Additionally antibodies to the protozoa can be identified via serological methods.

==Clinical Signs==
Often infected cattle present with no clinical signs other than abortion.

Calves can be born with encephalomyelitis causing various neurological signs such as paresis, decreased reflexes and ataxia.

Repeat abortions are often reported in affected animals due to a persistent infection.

==Laboratory Tests==
An indirect fluorescent antibody test can be used to detect antibodies from samples and an ELISA is available which will also detect antibodies.
A PCR method to identify antigen is currently under development

==Pathology==
Non-suppurative encephalitis is most commonly seen in aborted foetuses. Additionally non suppurative [[Myocarditis|myocarditis]], myositis and widespread non suppurative infiltrates in other organs are often found. Tissue cysts will be present and can be identified.
Hepatitis may also be found in epidemic abortions.

==Treatment==
Dogs should not be allowed access to calving cows, placental membranes and aborted or dead calves

Dogs should also be stopped from defecating in cattle feeding areas.

Seropositive cattle should be identified and culled and none of their progeny should be bred from.

Seronegative cattle should be selected for breeding.

[[Vaccines|Vaccination]] is possible but only in the USA.
It is a killed protozoal vaccine for healthy, pregnant cows and is given in the first 3 weeks of pregnancy and then every 3-4 weeks during gestation.
Revaccination with 2 doses should be undertaken during each subsequent pregnancy.

[[Category:Cattle]]
[[Category:Tissue_Cyst_Forming_Coccidia]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_Caz]]

Neosporosis - Cattle

2010-08-19T20:08:42Z

Crank: /* Description */

{{unfinished}}

==Description==
Caused by the protozoan parasite ''[[Neospora|Neospora caninum]]'' and is the commonest cause of abortion in dairy cattle. ''Neospora caninum'' is similar to ''Toxoplasma gondii'' and although the complete life cycle of the protozoa is unknown, the dog has been found to be the definitive host.

Stillborn calves can be born from infected dams and congenitally infected calves may be born with encephalomyelitis. Abortion usually occurs between 5-7 months of gestation but can occur as early as 3 months.
Most cases of infection occur via vertical transmission however animals can become infected from their mothers milk, by eating food and water contaminated with dog faeces containing '''Neospora caninum'' oocysts, or from cow to cow.

==Signalment==
Neospora has been documented to infect cattle both beef and dairy, sheep, goats and the dog.

==Diagnosis==

The histological appearance of lesions on an aborted fetus can be enough to confirm a diagnosis.
Additionally antibodies to the protozoa can be identified via serological methods.

==Clinical Signs==
Often infected cattle present with no clinical signs other than abortion.

Calves can be born with encephalomyelitis causing various neurological signs such as paresis, decreased reflexes and ataxia.

Repeat abortions are often reported in affected animals due to a persistent infection.

==Laboratory Tests==
An indirect fluorescent antibody test can be used to detect antibodies from samples and an ELISA is available which will also detect antibodies.
A PCR method to identify antigen is currently under development

==Pathology==
Non-suppurative encephalitis is most commonly seen in aborted foetuses. Additionally non suppurative [[Myocarditis|myocarditis]], myositis and widespread non suppurative infiltrates in other organs are often found. Tissue cysts will be present and can be identified.
Hepatitis may also be found in epidemic abortions.

==Treatment==
Dogs should not be allowed access to calving cows, placental membranes and aborted or dead calves

Dogs should also be stopped from defecating in cattle feeding areas.

Seropositive cattle should be identified and culled and none of their progeny should be bred from.

Seronegative cattle should be selected for breeding.

[[Vaccines|Vaccination]] is possible but only in the USA.
It is a killed protozoal vaccine for healthy, pregnant cows and is given in the first 3 weeks of pregnancy and then every 3-4 weeks during gestation.
Revaccination with 2 doses should be undertaken during each subsequent pregnancy.

[[Category:Cattle]]
[[Category:Tissue_Cyst_Forming_Coccidia]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_Caz]]

Neosporosis - Cattle

2010-08-19T20:07:29Z

Crank: /* Prognosis */

{{unfinished}}

==Description==
Caused by the protozoan parasite ''[[Neospora|Neospora caninum]]'' and is the commonest cause of abortion in dairy cattle. ''Neospora caninum'' is similar to ''Toxoplasma gondii'' and although the complete life cycle of the protozoa is unknown, the dog has been found to be the definitive host.

Stillborn calves can be born from infected dams and congenitally infected calves may be born with encephalomyelitis. Abortion usually occurs between 5-7 months of gestation but can occur as early as 3 months.
Most cases of infection occur via vertical transmission however animals can become infected from their mothers milk, by eating food and water contaminated with dog feces containing neospora caninum oocysts, or from cow to cow.

==Signalment==
Neospora has been documented to infect cattle both beef and dairy, sheep, goats and the dog.

==Diagnosis==

The histological appearance of lesions on an aborted fetus can be enough to confirm a diagnosis.
Additionally antibodies to the protozoa can be identified via serological methods.

==Clinical Signs==
Often infected cattle present with no clinical signs other than abortion.

Calves can be born with encephalomyelitis causing various neurological signs such as paresis, decreased reflexes and ataxia.

Repeat abortions are often reported in affected animals due to a persistent infection.

==Laboratory Tests==
An indirect fluorescent antibody test can be used to detect antibodies from samples and an ELISA is available which will also detect antibodies.
A PCR method to identify antigen is currently under development

==Pathology==
Non-suppurative encephalitis is most commonly seen in aborted foetuses. Additionally non suppurative [[Myocarditis|myocarditis]], myositis and widespread non suppurative infiltrates in other organs are often found. Tissue cysts will be present and can be identified.
Hepatitis may also be found in epidemic abortions.

==Treatment==
Dogs should not be allowed access to calving cows, placental membranes and aborted or dead calves

Dogs should also be stopped from defecating in cattle feeding areas.

Seropositive cattle should be identified and culled and none of their progeny should be bred from.

Seronegative cattle should be selected for breeding.

[[Vaccines|Vaccination]] is possible but only in the USA.
It is a killed protozoal vaccine for healthy, pregnant cows and is given in the first 3 weeks of pregnancy and then every 3-4 weeks during gestation.
Revaccination with 2 doses should be undertaken during each subsequent pregnancy.

[[Category:Cattle]]
[[Category:Tissue_Cyst_Forming_Coccidia]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_Caz]]

Neosporosis - Cattle

2010-08-19T20:07:14Z

Crank: /* Pathology */

{{unfinished}}

==Description==
Caused by the protozoan parasite ''[[Neospora|Neospora caninum]]'' and is the commonest cause of abortion in dairy cattle. ''Neospora caninum'' is similar to ''Toxoplasma gondii'' and although the complete life cycle of the protozoa is unknown, the dog has been found to be the definitive host.

Stillborn calves can be born from infected dams and congenitally infected calves may be born with encephalomyelitis. Abortion usually occurs between 5-7 months of gestation but can occur as early as 3 months.
Most cases of infection occur via vertical transmission however animals can become infected from their mothers milk, by eating food and water contaminated with dog feces containing neospora caninum oocysts, or from cow to cow.

==Signalment==
Neospora has been documented to infect cattle both beef and dairy, sheep, goats and the dog.

==Diagnosis==

The histological appearance of lesions on an aborted fetus can be enough to confirm a diagnosis.
Additionally antibodies to the protozoa can be identified via serological methods.

==Clinical Signs==
Often infected cattle present with no clinical signs other than abortion.

Calves can be born with encephalomyelitis causing various neurological signs such as paresis, decreased reflexes and ataxia.

Repeat abortions are often reported in affected animals due to a persistent infection.

==Laboratory Tests==
An indirect fluorescent antibody test can be used to detect antibodies from samples and an ELISA is available which will also detect antibodies.
A PCR method to identify antigen is currently under development

==Pathology==
Non-suppurative encephalitis is most commonly seen in aborted foetuses. Additionally non suppurative [[Myocarditis|myocarditis]], myositis and widespread non suppurative infiltrates in other organs are often found. Tissue cysts will be present and can be identified.
Hepatitis may also be found in epidemic abortions.

==Treatment==
Dogs should not be allowed access to calving cows, placental membranes and aborted or dead calves

Dogs should also be stopped from defecating in cattle feeding areas.

Seropositive cattle should be identified and culled and none of their progeny should be bred from.

Seronegative cattle should be selected for breeding.

[[Vaccines|Vaccination]] is possible but only in the USA.
It is a killed protozoal vaccine for healthy, pregnant cows and is given in the first 3 weeks of pregnancy and then every 3-4 weeks during gestation.
Revaccination with 2 doses should be undertaken during each subsequent pregnancy.

==Prognosis==

[[Category:Cattle]]
[[Category:Tissue_Cyst_Forming_Coccidia]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_Caz]]

Neosporosis - Cattle

2010-08-19T20:06:40Z

Crank: /* Diagnosis */

{{unfinished}}

==Description==
Caused by the protozoan parasite ''[[Neospora|Neospora caninum]]'' and is the commonest cause of abortion in dairy cattle. ''Neospora caninum'' is similar to ''Toxoplasma gondii'' and although the complete life cycle of the protozoa is unknown, the dog has been found to be the definitive host.

Stillborn calves can be born from infected dams and congenitally infected calves may be born with encephalomyelitis. Abortion usually occurs between 5-7 months of gestation but can occur as early as 3 months.
Most cases of infection occur via vertical transmission however animals can become infected from their mothers milk, by eating food and water contaminated with dog feces containing neospora caninum oocysts, or from cow to cow.

==Signalment==
Neospora has been documented to infect cattle both beef and dairy, sheep, goats and the dog.

==Diagnosis==

The histological appearance of lesions on an aborted fetus can be enough to confirm a diagnosis.
Additionally antibodies to the protozoa can be identified via serological methods.

==Clinical Signs==
Often infected cattle present with no clinical signs other than abortion.

Calves can be born with encephalomyelitis causing various neurological signs such as paresis, decreased reflexes and ataxia.

Repeat abortions are often reported in affected animals due to a persistent infection.

==Laboratory Tests==
An indirect fluorescent antibody test can be used to detect antibodies from samples and an ELISA is available which will also detect antibodies.
A PCR method to identify antigen is currently under development

==Pathology==
Non-suppurative encephalitis is most commonly seen in aborted foetuses. Additionally non suppurative [[Myocarditis|myocarditis]], myositis and widespread non suppurative infiltrates in other organs are often found.
Hepatitis may also be found in epidemic abortions.

==Treatment==
Dogs should not be allowed access to calving cows, placental membranes and aborted or dead calves

Dogs should also be stopped from defecating in cattle feeding areas.

Seropositive cattle should be identified and culled and none of their progeny should be bred from.

Seronegative cattle should be selected for breeding.

[[Vaccines|Vaccination]] is possible but only in the USA.
It is a killed protozoal vaccine for healthy, pregnant cows and is given in the first 3 weeks of pregnancy and then every 3-4 weeks during gestation.
Revaccination with 2 doses should be undertaken during each subsequent pregnancy.

==Prognosis==

[[Category:Cattle]]
[[Category:Tissue_Cyst_Forming_Coccidia]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_Caz]]

Neosporosis - Cattle

2010-08-19T20:02:44Z

Crank: /* Diagnosis */

{{unfinished}}

==Description==
Caused by the protozoan parasite ''[[Neospora|Neospora caninum]]'' and is the commonest cause of abortion in dairy cattle. ''Neospora caninum'' is similar to ''Toxoplasma gondii'' and although the complete life cycle of the protozoa is unknown, the dog has been found to be the definitive host.

Stillborn calves can be born from infected dams and congenitally infected calves may be born with encephalomyelitis. Abortion usually occurs between 5-7 months of gestation but can occur as early as 3 months.
Most cases of infection occur via vertical transmission however animals can become infected from their mothers milk, by eating food and water contaminated with dog feces containing neospora caninum oocysts, or from cow to cow.

==Signalment==
Neospora has been documented to infect cattle both beef and dairy, sheep, goats and the dog.

==Diagnosis==

The histological appearance of lesions on an aborted fetus can be enough to confirm a diagnosis,
AQdditionally antibodies to the protozoa can be ientified via serological methods.
Tissue cysts may also be evident and can be identified.

==Clinical Signs==
Often infected cattle present with no clinical signs other than abortion.

Calves can be born with encephalomyelitis causing various neurological signs such as paresis, decreased reflexes and ataxia.

Repeat abortions are often reported in affected animals due to a persistent infection.

==Laboratory Tests==
An indirect fluorescent antibody test can be used to detect antibodies from samples and an ELISA is available which will also detect antibodies.
A PCR method to identify antigen is currently under development

==Pathology==
Non-suppurative encephalitis is most commonly seen in aborted foetuses. Additionally non suppurative [[Myocarditis|myocarditis]], myositis and widespread non suppurative infiltrates in other organs are often found.
Hepatitis may also be found in epidemic abortions.

==Treatment==
Dogs should not be allowed access to calving cows, placental membranes and aborted or dead calves

Dogs should also be stopped from defecating in cattle feeding areas.

Seropositive cattle should be identified and culled and none of their progeny should be bred from.

Seronegative cattle should be selected for breeding.

[[Vaccines|Vaccination]] is possible but only in the USA.
It is a killed protozoal vaccine for healthy, pregnant cows and is given in the first 3 weeks of pregnancy and then every 3-4 weeks during gestation.
Revaccination with 2 doses should be undertaken during each subsequent pregnancy.

==Prognosis==

[[Category:Cattle]]
[[Category:Tissue_Cyst_Forming_Coccidia]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_Caz]]

Neosporosis - Cattle

2010-08-19T20:01:10Z

Crank: /* Laboratory Tests */

{{unfinished}}

==Description==
Caused by the protozoan parasite ''[[Neospora|Neospora caninum]]'' and is the commonest cause of abortion in dairy cattle. ''Neospora caninum'' is similar to ''Toxoplasma gondii'' and although the complete life cycle of the protozoa is unknown, the dog has been found to be the definitive host.

Stillborn calves can be born from infected dams and congenitally infected calves may be born with encephalomyelitis. Abortion usually occurs between 5-7 months of gestation but can occur as early as 3 months.
Most cases of infection occur via vertical transmission however animals can become infected from their mothers milk, by eating food and water contaminated with dog feces containing neospora caninum oocysts, or from cow to cow.

==Signalment==
Neospora has been documented to infect cattle both beef and dairy, sheep, goats and the dog.

==Diagnosis==
Can be made on post mortem findings of aborted fetuses and also by identifying antibodies via serological methods.
The histological appearance of lesions on an aborted fetus can be enough to confirm a diagnosis,

==Clinical Signs==
Often infected cattle present with no clinical signs other than abortion.

Calves can be born with encephalomyelitis causing various neurological signs such as paresis, decreased reflexes and ataxia.

Repeat abortions are often reported in affected animals due to a persistent infection.

==Laboratory Tests==
An indirect fluorescent antibody test can be used to detect antibodies from samples and an ELISA is available which will also detect antibodies.
A PCR method to identify antigen is currently under development

==Pathology==
Non-suppurative encephalitis is most commonly seen in aborted foetuses. Additionally non suppurative [[Myocarditis|myocarditis]], myositis and widespread non suppurative infiltrates in other organs are often found.
Hepatitis may also be found in epidemic abortions.

==Treatment==
Dogs should not be allowed access to calving cows, placental membranes and aborted or dead calves

Dogs should also be stopped from defecating in cattle feeding areas.

Seropositive cattle should be identified and culled and none of their progeny should be bred from.

Seronegative cattle should be selected for breeding.

[[Vaccines|Vaccination]] is possible but only in the USA.
It is a killed protozoal vaccine for healthy, pregnant cows and is given in the first 3 weeks of pregnancy and then every 3-4 weeks during gestation.
Revaccination with 2 doses should be undertaken during each subsequent pregnancy.

==Prognosis==

[[Category:Cattle]]
[[Category:Tissue_Cyst_Forming_Coccidia]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_Caz]]

Neosporosis - Cattle

2010-08-19T20:00:20Z

Crank: /* Diagnosis */

{{unfinished}}

==Description==
Caused by the protozoan parasite ''[[Neospora|Neospora caninum]]'' and is the commonest cause of abortion in dairy cattle. ''Neospora caninum'' is similar to ''Toxoplasma gondii'' and although the complete life cycle of the protozoa is unknown, the dog has been found to be the definitive host.

Stillborn calves can be born from infected dams and congenitally infected calves may be born with encephalomyelitis. Abortion usually occurs between 5-7 months of gestation but can occur as early as 3 months.
Most cases of infection occur via vertical transmission however animals can become infected from their mothers milk, by eating food and water contaminated with dog feces containing neospora caninum oocysts, or from cow to cow.

==Signalment==
Neospora has been documented to infect cattle both beef and dairy, sheep, goats and the dog.

==Diagnosis==
Can be made on post mortem findings of aborted fetuses and also by identifying antibodies via serological methods.
The histological appearance of lesions on an aborted fetus can be enough to confirm a diagnosis,

==Clinical Signs==
Often infected cattle present with no clinical signs other than abortion.

Calves can be born with encephalomyelitis causing various neurological signs such as paresis, decreased reflexes and ataxia.

Repeat abortions are often reported in affected animals due to a persistent infection.

==Laboratory Tests==
==Pathology==
Non-suppurative encephalitis is most commonly seen in aborted foetuses. Additionally non suppurative [[Myocarditis|myocarditis]], myositis and widespread non suppurative infiltrates in other organs are often found.
Hepatitis may also be found in epidemic abortions.

==Treatment==
Dogs should not be allowed access to calving cows, placental membranes and aborted or dead calves

Dogs should also be stopped from defecating in cattle feeding areas.

Seropositive cattle should be identified and culled and none of their progeny should be bred from.

Seronegative cattle should be selected for breeding.

[[Vaccines|Vaccination]] is possible but only in the USA.
It is a killed protozoal vaccine for healthy, pregnant cows and is given in the first 3 weeks of pregnancy and then every 3-4 weeks during gestation.
Revaccination with 2 doses should be undertaken during each subsequent pregnancy.

==Prognosis==

[[Category:Cattle]]
[[Category:Tissue_Cyst_Forming_Coccidia]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_Caz]]

Neosporosis - Cattle

2010-08-19T19:52:27Z

Crank: /* Treatment */

{{unfinished}}

==Description==
Caused by the protozoan parasite ''[[Neospora|Neospora caninum]]'' and is the commonest cause of abortion in dairy cattle. ''Neospora caninum'' is similar to ''Toxoplasma gondii'' and although the complete life cycle of the protozoa is unknown, the dog has been found to be the definitive host.

Stillborn calves can be born from infected dams and congenitally infected calves may be born with encephalomyelitis. Abortion usually occurs between 5-7 months of gestation but can occur as early as 3 months.
Most cases of infection occur via vertical transmission however animals can become infected from their mothers milk, by eating food and water contaminated with dog feces containing neospora caninum oocysts, or from cow to cow.

==Signalment==
Neospora has been documented to infect cattle both beef and dairy, sheep, goats and the dog.

==Diagnosis==
The histological appearance of lesions on an aborted fetus can be enough to confirm a diagnosis, tissue cysts may also be evident and can be identified. Additionally An indirect fluorescent antibody test can be used to detect antibodies from samples and an ELISA is available which will also detect antibodies.
A PCR method to identify antigen is currently under development

==Clinical Signs==
Often infected cattle present with no clinical signs other than abortion.

Calves can be born with encephalomyelitis causing various neurological signs such as paresis, decreased reflexes and ataxia.

Repeat abortions are often reported in affected animals due to a persistent infection.

==Laboratory Tests==
==Pathology==
Non-suppurative encephalitis is most commonly seen in aborted foetuses. Additionally non suppurative [[Myocarditis|myocarditis]], myositis and widespread non suppurative infiltrates in other organs are often found.
Hepatitis may also be found in epidemic abortions.

==Treatment==
Dogs should not be allowed access to calving cows, placental membranes and aborted or dead calves

Dogs should also be stopped from defecating in cattle feeding areas.

Seropositive cattle should be identified and culled and none of their progeny should be bred from.

Seronegative cattle should be selected for breeding.

[[Vaccines|Vaccination]] is possible but only in the USA.
It is a killed protozoal vaccine for healthy, pregnant cows and is given in the first 3 weeks of pregnancy and then every 3-4 weeks during gestation.
Revaccination with 2 doses should be undertaken during each subsequent pregnancy.

==Prognosis==

[[Category:Cattle]]
[[Category:Tissue_Cyst_Forming_Coccidia]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_Caz]]

Neosporosis - Cattle

2010-08-19T19:49:09Z

Crank: /* Pathology */

{{unfinished}}

==Description==
Caused by the protozoan parasite ''[[Neospora|Neospora caninum]]'' and is the commonest cause of abortion in dairy cattle. ''Neospora caninum'' is similar to ''Toxoplasma gondii'' and although the complete life cycle of the protozoa is unknown, the dog has been found to be the definitive host.

Stillborn calves can be born from infected dams and congenitally infected calves may be born with encephalomyelitis. Abortion usually occurs between 5-7 months of gestation but can occur as early as 3 months.
Most cases of infection occur via vertical transmission however animals can become infected from their mothers milk, by eating food and water contaminated with dog feces containing neospora caninum oocysts, or from cow to cow.

==Signalment==
Neospora has been documented to infect cattle both beef and dairy, sheep, goats and the dog.

==Diagnosis==
The histological appearance of lesions on an aborted fetus can be enough to confirm a diagnosis, tissue cysts may also be evident and can be identified. Additionally An indirect fluorescent antibody test can be used to detect antibodies from samples and an ELISA is available which will also detect antibodies.
A PCR method to identify antigen is currently under development

==Clinical Signs==
Often infected cattle present with no clinical signs other than abortion.

Calves can be born with encephalomyelitis causing various neurological signs such as paresis, decreased reflexes and ataxia.

Repeat abortions are often reported in affected animals due to a persistent infection.

==Laboratory Tests==
==Pathology==
Non-suppurative encephalitis is most commonly seen in aborted foetuses. Additionally non suppurative [[Myocarditis|myocarditis]], myositis and widespread non suppurative infiltrates in other organs are often found.
Hepatitis may also be found in epidemic abortions.

==Treatment==
Dogs should not be allowed access to calving cows, placental membranes and aborted or dead calves

Dogs should also be stopped from defecating in cattle feeding areas.

Seropositive cattle should be identified and culled and none of their progeny should be bred from.

Seronegative cattle should be selected for breeding.

[[vaccine|Vaccination]] is possible but only in the USA.
It is a killed protozoal vaccine for healthy, pregnant cows and is given in the first 3 weeks of pregnancy and then every 3-4 weeks during gestation.
Revaccination with 2 doses should be undertaken during each subsequent pregnancy.

==Prognosis==

[[Category:Cattle]]
[[Category:Tissue_Cyst_Forming_Coccidia]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_Caz]]

Neosporosis - Cattle

2010-08-19T19:38:05Z

Crank: /* Treatment */

{{unfinished}}

==Description==
Caused by the protozoan parasite ''[[Neospora|Neospora caninum]]'' and is the commonest cause of abortion in dairy cattle. ''Neospora caninum'' is similar to ''Toxoplasma gondii'' and although the complete life cycle of the protozoa is unknown, the dog has been found to be the definitive host.

Stillborn calves can be born from infected dams and congenitally infected calves may be born with encephalomyelitis. Abortion usually occurs between 5-7 months of gestation but can occur as early as 3 months.
Most cases of infection occur via vertical transmission however animals can become infected from their mothers milk, by eating food and water contaminated with dog feces containing neospora caninum oocysts, or from cow to cow.

==Signalment==
Neospora has been documented to infect cattle both beef and dairy, sheep, goats and the dog.

==Diagnosis==
The histological appearance of lesions on an aborted fetus can be enough to confirm a diagnosis, tissue cysts may also be evident and can be identified. Additionally An indirect fluorescent antibody test can be used to detect antibodies from samples and an ELISA is available which will also detect antibodies.
A PCR method to identify antigen is currently under development

==Clinical Signs==
Often infected cattle present with no clinical signs other than abortion.

Calves can be born with encephalomyelitis causing various neurological signs such as paresis, decreased reflexes and ataxia.

Repeat abortions are often reported in affected animals due to a persistent infection.

==Laboratory Tests==
==Pathology==
Non-suppurative encephalitis is most commonly seen in aborted foetuses. Additionally non suppurative myocarditis, myositis and
widespread non suppurative infiltrates in other organs are often found.
Hepatitis may also be found in epidemic abortions.

==Treatment==
Dogs should not be allowed access to calving cows, placental membranes and aborted or dead calves

Dogs should also be stopped from defecating in cattle feeding areas.

Seropositive cattle should be identified and culled and none of their progeny should be bred from.

Seronegative cattle should be selected for breeding.

[[vaccine|Vaccination]] is possible but only in the USA.
It is a killed protozoal vaccine for healthy, pregnant cows and is given in the first 3 weeks of pregnancy and then every 3-4 weeks during gestation.
Revaccination with 2 doses should be undertaken during each subsequent pregnancy.

==Prognosis==

[[Category:Cattle]]
[[Category:Tissue_Cyst_Forming_Coccidia]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_Caz]]

Neosporosis - Cattle

2010-08-19T19:35:32Z

Crank: /* Pathology */

{{unfinished}}

==Description==
Caused by the protozoan parasite ''[[Neospora|Neospora caninum]]'' and is the commonest cause of abortion in dairy cattle. ''Neospora caninum'' is similar to ''Toxoplasma gondii'' and although the complete life cycle of the protozoa is unknown, the dog has been found to be the definitive host.

Stillborn calves can be born from infected dams and congenitally infected calves may be born with encephalomyelitis. Abortion usually occurs between 5-7 months of gestation but can occur as early as 3 months.
Most cases of infection occur via vertical transmission however animals can become infected from their mothers milk, by eating food and water contaminated with dog feces containing neospora caninum oocysts, or from cow to cow.

==Signalment==
Neospora has been documented to infect cattle both beef and dairy, sheep, goats and the dog.

==Diagnosis==
The histological appearance of lesions on an aborted fetus can be enough to confirm a diagnosis, tissue cysts may also be evident and can be identified. Additionally An indirect fluorescent antibody test can be used to detect antibodies from samples and an ELISA is available which will also detect antibodies.
A PCR method to identify antigen is currently under development

==Clinical Signs==
Often infected cattle present with no clinical signs other than abortion.

Calves can be born with encephalomyelitis causing various neurological signs such as paresis, decreased reflexes and ataxia.

Repeat abortions are often reported in affected animals due to a persistent infection.

==Laboratory Tests==
==Pathology==
Non-suppurative encephalitis is most commonly seen in aborted foetuses. Additionally non suppurative myocarditis, myositis and
widespread non suppurative infiltrates in other organs are often found.
Hepatitis may also be found in epidemic abortions.

==Treatment==
Dogs should not be allowed access to calving cows, placental membranes and aborted or dead calves

Dogs should also be stopped from defecating in cattle feeding areas.

Seropositive cattle should be identified and culled and none of their progeny should be bred from.

Select seronegative cattle for breeding

Vaccinate is possible but only in the USA.
It is a killed protozoal vaccine for healthy, pregnant cows and is given in the first 3 weeks of pregnancy and then every 3-4 weeks during gestation.
Revaccination with 2 doses should be undertaken during each subsequent pregnancy.

==Prognosis==

[[Category:Cattle]]
[[Category:Tissue_Cyst_Forming_Coccidia]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_Caz]]

Neosporosis - Cattle

2010-08-19T19:33:00Z

Crank: /* Pathology */

{{unfinished}}

==Description==
Caused by the protozoan parasite ''[[Neospora|Neospora caninum]]'' and is the commonest cause of abortion in dairy cattle. ''Neospora caninum'' is similar to ''Toxoplasma gondii'' and although the complete life cycle of the protozoa is unknown, the dog has been found to be the definitive host.

Stillborn calves can be born from infected dams and congenitally infected calves may be born with encephalomyelitis. Abortion usually occurs between 5-7 months of gestation but can occur as early as 3 months.
Most cases of infection occur via vertical transmission however animals can become infected from their mothers milk, by eating food and water contaminated with dog feces containing neospora caninum oocysts, or from cow to cow.

==Signalment==
Neospora has been documented to infect cattle both beef and dairy, sheep, goats and the dog.

==Diagnosis==
The histological appearance of lesions on an aborted fetus can be enough to confirm a diagnosis, tissue cysts may also be evident and can be identified. Additionally An indirect fluorescent antibody test can be used to detect antibodies from samples and an ELISA is available which will also detect antibodies.
A PCR method to identify antigen is currently under development

==Clinical Signs==
Often infected cattle present with no clinical signs other than abortion.

Calves can be born with encephalomyelitis causing various neurological signs such as paresis, decreased reflexes and ataxia.

Repeat abortions are often reported in affected animals due to a persistent infection.

==Laboratory Tests==
==Pathology==
Non-suppurative encephalitis is most commonly seen in aborted foetuses. Additionally non suppurative myocarditis, myositis and
widespread non suppurative infiltrates in other organs.
Hepatitis may also be found in epidemic abortions.

==Treatment==
Dogs should not be allowed access to calving cows, placental membranes and aborted or dead calves

Dogs should also be stopped from defecating in cattle feeding areas.

Seropositive cattle should be identified and culled and none of their progeny should be bred from.

Select seronegative cattle for breeding

Vaccinate is possible but only in the USA.
It is a killed protozoal vaccine for healthy, pregnant cows and is given in the first 3 weeks of pregnancy and then every 3-4 weeks during gestation.
Revaccination with 2 doses should be undertaken during each subsequent pregnancy.

==Prognosis==

[[Category:Cattle]]
[[Category:Tissue_Cyst_Forming_Coccidia]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_Caz]]

Neosporosis - Cattle

2010-08-19T19:25:42Z

Crank: /* Clinical Signs */

{{unfinished}}

==Description==
Caused by the protozoan parasite ''[[Neospora|Neospora caninum]]'' and is the commonest cause of abortion in dairy cattle. ''Neospora caninum'' is similar to ''Toxoplasma gondii'' and although the complete life cycle of the protozoa is unknown, the dog has been found to be the definitive host.

Stillborn calves can be born from infected dams and congenitally infected calves may be born with encephalomyelitis. Abortion usually occurs between 5-7 months of gestation but can occur as early as 3 months.
Most cases of infection occur via vertical transmission however animals can become infected from their mothers milk, by eating food and water contaminated with dog feces containing neospora caninum oocysts, or from cow to cow.

==Signalment==
Neospora has been documented to infect cattle both beef and dairy, sheep, goats and the dog.

==Diagnosis==
The histological appearance of lesions on an aborted fetus can be enough to confirm a diagnosis, tissue cysts may also be evident and can be identified. Additionally An indirect fluorescent antibody test can be used to detect antibodies from samples and an ELISA is available which will also detect antibodies.
A PCR method to identify antigen is currently under development

==Clinical Signs==
Often infected cattle present with no clinical signs other than abortion.

Calves can be born with encephalomyelitis causing various neurological signs such as paresis, decreased reflexes and ataxia.

Repeat abortions are often reported in affected animals due to a persistent infection.

==Laboratory Tests==
==Pathology==
Non-suppurative encephalitis is most commonly seen in aborted faeces.
non suppurative myocarditis
myositis
widespread non suppurative infiltrates in other organs

==Treatment==
Dogs should not be allowed access to calving cows, placental membranes and aborted or dead calves

Dogs should also be stopped from defecating in cattle feeding areas.

Seropositive cattle should be identified and culled and none of their progeny should be bred from.

Select seronegative cattle for breeding

Vaccinate is possible but only in the USA.
It is a killed protozoal vaccine for healthy, pregnant cows and is given in the first 3 weeks of pregnancy and then every 3-4 weeks during gestation.
Revaccination with 2 doses should be undertaken during each subsequent pregnancy.

==Prognosis==

[[Category:Cattle]]
[[Category:Tissue_Cyst_Forming_Coccidia]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_Caz]]

Neosporosis - Cattle

2010-08-19T19:25:13Z

Crank: /* Signalment */

{{unfinished}}

==Description==
Caused by the protozoan parasite ''[[Neospora|Neospora caninum]]'' and is the commonest cause of abortion in dairy cattle. ''Neospora caninum'' is similar to ''Toxoplasma gondii'' and although the complete life cycle of the protozoa is unknown, the dog has been found to be the definitive host.

Stillborn calves can be born from infected dams and congenitally infected calves may be born with encephalomyelitis. Abortion usually occurs between 5-7 months of gestation but can occur as early as 3 months.
Most cases of infection occur via vertical transmission however animals can become infected from their mothers milk, by eating food and water contaminated with dog feces containing neospora caninum oocysts, or from cow to cow.

==Signalment==
Neospora has been documented to infect cattle both beef and dairy, sheep, goats and the dog.

==Diagnosis==
The histological appearance of lesions on an aborted fetus can be enough to confirm a diagnosis, tissue cysts may also be evident and can be identified. Additionally An indirect fluorescent antibody test can be used to detect antibodies from samples and an ELISA is available which will also detect antibodies.
A PCR method to identify antigen is currently under development

==Clinical Signs==
Often infected cattle present with no clinical signs other than abortion.

Calves can be born with encephalomyelitis causing various neurological signs such as paresis.

Repeat abortions are often reported in affected animals due to a persistent infection.

==Laboratory Tests==
==Pathology==
Non-suppurative encephalitis is most commonly seen in aborted faeces.
non suppurative myocarditis
myositis
widespread non suppurative infiltrates in other organs

==Treatment==
Dogs should not be allowed access to calving cows, placental membranes and aborted or dead calves

Dogs should also be stopped from defecating in cattle feeding areas.

Seropositive cattle should be identified and culled and none of their progeny should be bred from.

Select seronegative cattle for breeding

Vaccinate is possible but only in the USA.
It is a killed protozoal vaccine for healthy, pregnant cows and is given in the first 3 weeks of pregnancy and then every 3-4 weeks during gestation.
Revaccination with 2 doses should be undertaken during each subsequent pregnancy.

==Prognosis==

[[Category:Cattle]]
[[Category:Tissue_Cyst_Forming_Coccidia]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_Caz]]

Neosporosis - Cattle

2010-08-19T19:22:57Z

Crank: /* Description */

{{unfinished}}

==Description==
Caused by the protozoan parasite ''[[Neospora|Neospora caninum]]'' and is the commonest cause of abortion in dairy cattle. ''Neospora caninum'' is similar to ''Toxoplasma gondii'' and although the complete life cycle of the protozoa is unknown, the dog has been found to be the definitive host.

Stillborn calves can be born from infected dams and congenitally infected calves may be born with encephalomyelitis. Abortion usually occurs between 5-7 months of gestation but can occur as early as 3 months.
Most cases of infection occur via vertical transmission however animals can become infected from their mothers milk, by eating food and water contaminated with dog feces containing neospora caninum oocysts, or from cow to cow.

==Signalment==
Neospora has been documented to infect cattle, sheep, goats and the dog.

==Diagnosis==
The histological appearance of lesions on an aborted fetus can be enough to confirm a diagnosis, tissue cysts may also be evident and can be identified. Additionally An indirect fluorescent antibody test can be used to detect antibodies from samples and an ELISA is available which will also detect antibodies.
A PCR method to identify antigen is currently under development

==Clinical Signs==
Often infected cattle present with no clinical signs other than abortion.

Calves can be born with encephalomyelitis causing various neurological signs such as paresis.

Repeat abortions are often reported in affected animals due to a persistent infection.

==Laboratory Tests==
==Pathology==
Non-suppurative encephalitis is most commonly seen in aborted faeces.
non suppurative myocarditis
myositis
widespread non suppurative infiltrates in other organs

==Treatment==
Dogs should not be allowed access to calving cows, placental membranes and aborted or dead calves

Dogs should also be stopped from defecating in cattle feeding areas.

Seropositive cattle should be identified and culled and none of their progeny should be bred from.

Select seronegative cattle for breeding

Vaccinate is possible but only in the USA.
It is a killed protozoal vaccine for healthy, pregnant cows and is given in the first 3 weeks of pregnancy and then every 3-4 weeks during gestation.
Revaccination with 2 doses should be undertaken during each subsequent pregnancy.

==Prognosis==

[[Category:Cattle]]
[[Category:Tissue_Cyst_Forming_Coccidia]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_Caz]]

Neosporosis - Cattle

2010-08-19T18:21:54Z

Crank: /* Treatment */

{{unfinished}}

==Description==
Caused by the protozoan parasite ''[[Neospora|Neospora caninum]]'' and is the commonest cause of abortion in dairy cattle. ''Neospora caninum'' is similar to ''Toxoplasma gondii'' and although the complete life cycle of the protozoa is unknown, the dog has been found to be the definitive host.

Stillborn calves can be born from infected dams and congenitally infected calves may be born with encephalomyelitis. Abortion usually occurs between 5-7 months of gestation but can occur as early as 3 months.
Most cases of infection occur via vertical transmission.

==Signalment==
Neospora has been documented to infect cattle, sheep, goats and the dog.

==Diagnosis==
The histological appearance of lesions on an aborted fetus can be enough to confirm a diagnosis, tissue cysts may also be evident and can be identified. Additionally An indirect fluorescent antibody test can be used to detect antibodies from samples and an ELISA is available which will also detect antibodies.
A PCR method to identify antigen is currently under development

==Clinical Signs==
Often infected cattle present with no clinical signs other than abortion.

Calves can be born with encephalomyelitis causing various neurological signs such as paresis.

Repeat abortions are often reported in affected animals due to a persistent infection.

==Laboratory Tests==
==Pathology==
Non-suppurative encephalitis is most commonly seen in aborted faeces.
non suppurative myocarditis
myositis
widespread non suppurative infiltrates in other organs

==Treatment==
Dogs should not be allowed access to calving cows, placental membranes and aborted or dead calves

Dogs should also be stopped from defecating in cattle feeding areas.

Seropositive cattle should be identified and culled and none of their progeny should be bred from.

Select seronegative cattle for breeding

Vaccinate is possible but only in the USA.
It is a killed protozoal vaccine for healthy, pregnant cows and is given in the first 3 weeks of pregnancy and then every 3-4 weeks during gestation.
Revaccination with 2 doses should be undertaken during each subsequent pregnancy.

==Prognosis==

[[Category:Cattle]]
[[Category:Tissue_Cyst_Forming_Coccidia]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_Caz]]

Neosporosis - Cattle

2010-08-19T18:18:52Z

Crank: /* Diagnosis */

{{unfinished}}

==Description==
Caused by the protozoan parasite ''[[Neospora|Neospora caninum]]'' and is the commonest cause of abortion in dairy cattle. ''Neospora caninum'' is similar to ''Toxoplasma gondii'' and although the complete life cycle of the protozoa is unknown, the dog has been found to be the definitive host.

Stillborn calves can be born from infected dams and congenitally infected calves may be born with encephalomyelitis. Abortion usually occurs between 5-7 months of gestation but can occur as early as 3 months.
Most cases of infection occur via vertical transmission.

==Signalment==
Neospora has been documented to infect cattle, sheep, goats and the dog.

==Diagnosis==
The histological appearance of lesions on an aborted fetus can be enough to confirm a diagnosis, tissue cysts may also be evident and can be identified. Additionally An indirect fluorescent antibody test can be used to detect antibodies from samples and an ELISA is available which will also detect antibodies.
A PCR method to identify antigen is currently under development

==Clinical Signs==
Often infected cattle present with no clinical signs other than abortion.

Calves can be born with encephalomyelitis causing various neurological signs such as paresis.

Repeat abortions are often reported in affected animals due to a persistent infection.

==Laboratory Tests==
==Pathology==
Non-suppurative encephalitis is most commonly seen in aborted faeces.
non suppurative myocarditis
myositis
widespread non suppurative infiltrates in other organs

==Treatment==
Dogs should not be allowed access to calving cows, placental membranes and aborted or dead calves

Do not allow dogs to defecate in cattle feeding areas

Identify and cull seropositive cattle, or do not breed from them or their progeny

Select seronegative cattle for breeding

Vaccinate is possible but only in the USA.
It is a killed protozoal vaccine for healthy, pregnant cows and is given in the first 3 weeks of pregnancy and then every 3-4 weeks during gestation.
Revaccination with 2 doses should be undertaken during each subsequent pregnancy.

==Prognosis==

[[Category:Cattle]]
[[Category:Tissue_Cyst_Forming_Coccidia]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_Caz]]

Neosporosis - Cattle

2010-08-19T18:16:30Z

Crank: /* Treatment */

{{unfinished}}

==Description==
Caused by the protozoan parasite ''[[Neospora|Neospora caninum]]'' and is the commonest cause of abortion in dairy cattle. ''Neospora caninum'' is similar to ''Toxoplasma gondii'' and although the complete life cycle of the protozoa is unknown, the dog has been found to be the definitive host.

Stillborn calves can be born from infected dams and congenitally infected calves may be born with encephalomyelitis. Abortion usually occurs between 5-7 months of gestation but can occur as early as 3 months.
Most cases of infection occur via vertical transmission.

==Signalment==
Neospora has been documented to infect cattle, sheep, goats and the dog.

==Diagnosis==
The histological appearance of lesions on an aborted fetus can be enough to confirm a diagnosis, tissue cysts may also be evident and can be identified. Additionally An indirect fluorescent antibody test can be used to detect antibodies from samples and an ELISA is available which will also detect antibodies.

==Clinical Signs==
Often infected cattle present with no clinical signs other than abortion.

Calves can be born with encephalomyelitis causing various neurological signs such as paresis.

Repeat abortions are often reported in affected animals due to a persistent infection.

==Laboratory Tests==
==Pathology==
Non-suppurative encephalitis is most commonly seen in aborted faeces.
non suppurative myocarditis
myositis
widespread non suppurative infiltrates in other organs

==Treatment==
Dogs should not be allowed access to calving cows, placental membranes and aborted or dead calves

Do not allow dogs to defecate in cattle feeding areas

Identify and cull seropositive cattle, or do not breed from them or their progeny

Select seronegative cattle for breeding

Vaccinate is possible but only in the USA.
It is a killed protozoal vaccine for healthy, pregnant cows and is given in the first 3 weeks of pregnancy and then every 3-4 weeks during gestation.
Revaccination with 2 doses should be undertaken during each subsequent pregnancy.

==Prognosis==

[[Category:Cattle]]
[[Category:Tissue_Cyst_Forming_Coccidia]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_Caz]]

Neosporosis - Cattle

2010-08-19T18:05:26Z

Crank: /* Description */

{{unfinished}}

==Description==
Caused by the protozoan parasite ''[[Neospora|Neospora caninum]]'' and is the commonest cause of abortion in dairy cattle. ''Neospora caninum'' is similar to ''Toxoplasma gondii'' and although the complete life cycle of the protozoa is unknown, the dog has been found to be the definitive host.

Stillborn calves can be born from infected dams and congenitally infected calves may be born with encephalomyelitis. Abortion usually occurs between 5-7 months of gestation but can occur as early as 3 months.
Most cases of infection occur via vertical transmission.

==Signalment==
Neospora has been documented to infect cattle, sheep, goats and the dog.

==Diagnosis==
The histological appearance of lesions on an aborted fetus can be enough to confirm a diagnosis, tissue cysts may also be evident and can be identified. Additionally An indirect fluorescent antibody test can be used to detect antibodies from samples and an ELISA is available which will also detect antibodies.

==Clinical Signs==
Often infected cattle present with no clinical signs other than abortion.

Calves can be born with encephalomyelitis causing various neurological signs such as paresis.

Repeat abortions are often reported in affected animals due to a persistent infection.

==Laboratory Tests==
==Pathology==
Non-suppurative encephalitis is most commonly seen in aborted faeces.
non suppurative myocarditis
myositis
widespread non suppurative infiltrates in other organs

==Treatment==
Do not allow dogs access to calving cows, placental membranes and aborted or dead calves

Do not allow dogs to defecate in cattle feeding areas

Identify and cull seropositive cattle, or do not breed from them or their progeny

Select seronegative cattle for breeding

Vaccinate is possible but only in the USA.
It is a killed protozoal vaccine for healthy, pregnant cows and is given in the first 3 weeks of pregnancy and then every 3-4 weeks during gestation.
Revaccination with 2 doses should be undertaken during each subsequent pregnancy.

==Prognosis==

[[Category:Cattle]]
[[Category:Tissue_Cyst_Forming_Coccidia]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_Caz]]

Neosporosis - Cattle

2010-08-19T18:03:54Z

Crank: /* Diagnosis */

{{unfinished}}

==Description==
Caused by the protozoan parasite ''[[Neospora|Neospora caninum]]'' and is the commonest cause of abortion in dairy cattle. ''Neospora caninum'' is similar to ''Toxoplasma gondii'' and although the complete life cycle of the protozoa is unknown, the dog has been found to be the definitive host.

Stillborn calves can be born from infected dams and congenitally infected calves may be born with encephalomyelitis. Abortion usually occurs between 5-7 months of gestation but can occur as early as 3 months.

==Signalment==
Neospora has been documented to infect cattle, sheep, goats and the dog.

==Diagnosis==
The histological appearance of lesions on an aborted fetus can be enough to confirm a diagnosis, tissue cysts may also be evident and can be identified. Additionally An indirect fluorescent antibody test can be used to detect antibodies from samples and an ELISA is available which will also detect antibodies.

==Clinical Signs==
Often infected cattle present with no clinical signs other than abortion.

Calves can be born with encephalomyelitis causing various neurological signs such as paresis.

Repeat abortions are often reported in affected animals due to a persistent infection.

==Laboratory Tests==
==Pathology==
Non-suppurative encephalitis is most commonly seen in aborted faeces.
non suppurative myocarditis
myositis
widespread non suppurative infiltrates in other organs

==Treatment==
Do not allow dogs access to calving cows, placental membranes and aborted or dead calves

Do not allow dogs to defecate in cattle feeding areas

Identify and cull seropositive cattle, or do not breed from them or their progeny

Select seronegative cattle for breeding

Vaccinate is possible but only in the USA.
It is a killed protozoal vaccine for healthy, pregnant cows and is given in the first 3 weeks of pregnancy and then every 3-4 weeks during gestation.
Revaccination with 2 doses should be undertaken during each subsequent pregnancy.

==Prognosis==

[[Category:Cattle]]
[[Category:Tissue_Cyst_Forming_Coccidia]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_Caz]]

Neosporosis - Cattle

2010-08-19T18:00:18Z

Crank: /* Diagnosis */

{{unfinished}}

==Description==
Caused by the protozoan parasite ''[[Neospora|Neospora caninum]]'' and is the commonest cause of abortion in dairy cattle. ''Neospora caninum'' is similar to ''Toxoplasma gondii'' and although the complete life cycle of the protozoa is unknown, the dog has been found to be the definitive host.

Stillborn calves can be born from infected dams and congenitally infected calves may be born with encephalomyelitis. Abortion usually occurs between 5-7 months of gestation but can occur as early as 3 months.

==Signalment==
Neospora has been documented to infect cattle, sheep, goats and the dog.

==Diagnosis==
The histological appearance of lesions on an aborted fetus can be enough to confirm a diagnosis.
Tissue cysts may be evident and can be identified. Additionally An indirect fluorescent antibody test can be used to detect antibodies from samples and an ELISA is also available which will detect antibodies.

==Clinical Signs==
Often infected cattle present with no clinical signs other than abortion.

Calves can be born with encephalomyelitis causing various neurological signs such as paresis.

Repeat abortions are often reported in affected animals due to a persistent infection.

==Laboratory Tests==
==Pathology==
Non-suppurative encephalitis is most commonly seen in aborted faeces.
non suppurative myocarditis
myositis
widespread non suppurative infiltrates in other organs

==Treatment==
Do not allow dogs access to calving cows, placental membranes and aborted or dead calves

Do not allow dogs to defecate in cattle feeding areas

Identify and cull seropositive cattle, or do not breed from them or their progeny

Select seronegative cattle for breeding

Vaccinate is possible but only in the USA.
It is a killed protozoal vaccine for healthy, pregnant cows and is given in the first 3 weeks of pregnancy and then every 3-4 weeks during gestation.
Revaccination with 2 doses should be undertaken during each subsequent pregnancy.

==Prognosis==

[[Category:Cattle]]
[[Category:Tissue_Cyst_Forming_Coccidia]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_Caz]]

Neosporosis - Cattle

2010-08-19T17:48:12Z

Crank: /* Clinical Signs */

Neosporosis - Cattle

2010-08-19T17:42:11Z

Crank: /* Diagnosis */

Neosporosis - Cattle

2010-08-19T17:41:38Z

Crank: /* Signalment */

Neosporosis - Cattle

2010-08-19T17:40:50Z

Crank: /* Description */

Neosporosis - Cattle

2010-08-19T17:39:12Z

Crank: /* Description */

Neosporosis - Cattle

2010-08-19T17:37:49Z

Crank: /* Description */

Neosporosis - Cattle

2010-08-19T17:33:18Z

Crank: /* Diagnosis */

{{unfinished}}

==Description==
Caused by the protozoan parasite [[Neospora|Neospora caninum]] and is the commonest cause of abortion dairy cattle.Neospora caninum is similar to toxoplasma gondii and although the complte lifecycle of the protozoa is unknown, the dog has been found to be the definitive host.

Stillborn calves can be born from infected dams and congenitally infected calves may be born with encephalomyelitis. Abortion usually occurs between 5-7 months of gestation but can occur as early as 3 months. Often no other clinical signs are present in the cow.

==Signalment==
Neospora has been documented to infect cattle, sheep goats and the dog.
==Diagnosis==
The histological appearance oflesions on the fetus can be enough to confirm a diagnosis.
Tissue cysts may be evident and can be identified.

==Clinical Signs==
Often infected cattle present with no clinical signs other than abortion. Calves can be born with encephalomyelitis causing various neurological signs such as paresis. Repeat abortions are often reported in affected animals due to a persistent infection.

==Laboratory Tests==
==Pathology==
Non-suppurative encephalitis is most commonly seen in aborted faeces.
non suppurative myocarditis
myositis
widespread non suppurative infiltrates in other organs

==Treatment==
Do not allow dogs access to calving cows, placental membranes and aborted or dead calves

Do not allow dogs to defecate in cattle feeding areas

Identify and cull seropositive cattle, or do not breed from them or their progeny

Select seronegative cattle for breeding

Vaccinate is possible but only in the USA.
It is a killed protozoal vaccine for healthy, pregnant cows and is given in the first 3 weeks of pregnancy and then every 3-4 weeks during gestation.
Revaccination with 2 doses should be undertaken during each subsequent pregnancy.

==Prognosis==

[[Category:Cattle]]
[[Category:Tissue_Cyst_Forming_Coccidia]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_Caz]]

Neosporosis - Cattle

2010-08-19T11:53:53Z

Crank: /* Diagnosis */

{{unfinished}}

==Description==
Caused by the protozoan parasite [[Neospora|Neospora caninum]] and is the commonest cause of abortion dairy cattle.Neospora caninum is similar to toxoplasma gondii and although the complte lifecycle of the protozoa is unknown, the dog has been found to be the definitive host.

Stillborn calves can be born from infected dams and congenitally infected calves may be born with encephalomyelitis. Abortion usually occurs between 5-7 months of gestation but can occur as early as 3 months. Often no other clinical signs are present in the cow.

==Signalment==
Neospora has been documented to infect cattle, sheep goats and the dog.
==Diagnosis==
The histological appearance oflesions on the fetus can be enough to confirm a diagnosis.
Tissue cysts may be evident and can be identifies.

==Clinical Signs==
Often infected cattle present with no clinical signs other than abortion. Calves can be born with encephalomyelitis causing various neurological signs such as paresis. Repeat abortions are often reported in affected animals due to a persistent infection.

==Laboratory Tests==
==Pathology==
Non-suppurative encephalitis is most commonly seen in aborted faeces.
non suppurative myocarditis
myositis
widespread non suppurative infiltrates in other organs

==Treatment==
Do not allow dogs access to calving cows, placental membranes and aborted or dead calves

Do not allow dogs to defecate in cattle feeding areas

Identify and cull seropositive cattle, or do not breed from them or their progeny

Select seronegative cattle for breeding

Vaccinate is possible but only in the USA.
It is a killed protozoal vaccine for healthy, pregnant cows and is given in the first 3 weeks of pregnancy and then every 3-4 weeks during gestation.
Revaccination with 2 doses should be undertaken during each subsequent pregnancy.

==Prognosis==

[[Category:Cattle]]
[[Category:Tissue_Cyst_Forming_Coccidia]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_Caz]]

Neosporosis - Cattle

2010-08-19T11:52:20Z

Crank: /* Diagnosis */

{{unfinished}}

==Description==
Caused by the protozoan parasite [[Neospora|Neospora caninum]] and is the commonest cause of abortion dairy cattle.Neospora caninum is similar to toxoplasma gondii and although the complte lifecycle of the protozoa is unknown, the dog has been found to be the definitive host.

Stillborn calves can be born from infected dams and congenitally infected calves may be born with encephalomyelitis. Abortion usually occurs between 5-7 months of gestation but can occur as early as 3 months. Often no other clinical signs are present in the cow.

==Signalment==
Neospora has been documented to infect cattle, sheep goats and the dog.
==Diagnosis==
The histological appearance oflesions on the fetus can be enough to confirm a diagnosis.

==Clinical Signs==
Often infected cattle present with no clinical signs other than abortion. Calves can be born with encephalomyelitis causing various neurological signs such as paresis. Repeat abortions are often reported in affected animals due to a persistent infection.

==Laboratory Tests==
==Pathology==
Non-suppurative encephalitis is most commonly seen in aborted faeces.
non suppurative myocarditis
myositis
widespread non suppurative infiltrates in other organs

==Treatment==
Do not allow dogs access to calving cows, placental membranes and aborted or dead calves

Do not allow dogs to defecate in cattle feeding areas

Identify and cull seropositive cattle, or do not breed from them or their progeny

Select seronegative cattle for breeding

Vaccinate is possible but only in the USA.
It is a killed protozoal vaccine for healthy, pregnant cows and is given in the first 3 weeks of pregnancy and then every 3-4 weeks during gestation.
Revaccination with 2 doses should be undertaken during each subsequent pregnancy.

==Prognosis==

[[Category:Cattle]]
[[Category:Tissue_Cyst_Forming_Coccidia]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_Caz]]

Neosporosis - Cattle

2010-08-19T11:51:07Z

Crank: /* Pathology */

{{unfinished}}

==Description==
Caused by the protozoan parasite [[Neospora|Neospora caninum]] and is the commonest cause of abortion dairy cattle.Neospora caninum is similar to toxoplasma gondii and although the complte lifecycle of the protozoa is unknown, the dog has been found to be the definitive host.

Stillborn calves can be born from infected dams and congenitally infected calves may be born with encephalomyelitis. Abortion usually occurs between 5-7 months of gestation but can occur as early as 3 months. Often no other clinical signs are present in the cow.

==Signalment==
Neospora has been documented to infect cattle, sheep goats and the dog.
==Diagnosis==
==Clinical Signs==
Often infected cattle present with no clinical signs other than abortion. Calves can be born with encephalomyelitis causing various neurological signs such as paresis. Repeat abortions are often reported in affected animals due to a persistent infection.

==Laboratory Tests==
==Pathology==
Non-suppurative encephalitis is most commonly seen in aborted faeces.
non suppurative myocarditis
myositis
widespread non suppurative infiltrates in other organs

==Treatment==
Do not allow dogs access to calving cows, placental membranes and aborted or dead calves

Do not allow dogs to defecate in cattle feeding areas

Identify and cull seropositive cattle, or do not breed from them or their progeny

Select seronegative cattle for breeding

Vaccinate is possible but only in the USA.
It is a killed protozoal vaccine for healthy, pregnant cows and is given in the first 3 weeks of pregnancy and then every 3-4 weeks during gestation.
Revaccination with 2 doses should be undertaken during each subsequent pregnancy.

==Prognosis==

[[Category:Cattle]]
[[Category:Tissue_Cyst_Forming_Coccidia]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_Caz]]