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Puerperium - Bitch

2012-11-02T18:42:10Z

Cs344:

Also see [[Puerperium - Anatomy & Physiology|General Puerperium]]

Since the bitch is monocyclic, parturition is followed by anoestrus. The onset of the next oestrus is unpredictable.

* Regression of the corpora lutea of pregnancy is initially rapid.
* By 1-2 weeks postpartum, corpora lutea are reduced in size.
* Regression of corpora lutea after this period is much slower.
* Rate of involution is similar to other species.
* Uterine horns restored to their pregravid size by 4 weeks postpartum.
* Lochial discharge immediately postpartum.
** Green due to uteroverdin
** Changed to blood-stained mucoid discharge within 12 hours.
** Volume of lochia should be scant and resolves between 3 - 6 weeks post whelping.
* In the non-pregnant bitch, the surface of the endometrium undergoes desquamation followed by regeneration.
** Repair is complete by 120 days after the onset of oestrus.
* After pregnancy and normal parturition, the time taken for regeneration is ~ 2 weeks longer.
** Desquamation of the endometrial lining begins at 6 weeks postpartum and is complete by 7 weeks.
** The whole regeneration process is complete by 12 weeks postpartum.

[[Category:Pregnancy and Parturition]][[Category:Dog - Reproductive System]]
[[Category:Bullet Points]]

Puerperium - Bitch

2012-11-02T18:41:30Z

Cs344:

Also see [[Puerperium - Anatomy & Physiology|General Puerperium]]

Since the bitch is monocyclic, parturition is followed by anoestrus. The onset of the next oestrus is unpredictable.

* Regression of the corpora lutea of pregnancy is initially rapid.
* By 1-2 weeks postpartum, corpora lutea are reduced in size.
* Regression of corpora lutea after this period is much slower.
* Rate of involution is similar to other species.
* Uterine horns restored to their pregravid size by 4 weeks postpartum.
* Lochial discharge immediately postpartum.
** Green due to uteroverdin
** Changed to blood-stained mucoid discharge within 12 hours.
** Volume of lochia should be scant and lasts between 3 - 6 weeks.
* In the non-pregnant bitch, the surface of the endometrium undergoes desquamation followed by regeneration.
** Repair is complete by 120 days after the onset of oestrus.
* After pregnancy and normal parturition, the time taken for regeneration is ~ 2 weeks longer.
** Desquamation of the endometrial lining begins at 6 weeks postpartum and is complete by 7 weeks.
** The whole regeneration process is complete by 12 weeks postpartum.

[[Category:Pregnancy and Parturition]][[Category:Dog - Reproductive System]]
[[Category:Bullet Points]]

Parturition Behaviour - Bitch

2012-11-02T18:37:22Z

Cs344: /* Stage 3 */

=== Stage 1 ===

* Lasts ~ 12 hours
* Prepares the bed
* If carrying one pup, the onset of lactation coincides with parturition.
* If carrying multiple pups, milk may be expressed from the teats several days prior to the onset of parturition.
* Body temperature subnormal by at least 1.2◦C within 24 hours before the onset of labour.
* Restless
* Indifferent to food
* Panting

=== Stage 2 ===

* Depends upon the number of foetuses, but usually lasts ~6 hours.
* Straining indicates the onset of the second stage.
* Bitch remains in her bed in sternal recumbency
* 'Water bag' of the first foetus appears at the vulva, and attains the size of a golf ball.
* Bitch licks the vulva vigorously and usually ruptures the 'water bag'.
* Delivery of the head requires the greates effort, once this is bord the rest of the foetus follows easily.
* Expulsion of the first foetus may take up to 1 hour.
* Umbillical cord is intact at birth, the mother will soon bite it away.
* Bitch rests for a time after the birth of the first puppy.
** Lies licking the puppy, which soon begins to suckle.
** Pays frequent attention to the vulva and licks any discharge.
* Foetal membranes generally voided in 10-15 minutes and eaten by the bitch.
* Straining recommences after a delay of 30 minutes - 2 hours.
* Effort and time required for subsequent deliveries is usually less than the first.
* May rest in between subsequent deliveries, but may not. The period of rest is also very variable.
* Puppies tend to be expelled from alternate horns (unlike the sow).
* Expulsion of foetal membranes is also irregular, they may come out individually, or the next puppy may be born with the membranes of its predeccessor around its neck.

=== Stage 3 ===

* Membranes of the last foetus are expelled with it or shortly afterwards.
* Discharge is dark green in colour.
** Due to breakdown of the marginal haematoma, uteroverdin which is the product of biliverdin breakdown escapes.

[[Category:Parturition]][[Category:Reproductive Behaviour]]
[[Category:Bullet Points]]

In Vitro Fertilization - Anatomy & Physiology

2012-11-02T14:03:36Z

Cs344:

== Oocyte Collection==

* Donor is superovulated to provide large numbers of mature [[Follicles - Anatomy & Physiology|follicles]].
* Pre-ovulatory [[Follicles - Anatomy & Physiology|follicles]] are collected by a non-surgical procedure involving ultrasound guided aspiration of the follicular content.
* [[Oogenesis - Anatomy & Physiology|Cumulus-Oocyte-Complexes]] are matured and fertilized in vitro.

* Direct [[Follicles - Anatomy & Physiology|follicle]] aspiration:
** A hyperdermic needle is inserted into the [[Follicles - Anatomy & Physiology|follicle]].
** Follicular fluid is aspirated.
** Follicular fluid forcefully returned to the [[Follicles - Anatomy & Physiology|follicle]].
** Repeated 2-3 times to dislodge [[Oogenesis - Anatomy & Physiology|oocytes]].
** Alternatively, a constant vacuum (equivalent to aspirating 25 ml of water per minute through the aspiration needle) can be used for superovulated cows.

* Transvaginal Aspiration in the Mare:
** Prior to the procedure, mares are injected with propatheline bromide (sedative) to relax the [[Rectum_- Anatomy & Physiology|rectum]].
** Lubricated ultrasound transducer is inserted into the [[Vagina and Vestibule - Anatomy & Physiology|vagina]] and held in the fornix vagina.
** [[Ovary - Anatomy & Physiology|Ovary]] transrectally positioned against the dorsal vaginal wall directly over the transducer head so that the [[Follicles - Anatomy & Physiology|follicle]] can be visualized.
** Hypodermic needle is advanced through the [[Vagina and Vestibule - Anatomy & Physiology|vaginal wall]] into the antral follicle.
** Follicular fluid containing the [[Oogenesis - Anatomy & Physiology|Cumulus-Oocyte-Complex]] is aspirated under constant vacuum. The association between the Cumulus-Oocyte Complex and the follicular wall is stronger in the mare compared with cows. It is advantageous to use double-lumen aspiration needle to flush the follicle while aspirating to increase recovery rates.

In Vitro Maturation
** Oocytes are arrested in the diplotene stage of the first meiotic division (dictyate stage) and in mares and cows, are not capable of being fertilized at this stage. The Luteinizing Hormone (LH) surge induces germinal vesicle break down and assembly of the chromosomes into a metaphase plate (metaphase I). During telophase, half the chromosomal complement is extruded with hardly any cytoplasm as the first polar body. At this stage, the oocyte enters the second meiotic division (becomes a secondary oocyte). Cows and Mares ovulate oocytes in metaphase II.
** Cumulus-Oocyte-Complexes of cows are usually aspirated from primary follicles prior to the LH surge and would require maturation before being able to be fertilized. In vitro maturation is less efficient in mares and thus mares can be given GnRH analogues to induce GV breakdown prior to aspiration to avoid having to go through the maturation step in vitro.

In Vitro Fertilization
** In addition to nuclear maturation, cytoplasmic maturation is required before the oocyte is competent to be fertilized and develop normally. Final maturation is dependent on the close physical association between the oocyte and the inner layers of the cumulus granulosa cells surrounding the oocyte. Once the oocyte is mature, it is ready for fertilization.
** Matured [[Oogenesis - Anatomy & Physiology|Cumulus-Oocyte-Complexes]] are placed in a culture vessel with [[Sperm in the Female Tract - Anatomy & Physiology#Capacitation|capacitated]] and hyperactivated spermatozoa.
** In vitro fertilization in mares is still being optimized but an alternative is to transfer the cumulus-oocyte-complex into an inseminated recipient animal. This is called Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer (GIFT). Alternatively, the semen can also be transferred to the recipient uterine tubule with the cumulus-oocyte complex.
** IntraCytoplasmic Sperm Injections (ICSI) involves physically injecting a spermatozoa into the oocyte. Although technically different from IVF, ICSI produced embryos are not usually distinguished from true IVF produced embryos in human medicine. ICSI is a brute force insemination which is able to bypass spermatozoa-oocyte interaction and is useful for male causes of infertility and also an alternative to true IVF if the IVF conditions are not optimized in the facility for the species (such as mares).

In Vitro Culture of Embryo
* Embryos are incubated for a further period to the appropriate stage for transfer.
* Embryos transferred to recipient female.
* Can be transferred at the correct stage of the recipient's [[Oestrous Cycle - Anatomy & Physiology|oestrous cycle]].
* Embryos transferred around the [[Blastocyst Embryonic Development - Anatomy & Physiology|blastocyst]] stage.
* Success rates are improving.
* Embryos can be frozen, eliminating the need for tight synchronization. This allows them to be shipped to other locations.
* Increases incidence of [[Large_Offspring|large offspring syndrome]].

[[Category:Reproductive Technologies]]
[[Category:Bullet Points]]

In Vitro Fertilization - Anatomy & Physiology

2012-11-02T13:27:02Z

Cs344:

In Vitro Fertilization - Anatomy & Physiology

2012-11-02T13:25:29Z

Cs344:

Category:Reproductive Technologies

2012-11-02T13:24:07Z

Cs344:

{{frontpage
|pagetitle=Reproductive Technologies
|pagebody=
|contenttitle=Content
|contenttitle=<big>Content</big>
|contentbody=<big><b>

[[Semen Collection - Anatomy & Physiology|Semen Collection]]

[[Artificial Insemination - Anatomy & Physiology|Artificial Insemination]]

[[In Vitro Fertilization - Anatomy & Physiology|In Vitro Fertilization]]

[[Embryo Sexing - Anatomy & Physiology|Embryo Sexing]]

[[Embryo Splitting - Anatomy & Physiology|Embryo Splitting]]

[[Embryo Transfer - Anatomy & Physiology|Embryo Transfer]]

[[In Vitro Maturation - Anatomy & Physiology|In Vitro Maturation]]

[[Semen Sexing - Anatomy & Physiology|Semen Sexing]]

[[Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection - Anatomy & Physiology|Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection]]

[[Nuclear Transplantation/Cloning - Anatomy & Physiology|Nuclear Transplantation/Cloning]]

[[Transgenic Animals - Anatomy & Physiology|Transgenic Animals]]

</b></big>

|logo = anat logo.png
}}

[[Category:Reproductive System - Anatomy & Physiology]]