WikiVet English - User contributions [en]

User:Eknowles

2010-09-22T16:14:23Z

Eknowles:

[[Image:lizzyphoto.jpg|300px|thumb|right|'''(Copyright Dianna Evans 2010) ''']]

==About me==
I am graduating from the RVC this summer, I also have a BSc in Zoology from the university of Bristol. I'm starting in a mixed practice in Wales in October doing maternity cover for about a year.

===What I hope to get out of this project===
I hope that working as a Wikivet author will help consolidate my knowledge before going into practice.
===What I am working on===
[[:Category:To_Do_-_lizzyk]]

*Template
==Description==
==Signalment==
==Diagnosis==
===Clinical Signs===
===Laboratory Tests===
===Radiography===
===Biopsy===
===Endoscopy===
===Pathology===
==Treatment==
==Prognosis==
==References==

==Hours worked==

{| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" border="1"
| '''Date'''
| '''Hours worked'''
|-
|Tuesday 6th July
|4
|-
|Wednesday 7th July
|2
|-
|'''Week 1 Total'''
|6
|-

|'''Week 2 Total'''
|0
|-
|Friday 23rd July
|6.5
|-
|Sunday 25th July
|6.5
|-

|'''Week 3 Total'''
|13
|-

|Monday 26th July
|7
|-
|Tuesday 27th July
|7
|-
|Saturday 31st July
|7
|-
|Sunday 1st Aug
|2
|-

|'''Week 4 Total'''
|23
|-

|Monday 2nd Aug
|7
|-
|Tuesday 3rd Aug
|7
|-
|Wednesday 4th Aug
| 7
|-
|'''Week 5 Total'''
| 21
|-
|Monday 9th August
|3
|-
|Tuesday 10th August
|6
|-
|Thursday 12th August
|8
|-
|'''Week 6 Total'''
|17
|-
|Tuesday 17th
|5
|-
|Thursday 19th August
|5
|-
|Saturday 21st August
|5
|-
|Sunday 22nd August
|3
|-
|'''Week 7 Total'''
|18
|-
|Friday 27th August
|4
|-
|'''Week 8 Total'''
|4
|-
|Tuesday 31st
|5
|-
|Wednesday 1st September
|6
|-
|Thursday 2nd September
|5
|-
|'''Week 9 Total'''
|16
|-
|Tuesday 7th September
|2
|-
|Wednesday 8th September
|3
|-
|Thursday 9th September
|5
|-
|Friday 10th September
|3
|-
|'''Week 10 Total'''
|13
|-
|Monday 13th September
|4.5
|-
|Tuesday 14th September
|4.5
|-
|'''Week 11 Total'''
|9
|-

Tuberculosis

2010-09-17T10:45:33Z

Eknowles:

{{Unfinished}}

==Description==
'''Tuberculoisis''' is a general term for diseases caused by the tuberculous group of bacteria, [[Mycobacteria spp.|Mycobacteria species]]. ''[[Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]'', ''[[Mycobacterium bovis]]'', ''[[Mycobacterium avium]]'' are host adapted to humans, cattle and birds respectively. All three types can produce disease in other species; ''Mycobacterium tuberculosis'' is the most host specific strain and rarely causes progresive disease in species other than humans, ''Mycobacterium bovis'' causes disease in cattle but can affect a number of other species, see [[Bovine Tuberculosis]]. ''Mycobacterium avium'' is the only type that causes disease in birds but it can also affect mammalian species, see [[Avian Tuberculosis]].

Infection is usually via inhalation of infective droplets, but can aslo be by ingestion of contaminated feed or water, and occasionally via coitus or milk. The primary focus of infection is determined by the route of infection. Characteristic granulomatous tubercles develop. These become nectrotic, shedding the infective organism which disseminates to other body systems initiating secondary foci.

==Diagnosis==
===Clinical Signs===
Location and severity depend on which body systems are affected and the advancement of the disease. Due to the testing and slaughter policy most cases in the UK are identified before development of clinical signs.

====Respiratory form====
* Chronic cough- soft and productive
* Tachypnoea
* Dyspnoea
* Dull areas on auscultation of the lungs in advanced cases

====Alimentary form====
* Few clinical signs
* Diarrhoea
* Bloat

===Laboratory Tests===
An ELISA test has been developed but is not widely used. The gamma interferon test can also be used for diagnosis of the condition.

===Pathology===
Findings at post mortem depend on the route of entry of the organism, whether it became generalised or not and the stage of the disease.
One or more lymph nodes will display the characteristic granulomatous tubercles. In the respiratory form the mediastinal and bronchial lymph nodes are affected, with lesions in the lungs.

If the mycobacteria disseminated from the primary complex then lymph nodes in other regions will also be affected and there will be multiple small foci of infection on other organs.

Microscopically there are '''epithelioid cells''', with large vesicular nuclei and pale cytoplasm and '''giant cells''', formed by the fusion of macrophages, are found at the centre of tubercles. Surrounding this there is a narrow layer of lymphocytes, mononuclear cells and plasma cells, more advanced cases show peripheral fibroplasia andcentral necrosis.

==Treatment==
Control measures depend on the species affected and the prevalence of the disease. The BCG vaccine provides protection for humans, if disease occurs treatment is with antibiotics. Chemotherapy has also been attempted in elephants and primates.

The test and slaughter policy is the only method of eradicating TB, positive reactors to the intradermal tuberculin test are culled and testing of the herd is undertaken every 3-6 months.

==References==
* Merck & Co (2008) '''The Merck Veterinary Manual (Eighth Edition)''' ''Merial''
* Radostits, O.M, Arundel, J.H, and Gay, C.C. (2000) '''Veterinary Medicine: a textbook of the diseases of cattle, sheep, pigs, goats and horses''' ''Elsevier Health Sciences''

[[Category:To_Do_-_lizzyk]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_Review]]

Tuberculosis

2010-09-17T10:43:31Z

Eknowles: /* Description */

Tuberculosis

2010-09-17T10:41:27Z

Eknowles:

{{Unfinished}}

==Description==
'''Tuberculoisis''' is a general term for diseases caused by the tuberculous group of bacteria, [[Mycobacteria spp.|Mycobacteria species]]. ''[[Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]'', ''[[Mycobacterium bovis]]'', ''[[Mycobacterium avium]]'' are host adapted to humans, cattle and birds respectively. All three types can produce disease in other species; ''Mycobacterium tiberculosis'' is the most host specific strain and rarely causes progresive disease in species other than humans, ''Mycobacterium bovis'' can affect a number of other species, see [[Bovine Tuberculosis]]. ''Mycobacterium avium'' is the only type that causes disease in birds but it can also affect mammalian species, see [[Avian Tuberculosis]].

Infection is usually via inhalation of infective droplets, but can aslo be by ingestion of contaminated feed or water, and occasionally via coitus or milk. The primary focus of infection is determined by the route of infection. Characteristic granulomatous tubercles develop. These become nectrotic, shedding the infective organism which disseminates to other body systems initiating secondary foci.

==Diagnosis==
===Clinical Signs===
Location and severity depend on which body systems are affected and the advancement of the disease. Due to the testing and slaughter policy most cases in the UK are identified before development of clinical signs.

====Respiratory form====
* Chronic cough- soft and productive
* Tachypnoea
* Dyspnoea
* Dull areas on auscultation of the lungs in advanced cases

====Alimentary form====
* Few clinical signs
* Diarrhoea
* Bloat

===Laboratory Tests===
An ELISA test has been developed but is not widely used. The gamma interferon test can also be used for diagnosis of the condition.

===Pathology===
Findings at post mortem depend on the route of entry of the organism, whether it became generalised or not and the stage of the disease.
One or more lymph nodes will display the characteristic granulomatous tubercles. In the respiratory form the mediastinal and bronchial lymph nodes are affected, with lesions in the lungs.

If the mycobacteria disseminated from the primary complex then lymph nodes in other regions will also be affected and there will be multiple small foci of infection on other organs.

Microscopically there are '''epithelioid cells''', with large vesicular nuclei and pale cytoplasm and '''giant cells''', formed by the fusion of macrophages, are found at the centre of tubercles. Surrounding this there is a narrow layer of lymphocytes, mononuclear cells and plasma cells, more advanced cases show peripheral fibroplasia andcentral necrosis.

==Treatment==
Control measures depend on the species affected and the prevalence of the disease. The BCG vaccine provides protection for humans, if disease occurs treatment is with antibiotics. Chemotherapy has also been attempted in elephants and primates.

The test and slaughter policy is the only method of eradicating TB, positive reactors to the intradermal tuberculin test are culled and testing of the herd is undertaken every 3-6 months.

==References==
* Merck & Co (2008) '''The Merck Veterinary Manual (Eighth Edition)''' ''Merial''
* Radostits, O.M, Arundel, J.H, and Gay, C.C. (2000) '''Veterinary Medicine: a textbook of the diseases of cattle, sheep, pigs, goats and horses''' ''Elsevier Health Sciences''

[[Category:To_Do_-_lizzyk]]

Tuberculosis

2010-09-17T10:32:00Z

Eknowles:

Tuberculosis

2010-09-17T10:24:41Z

Eknowles:

Tuberculosis

2010-09-17T10:15:01Z

Eknowles:

Tuberculosis

2010-09-17T10:13:03Z

Eknowles:

Tuberculosis

2010-09-17T09:38:15Z

Eknowles:

Tuberculosis

2010-09-17T09:24:50Z

Eknowles:

Tuberculosis

2010-09-17T09:16:45Z

Eknowles:

{{Unfinished}}

==Description==
A general term for diseases caused by the tuberculous group of bacteria, [[Mycobacteria spp.|Mycobacteria species]], including ''[[Mycobacterium bovis]]'', ''[[Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]'',''[[Mycobacterium avium]]''.

Infection can be via inhalation of infective droplets, ingestion of contaminated feed or water, and occasionally via coitus or via milk.

The primary focus of infection is determined by the route of infection. Characteristic granulomatous tubercles develop. These become nectrotic, shedding the infetcive which disseminates to other body systems initiating secondary foci.

[[Bovine Tuberculosis]]

[[Avian Tuberculosis]]
==Signalment==

==Diagnosis==

===Clinical Signs===

===Pathology===
*Grossly:
**Yellowish spherical nodules
**[[Necrosis - Pathology#Caseation Necrosis|Caseous content]]
**Fibrous capsule usually
*Histologically:
**Granuloma
**Central necrosis
**Epitheliod and giant cells at periphery

==Treatment==

==Prognosis==

==References==

[[Category:To_Do_-_lizzyk]]

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

2010-09-14T13:08:38Z

Eknowles:

{{Unfinished}}

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus is also known as SLE and Multi-systemic immune mediated disease

==Description==
Systemic Lupus Erythematous is an immune-mediated disease which can affect many different organ systems. The immune system is directed against various tissues of the body and immune complexes cause a [[Type III Hypersensitivity|type III hypersensitivity reaction]]. The condition is documented in cats and dogs but the etiology is not known. The disease has been reported in colonies of dogs suggesting that there may be a genetic or infectious component to the cause.

==Diagnosis==
===Clinical Signs===
Clinical signs depend on the tissues and organ systems affected by the condition. A combination of the following signs may be seen:

* Immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia
* Immune-mediated thrombocytopenia
* Polyarthritis
* Glomerulonephritis
* Vasculitis
* Dermatitis
* Seizures

Diagnosis of SLE is made on a combination of clinical findings, haemotologic, serum biochemistry and immunological testing results. Diagnosis can be challenging as the condition can mimic a number of other diseases. Ruling out differential diagnoses will help in securing a definitive diagnosis.

===Laboratory Tests===
A positive antinuclear antibody (ANA) test is supportive of a diagnosis of SLE.

==Treatment==
Treatment is with immunosuppressive drugs. Corticosteroids are the most widely used immunosuppresive drugs, prednisolone or dexamethasone is used alone or in combination with azathioprine or cyclophosphamide in more severe cases. Typically the dose can be tapered once the condition is under control.

==Prognosis==
Prognosis is good with appropriate treatment.

==References==
* Blood, D.C. and Studdert, V. P. (1999) '''Saunders Comprehensive Veterinary Dictionary (2nd Edition)''' ''Elsevier Science''
* Merck & Co (2008) '''The Merck Veterinary Manual (Eighth Edition)''' ''Merial''
* Nelson, R.W. and Couto, C.G. (2009) '''Small Animal Internal Medicine (Fourth Edition)''' ''Mosby Elsevier''

[[Category:Antibody Mediated Autoimmune Diseases]]
[[Category:To Do - lizzyk]][[Category:To Do - Review]]

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

2010-09-14T13:03:47Z

Eknowles:

{{Unfinished}}

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus is also known as SLE and Multi-systemic immune mediated disease

==Description==
Systemic Lupus Erythematous is an immune-mediated disease which can affect many different organ systems. The immune system is directed against various tissues of the body and immune complexes cause a [[Type III Hypersensitivity|type III hypersensitivity reaction]]. The condition is documented in cats and dogs but the etiology is not known. The disease has been reported in colonies of dogs suggesting that there may be a genetic or infectious component to the cause.

==Diagnosis==
===Clinical Signs===
Clinical signs depend on the tissues and organ systems affected by the condition. A combination of the following signs may be seen:

* Immune-medated haemolytic anaemia
* Immune-mediated throbocytopenia
* Polyarthritis
* Glomerulonephritis
* Vasculitis
* Dermatitis
* Seizures

Diagnosis of SLE is made on a combination of clinical findings, haemotologic, serum biochemistry and immunogical testing results. Diagnosis can be challenging as the condition can mimic a number of other diseases. Ruling out differential diagnoses will help in securing a deffinitive diagnosis.

===Laboratory Tests===
A positive antnuclear antibody (ANA) test is supportive of a dianosis of SLE.

==Treatment==
Treatment is with immunosuppressive drugs. Corticosteroids are the most widely used immunosuppresives, predinoslone or dexamethasone is used alone or in combination with azothioprine or cyclophosphamide in more sereve cases. Typically the dose can be tapered once the condtion is under control.

==Prognosis==
Prognosis is good with appropriate treatment.

==References==
* Blood, D.C. and Studdert, V. P. (1999) '''Saunders Comprehensive Veterinary Dictionary (2nd Edition)''' ''Elsevier Science''
* Merck & Co (2008) '''The Merck Veterinary Manual (Eighth Edition)''' ''Merial''
* Nelson, R.W. and Couto, C.G. (2009) '''Small Animal Internal Medicine (Fourth Edition)''' ''Mosby Elsevier''

[[Category:Antibody Mediated Autoimmune Diseases]]
[[Category:To Do - lizzyk]][[Category:To Do - Review]]

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

2010-09-14T12:00:52Z

Eknowles:

{{Unfinished}}

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus is also known as SLE and Multi-systemic immune mediated disease

==Description==
Systemic Lupus Erythematous is an immune-mediated disease which can affect many different organ systems. The immune system is directed against various tissues of the body and immune complexes cause a [[Type III Hypersensitivity|type III hypersensitivity reaction]]. The condition is documented in cats and dogs but the etiology is not known. The disease has been reported in colonies of dogs suggesting that there may be a genetic or infectious component to the cause.

==Diagnosis==
===Clinical Signs===
Clinical signs depend on the tissues and organ systems affected by the condition. A combination of the following signs may be seen:

* Immune-medated haemolytic anaemia
* Immune-mediated throbocytopenia
* Polyarthritis
* Glomerulonephritis
* Vasculitis
* Dermatitis
* Seizures

==Treatment==
Treatment is with immunosuppressive drugs. Corticosteroids are the most widely used immunosuppresives, predinoslone or dexamethasone is used alone or in combination with azothioprine or cyclophosphamide in more sereve cases. Typically the dose can be tapered once the condtion is under control.

==Prognosis==
Prognosis is good with appropriate treatment.

==References==
* Blood, D.C. and Studdert, V. P. (1999) '''Saunders Comprehensive Veterinary Dictionary (2nd Edition)''' ''Elsevier Science''
* Merck & Co (2008) '''The Merck Veterinary Manual (Eighth Edition)''' ''Merial''
* Nelson, R.W. and Couto, C.G. (2009) '''Small Animal Internal Medicine (Fourth Edition)''' ''Mosby Elsevier''

[[Category:Antibody Mediated Autoimmune Diseases]]
[[Category:To Do - lizzyk]][[Category:To Do - Re]]

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

2010-09-14T11:59:53Z

Eknowles:

{{Unfinished}}

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus is also known as SLE and Multi-systemic immune mediated disease

==Description==
Systemic Lupus Erythematous is an immune-mediated disease which can affect many different organ systems. The immune system is directed against various tissues of the body and immune complexes cause a [[Type III Hypersensitivity|type III hypersensitivity reaction]]. The condition is documented in cats and dogs but the etiology is not known. The disease has been reported in colonies of dogs suggesting that there may be a genetic or infectious component to the cause.

==Signalment==

==Diagnosis==
===Clinical Signs===
Clinical signs depend on the tissues and organ systems affected by the condition. A combination of the following signs may be seen:

* Immune-medated haemolytic anaemia
* Immune-mediated throbocytopenia
* Polyarthritis
* Glomerulonephritis
* Vasculitis
* Dermatitis
* Seizures

==Treatment==
Treatment is with immunosuppressive drugs. Corticosteroids are the most widely used immunosuppresives, predinoslone or dexamethasone is used alone or in combination with azothioprine or cyclophosphamide in more sereve cases. Typically the dose can be tapered once the condtion is under control.

==Prognosis==

==References==
* Blood, D.C. and Studdert, V. P. (1999) '''Saunders Comprehensive Veterinary Dictionary (2nd Edition)''' ''Elsevier Science''
* Merck & Co (2008) '''The Merck Veterinary Manual (Eighth Edition)''' ''Merial''
* Nelson, R.W. and Couto, C.G. (2009) '''Small Animal Internal Medicine (Fourth Edition)''' ''Mosby Elsevier''

[[Category:Antibody Mediated Autoimmune Diseases]]
[[Category:To Do - lizzyk]][[Category:To Do - Re]]

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

2010-09-14T11:58:13Z

Eknowles:

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

2010-09-14T11:50:54Z

Eknowles:

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

2010-09-14T11:45:40Z

Eknowles:

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

2010-09-14T11:09:44Z

Eknowles:

{{Unfinished}}

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)/Multi-systemic immune mediated disease

==Description==

==Signalment==

==Diagnosis==
===Clinical Signs===

==Treatment==

==Prognosis==

==References==

'''Pathogenesis:''' [[Type III Hypersensitivity|Type III hypersensitivity]]

[[Category:Antibody Mediated Autoimmune Diseases]]
[[Category:To Do - lizzyk]][[Category:To Do - Re]]

Selective IgA deficiency of German Shepherd Dogs

2010-09-14T10:10:18Z

Eknowles:

{{Unfinished}}

==Description==
IgA deficiency of German Shepherd dogs is a breed specific lack or reduction of immunoglobulin A caused by a heritable defect in the immune system. Dogs which are affected are unable to mount an appropriate immune response and more susceptible to infection and allergic conditions. It has been suggested that the deficiency in IgA is linked to other disease syndromes such as deep pyoderma, inflammatory bowel disease, anal furunculosis and disseminated aspergillosis. The condition is poorly understood and the links between IgA deficiency and other conditions has not been fully documented.

==Signalment==
German Shepherd dogs.

==Diagnosis==
===Clinical Signs===
Clinical signs depend on the level of deficiency but include a high susceptibility to infection, respiratory, gastrointestinal and dermatological conditions. Lethargy, anorexia and failure to thrive are other signs of the condition.

===Laboratory Tests===
Serum protein electrophoresis can be used to identify deficiencies in immunoglobulin levels; serum immunoglobulin quantification will identify specific deficiencies. Faecal analysis of IgA can be used to investigate mucosal levels.

==Treatment==
Treatment involves the use of antibiotics for recurrent infections.

γ-Globulin and plasma preparations should not be given because affected patients have high anti-IgA antibodies and may go into anaphylaxis. Affected animals should not be allowed to breed.

==Prognosis==
The condition cannot be cured but patients with mild defects can be managed. Secondary infections or symptoms should be addressed where possible.

==References==
* Blood, D.C. and Studdert, V. P. (1999) '''Saunders Comprehensive Veterinary Dictionary (2nd Edition)''' ''Elsevier Science''
* Merck & Co (2008) '''The Merck Veterinary Manual (Eighth Edition)''' ''Merial''
* Nelson, R.W. and Couto, C.G. (2009) '''Small Animal Internal Medicine (Fourth Edition)''' ''Mosby Elsevier''
* Tilley, L.P. and Smith, F.W.K.(2004)'''The 5-minute Veterinary Consult (Third edition)''' ''Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins''

[[Category:Primary Adaptive Immunity Deficiencies]][[Category:Dog]]
[[Category:To Do - lizzyk]][[Category:To Do - Review]]

Selective IgA deficiency of German Shepherd Dogs

2010-09-14T10:07:03Z

Eknowles:

{{Unfinished}}

==Description==
IgA deficiency of German Shepherd dogs is a breed specific lack or reduction of immunoglobulin A caused by a heritable defect in the immune system. Dogs which are affected are unable to mount an approapriate immune response and more susceptible to infection and alleric conditions. It has been suggested that the deficiency in IgA is linked to other disease syndromes such as deep pyoderma, inflammatory bowel disease, anal furunculosis and disseminated aspergillosis. The condition is poorly understood and the links between IgA deficiency and other conditions has not been fully documented.

==Signalment==
German Shepherd dogs.

==Diagnosis==
===Clinical Signs===
Clinical signs depend on the level of deficiency but include a high susceptibility to infection, respiratory, gastrointestinal and dermatological conditions. Lethargy, annorexia and failure to thrive are other signs of the condition.

===Laboratory Tests===
Serum protein electrophoresis can be used to identify deficiencies in immunoglobulin levels, serum immunoglobulin quantitation will identify specific deficiencies. Faecal analysis of IgA can be used to investigate mucosal levels.

==Treatment==
Treatment involves the use of antibiotics for recurrent infections.

γ-Globulin and plasma preparations should not be given because affected patients have high anti-IgA antibodies and may go into anaphylaxis. Affected animals should not be allowed to breed.

==Prognosis==
The condition cannot be cured but patients with mild defects can be managed. Secondary infections or symptoms should be addressed where possible.

==References==
* Blood, D.C. and Studdert, V. P. (1999) '''Saunders Comprehensive Veterinary Dictionary (2nd Edition)''' ''Elsevier Science''
* Merck & Co (2008) '''The Merck Veterinary Manual (Eighth Edition)''' ''Merial''
* Nelson, R.W. and Couto, C.G. (2009) '''Small Animal Internal Medicine (Fourth Edition)''' ''Mosby Elsevier''
* Tilley, L.P. and Smith, F.W.K.(2004)'''The 5-minute Veterinary Consult (Third edition)''' ''Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins''

[[Category:Primary Adaptive Immunity Deficiencies]][[Category:Dog]]
[[Category:To Do - lizzyk]][[Category:To Do - Review]]

Selective IgA deficiency of German Shepherd Dogs

2010-09-14T09:58:45Z

Eknowles:

{{Unfinished}}

==Description==
IgA deficiency of German Shepherd dogs is a breed specific lack or reduction of immunoglobulin A caused by a heritable defect in the immune system. Dogs which are affected are unable to mount an approapriate immune response and more susceptible to infection and alleric conditions. It has been suggested that the deficiency in IgA is linked to other disease syndromes such as deep pyoderma, inflammatory bowel disease, anal furunculosis and disseminated aspergillosis. The condition is poorly understood and the links between IgA deficiency and other conditions has not been fully documented.

==Signalment==
German Shepherd dogs.

==Diagnosis==
===Clinical Signs===
Clinical signs depend on the level of deficiency but include a high susceptibility to infection, respiratory, gastrointestinal and dermatological conditions. Lethargy, annorexia and failure to thrive are other signs of the condition.

===Laboratory Tests===

==Treatment==
Treatment involves the use of antibiotics for recurrent infections.

γ-Globulin and plasma preparations should not be given because affected patients have high anti-IgA antibodies and may go into anaphylaxis. Affected animals should not be allowed to breed.

==Prognosis==
The condition cannot be cured but patients with mild defects can be managed. Secondary infections or symptoms should be addressed where possible.

==References==
* Blood, D.C. and Studdert, V. P. (1999) '''Saunders Comprehensive Veterinary Dictionary (2nd Edition)''' ''Elsevier Science''
* Merck & Co (2008) '''The Merck Veterinary Manual (Eighth Edition)''' ''Merial''
* Nelson, R.W. and Couto, C.G. (2009) '''Small Animal Internal Medicine (Fourth Edition)''' ''Mosby Elsevier''
* Tilley, L.P. and Smith, F.W.K.(2004)'''The 5-minute Veterinary Consult (Third edition)''' ''Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins''

[[Category:Primary Adaptive Immunity Deficiencies]][[Category:Dog]]
[[Category:To Do - lizzyk]][[Category:To Do -]]

Selective IgA deficiency of German Shepherd Dogs

2010-09-14T09:48:57Z

Eknowles:

{{Unfinished}}

==Description==
IgA deficiency of German Shepherd dogs is a breed specific lack or reduction of immunoglobulin A caused by a heritable defect in the immune system. Dogs which are affected are unable to mount an approapriate immune response and more susceptible to infection and alleric conditions. It has been suggested that the deficiency in IgA is linked to other disease syndromes such as deep pyoderma, inflammatory bowel disease, anal furunculosis and disseminated aspergillosis. The condition is poorly understood and the links between IgA deficiency and other conditions has not been fully documented.

==Signalment==
German Shepherd dogs.

==Diagnosis==
===Clinical Signs===
Clinical signs depend on the level of deficiency but include a high susceptibility to infection, respiratory, gastrointestinal and dermatological conditions. Lethargy, annorexia and failure to thrive are other signs of the condition.

===Laboratory Tests===

==Treatment==
Affected animals should not be allowed to breed.

==Prognosis==
The condition cannot be cured but patients with mild defects can be managed. Secondary infections or symptoms should be addressed where possible.

==References==
* Blood, D.C. and Studdert, V. P. (1999) '''Saunders Comprehensive Veterinary Dictionary (2nd Edition)''' ''Elsevier Science''
* Merck & Co (2008) '''The Merck Veterinary Manual (Eighth Edition)''' ''Merial''
* Nelson, R.W. and Couto, C.G. (2009) '''Small Animal Internal Medicine (Fourth Edition)''' ''Mosby Elsevier''
* Tilley, L.P. and Smith, F.W.K.(2004)'''The 5-minute Veterinary Consult (Third edition)''' ''Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins''

[[Category:Primary Adaptive Immunity Deficiencies]][[Category:Dog]]
[[Category:To Do - lizzyk]][[Category:To Do -]]

Selective IgA deficiency of German Shepherd Dogs

2010-09-14T09:32:28Z

Eknowles:

Selective IgA deficiency of German Shepherd Dogs

2010-09-14T08:37:59Z

Eknowles:

User:Eknowles

2010-09-13T20:21:20Z

Eknowles:

Selective IgA deficiency of German Shepherd Dogs

2010-09-13T20:17:29Z

Eknowles:

{{Unfinished}}

==Description==

==Signalment==

==Diagnosis==
===Clinical Signs===

===Laboratory Tests===

==Treatment==

==Prognosis==

==References==

*Poorly understood
*Linked to other disease syndromes such as deep pyoderma, inflammatory bowel disease, anal furunculosis and disseminated aspergillosis
*[[Immunoglobulin A|IgA]] deficiency so more susceptible to mucosal disease

[[Category:Primary Adaptive Immunity Deficiencies]][[Category:Dog]]
[[Category:To Do - lizzyk]][[Category:To Do -]]

Canine haemobartonellosis

2010-09-13T20:06:53Z

Eknowles:

{{unfinished}}

==Description==
The mycoplasmal bacteria '''''Haemobartonella canis''''' causes haemolytic anaemia in dogs. The organism is transmitted by ticks and causes clinical signs by attaching to the outside of red blood cells. Clinical signs are usually mild except in cases where the animal has had a previous splenectomy or is undergoing chemotherapy and has a compromised immune system.

==Signalment==
Disease usually affects adult dogs.

==Diagnosis==
===Clinical Signs===
* Mild-moderate anaemia
* Pale mucous membranes

===Laboratory Tests===
The organism can be identified on a blood smear stained with a Giemsa-Wright stain. PCR can also be used to detect the organism and some cases will be Coomb's test positive.

The parasitaemia is cyclic and therefore the organism will not always be identified in the blood.

==Treatment==
Treatment with doxycycline, tetracycline or oxytetracycline is usually effective. Supportive treatment of blood transfusions may be needed in severe cases. Glucocorticoids can also be administered. The PCV should be monitored until it has returned to a normal level and clinical signs have resolved.

==Prognosis==
Infection with ''H. canis'' is usually non-pathogenic unless animals have had a previous splenectomy or chemotherapy, in these cases the prognosis depends on the severity of clinical signs and level of concurrent disease but treatment is usually successful.

==References==
* Blood, D.C. and Studdert, V. P. (1999) '''Saunders Comprehensive Veterinary Dictionary (2nd Edition)''' ''Elsevier Science''
* Tilley, L.P. and Smith, F.W.K.(2004)'''The 5-minute Veterinary Consult (Third edition)''' ''Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins''

[[Category:To_Do_-_lizzyk]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_Review]]

Canine haemobartonellosis

2010-09-13T20:01:25Z

Eknowles:

{{unfinished}}

==Description==
The mycoplasmal bacteria ''Haemobartonella canis'' causes haemolyic anaemia in dogs. The organism is transmitted by ticks and causes clinical signs by attaching to the outside of red blood cells. Clinical signs are usually mild except in cases where the animal has had a previous splenectomy or is undergoing chemotherapy and has a compromised immune system.

==Signalment==
Disease usually affects adult dogs.

==Diagnosis==
===Clinical Signs===
* Mild-moderate anaemia
* Pale mucous membranes

===Laboratory Tests===
The organism can be identified on a blood smear stained with a Giemsa-Wright stain. PCR can also be used to detect the organism and sme cases will be Coomb's test positive.

The parasitaemia is cyclic and therefore the organism will not always be identified in the blood.

==Treatment==
Treatment with doxycline, tretracycline or oxytetracycline is usually effective. Supportive treatment of blood transfusions may be needed in severe cases. Glucocorticoids can also be administered. The PCV should be monitored until it has returned to a normal level and clinical signs have resolved.

==Prognosis==
Infection with ''H. canis'' is usually non-pathogenic unless animals have had a previous splenectomy or chemotherapy, in these cases the prognosis depends on the severity of clinical signs and level of concurrent disease but treatment is usually successful.

==References==
* Blood, D.C. and Studdert, V. P. (1999) '''Saunders Comprehensive Veterinary Dictionary (2nd Edition)''' ''Elsevier Science''
* Tilley, L.P. and Smith, F.W.K.(2004)'''The 5-minute Veterinary Consult (Third edition)''' ''Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins''

Caused by ''[[Haemobartonella canis]]''.

[[Category:To_Do_-_lizzyk]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_Review]]

Canine haemobartonellosis

2010-09-13T19:41:06Z

Eknowles:

Canine haemobartonellosis

2010-09-13T19:19:13Z

Eknowles:

Canine haemobartonellosis

2010-09-13T11:51:27Z

Eknowles:

{{unfinished}}

==Description==

==Signalment==

==Diagnosis==

===Clinical Signs===

===Laboratory Tests===

==Treatment==

==Prognosis==

==References==

Caused by ''[[Haemobartonella canis]]''.

[[Category:To_Do_-_lizzyk]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_lizzyk]]

User:Eknowles

2010-09-13T11:40:27Z

Eknowles:

[[Image:lizzyphoto.jpg|300px|thumb|right|'''(Copyright Dianna Evans 2010) ''']]

==About me==
I am graduating from the RVC this summer, I also have a BSc in Zoology from the university of Bristol. I'm starting in a mixed practice in Wales in October doing maternity cover for about a year.

===What I hope to get out of this project===
I hope that working as a Wikivet author will help consolidate my knowledge before going into practice.
===What I am working on===
[[:Category:To_Do_-_lizzyk]]

*Template
==Description==
==Signalment==
==Diagnosis==
===Clinical Signs===
===Laboratory Tests===
===Radiography===
===Biopsy===
===Endoscopy===
===Pathology===
==Treatment==
==Prognosis==
==References==

==Hours worked==

{| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" border="1"
| '''Date'''
| '''Hours worked'''
|-
|Tuesday 6th July
|4
|-
|Wednesday 7th July
|2
|-
|'''Week 1 Total'''
|6
|-

|'''Week 2 Total'''
|0
|-
|Friday 23rd July
|6.5
|-
|Sunday 25th July
|6.5
|-

|'''Week 3 Total'''
|13
|-

|Monday 26th July
|7
|-
|Tuesday 27th July
|7
|-
|Saturday 31st July
|7
|-
|Sunday 1st Aug
|2
|-

|'''Week 4 Total'''
|23
|-

|Monday 2nd Aug
|7
|-
|Tuesday 3rd Aug
|7
|-
|Wednesday 4th Aug
| 7
|-
|'''Week 5 Total'''
| 21
|-
|Monday 9th August
|3
|-
|Tuesday 10th August
|6
|-
|Thursday 12th August
|8
|-
|'''Week 6 Total'''
|17
|-
|Tuesday 17th
|5
|-
|Thursday 19th August
|5
|-
|Saturday 21st August
|5
|-
|Sunday 22nd August
|3
|-
|'''Week 7 Total'''
|18
|-
|Friday 27th August
|4
|-
|'''Week 8 Total'''
|4
|-
|Tuesday 31st
|5
|-
|Wednesday 1st September
|6
|-
|Thursday 2nd September
|5
|-
|'''Week 9 Total'''
|16
|-
|Tuesday 7th September
|2
|-
|Wednesday 8th September
|3
|-
|Thursday 9th September
|5
|-
|Friday 10th September
|3
|-
|'''Week 10 Total'''
|13
|-
|Monday 13th September
|
|-
|Tuesday 14th September
|
|-
|'''Week 11 Total'''
|
|-

Canine Brucellosis

2010-09-13T11:37:54Z

Eknowles:

{{unfinished}}
==Description==
'''Canine brucellosis''' is caused by the intracellular gram negative bacteria ''B. canis''. The disease predominantly affects the reproductive system causing abortion and infertility in females and epididymitis and infertility in males. Other systems can also be affected, causing uveitis, discospondylitis, dermatitis and osteomyelitis. Transmission to humans has been documented but is very rare.

Animals are infected when the organism gains entry to the body at mucus membranes: vaginal, oral and conjunctival. Macrophages then phagocytose ''B. canis'' which targets lymphoid and genital tissue. A transient lymphoid hyperplasia and hyperglobinemia develop in the early stages of infection followed by a bacteraemia 1-4 weeks post initial infection which can persist for up to 5 years. Brucellosis is transmitted by females at oestrus, breeding, post abortion, transplacenta and is shed in urine, faeces and milk. Males shed the organism in semen for up to 2 years and in urine for up to 3 months. A cell mediated immune response is needed to clear the organism; however non-protective antibody may develop which complicates diagnosis and treatment of the disease.

==Signalment==
The prevalence of brucellosis is relatively low (1-8% in the U.S); areas affected include the U.S, Japan, South America, Spain, Tunisia and Germany. The disease is more common in stray animals and breeding kennels. There is no breed susceptibility reported but beagles are over represented in cases in the U.S. The disease usually affects sexually mature animals and females more than males.

==Diagnosis==

===Clinical Signs===
Female:
* Abortion
* Post abortion vaginal discharge
* Early embryonic loss

The usual clinical presentation is of abortion in late gestation of an otherwise healthy bitch which is non-pyrexic. Infertility, early embryonic loss and small litters are also reported; if a pregnancy continues to term the puppies die in the neonatal period.

Male:
* Scrotal enlargement
* Epididymitis
* Seminal abnormalities
* Testicular atrophy
* Infertility

===Laboratory Tests===
The organism can be cultured from aborted tissue or vaginal discharge following abortion, these tissues contain high concentrations of ''B. canis'' and if these are not available then culture can be attempted on blood, urine or semen but is more difficult. Culture is difficult because ''B. canis'' is slow growing and contamination with other bacteria will result in faster growing bacteria over growing ''B. canis''.

Early infection can be detected by haemoculture as a bacteremia is high from 4 weeks to 6 months after which it declines.

The organism can be identified using Slide agglutination, ELISA, agar gel immunodiffusion and PCR.

==Treatment==
Treatment with antibiotics is rarely effective and animals which have apparently recovered from the disease can act as carriers and infection can recur. The organism is difficult to target due to its intracellular status.

In cases occurring in breeding kennels infected animals should be euthanased and all other animals should be tested monthly and also eliminated if found to be positive. Testing should continue until all animals have tested negative for three consecutive months.

In individual pet cases where euthanasia is unacceptable to the owner then treatment with antibiotics such as Tetracyclines, doxycline and gentamycin can be attempted. The animal must also be neutered and isolated from other animals for the duration of treatment.

No vaccine exists.

==Prognosis==
The prognosis is poor, infected animals should be euthanased to prevent spread of infection. Treatment with antibiotics is rarely successful.

==References==
* Merck & Co (2008) '''The Merck Veterinary Manual (Eighth Edition)''' ''Merial''
* Nelson, R.W. and Couto, C.G. (2009) '''Small Animal Internal Medicine (Fourth Edition)''' ''Mosby Elsevier''
* Tilley, L.P. and Smith, F.W.K.(2004)'''The 5-minute Veterinary Consult (Third edition)''' ''Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins''

[[Category:To_Do_-_lizzyk]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_Review]]

Canine Brucellosis

2010-09-13T11:37:33Z

Eknowles: /* Treatment */

Canine Brucellosis

2010-09-13T11:36:58Z

Eknowles:

{{unfinished}}
==Description==
'''Canine brucellosis''' is caused by the intracellular gram negative bacteria ''B. canis''. The disease predominantly affects the reproductive system causing abortion and infertility in females and epididymitis and infertility in males. Other systems can also be affected, causing uveitis, discospondylitis, dermatitis and osteomyelitis. Transmission to humans has been documented but is very rare.

Animals are infected when the organism gains entry to the body at mucus membranes: vaginal, oral and conjunctival. Macrophages then phagocytose ''B. canis'' which targets lymphoid and genital tissue. A transient lymphoid hyperplasia and hyperglobinemia develop in the early stages of infection followed by a bacteraemia 1-4 weeks post initial infection which can persist for up to 5 years. Brucellosis is transmitted by females at oestrus, breeding, post abortion, transplacenta and is shed in urine, faeces and milk. Males shed the organism in semen for up to 2 years and in urine for up to 3 months. A cell mediated immune response is needed to clear the organism; however non-protective antibody may develop which complicates diagnosis and treatment of the disease.

==Signalment==
The prevalence of brucellosis is relatively low (1-8% in the U.S); areas affected include the U.S, Japan, South America, Spain, Tunisia and Germany. The disease is more common in stray animals and breeding kennels. There is no breed susceptibility reported but beagles are over represented in cases in the U.S. The disease usually affects sexually mature animals and females more than males.

==Diagnosis==

===Clinical Signs===
Female:
* Abortion
* Post abortion vaginal discharge
* Early embryonic loss

The usual clinical presentation is of abortion in late gestation of an otherwise healthy bitch which is non-pyrexic. Infertility, early embryonic loss and small litters are also reported; if a pregnancy continues to term the puppies die in the neonatal period.

Male:
* Scrotal enlargement
* Epididymitis
* Seminal abnormalities
* Testicular atrophy
* Infertility

===Laboratory Tests===
The organism can be cultured from aborted tissue or vaginal discharge following abortion, these tissues contain high concentrations of ''B. canis'' and if these are not available then culture can be attempted on blood, urine or semen but is more difficult. Culture is difficult because ''B. canis'' is slow growing and contamination with other bacteria will result in faster growing bacteria over growing ''B. canis''.

Early infection can be detected by haemoculture as a bacteremia is high from 4 weeks to 6 months after which it declines.

The organism can be identified using Slide agglutination, ELISA, agar gel immunodiffusion and PCR.

==Treatment==
Treatment with antibiotics is rarely effective and animals which have apparently recovered from the disease can act as carriers and infection can recur. The organism is difficult to target due to its intracellular status.

In cases occurring in breeding kennels infected animals should be euthanased and all other animals should be tested monthly and also eliminated if found to be positive. Testing should continue until all animals have tested negative for three consecutive months.

In individual pet cases if euthanasia is unacceptable to the owner then treatment with antibiotics such as Tetracyclines, doxycline and gentamycin can be attempted. The animal must also be neutered and isolated from other animals for the duration of treatment.

No vaccine exists.

==Prognosis==
The prognosis is poor, infected animals should be euthanased to prevent spread of infection. Treatment with antibiotics is rarely successful.

==References==
* Merck & Co (2008) '''The Merck Veterinary Manual (Eighth Edition)''' ''Merial''
* Nelson, R.W. and Couto, C.G. (2009) '''Small Animal Internal Medicine (Fourth Edition)''' ''Mosby Elsevier''
* Tilley, L.P. and Smith, F.W.K.(2004)'''The 5-minute Veterinary Consult (Third edition)''' ''Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins''

[[Category:To_Do_-_lizzyk]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_lizzyk]]

Canine Brucellosis

2010-09-13T11:20:08Z

Eknowles:

{{unfinished}}
==Description==
'''Canine brucellosis''' is caused by the intracellular gram negative bacteria ''B. canis''. The disease predominantly affects the reproductive system causing abortion and infertility in females and epididymitis and infertility in males. Other systems can also be affected, causing uveitis, discospondylitis, dermatitis and osteomyelitis. Transmission to humans has been documented but is very rare.

Animals are infected when the organism gains entry to the body at mucus membranes: vaginal, oral and conjunctival. Macrophages then phagocytose ''B. canis'' which targets lymphoid and genital tissue. A transient lymphoid hyperplasia and hyperglobinemia develop in the early stages of infection followed by a bactereamia 1-4 weeks post initial infection which can persist for up to 5 years. Brucellosis is transmitted by females at oestrus, breeding, post abortion, transplacentaly and is shed in urine, faeces and milk. Males shed the organism in semen for up to 2 years and in urine for up to 3 months. A cell mediated immune response is needed to clear the organism, however non-protective antibody may develop which complicates diagnosis and treatment of the disease.

==Signalment==
The prevalence of brucellosis is relatively low (1-8% in the U.S); areas affceted include the U.S, Japan, South America, Spain, Tunisia and Germany. The disease is more common in stray animals and breeding kennels. There is no breed susceptibility reported but beagles are over represented in cases in the U.S. The disease usually affects sexually mature animals and females more than males.

==Diagnosis==

===Clinical Signs===
Female:
* Abortion
* Postabortion vaginal discharge
* Early embryonic loss

The usual clinical presentation is of abortion in late gestation of an otherwise healthy bitch which is non pyrexic. Infertility, early embryonic loss and small litters are also reported; if a pregnancy continues to term the puppies die in the neonatal period.

Male:
* Scrotal enlargement
* Epididymitis
* Seminal abnormalities
* Testicular atrophy
* Infertility

===Laboratory Tests===
The organism can be cultured from aborted tissuen or vaginal discharge following abortion, these tissues contain high concentrations of ''B. canis'', if these are not available then culture can be attempted on blood, urine or semen but is more difficult. Culture is difficult because ''B. canis'' is slow growing and contamination with other bacteria will result in faster growing bacteria over growing ''B. canis''.

Early infection can be detected by haemoculture as a bacteremia is high from 4 weeks to 6 months after which it declines.

The organism can be identified using Slide agglutination, ELISA, agar gel immunodiffusion and PCR.

==Treatment==
Treatment with antibiotics is rarely effective and animals which have apparently recovered from the disaese can act as carriers and infectfion can recur. The organism is difficult to target due to its intracellular status.

In cases occuring in breeding kennels infected animals should be euthanased and all other animals should be tested monthly and also eliminated if found to be positive. Testing should continue until all animals have tested negative for three consecutive months.

In individual pet cases if euthanasia is unacceptable to the owner then treatment with antibiotics such as Tetracyclines, doxycline and gentamycin can be attempted. The animal must also be neutered and isolated from other animals for the duration of treatment.

No vaccine exists.

==Prognosis==
The prognosis is poor, infected animals should be euthanased to prevent spread of infection. Tretment with antibiotics is rarely successful.

==References==
* Merck & Co (2008) '''The Merck Veterinary Manual (Eighth Edition)''' ''Merial''
* Nelson, R.W. and Couto, C.G. (2009) '''Small Animal Internal Medicine (Fourth Edition)''' ''Mosby Elsevier''
* Tilley, L.P. and Smith, F.W.K.(2004)'''The 5-minute Veterinary Consult (Third edition)''' ''Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins''

[[Category:To_Do_-_lizzyk]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_lizzyk]]

Canine Brucellosis

2010-09-13T11:00:58Z

Eknowles:

{{unfinished}}
==Description==
'''Canine brucellosis''' is caused by the intracellular gram negative bacteria ''B. canis''. The disease predominantly affects the reproductive system causing abortion and infertility in females and epididymitis and infertility in males. Other systems can also be affected, causing uveitis, discospondylitis, dermatitis and osteomyelitis. Transmission to humans has been documented but is very rare.

Animals are infected when the organism gains entry to the body at mucus membranes: vaginal, oral and conjunctival. Macrophages then phagocytose ''B. canis'' which targets lymphoid and genital tissue. A transient lymphoid hyperplasia and hyperglobinemia develop in the early stages of infection followed by a bactereamia 1-4 weeks post initial infection which can persist for up to 5 years. Brucellosis is transmitted by females at oestrus, breeding, post abortion, transplacentaly and is shed in urine, faeces and milk. Males shed the organism in semen for up to 2 years and in urine for up to 3 months. A cell mediated immune response is needed to clear the organism, however non-protective antibody may develop which complicates diagnosis and treatment of the disease.

==Signalment==
The prevalence of brucellosis is relatively low (1-8% in the U.S); areas affceted include the U.S, Japan, South America, Spain, Tunisia and Germany. The disease is more common in stray animals and breeding kennels. There is no breed susceptibility reported but beagles are over represented in cases in the U.S. The disease usually affects sexually mature animals and females more than males.

==Diagnosis==

===Clinical Signs===
Female:
* Abortion
* Postabortion vaginal discharge
* Early embryonic loss

The usual clinical presentation is of abortion in late gestation of an otherwise healthy bitch which is non pyrexic. Infertility, early embryonic loss and small litters are also reported; if a pregnancy continues to term the puppies die in the neonatal period.

Male:
* Scrotal enlargement
* Epididymitis
* Seminal abnormalities
* Testicular atrophy
* Infertility

===Laboratory Tests===
The organism can be cultured from aborted tissuen or vaginal discharge following abortion, these tissues contain high concentrations of ''B. canis'', if these are not available then culture can be attempted on blood, urine or semen but is more difficult. Culture is difficult because ''B. canis'' is slow growing and contamination with other bacteria will result in faster growing bacteria over growing ''B. canis''.

Early infection can be detected by haemoculture as a bacteremia is high from 4 weeks to 6 months after which it declines.

The organism can be identified using Slide agglutination, ELISA, agar gel immunodiffusion and PCR.

==Treatment==
**Neuter infected animals
==Prognosis==

==References==
* Merck & Co (2008) '''The Merck Veterinary Manual (Eighth Edition)''' ''Merial''
* Nelson, R.W. and Couto, C.G. (2009) '''Small Animal Internal Medicine (Fourth Edition)''' ''Mosby Elsevier''
* Tilley, L.P. and Smith, F.W.K.(2004)'''The 5-minute Veterinary Consult (Third edition)''' ''Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins''

[[Category:To_Do_-_lizzyk]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_lizzyk]]

Canine Brucellosis

2010-09-13T10:37:39Z

Eknowles:

Canine Brucellosis

2010-09-13T10:31:59Z

Eknowles:

{{unfinished}}
==Description==
Canine brucellosis is caused by the intracellular gram negative bacteria ''B. canis''. The disease predominantly affects the reproductive system causing abortion and infertility in females and epididymitis and infertility in males. Other systems can also be affected, causing uveitis, discospondylitis, dermatitis and osteomyelitis. Transmission to humans has been documented but is very rare.

Animals are infected when the organism gains entry to the body at mucus membranes: vaginal, oral and conjunctival. Macrophages then phagocytose ''B. canis'' which targets lymphoid and genital tissue. A transient lymphoid hyperplasia and hyperglobinemia develop in the early stages of infection followed by a bactereamia 1-4 weeks post initial infection which can persist for up to 5 years. Brucellosis is transmitted by females at oestrus, breeding, post abortion, transplacentaly and is shed in urine, faeces and milk. Males shed the organism in semen for up to 2 years and in urine for up to 3 months. A cell mediated immune response is needed to clear the organism, however non-protective antibody may develop which complicates diagnosis and treatment of the disease.

==Signalment==
The prevalence of brucellosis is relatively low (1-8% in the U.S); areas affceted include the U.S, Japan, South America, Spain, Tunisia and Germany. The disease is more common in stray animals and breeding kennels. There is no breed susceptibility reported but beagles are over represented in cases in the U.S. The disease usually affects sexually mature animals and females more than males.

==Diagnosis==

===Clinical Signs===
Female:
* Abortion
* Postabortion vaginal discharge
* Early embryonic loss

Male:
* Scrotal enlargement
* Epididymitis
* Seminal abnormalities
* Testicular atrophy
* Infertility

**Abortions, decreased fertility, reduced litter sizes, neonatal mortality
**Orchitis and epididymitis causing infertility in male dogs
**Infertility may be permanent if chronic infection

===Laboratory Tests===
**Slide agglutination, ELISA, agar gel immunodiffusion

==Treatment==
**Neuter infected animals
==Prognosis==

==References==
* Merck & Co (2008) '''The Merck Veterinary Manual (Eighth Edition)''' ''Merial''
* Nelson, R.W. and Couto, C.G. (2009) '''Small Animal Internal Medicine (Fourth Edition)''' ''Mosby Elsevier''
* Tilley, L.P. and Smith, F.W.K.(2004)'''The 5-minute Veterinary Consult (Third edition)''' ''Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins''

[[Category:To_Do_-_lizzyk]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_lizzyk]]

Canine Brucellosis

2010-09-13T09:44:55Z

Eknowles:

{{unfinished}}
==Description==
Canine brucellosis is caused by the intracellular gram negative bacteria ''B. canis''. The disease predominantly affects the reproductive system causing abortion and infertility in females and epididymitis and infertility in males. Other systems can also be affected, causing uveitis, discospondylitis, dermatitis and osteomyelitis. Transmission to humans has been documented but is very rare.

Animals are infected when the organism gains entry to the body at mucus membranes: vaginal, oral and conjunctival. Macrophages then phagocytose ''B. canis'' which targets lymphoid and genital tissue. A transient lymphoid hyperplasia and hyperglobinemia develop in the early stages of infection followed by a bactereamia 1-4 weeks post initial infection which can persist for up to 5 years. A cell mediated immune response is needed to clear the organism, however non-protective antibody may develop which complicates diagnosis and treatment of the disease.

==Signalment==
The prevalence of brucellosis is relatively low (1-8% in the U.S); areas affceted include the U.S, Japan, South America, Spain, Tunisia and Germany. The disease is more common in stray animals and breeding kennels. There is no breed susceptibility reported but beagles are over represented in cases in the U.S. The disease usually affects sexually mature animals and females more than males.

==Diagnosis==

===Clinical Signs===
Female:
* Abortion
* Postabortion vaginal discharge
* Early embryonic loss

Male:
* Scrotal enlargement
* Epididymitis
* Seminal abnormalities
* Testicular atrophy
* Infertility

**Abortions, decreased fertility, reduced litter sizes, neonatal mortality
**Orchitis and epididymitis causing infertility in male dogs
**Infertility may be permanent if chronic infection

===Laboratory Tests===
**Slide agglutination, ELISA, agar gel immunodiffusion

==Treatment==
**Neuter infected animals
==Prognosis==

==References==
* Merck & Co (2008) '''The Merck Veterinary Manual (Eighth Edition)''' ''Merial''
* Nelson, R.W. and Couto, C.G. (2009) '''Small Animal Internal Medicine (Fourth Edition)''' ''Mosby Elsevier''
* Tilley, L.P. and Smith, F.W.K.(2004)'''The 5-minute Veterinary Consult (Third edition)''' ''Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins''

[[Category:To_Do_-_lizzyk]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_lizzyk]]

Canine Brucellosis

2010-09-13T09:37:40Z

Eknowles:

{{unfinished}}
==Description==
Canine brucellosis is caused by the intracellular gram negative bacteria ''B. canis''. The disease predominantly affects the reproductive system causing abortion and infertility in females and epididymitis and inferttlity in males. Other systems can also be affected, causing uveitis, discospondylitis, dermatitis and osteomyelitis.

Animals are infected when the organism gains entry to the body at mucus membranes: vaginal, oral and conjunctival. Macrophages then phagocytose ''B. canis'' which targets lymphoid and genital tissue. A transient lymphoid hyperplasia and hyperglobinemia develop in the early stages of infection followed by a bactereamia 1-4 weeks post initial infection which can persist for up to 5 years.

==Signalment==
The prevalence of brucellosis is relatively low (1-8% in the U.S); areas affceted include the U.S, Japan, South America, Spain, Tunisia and Germany. The disease is more common in stray animals and breeding kennels. There is no breed susceptibility reported but beagles are over represented in cases in the U.S. The disease usually affects sexually mature animals and females more than males.

==Diagnosis==

===Clinical Signs===
Female:
* Abortion
* Postabortion vaginal discharge
* Early embryonic loss

Male:
* Scrotal enlargement
* Epididymitis
* Seminal abnormalities
* Testicular atrophy
* Infertility

**Abortions, decreased fertility, reduced litter sizes, neonatal mortality
**Orchitis and epididymitis causing infertility in male dogs
**Infertility may be permanent if chronic infection

===Laboratory Tests===
**Slide agglutination, ELISA, agar gel immunodiffusion

==Treatment==
**Neuter infected animals
==Prognosis==

==References==
* Merck & Co (2008) '''The Merck Veterinary Manual (Eighth Edition)''' ''Merial''
* Nelson, R.W. and Couto, C.G. (2009) '''Small Animal Internal Medicine (Fourth Edition)''' ''Mosby Elsevier''
* Tilley, L.P. and Smith, F.W.K.(2004)'''The 5-minute Veterinary Consult (Third edition)''' ''Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins''

[[Category:To_Do_-_lizzyk]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_lizzyk]]

Canine Brucellosis

2010-09-13T09:24:52Z

Eknowles:

Canine Brucellosis

2010-09-13T09:10:05Z

Eknowles:

Canine Brucellosis

2010-09-13T08:53:17Z

Eknowles:

{{unfinished}}
==Description==
Canine brucellosis is caused by the intracellular gram negative bacteria ''B. canis''.
==Signalment==
The prevalence of brucellosis is relatively low (1-8% in the U.S); areas affceted include the U.S, Japan, South America, Spain, Tunisia and Germany. The disease is more common in stray animals and breeding kennels. There is no breed susceptibility reported but beagles are over represented in cases in the U.S. The disease usually affects sexually mature animals and females more than males.

==Diagnosis==

===Clinical Signs===
Female:
* Abortion
* Postabortion vaginal discharge
* Early embryonic loss

Male:
* Scrotal enlargement
* Epididymitis
* Seminal abnormalities
* Testicular atrophy
* Infertility

===Laboratory Tests===

==Treatment==

==Prognosis==

**Rough therefore lower virulence - mild or asymptomatic infections
**Abortions, decreased fertility, reduced litter sizes, neonatal mortality
**Orchitis and epididymitis causing infertility in male dogs
**Infertility may be permanent if chronic infection
**Slide agglutination, ELISA, agar gel immunodiffusion
**Neuter infected animals

==References==
* Merck & Co (2008) '''The Merck Veterinary Manual (Eighth Edition)''' ''Merial''
* Nelson, R.W. and Couto, C.G. (2009) '''Small Animal Internal Medicine (Fourth Edition)''' ''Mosby Elsevier''
* Tilley, L.P. and Smith, F.W.K.(2004)'''The 5-minute Veterinary Consult (Third edition)''' ''Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins''

[[Category:To_Do_-_lizzyk]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_lizzyk]]

Canine Brucellosis

2010-09-10T10:57:45Z

Eknowles:

{{unfinished}}
==Description==
Canine brucellosis is caused by the intracellular gram negative bacteria ''B. canis''.
==Signalment==

==Diagnosis==

===Clinical Signs===
Female:
* Abortion
* Postabortion vaginal discharge
* Early embryonic loss

Male:
* Scrotal enlargement
* Epididymitis
* Seminal abnormalities
* Testicular atrophy
* Infertility

===Laboratory Tests===

==Treatment==

==Prognosis==

**Rough therefore lower virulence - mild or asymptomatic infections
**Abortions, decreased fertility, reduced litter sizes, neonatal mortality
**Orchitis and epididymitis causing infertility in male dogs
**Infertility may be permanent if chronic infection
**Slide agglutination, ELISA, agar gel immunodiffusion
**Neuter infected animals

==References==
* Merck & Co (2008) '''The Merck Veterinary Manual (Eighth Edition)''' ''Merial''
* Nelson, R.W. and Couto, C.G. (2009) '''Small Animal Internal Medicine (Fourth Edition)''' ''Mosby Elsevier''
* Tilley, L.P. and Smith, F.W.K.(2004)'''The 5-minute Veterinary Consult (Third edition)''' ''Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins''

[[Category:To_Do_-_lizzyk]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_lizzyk]]

Canine haemobartonellosis

2010-09-10T10:54:03Z

Eknowles:

{{unfinished}}

Caused by ''[[Haemobartonella canis]]''.

[[Category:To_Do_-_lizzyk]]

Canine Brucellosis

2010-09-10T10:50:16Z

Eknowles:

{{unfinished}}
==Description==

==Signalment==

==Diagnosis==

===Clinical Signs===
Female:
* Abortion
* Postabortion vaginal discharge
* Early embryonic loss

Male:
* Scrotal enlargement
* Epididymitis
* Seminal abnormalities
* Testicular atrophy
* Infertility

===Laboratory Tests===

==Treatment==

==Prognosis==
*Canine brucellosis:
**Caused by ''B. canis''
**Rough therefore lower virulence - mild or asymptomatic infections
**Abortions, decreased fertility, reduced litter sizes, neonatal mortality
**Orchitis and epididymitis causing infertility in male dogs
**Infertility may be permanent if chronic infection
**Slide agglutination, ELISA, agar gel immunodiffusion
**Neuter infected animals

==References==
* Merck & Co (2008) '''The Merck Veterinary Manual (Eighth Edition)''' ''Merial''
* Nelson, R.W. and Couto, C.G. (2009) '''Small Animal Internal Medicine (Fourth Edition)''' ''Mosby Elsevier''
* Tilley, L.P. and Smith, F.W.K.(2004)'''The 5-minute Veterinary Consult (Third edition)''' ''Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins''

[[Category:To_Do_-_lizzyk]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_lizzyk]]

Canine Brucellosis

2010-09-10T10:47:20Z

Eknowles:

{{unfinished}}
==Description==

==Signalment==

==Diagnosis==

===Clinical Signs===

===Laboratory Tests===

==Treatment==

==Prognosis==
*Canine brucellosis:
**Caused by ''B. canis''
**Rough therefore lower virulence - mild or asymptomatic infections
**Abortions, decreased fertility, reduced litter sizes, neonatal mortality
**Orchitis and epididymitis causing infertility in male dogs
**Infertility may be permanent if chronic infection
**Slide agglutination, ELISA, agar gel immunodiffusion
**Neuter infected animals

==References==
* Merck & Co (2008) '''The Merck Veterinary Manual (Eighth Edition)''' ''Merial''
* Nelson, R.W. and Couto, C.G. (2009) '''Small Animal Internal Medicine (Fourth Edition)''' ''Mosby Elsevier''
* Tilley, L.P. and Smith, F.W.K.(2004)'''The 5-minute Veterinary Consult (Third edition)''' ''Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins''

[[Category:To_Do_-_lizzyk]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_lizzyk]]

Canine Brucellosis

2010-09-10T10:45:40Z

Eknowles: