https://en.wikivet.net/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=Flawrence 2026-05-28T08:11:06Z User contributions MediaWiki 1.35.0 https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Spirochaetes&diff=42246 2008-12-31T11:49:43Z

<p>Flawrence: </p> <hr /> <div>{{toplink<br /> |backcolour =<br /> |linkpage =Bacteria<br /> |linktext =BACTERIA<br /> |pagetype=Bugs<br /> }}<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Overview===<br /> <br /> *Two families exist, ''Leptospiraceae'' and ''Spirochaetaceae''<br /> *''Leptospiraceae'' include the pathogens of the genus ''Leptospira''<br /> *''Spirochaetaceae'' include the pathogens of the genera ''Borrelia'', ''Brachyspira'' and ''Treponema''<br /> *Many cause zoonotic infections<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Characteristics===<br /> <br /> *Spiral or helical Gram-negative bacteria<br /> *Motile organisms via endoflagella<br /> *Poor survival in the environment and sensitive to dessication<br /> *Stain poorly with Gram stain<br /> *Most require specialised media for growth<br /> *Serology required for identification<br /> <br /> <br /> ===''Leptospira''===<br /> <br /> *Motile, helical bacteria found in aquatic environments<br /> *Require liquid media for culture<br /> *Cause leptospirosis in all animals, which can range from mild urogenital tract infections to systemic diseases<br /> *Organisms persist in kidney tubules or genital tract of carrier animals and are shed in urine<br /> *Transmission via direct contact<br /> *Serovars are fairly host-specific, causing mild disease in the maintenance host, with shedding in the urine<br /> *Maintenance hosts may transmit the infection to incidental hosts, which are less susceptible to infection, but develop serious disease<br /> * May cause severe systemic disease, resulting in [[Intestines Fibrinous/Haemorrhagic Enteritis - Pathology#Bacterial septicaemia and enteritis|enteritis]]<br /> <br /> *Pathogenesis and pathogenicity<br /> **Depends on virulence of the serovar and susceptibility of the host<br /> **Leptospires invade tissues through moist skin or via mucous membranes, aided by their motility<br /> **Leptospires may invade via receptor-mediated endocytosis<br /> **They disseminate through the body via the blood stream<br /> **Antibodies clear organisms from the blood stream after about 10 days of infection<br /> **Organisms may persist in the renal tubules, uterus, eye or meninges<br /> **Evade phagocytosis possibly via macrophage apoptosis<br /> **Damage red blood cell membranes and endothelial and liver cells, leading to haemolytic anaemia, jaundice, [[General Pathology - Pigmentation and Calcification#Haemoglobin|haemoglobin pigmentation]], haemoglobinuria and haemorrhage in acute leptospirosis<br /> <br /> *Diagnosis<br /> **Clinical signs and history of exposure<br /> **Dark-field microscopy of urine may detect organisms<br /> **Isolation from blood or urine by culture or animal inoculation<br /> **Identificaiton or certain serovars using DNA probes and serology<br /> **FLuorescent antibody technique for identification in tissues<br /> **Silver impregnation <br /> **Molecular techniques such as PCR<br /> **Serology using microscopic agglutination test or ELISA<br /> <br /> *Clinical infections<br /> **Cattle and sheep<br /> ***Cattle are maintenance hosts for ''L. borgpetersenii'' serovar ''hardjo''<br /> ***''L. interrogans'' serovar ''hardjo'' is host-adapted to cattle<br /> ***Acute disease in susceptible heifers, with fever and agalactia of all quarters; abortion and stillbirth may occur<br /> ***Diagnosed by rising antibody titre in paired serum samples<br /> ***Infection in sheep may cause abortion and agalactia<br /> ***Urinary excretion can be reduced by administering dihydrostreptomycin or amoxycillin<br /> ***Incactivated vaccines are of questionable efficacy<br /> ***Serovars ''pomona, grippotyphosa'' and ''icterohaemorrhagiae'' cause pyrexia, haemoglobinurea, jaundice, anorexia, uraemia due to renal damage and death in calves and lambs<br /> <br /> **Horses<br /> ***Clinical disease rare<br /> ***May be maintenance host of serovar ''bratislava'', which causes abortion and stillbirth<br /> ***Incidental hosts for serovar ''pomona'', suffering from abortion and renal disease<br /> ***Chronic leptospirosis may cause an immune-mediated anterior uveitis<br /> <br /> **Pigs<br /> ***The rodent-adapted serovars ''icterohaemorrhagica'' and ''copenhagenii'' cause acute disease in pigs<br /> ***Severe disease in young pigs<br /> ***Serovar ''pomona'' is the host-adapted species, and may be shed in the urine<br /> ***Infections may cause abortions and stillbirths<br /> ***Pigs are maintenance hosts for serovars ''tarassovi'' and ''bratislava'', which may cause reproductive failure<br /> <br /> **Dogs and cats<br /> ***Serovars ''canicola'' and ''icterohaemorrhagica'' cause leptospirosis in dogs, but are vaccinated against<br /> ***Serovars ''pomona'' and ''grippotyphosa'' are becoming important<br /> ***The host-adapted serovar ''canicolar'' causes acute renal failure in puppies; a chronic uraemic syndrome may follow<br /> ***Incidental infections with serovar ''icterohaemorrhagica'' or ''copenhagenii'' cause renal failure<br /> ***''L. icterohaemorrhagiae'' may cause [[General Pathology - Pigmentation and Calcification#Hepatic (Toxic) Icterus|hepatic jaundice]]<br /> ***Serovar ''bratislava'' causes abortion and infertility in dogs, which may be the maintenance host<br /> ***Infections uncommon in cats<br /> <br /> <br /> ===''Borrelia''===<br /> <br /> *Longer, wider, helical spirochaetes with a linear chromosome and linear and circular plasmids<br /> *Obligate parasites transmitted by arthropod vectors<br /> *Cause systemic infections in many animals and humans<br /> *Slow growth in specialised culture media<br /> <br /> *Lyme disease<br /> **Caused by ''Borrelia burgdorferi''<br /> **Reported in humans, dogs, horses, cattle, sheep<br /> **Ticks are the vector, which acquire the infection from small rodents, the reservoir hosts<br /> **Ticks transmit the infection to large mammals such as deer and sheep <br /> **''Ixodes ricinus'' is the most common tick vector in Europe<br /> **Pathogenesis<br /> ***Virulence of the borreliae requires a change in expression of an outer membrane protein following ingestion of blood by the tick<br /> ***Borreliae multiply in the blood stream of susceptible hosts and disseminate throughout the body<br /> ***Localisation in joints, brain, nerves, eyes and heart can occur<br /> ***The associated lesions may be in part caused by the host immune response<br /> **CLinical signs<br /> ***May be subclinical in endemic areas<br /> ***Clinical manifestation depends on the site of localisation of organisms<br /> ***Disease in dogs may cause fever, lethargy, arthritis, cardiac, renal or neurological disturbance<br /> ***Horses suffer similar clinical signs but also lameness, uveitis, nephritis, hepatitis and encephalitis<br /> ***Cattle and sheep may suffer from lameness<br /> **Diagnosis<br /> ***Laboratory confirmation difficult due to low numbers of organisms and fastidious growth requirements<br /> ***History of exposure to ticks in an endemic region and clinical signs<br /> ***Rising antibody titre to ''Borrelia burgdorferi'' detected by ELISA<br /> ***Immunofluorescence<br /> ***Culture in Barbour-Stoenner-Kelly medium for 6 weeks under microaerophilic conditions <br /> ***PCR<br /> **Treatment and control<br /> ***Amoxycillin and oxytetracycline in the acute phase; prolonged treatment in the chronic phase<br /> ***Tick control and removal<br /> ***Vaccines including whole cell bacterins and recombinant subunit vaccines available for dogs<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Avian spirochaetosis===<br /> <br /> *Caused by ''Borrelia anserina''<br /> *Acute, endemic disease of birds in tropical and subtropical regions<br /> *Chickens, turkeys, pheasants, ducks and geese susceptible<br /> *Transmitted by soft ticks of the ''Argas'' family, but also via contact with infected material such as blood and tissues<br /> *Transmitted transovarially and trans-stadially via the tick population<br /> *Outbreaks during peak tick activity during warm, humid conditions<br /> *Fever, anaemia and wight loss occurs, with development of paralysis later<br /> *Immunity is serotype specific<br /> *Diagnosis using dark-field microscopy of buffy coat smears or immunodluorescence of blood or tissues<br /> *Giemsa-stained smears and silver impregnation of tissues<br /> *Isolation of borreliae by inoculation of embryonated eggs or chicks<br /> *Antibiotic treatment<br /> *Inactivated vaccines available<br /> <br /> <br /> ===''Brachyspira'' and ''Serpulina''===<br /> <br /> *Anaerobic, intestinal spirochaetes, found in normal and diseased pigs<br /> *Enterophogens of pigs<br /> *''B. hyodysenteriae, B. pilosicoli, B. innocens, Serpulina intermedia'' and ''S. murdochii'' occur in pigs<br /> *Carrier pigs shed ''B. hyodysenteriae'' for up to 3 months, acting as a source of infection for healthy pigs<br /> *Demonstrated in stained faecal smears or silver-stained histopathology sections<br /> *Cultured anaerobically on selective blood agar <br /> *Spirochaetes differentiated by pattern of haemolysis on blood agar as well as molecular techniques<br /> <br /> *Pathogenesis<br /> **Motility in mucous allows colonisation of pig intestine<br /> **Haemolytic and cytotoxic activiity important for virulence<br /> **Attachment of ''B. pilosicoli'' to epithelial cells of colonic mucosa disrupts their function and leads to their shedding and oedema<br /> <br /> *Clinical infections<br /> **''B. hyodysenteriae'' causes [[Intestines Fibrinous/Haemorrhagic Enteritis - Pathology#Swine Dysentery|swine dysentery]]<br /> **''B. pilosicoli'' causes porcine intestinal spirochaetosis<br /> **Infection is acquired via contaminated faeces<br /> **Disease spreads slowly through the herd<br /> **Dogs, rats, mice and flies may act as transport hosts<br /> **''B. hyodysenteriae'' survives several weeks in moist faeces<br /> <br /> *Clinical signs<br /> **''B. hyodysenteriae'' causes dysentry in weaned pigs 6-12 weeks old; pigs lose condition and become emaciated; appetite is decreased; large amount of mucous may be present in the faeces; low mortality; poor feed conversion ratio<br /> **''B. pilosicoli'' causes less severe signs than swine dysentry; reduced feed conversion rates occur<br /> <br /> *Diagnosis<br /> **History, clinical signs and gross pathology<br /> **Anaerobic culture on blood agar with added antibiotics for at least 3 days<br /> **''B. hyodysenteriae'' causes complete haemolysis whereas other spirochaetes cause partial haemolysis<br /> **Immunofluorescence, DNA probes and biochemical tests<br /> **Serology using ELISA can be used on a herd basis<br /> **PCR<br /> <br /> [[Brachyspira hyodysenteriae]]</div>

Flawrence https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Spirochaetes&diff=42245 2008-12-31T11:47:41Z

<p>Flawrence: </p> <hr /> <div>{{toplink<br /> |backcolour =<br /> |linkpage =Bacteria<br /> |linktext =BACTERIA<br /> |pagetype=Bugs<br /> }}<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Overview===<br /> <br /> *Two families exist, ''Leptospiraceae'' and ''Spirochaetaceae''<br /> *''Leptospiraceae'' include the pathogens of the genus ''Leptospira''<br /> *''Spirochaetaceae'' include the pathogens of the genera ''Borrelia'', ''Brachyspira'' and ''Treponema''<br /> *Many cause zoonotic infections<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Characteristics===<br /> <br /> *Spiral or helical Gram-negative bacteria<br /> *Motile organisms via endoflagella<br /> *Poor survival in the environment and sensitive to dessication<br /> *Stain poorly with Gram stain<br /> *Most require specialised media for growth<br /> *Serology required for identification<br /> <br /> <br /> ===''Leptospira''===<br /> <br /> *Motile, helical bacteria found in aquatic environments<br /> *Require liquid media for culture<br /> *Cause leptospirosis in all animals, which can range from mild urogenital tract infections to systemic diseases<br /> *Organisms persist in kidney tubules or genital tract of carrier animals and are shed in urine<br /> *Transmission via direct contact<br /> *Serovars are fairly host-specific, causing mild disease in the maintenance host, with shedding in the urine<br /> *Maintenance hosts may transmit the infection to incidental hosts, which are less susceptible to infection, but develop serious disease<br /> * May cause severe systemic disease, resulting in [[Intestines Fibrinous/Haemorrhagic Enteritis - Pathology#Bacterial septicaemia and enteritis|enteritis]]<br /> <br /> *Pathogenesis and pathogenicity<br /> **Depends on virulence of the serovar and susceptibility of the host<br /> **Leptospires invade tissues through moist skin or via mucous membranes, aided by their motility<br /> **Leptospires may invade via receptor-mediated endocytosis<br /> **They disseminate through the body via the blood stream<br /> **Antibodies clear organisms from the blood stream after about 10 days of infection<br /> **Organisms may persist in the renal tubules, uterus, eye or meninges<br /> **Evade phagocytosis possibly via macrophage apoptosis<br /> **Damage red blood cell membranes and endothelial and liver cells, leading to haemolytic anaemia, jaundice, [[General Pathology - Pigmentation and Calcification#Haemoglobin|haemoglobin pigmentation]], haemoglobinuria and haemorrhage in acute leptospirosis<br /> <br /> *Diagnosis<br /> **Clinical signs and history of exposure<br /> **Dark-field microscopy of urine may detect organisms<br /> **Isolation from blood or urine by culture or animal inoculation<br /> **Identificaiton or certain serovars using DNA probes and serology<br /> **FLuorescent antibody technique for identification in tissues<br /> **Silver impregnation <br /> **Molecular techniques such as PCR<br /> **Serology using microscopic agglutination test or ELISA<br /> <br /> *Clinical infections<br /> **Cattle and sheep<br /> ***Cattle are maintenance hosts for ''L. borgpetersenii'' serovar ''hardjo''<br /> ***''L. interrogans'' serovar ''hardjo'' is host-adapted to cattle<br /> ***Acute disease in susceptible heifers, with fever and agalactia of all quarters; abortion and stillbirth may occur<br /> ***Diagnosed by rising antibody titre in paired serum samples<br /> ***Infection in sheep may cause abortion and agalactia<br /> ***Urinary excretion can be reduced by administering dihydrostreptomycin or amoxycillin<br /> ***Incactivated vaccines are of questionable efficacy<br /> ***Serovars ''pomona, grippotyphosa'' and ''icterohaemorrhagiae'' cause pyrexia, haemoglobinurea, jaundice, anorexia, uraemia due to renal damage and death in calves and lambs<br /> <br /> **Horses<br /> ***Clinical disease rare<br /> ***May be maintenance host of serovar ''bratislava'', which causes abortion and stillbirth<br /> ***Incidental hosts for serovar ''pomona'', suffering from abortion and renal disease<br /> ***Chronic leptospirosis may cause an immune-mediated anterior uveitis<br /> <br /> **Pigs<br /> ***The rodent-adapted serovars ''icterohaemorrhagica'' and ''copenhagenii'' cause acute disease in pigs<br /> ***Severe disease in young pigs<br /> ***Serovar ''pomona'' is the host-adapted species, and may be shed in the urine<br /> ***Infections may cause abortions and stillbirths<br /> ***Pigs are maintenance hosts for serovars ''tarassovi'' and ''bratislava'', which may cause reproductive failure<br /> <br /> **Dogs and cats<br /> ***Serovars ''canicola'' and ''icterohaemorrhagica'' cause leptospirosis in dogs, but are vaccinated against<br /> ***Serovars ''pomona'' and ''grippotyphosa'' are becoming important<br /> ***The host-adapted serovar ''canicolar'' causes acute renal failure in puppies; a chronic uraemic syndrome may follow<br /> ***Incidental infections with serovar ''icterohaemorrhagica'' or ''copenhagenii'' cause renal failure<br /> ***''L. icterohaemorrhagiae'' may cause [[General Pathology - Pigmentation and Calcification#Hepatic (Toxic) Icterus|hepatic jaundice]]<br /> ***Serovar ''bratislava'' causes abortion and infertility in dogs, which may be the maintenance host<br /> ***Infections uncommon in cats<br /> <br /> <br /> ===''Borrelia''===<br /> <br /> *Longer, wider, helical spirochaetes with a linear chromosome and linear and circular plasmids<br /> *Obligate parasites transmitted by arthropod vectors<br /> *Cause systemic infections in many animals and humans<br /> *Slow growth in specialised culture media<br /> <br /> *Lyme disease<br /> **Caused by ''Borrelia burgdorferi''<br /> **Reported in humans, dogs, horses, cattle, sheep<br /> **Ticks are the vector, which acquire the infection from small rodents, the reservoir hosts<br /> **Ticks transmit the infection to large mammals such as deer and sheep <br /> **''Ixodes ricinus'' is the most common tick vector in Europe<br /> **Pathogenesis<br /> ***Virulence of the borreliae requires a change in expression of an outer membrane protein following ingestion of blood by the tick<br /> ***Borreliae multiply in the blood stream of susceptible hosts and disseminate throughout the body<br /> ***Localisation in joints, brain, nerves, eyes and heart can occur<br /> ***The associated lesions may be in part caused by the host immune response<br /> **CLinical signs<br /> ***May be subclinical in endemic areas<br /> ***Clinical manifestation depends on the site of localisation of organisms<br /> ***Disease in dogs may cause fever, lethargy, arthritis, cardiac, renal or neurological disturbance<br /> ***Horses suffer similar clinical signs but also lameness, uveitis, nephritis, hepatitis and encephalitis<br /> ***Cattle and sheep may suffer from lameness<br /> **Diagnosis<br /> ***Laboratory confirmation difficult due to low numbers of organisms and fastidious growth requirements<br /> ***History of exposure to ticks in an endemic region and clinical signs<br /> ***Rising antibody titre to ''Borrelia burgdorferi'' detected by ELISA<br /> ***Immunofluorescence<br /> ***Culture in Barbour-Stoenner-Kelly medium for 6 weeks under microaerophilic conditions <br /> ***PCR<br /> **Treatment and control<br /> ***Amoxycillin and oxytetracycline in the acute phase; prolonged treatment in the chronic phase<br /> ***Tick control and removal<br /> ***Vaccines including whole cell bacterins and recombinant subunit vaccines available for dogs<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Avian spirochaetosis===<br /> <br /> *Caused by ''Borrelia anserina''<br /> *Acute, endemic disease of birds in tropical and subtropical regions<br /> *Chickens, turkeys, pheasants, ducks and geese susceptible<br /> *Transmitted by soft ticks of the ''Argas'' family, but also via contact with infected material such as blood and tissues<br /> *Transmitted transovarially and trans-stadially via the tick population<br /> *Outbreaks during peak tick activity during warm, humid conditions<br /> *Fever, anaemia and wight loss occurs, with development of paralysis later<br /> *Immunity is serotype specific<br /> *Diagnosis using dark-field microscopy of buffy coat smears or immunodluorescence of blood or tissues<br /> *Giemsa-stained smears and silver impregnation of tissues<br /> *Isolation of borreliae by inoculation of embryonated eggs or chicks<br /> *Antibiotic treatment<br /> *Inactivated vaccines available<br /> <br /> <br /> ===''Brachyspira'' and ''Serpulina''===<br /> <br /> *Anaerobic, intestinal spirochaetes, found in normal and diseased pigs<br /> *Enterophogens of pigs<br /> *''B. hyodysenteriae, B. pilosicoli, B. innocens, Serpulina intermedia'' and ''S. murdochii'' occur in pigs<br /> *Carrier pigs shed ''B. hyodysenteriae'' for up to 3 months, acting as a source of infection for healthy pigs<br /> *Demonstrated in stained faecal smears or silver-stained histopathology sections<br /> *Cultured anaerobically on selective blood agar <br /> *Spirochaetes differentiated by pattern of haemolysis on blood agar as well as molecular techniques<br /> <br /> *Pathogenesis<br /> **Motility in mucous allows colonisation of pig intestine<br /> **Haemolytic and cytotoxic activiity important for virulence<br /> **Attachment of ''B. pilosicoli'' to epithelial cells of colonic mucosa disrupts their function and leads to their shedding and oedema<br /> <br /> *Clinical infections<br /> **''B. hyodysenteriae'' causes swine dysentry<br /> **''B. pilosicoli'' causes porcine intestinal spirochaetosis<br /> **Infection is acquired via contaminated faeces<br /> **Disease spreads slowly through the herd<br /> **Dogs, rats, mice and flies may act as transport hosts<br /> **''B. hyodysenteriae'' survives several weeks in moist faeces<br /> <br /> *Clinical signs<br /> **''B. hyodysenteriae'' causes dysentry in weaned pigs 6-12 weeks old; pigs lose condition and become emaciated; appetite is decreased; large amount of mucous may be present in the faeces; low mortality; poor feed conversion ratio<br /> **''B. pilosicoli'' causes less severe signs than swine dysentry; reduced feed conversion rates occur<br /> <br /> *Diagnosis<br /> **History, clinical signs and gross pathology<br /> **Anaerobic culture on blood agar with added antibiotics for at least 3 days<br /> **''B. hyodysenteriae'' causes complete haemolysis whereas other spirochaetes cause partial haemolysis<br /> **Immunofluorescence, DNA probes and biochemical tests<br /> **Serology using ELISA can be used on a herd basis<br /> **PCR<br /> <br /> [[Brachyspira hyodysenteriae]]</div>

Flawrence https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Spirochaetes&diff=42244 2008-12-31T11:12:46Z

<p>Flawrence: </p> <hr /> <div>{{toplink<br /> |backcolour =<br /> |linkpage =Bacteria<br /> |linktext =BACTERIA<br /> |pagetype=Bugs<br /> }}<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Overview===<br /> <br /> *Two families exist, ''Leptospiraceae'' and ''Spirochaetaceae''<br /> *''Leptospiraceae'' include the pathogens of the genus ''Leptospira''<br /> *''Spirochaetaceae'' include the pathogens of the genera ''Borrelia'', ''Brachyspira'' and ''Treponema''<br /> *Many cause zoonotic infections<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Characteristics===<br /> <br /> *Spiral or helical Gram-negative bacteria<br /> *Motile organisms via endoflagella<br /> *Poor survival in the environment and sensitive to dessication<br /> *Stain poorly with Gram stain<br /> *Most require specialised media for growth<br /> *Serology required for identification<br /> <br /> <br /> ===''Leptospira''===<br /> <br /> *Motile, helical bacteria found in aquatic environments<br /> *Require liquid media for culture<br /> *Cause leptospirosis in all animals, which can range from mild urogenital tract infections to systemic diseases<br /> *Organisms persist in kidney tubules or genital tract of carrier animals and are shed in urine<br /> *Transmission via direct contact<br /> *Serovars are fairly host-specific, causing mild disease in the maintenance host, with shedding in the urine<br /> *Maintenance hosts may transmit the infection to incidental hosts, which are less susceptible to infection, but develop serious disease<br /> * May cause severe systemic disease, resulting in [[Intestines Fibrinous/Haemorrhagic Enteritis - Pathology#Bacterial septicaemia and enteritis|enteritis]]<br /> <br /> *Pathogenesis and pathogenicity<br /> **Depends on virulence of the serovar and susceptibility of the host<br /> **Leptospires invade tissues through moist skin or via mucous membranes, aided by their motility<br /> **Leptospires may invade via receptor-mediated endocytosis<br /> **They disseminate through the body via the blood stream<br /> **Antibodies clear organisms from the blood stream after about 10 days of infection<br /> **Organisms may persist in the renal tubules, uterus, eye or meninges<br /> **Evade phagocytosis possibly via macrophage apoptosis<br /> **Damage red blood cell membranes and endothelial and liver cells, leading to haemolytic anaemia, jaundice, [[General Pathology - Pigmentation and Calcification#Haemoglobin|haemoglobin pigmentation]], haemoglobinuria and haemorrhage in acute leptospirosis<br /> <br /> *Diagnosis<br /> **Clinical signs and history of exposure<br /> **Dark-field microscopy of urine may detect organisms<br /> **Isolation from blood or urine by culture or animal inoculation<br /> **Identificaiton or certain serovars using DNA probes and serology<br /> **FLuorescent antibody technique for identification in tissues<br /> **Silver impregnation <br /> **Molecular techniques such as PCR<br /> **Serology using microscopic agglutination test or ELISA<br /> <br /> *Clinical infections<br /> **Cattle and sheep<br /> ***Cattle are maintenance hosts for ''L. borgpetersenii'' serovar ''hardjo''<br /> ***''L. interrogans'' serovar ''hardjo'' is host-adapted to cattle<br /> ***Acute disease in susceptible heifers, with fever and agalactia of all quarters; abortion and stillbirth may occur<br /> ***Diagnosed by rising antibody titre in paired serum samples<br /> ***Infection in sheep may cause abortion and agalactia<br /> ***Urinary excretion can be reduced by administering dihydrostreptomycin or amoxycillin<br /> ***Incactivated vaccines are of questionable efficacy<br /> ***Serovars ''pomona, grippotyphosa'' and ''icterohaemorrhagiae'' cause pyrexia, haemoglobinurea, jaundice, anorexia, uraemia due to renal damage and death in calves and lambs<br /> <br /> **Horses<br /> ***Clinical disease rare<br /> ***May be maintenance host of serovar ''bratislava'', which causes abortion and stillbirth<br /> ***Incidental hosts for serovar ''pomona'', suffering from abortion and renal disease<br /> ***Chronic leptospirosis may cause an immune-mediated anterior uveitis<br /> <br /> **Pigs<br /> ***The rodent-adapted serovars ''icterohaemorrhagica'' and ''copenhagenii'' cause acute disease in pigs<br /> ***Severe disease in young pigs<br /> ***Serovar ''pomona'' is the host-adapted species, and may be shed in the urine<br /> ***Infections may cause abortions and stillbirths<br /> ***Pigs are maintenance hosts for serovars ''tarassovi'' and ''bratislava'', which may cause reproductive failure<br /> <br /> **Dogs and cats<br /> ***Serovars ''canicola'' and ''icterohaemorrhagica'' cause leptospirosis in dogs, but are vaccinated against<br /> ***Serovars ''pomona'' and ''grippotyphosa'' are becoming important<br /> ***The host-adapted serovar ''canicolar'' causes acute renal failure in puppies; a chronic uraemic syndrome may follow<br /> ***Incidental infections with serovar ''icterohaemorrhagica'' or ''copenhagenii'' cause renal failure<br /> ***''L. icterohaemorrhagiae'' may cause [[General Pathology - Pigmentation and Calcification#Hepatic (Toxic) Icterus|hepatic jaundice]]<br /> ***Serovar ''bratislava'' causes abortion and infertility in dogs, which may be the maintenance host<br /> ***Infections uncommon in cats<br /> <br /> <br /> ===''Borrelia''===<br /> <br /> *Longer, wider, helical spirochaetes with a linear chromosome and linear and circular plasmids<br /> *Obligate parasites transmitted by arthropod vectors<br /> *Cause systemic infections in many animals and humans<br /> *Slow growth in specialised culture media<br /> <br /> *Lyme disease<br /> **Caused by ''Borrelia burgdorferi''<br /> **Reported in humans, dogs, horses, cattle, sheep<br /> **Ticks are the vector, which acquire the infection from small rodents, the reservoir hosts<br /> **Ticks transmit the infection to large mammals such as deer and sheep <br /> **''Ixodes ricinus'' is the most common tick vector in Europe<br /> **Pathogenesis<br /> ***Virulence of the borreliae requires a change in expression of an outer membrane protein following ingestion of blood by the tick<br /> ***Borreliae multiply in the blood stream of susceptible hosts and disseminate throughout the body<br /> ***Localisation in joints, brain, nerves, eyes and heart can occur<br /> ***The associated lesions may be in part caused by the host immune response<br /> **CLinical signs<br /> ***May be subclinical in endemic areas<br /> ***Clinical manifestation depends on the site of localisation of organisms<br /> ***Disease in dogs may cause fever, lethargy, arthritis, cardiac, renal or neurological disturbance<br /> ***Horses suffer similar clinical signs but also lameness, uveitis, nephritis, hepatitis and encephalitis<br /> ***Cattle and sheep may suffer from lameness<br /> **Diagnosis<br /> ***Laboratory confirmation difficult due to low numbers of organisms and fastidious growth requirements<br /> ***History of exposure to ticks in an endemic region and clinical signs<br /> ***Rising antibody titre to ''Borrelia burgdorferi'' detected by ELISA<br /> ***Immunofluorescence<br /> ***Culture in Barbour-Stoenner-Kelly medium for 6 weeks under microaerophilic conditions <br /> ***PCR<br /> **Treatment and control<br /> ***Amoxycillin and oxytetracycline in the acute phase; prolonged treatment in the chronic phase<br /> ***Tick control and removal<br /> ***Vaccines including whole cell bacterins and recombinant subunit vaccines available for dogs<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Avian spirochaetosis===<br /> <br /> *Caused by ''Borrelia anserina''<br /> *Acute, endemic disease of birds in tropical and subtropical regions<br /> *Chickens, turkeys, pheasants, ducks and geese susceptible<br /> *Transmitted by soft ticks of the ''Argas'' family, but also via contact with infected material such as blood and tissues<br /> *Transmitted transovarially and trans-stadially via the tick population<br /> *Outbreaks during peak tick activity during warm, humid conditions<br /> *Fever, anaemia and wight loss occurs, with development of paralysis later<br /> *Immunity is serotype specific<br /> *Diagnosis using dark-field microscopy of buffy coat smears or immunodluorescence of blood or tissues<br /> *Giemsa-stained smears and silver impregnation of tissues<br /> *Isolation of borreliae by inoculation of embryonated eggs or chicks<br /> *Antibiotic treatment<br /> *Inactivated vaccines available<br /> <br /> <br /> ===''Brachyspira'' and ''Serpulina''===<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Brachyspira hyodysenteriae]]</div>

Flawrence https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Spirochaetes&diff=42243 2008-12-31T10:43:03Z

<p>Flawrence: </p> <hr /> <div>{{toplink<br /> |backcolour =<br /> |linkpage =Bacteria<br /> |linktext =BACTERIA<br /> |pagetype=Bugs<br /> }}<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Overview===<br /> <br /> *Two families exist, ''Leptospiraceae'' and ''Spirochaetaceae''<br /> *''Leptospiraceae'' include the pathogens of the genus ''Leptospira''<br /> *''Spirochaetaceae'' include the pathogens of the genera ''Borrelia'', ''Brachyspira'' and ''Treponema''<br /> *Many cause zoonotic infections<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Characteristics===<br /> <br /> *Spiral or helical Gram-negative bacteria<br /> *Motile organisms via endoflagella<br /> *Poor survival in the environment and sensitive to dessication<br /> *Stain poorly with Gram stain<br /> *Most require specialised media for growth<br /> *Serology required for identification<br /> <br /> <br /> ===''Leptospira''===<br /> <br /> *Motile, helical bacteria found in aquatic environments<br /> *Require liquid media for culture<br /> *Cause leptospirosis in all animals, which can range from mild urogenital tract infections to systemic diseases<br /> *Organisms persist in kidney tubules or genital tract of carrier animals and are shed in urine<br /> *Transmission via direct contact<br /> *Serovars are fairly host-specific, causing mild disease in the maintenance host, with shedding in the urine<br /> *Maintenance hosts may transmit the infection to incidental hosts, which are less susceptible to infection, but develop serious disease<br /> * May cause severe systemic disease, resulting in [[Intestines Fibrinous/Haemorrhagic Enteritis - Pathology#Bacterial septicaemia and enteritis|enteritis]]<br /> <br /> *Pathogenesis and pathogenicity<br /> **Depends on virulence of the serovar and susceptibility of the host<br /> **Leptospires invade tissues through moist skin or via mucous membranes, aided by their motility<br /> **Leptospires may invade via receptor-mediated endocytosis<br /> **They disseminate through the body via the blood stream<br /> **Antibodies clear organisms from the blood stream after about 10 days of infection<br /> **Organisms may persist in the renal tubules, uterus, eye or meninges<br /> **Evade phagocytosis possibly via macrophage apoptosis<br /> **Damage red blood cell membranes and endothelial and liver cells, leading to haemolytic anaemia, jaundice, [[General Pathology - Pigmentation and Calcification#Haemoglobin|haemoglobin pigmentation]], haemoglobinuria and haemorrhage in acute leptospirosis<br /> <br /> *Diagnosis<br /> **Clinical signs and history of exposure<br /> **Dark-field microscopy of urine may detect organisms<br /> **Isolation from blood or urine by culture or animal inoculation<br /> **Identificaiton or certain serovars using DNA probes and serology<br /> **FLuorescent antibody technique for identification in tissues<br /> **Silver impregnation <br /> **Molecular techniques such as PCR<br /> **Serology using microscopic agglutination test or ELISA<br /> <br /> *Clinical infections<br /> **Cattle and sheep<br /> ***Cattle are maintenance hosts for ''L. borgpetersenii'' serovar ''hardjo''<br /> ***''L. interrogans'' serovar ''hardjo'' is host-adapted to cattle<br /> ***Acute disease in susceptible heifers, with fever and agalactia of all quarters; abortion and stillbirth may occur<br /> ***Diagnosed by rising antibody titre in paired serum samples<br /> ***Infection in sheep may cause abortion and agalactia<br /> ***Urinary excretion can be reduced by administering dihydrostreptomycin or amoxycillin<br /> ***Incactivated vaccines are of questionable efficacy<br /> ***Serovars ''pomona, grippotyphosa'' and ''icterohaemorrhagiae'' cause pyrexia, haemoglobinurea, jaundice, anorexia, uraemia due to renal damage and death in calves and lambs<br /> <br /> **Horses<br /> ***Clinical disease rare<br /> ***May be maintenance host of serovar ''bratislava'', which causes abortion and stillbirth<br /> ***Incidental hosts for serovar ''pomona'', suffering from abortion and renal disease<br /> ***Chronic leptospirosis may cause an immune-mediated anterior uveitis<br /> <br /> **Pigs<br /> ***The rodent-adapted serovars ''icterohaemorrhagica'' and ''copenhagenii'' cause acute disease in pigs<br /> ***Severe disease in young pigs<br /> ***Serovar ''pomona'' is the host-adapted species, and may be shed in the urine<br /> ***Infections may cause abortions and stillbirths<br /> ***Pigs are maintenance hosts for serovars ''tarassovi'' and ''bratislava'', which may cause reproductive failure<br /> <br /> **Dogs and cats<br /> ***Serovars ''canicola'' and ''icterohaemorrhagica'' cause leptospirosis in dogs, but are vaccinated against<br /> ***Serovars ''pomona'' and ''grippotyphosa'' are becoming important<br /> ***The host-adapted serovar ''canicolar'' causes acute renal failure in puppies; a chronic uraemic syndrome may follow<br /> ***Incidental infections with serovar ''icterohaemorrhagica'' or ''copenhagenii'' cause renal failure<br /> ***''L. icterohaemorrhagiae'' may cause [[General Pathology - Pigmentation and Calcification#Hepatic (Toxic) Icterus|hepatic jaundice]]<br /> ***Serovar ''bratislava'' causes abortion and infertility in dogs, which may be the maintenance host<br /> ***Infections uncommon in cats<br /> <br /> <br /> ===''Borrelia''===<br /> <br /> *Longer, wider, helical spirochaetes with a linear chromosome and linear and circular plasmids<br /> *Obligate parasites transmitted by arthropod vectors<br /> <br /> *Lyme disease<br /> **Caused by ''Borrelia burgdorferi''<br /> **Reported in humans, dogs, horses, cattle, sheep<br /> **Ticks are the vector, which acquire the infection from small rodents, the reservoir hosts<br /> **Ticks transmit the infection to large mammals such as deer and sheep <br /> **''Ixodes ricinus'' is the most common tick vector in Europe<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Brachyspira hyodysenteriae]]</div>

Flawrence https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Spirochaetes&diff=42242 2008-12-31T10:38:55Z

<p>Flawrence: </p> <hr /> <div>{{toplink<br /> |backcolour =<br /> |linkpage =Bacteria<br /> |linktext =BACTERIA<br /> |pagetype=Bugs<br /> }}<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Overview===<br /> <br /> *Two families exist, ''Leptospiraceae'' and ''Spirochaetaceae''<br /> *''Leptospiraceae'' include the pathogens of the genus ''Leptospira''<br /> *''Spirochaetaceae'' include the pathogens of the genera ''Borrelia'', ''Brachyspira'' and ''Treponema''<br /> *Many cause zoonotic infections<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Characteristics===<br /> <br /> *Spiral or helical Gram-negative bacteria<br /> *Motile organisms via endoflagella<br /> *Poor survival in the environment and sensitive to dessication<br /> *Stain poorly with Gram stain<br /> *Most require specialised media for growth<br /> *Serology required for identification<br /> <br /> <br /> ===''Leptospira''===<br /> <br /> *Motile, helical bacteria found in aquatic environments<br /> *Require liquid media for culture<br /> *Cause leptospirosis in all animals, which can range from mild urogenital tract infections to systemic diseases<br /> *Organisms persist in kidney tubules or genital tract of carrier animals and are shed in urine<br /> *Transmission via direct contact<br /> *Serovars are fairly host-specific, causing mild disease in the maintenance host, with shedding in the urine<br /> *Maintenance hosts may transmit the infection to incidental hosts, which are less susceptible to infection, but develop serious disease<br /> * May cause severe systemic disease, resulting in [[Intestines Fibrinous/Haemorrhagic Enteritis - Pathology#Bacterial septicaemia and enteritis|enteritis]]<br /> <br /> *Pathogenesis and pathogenicity<br /> **Depends on virulence of the serovar and susceptibility of the host<br /> **Leptospires invade tissues through moist skin or via mucous membranes, aided by their motility<br /> **Leptospires may invade via receptor-mediated endocytosis<br /> **They disseminate through the body via the blood stream<br /> **Antibodies clear organisms from the blood stream after about 10 days of infection<br /> **Organisms may persist in the renal tubules, uterus, eye or meninges<br /> **Evade phagocytosis possibly via macrophage apoptosis<br /> **Damage red blood cell membranes and endothelial and liver cells, leading to haemolytic anaemia, jaundice, [[General Pathology - Pigmentation and Calcification#Haemoglobin|haemoglobin pigmentation]], haemoglobinuria and haemorrhage in acute leptospirosis<br /> <br /> *Diagnosis<br /> **Clinical signs and history of exposure<br /> **Dark-field microscopy of urine may detect organisms<br /> **Isolation from blood or urine by culture or animal inoculation<br /> **Identificaiton or certain serovars using DNA probes and serology<br /> **FLuorescent antibody technique for identification in tissues<br /> **Silver impregnation <br /> **Molecular techniques such as PCR<br /> **Serology using microscopic agglutination test or ELISA<br /> <br /> *Clinical infections<br /> **Cattle and sheep<br /> ***Cattle are maintenance hosts for ''L. borgpetersenii'' serovar ''hardjo''<br /> ***''L. interrogans'' serovar ''hardjo'' is host-adapted to cattle<br /> ***Acute disease in susceptible heifers, with fever and agalactia of all quarters; abortion and stillbirth may occur<br /> ***Diagnosed by rising antibody titre in paired serum samples<br /> ***Infection in sheep may cause abortion and agalactia<br /> ***Urinary excretion can be reduced by administering dihydrostreptomycin or amoxycillin<br /> ***Incactivated vaccines are of questionable efficacy<br /> ***Serovars ''pomona, grippotyphosa'' and ''icterohaemorrhagiae'' cause pyrexia, haemoglobinurea, jaundice, anorexia, uraemia due to renal damage and death in calves and lambs<br /> <br /> **Horses<br /> ***Clinical disease rare<br /> ***May be maintenance host of serovar ''bratislava'', which causes abortion and stillbirth<br /> ***Incidental hosts for serovar ''pomona'', suffering from abortion and renal disease<br /> ***Chronic leptospirosis may cause an immune-mediated anterior uveitis<br /> <br /> **Pigs<br /> ***The rodent-adapted serovars ''icterohaemorrhagica'' and ''copenhagenii'' cause acute disease in pigs<br /> ***Severe disease in young pigs<br /> ***Serovar ''pomona'' is the host-adapted species, and may be shed in the urine<br /> ***Infections may cause abortions and stillbirths<br /> ***Pigs are maintenance hosts for serovars ''tarassovi'' and ''bratislava'', which may cause reproductive failure<br /> <br /> **Dogs and cats<br /> ***Serovars ''canicola'' and ''icterohaemorrhagica'' cause leptospirosis in dogs, but are vaccinated against<br /> ***Serovars ''pomona'' and ''grippotyphosa'' are becoming important<br /> ***The host-adapted serovar ''canicolar'' causes acute renal failure in puppies; a chronic uraemic syndrome may follow<br /> ***Incidental infections with serovar ''icterohaemorrhagica'' or ''copenhagenii'' cause renal failure<br /> ***''L. icterohaemorrhagiae'' may cause [[General Pathology - Pigmentation and Calcification#Hepatic (Toxic) Icterus|hepatic jaundice]]<br /> ***Serovar ''bratislava'' causes abortion and infertility in dogs, which may be the maintenance host<br /> ***Infections uncommon in cats<br /> <br /> <br /> ===''Borrelia''===<br /> <br /> *Longer, wider, helical spirochaetes with a linear chromosome and linear and circular plasmids<br /> *Obligate parasites transmitted by arthropod vectors<br /> <br /> *Lyme disease<br /> **Caused by ''Borrelia burgdorferi''<br /> **Reported in humans, dogs, horses, cattle, sheep<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Brachyspira hyodysenteriae]]<br /> <br /> [[Leptospira]]</div>

Flawrence https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Spirochaetes&diff=42241 2008-12-31T10:34:21Z

<p>Flawrence: </p> <hr /> <div>{{toplink<br /> |backcolour =<br /> |linkpage =Bacteria<br /> |linktext =BACTERIA<br /> |pagetype=Bugs<br /> }}<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Overview===<br /> <br /> *Two families exist, ''Leptospiraceae'' and ''Spirochaetaceae''<br /> *''Leptospiraceae'' include the pathogens of the genus ''Leptospira''<br /> *''Spirochaetaceae'' include the pathogens of the genera ''Borrelia'', ''Brachyspira'' and ''Treponema''<br /> *Many cause zoonotic infections<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Characteristics===<br /> <br /> *Spiral or helical Gram-negative bacteria<br /> *Motile organisms via endoflagella<br /> *Poor survival in the environment and sensitive to dessication<br /> *Stain poorly with Gram stain<br /> *Most require specialised media for growth<br /> *Serology required for identification<br /> <br /> <br /> ===''Leptospira''===<br /> <br /> *Motile, helical bacteria found in aquatic environments<br /> *Require liquid media for culture<br /> *Cause leptospirosis in all animals, which can range from mild urogenital tract infections to systemic diseases<br /> *Organisms persist in kidney tubules or genital tract of carrier animals and are shed in urine<br /> *Transmission via direct contact<br /> *Serovars are fairly host-specific, causing mild disease in the maintenance host, with shedding in the urine<br /> *Maintenance hosts may transmit the infection to incidental hosts, which are less susceptible to infection, but develop serious disease<br /> <br /> *Pathogenesis and pathogenicity<br /> **Depends on virulence of the serovar and susceptibility of the host<br /> **Leptospires invade tissues through moist skin or via mucous membranes, aided by their motility<br /> **Leptospires may invade via receptor-mediatied endocytosis<br /> **They disseminate through the body via the blood stream<br /> **Antibodies clear organisms from the blood stream after about 10 days of infection<br /> **Organisms may persist in the renal tubules, uterus, eye or meninges<br /> **Evade phagocytosis possibly via macrophage apoptosis<br /> **Damage red blood cell membranes and endothelial and liver cells, leading to haemolytic anaemia, jaundice, haemoglobinuria and haemorrhage in acute leptospirosis<br /> <br /> *Diagnosis<br /> **Clinical signs and history of exposure<br /> **Dark-field microscopy of urine may detect organisms<br /> **Isolation from blood or urine by culture or animal inoculation<br /> **Identificaiton or certain serovars using DNA probes and serology<br /> **FLuorescent antibody technique for identification in tissues<br /> **Silver impregnation <br /> **Molecular techniques such as PCR<br /> **Serology using microscopic agglutination test or ELISA<br /> <br /> *Clinical infections<br /> **Cattle and sheep<br /> ***Cattle are maintenance hosts for ''L. borgpetersenii'' serovar ''hardjo''<br /> ***''L. interrogans'' serovar ''hardjo'' is host-adapted to cattle<br /> ***Acute disease in susceptible heifers, with fever and agalactia of all quarters; abortion and stillbirth may occur<br /> ***Diagnosed by rising antibody titre in paired serum samples<br /> ***Infection in sheep may cause abortion and agalactia<br /> ***Urinary excretion can be reduced by administering dihydrostreptomycin or amoxycillin<br /> ***Incactivated vaccines are of questionable efficacy<br /> ***Serovars ''pomona, grippotyphosa'' and ''icterohaemorrhagiae'' cause pyrexia, haemoglobinurea, jaundice, anorexia, uraemia due to renal damage and death in calves and lambs<br /> <br /> **Horses<br /> ***Clinical disease rare<br /> ***May be maintenance host of serovar ''bratislava'', which causes abortion and stillbirth<br /> ***Incidental hosts for serovar ''pomona'', suffering from abortion and renal disease<br /> ***Chronic leptospirosis may cause an immune-mediated anterior uveitis<br /> <br /> **Pigs<br /> ***The rodent-adapted serovars ''icterohaemorrhagica'' and ''copenhagenii'' cause acute disease in pigs<br /> ***Severe disease in young pigs<br /> ***Serovar ''pomona'' is the host-adapted species, and may be shed in the urine<br /> ***Infections may cause abortions and stillbirths<br /> ***Pigs are maintenance hosts for serovars ''tarassovi'' and ''bratislava'', which may cause reproductive failure<br /> <br /> **Dogs and cats<br /> ***Serovars ''canicola'' and ''icterohaemorrhagica'' cause leptospirosis in dogs, but are vaccinated against<br /> ***Serovars ''pomona'' and ''grippotyphosa'' are becoming important<br /> ***The host-adapted serovar ''canicolar'' causes acute renal failure in puppies; a chronic uraemic syndrome may follow<br /> ***Incidental infections with serovar ''icterohaemorrhagica'' or ''copenhagenii'' cause renal failure<br /> ***Serovar ''bratislava'' causes abortion and infertility in dogs, which may be the maintenance host<br /> ***Infections uncommon in cats<br /> <br /> <br /> ===''Borrelia''===<br /> <br /> *Longer, wider, helical spirochaetes with a linear chromosome and linear and circular plasmids<br /> *Obligate parasites transmitted by arthropod vectors<br /> <br /> *Lyme disease<br /> **Caused by ''Borrelia burgdorferi''<br /> **Reported in humans, dogs, horses, cattle, sheep<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Brachyspira hyodysenteriae]]<br /> <br /> [[Leptospira]]</div>

Flawrence https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Spirochaetes&diff=42240 2008-12-31T10:27:03Z

<p>Flawrence: </p> <hr /> <div>{{toplink<br /> |backcolour =<br /> |linkpage =Bacteria<br /> |linktext =BACTERIA<br /> |pagetype=Bugs<br /> }}<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Overview===<br /> <br /> *Two families exist, ''Leptospiraceae'' and ''Spirochaetaceae''<br /> *''Leptospiraceae'' include the pathogens of the genus ''Leptospira''<br /> *''Spirochaetaceae'' include the pathogens of the genera ''Borrelia'', ''Brachyspira'' and ''Treponema''<br /> *Many cause zoonotic infections<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Characteristics===<br /> <br /> *Spiral or helical Gram-negative bacteria<br /> *Motile organisms via endoflagella<br /> *Poor survival in the environment and sensitive to dessication<br /> *Stain poorly with Gram stain<br /> *Most require specialised media for growth<br /> *Serology required for identification<br /> <br /> <br /> ===''Leptospira''<br /> <br /> *Motile, helical bacteria found in aquatic environments<br /> *Require liquid media for culture<br /> *Cause leptospirosis in all animals, which can range from mild urogenital tract infections to systemic diseases<br /> *Organisms persist in kidney tubules or genital tract of carrier animals and are shed in urine<br /> *Transmission via direct contact<br /> *Serovars are fairly host-specific, causing mild disease in the maintenance host, with shedding in the urine<br /> *Maintenance hosts may transmit the infection to incidental hosts, which are less susceptible to infection, but develop serious disease<br /> <br /> *Pathogenesis and pathogenicity<br /> **Depends on virulence of the serovar and susceptibility of the host<br /> **Leptospires invade tissues through moist skin or via mucous membranes, aided by their motility<br /> **Leptospires may invade via receptor-mediatied endocytosis<br /> **They disseminate through the body via the blood stream<br /> **Antibodies clear organisms from the blood stream after about 10 days of infection<br /> **Organisms may persist in the renal tubules, uterus, eye or meninges<br /> **Evade phagocytosis possibly via macrophage apoptosis<br /> **Damage red blood cell membranes and endothelial and liver cells, leading to haemolytic anaemia, jaundice, haemoglobinuria and haemorrhage in acute leptospirosis<br /> <br /> *Diagnosis<br /> **Clinical signs and history of exposure<br /> **Dark-field microscopy of urine may detect organisms<br /> **Isolation from blood or urine by culture or animal inoculation<br /> **Identificaiton or certain serovars using DNA probes and serology<br /> **FLuorescent antibody technique for identification in tissues<br /> **Silver impregnation <br /> **Molecular techniques such as PCR<br /> **Serology using microscopic agglutination test or ELISA<br /> <br /> *Clinical infections<br /> **Cattle and sheep<br /> ***Cattle are maintenance hosts for ''L. borgpetersenii'' serovar ''hardjo''<br /> ***''L. interrogans'' serovar ''hardjo'' is host-adapted to cattle<br /> ***Acute disease in susceptible heifers, with fever and agalactia of all quarters; abortion and stillbirth may occur<br /> ***Diagnosed by rising antibody titre in paired serum samples<br /> ***Infection in sheep may cause abortion and agalactia<br /> ***Urinary excretion can be reduced by administering dihydrostreptomycin or amoxycillin<br /> ***Incactivated vaccines are of questionable efficacy<br /> ***Serovars ''pomona, grippotyphosa'' and ''icterohaemorrhagiae'' cause pyrexia, haemoglobinurea, jaundice, anorexia, uraemia due to renal damage and death in calves and lambs<br /> <br /> **Horses<br /> ***Clinical disease rare<br /> ***May be maintenance host of serovar ''bratislava'', which causes abortion and stillbirth<br /> ***Incidental hosts for serovar ''pomona'', suffering from abortion and renal disease<br /> ***Chronic leptospirosis may cause an immune-mediated anterior uveitis<br /> <br /> **Pigs<br /> ***The rodent-adapted serovars ''icterohaemorrhagica'' and ''copenhagenii'' cause acute disease in pigs<br /> ***Severe disease in young pigs<br /> ***Serovar ''pomona'' is the host-adapted species, and may be shed in the urine<br /> ***Infections may cause abortions and stillbirths<br /> ***Pigs are maintenance hosts for serovars ''tarassovi'' and ''bratislava'', which may cause reproductive failure<br /> <br /> **Dogs and cats<br /> ***Serovars ''canicola'' and ''icterohaemorrhagica'' cause leptospirosis in dogs, but are vaccinated against<br /> ***Serovars ''pomona'' and ''grippotyphosa'' are becoming important<br /> ***The host-adapted serovar ''canicolar'' causes renal failure in puppies<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Brachyspira hyodysenteriae]]<br /> <br /> [[Leptospira]]</div>

Flawrence https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Spirochaetes&diff=42239 2008-12-31T09:36:42Z

<p>Flawrence: </p> <hr /> <div>{{toplink<br /> |backcolour =<br /> |linkpage =Bacteria<br /> |linktext =BACTERIA<br /> |pagetype=Bugs<br /> }}<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Overview===<br /> <br /> *Two families exist, ''Leptospiraceae'' and ''Spirochaetaceae''<br /> *''Leptospiraceae'' include the pathogens of the genus ''Leptospira''<br /> *''Spirochaetaceae'' include the pathogens of the genera ''Borrelia'', ''Brachyspira'' and ''Treponema''<br /> *Many cause zoonotic infections<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Characteristics===<br /> <br /> *Spiral or helical Gram-negative bacteria<br /> *Motile organisms via endoflagella<br /> *Poor survival in the environment and sensitive to dessication<br /> *Stain poorly with Gram stain<br /> *Most require specialised media for growth<br /> *Serology required for identification<br /> <br /> [[Brachyspira hyodysenteriae]]<br /> <br /> [[Leptospira]]</div>

Flawrence https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Rickettsiales&diff=42238 2008-12-30T21:32:22Z

<p>Flawrence: </p> <hr /> <div>{{unfinished}}<br /> <br /> {{toplink<br /> |backcolour =<br /> |linkpage =Bacteria<br /> |linktext =BACTERIA<br /> |pagetype=Bugs<br /> }}<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Overview===<br /> <br /> *Cause systemic diseases in animals<br /> *Usually use arthropod vectors<br /> *Host and cell type specificity<br /> *Q fever and Rocky Mountain spotted fever are zoonoses<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Characteristics===<br /> <br /> *Non-motile, pleomorphic Gram-negative organisms<br /> *Obligate intracellular pathogens<br /> *Require live cells for culture such as tissue culture cells or embryonated eggs<br /> *Require Romanowsky stains <br /> <br /> *Include two families, ''Rickettsiaceae'' and ''Anaplasmataceae''<br /> *''Rickettsiaceae'' have cell walls that contain peptidoglycan; they target endothelial cells and leukocytes<br /> *''Anaplasmataceae'' lack cell walls; they target erythrocytes<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Epidemiology===<br /> <br /> *Rickettsiae replicate in gut epithelial cells of arthropod vectors and spread to other organs such as salivary glands and ovaries<br /> *Transmission occurs during feeding on the animal host<br /> *Transovarial or trans-stadial transmission occurs in the arthropod vectors<br /> *Most ricketsiae have limited survival in the environment, apart from ''Coxiella burnetii'', which undergoes aerosol transmission<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Pathogenesis and pathogenicity===<br /> <br /> *Many rickettsiae target endothelial cells of small blood vessels; they produce phospholipase which damages phagosome membranes, escaping into the cytoplasm<br /> *''Ehrlichia'' target leukocytes or platelets, and inhibit phagosome/lysosome fusion<br /> *''Anaplasmataceae'' localise within vacuoles or on the surface of red blood cells; they may alter red cell antigens causing immune-mediated damage. Anaemia may result from haemolysis or removal of red blood cells<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Identification===<br /> <br /> *Giemsa-stained blood or tissue smears identify blue/purple organisms<br /> *Fluorescent antibody technique for specific identification<br /> *Isolation in embryonated eggs or tissue culture lines<br /> *Nucleic acid probes and PCR <br /> *Inoculation of susceptible animals<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Rocky Mountain spotted fever===<br /> <br /> *Caused by ''Rickettsia rickettsii''<br /> *Affects humans and dogs<br /> *Various tick vectors, which acquire the organism from small mammals<br /> *Transovarial and trans-stadial transmission within the tick population<br /> *Organisms replicate in endothelial cells of infected dogs, cause vasculitis, increased vascular permeability and haemorrhage<br /> <br /> *Clinical signs<br /> **Incubation period 2-10 days; course less than 2 weeks<br /> *Fever, depression, conjunctivitis, retinal haemorrhage, muscle and joint pain, coughing, dyspnoea, oedema of extremities<br /> *Neurological signs in dogs include stupor, ataxia, neck rigidity, seizures and coma<br /> *Death from cardiovascular, neurological or renal damage in severely-affected animals<br /> *Gross pathology includes haemorrhage, splenomegaly and lymphadenopathy<br /> <br /> *Diagnosis<br /> **Rising antibody titre during an indirect fluorescent antibody test or ELISA<br /> **Thrombocytopenia and leukopenia during early phase<br /> <br /> *Treatment and control<br /> **Tetracycline therapy for two weeks<br /> **Tick removal from dogs<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Canine monocytic ehrlichiosis===<br /> <br /> *Generalised disease of dogs in tropical and subtropical regions<br /> *Caused by ''Ehrlichia canis''<br /> *The brown tick, ''Rhipicephalus sanguineus'', is the main vector<br /> *Dogs may carry the organism for 2 years after resolution of clinical signs<br /> <br /> *Clinical signs<br /> **Incubation period of 3 weeks<br /> **Acute, subclinical or chronic phases<br /> **Acute phase: fever, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia and anaemia<br /> **Subclinical phase: low blood cell numbers but minimal clinical signs; can progress to a severe disease, tropical canine pancytopenia<br /> **Chronic phase: bone marrow depression, haemorrhages, neurological disease, peripheral oedema, emaciation and hypotensive shock<br /> <br /> *Diagnosis<br /> **''E. canis'' morulae present in mononuclear cells in Giemsa-stained blood smears<br /> **Rising antibody titre detected by indirect immunofluorescence<br /> **Culture in canine macrophages<br /> <br /> *Treatment and control<br /> **Doxycycline for 10 days<br /> **Fluid therapy or blood transfusion<br /> **Prophylactic tetracyclines<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Canine cyclic thrombocytopenia===<br /> <br /> *Caused by ''Ehrlichia platys''<br /> *Affects platelets<br /> *Recurrent thrombocytopenia, but dogs usually asymptomatic<br /> *Seroconversion detected by indirect immunofluorescence<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Potomac horse fever===<br /> <br /> *Caused by ''Ehrlichia risticii''<br /> *Occurs during the summer<br /> *Fluke vector<br /> *Infects epithelial cells of colon and monocytes, macrophages and mast cells<br /> <br /> *Clinical signs<br /> **Fever, anorexia, depression, diarrhoea, colic, leukopenia, laminitis<br /> *30% mortality<br /> *Can cause abortion<br /> *Hyperaemia of large intestine at post mortem<br /> <br /> *Diagnosis<br /> **Seroconversion detected by indirect immunofluorescence or ELISA<br /> <br /> *Treatment and control<br /> **Oxytetracycline for 1 week<br /> **Inactivated vaccines<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Equine granulocytic ehrlichiosis===<br /> <br /> *Caused by ''E. equi''<br /> *Clinical signs: fever, depression, ataxia, limb oedema, icterus and petechial haemorrhages<br /> *Low mortality<br /> *Diagnosis: presence of morulae in neutrophils during early disease; seroconversion; leukopenia<br /> *Treatment: tetracyclines<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Bovine petechial fever===<br /> <br /> *Caused by ''E. ondiri''<br /> *Disease of cattle in Kenya and other countries of East Africa<br /> *Tick vector<br /> *Clinical signs: intermittent fever, depressed milk yield, petechiation of mucous membranes and conjunctiva<br /> *Death from pulmonary oedema<br /> *Diagnosis: presence of organisms in Giemsa-stained blood smears<br /> *Treatment: tetracyclines<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Tick-borne fever===<br /> <br /> *Caused by ''E. phagocytophila''<br /> *Affects ruminants in Europe<br /> *The tick ''Ixodes ricinis'' is the main vector<br /> *Animals remain carriers for up to 2 years, but are immune to reinfection<br /> <br /> *Clinical signs<br /> **Incubation period of 2 weeks; recovery in 2 weeks<br /> **Fever, anorexia, reduced growth rates in young animals<br /> **Reduced milk production, abortion, still birth<br /> **Leukopenia and thrombocytopenia<br /> **Causes immunosuppression in young lambs causing susceptibility to tick pyaemia and louping ill<br /> <br /> *Diagnosis<br /> **Intracytoplasmic morulae in neutrophils of Giemsa-stained blood smears during acute phase<br /> **Seroconversion detected by immunofluorescence<br /> <br /> *Treatment and control<br /> **Oxtetracycline<br /> **Tick control<br /> **Prophylactic tetracyclines for lambs during first few weeks of life<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Heartwater===<br /> <br /> *Severe disease of ruminants in sub-Saharan Africa caused by ''Cowdria ruminantium''<br /> *Vectors include ''Amblyomma'' ticks<br /> *Carrier status can occur for up to 8 months in adult cattle and wildebeest<br /> *Clinical disease in calves and lambs<br /> <br /> *Clinical signs<br /> **Incubation period 4 weeks<br /> **Acute fever<br /> **Neurological signs including chewing, twitching of eyelids, circling, high-stepping gait, convulsions and recumbency; can be fatal<br /> **Subacute cases suffer from hydropericardium, hydrothorax and pulmonary oedema and congestion; splenomegaly and haemorrhages may occur<br /> <br /> *Diagnosis<br /> **Clinical and post mortem findings in endemic areas suggestive<br /> **Orgnisms present in nuclei of endothelial cells in Giemsa-stained brain tissue<br /> **PCR, indirect immunofluorescence, ELISA and western blot<br /> <br /> *Treatment and control<br /> **Tetracyclines during early disease<br /> **Immunisation using infected blood<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Bovine anaplasmosis===<br /> <br /> *Disease of cattle in tropical and sub-tropical regions caused by ''Anaplasma marginale''<br /> *Carrier status in endemic regions with clinical disease occuring in times of stress<br /> *High mortality rate in naive adult cattle<br /> *Morulae localise inside red blood cells close to the cell membrane<br /> *Transmitted via the ''Boophilus'' tick as well as flies and contaminated instruments<br /> <br /> *Clinical signs<br /> **Inculbation period 2-12 weeks<br /> **Anorexia, fever, depression, reduced milk yield, weight loss<br /> **Anaemia and icterus<br /> **Sudden death from hypoxia can occur<br /> <br /> *Diagnosis<br /> **Clinical signs and haematology suggestive<br /> **Organisms present in erythrocytes of Giemsa-stained blood smears<br /> **Immunofluorescence of blood smears, PCR, serology<br /> <br /> *Treatment and control<br /> **Long-acting oxytetracycline or imidocarb early in the disease<br /> **Supportive therapy<br /> **Vaccination of animals being introduced into an endemic region <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Feline infectious anaemia===<br /> <br /> *Caused by ''Haemobartonella felis''<br /> *Organism found on surface of erythrocytes<br /> *Common in roaming tom-cats of 1-3 years old<br /> *Possibly transmitted via bite wounds or arthropods<br /> *Recoverd cats become carriers<br /> <br /> *Clinical signs<br /> **Peracute disease is associated with severe anaemia and immunosuppression, and can be rapidly fatal<br /> **Fever, anaemia, depression, weakness and jaundice occur in the acute form<br /> **Anaemia, lethargy and weight loss occur in the chronic form<br /> **Recovery can occur with a regenerative bone marrow response<br /> **Severe feline infectious anaemia may occur in the presence of feline leukaemia virus<br /> <br /> *Diagnosis<br /> **Organism intermittently seen on the surface of red blood cells in Giemsa-stained blood smears<br /> **Immunofluorescence of blood smears<br /> **Reduced packed cell volume; regenerative anaemia<br /> <br /> *Treatment<br /> **Doxycycline for 3 weeks early in the course of the disease<br /> **Blood transfusion<br /> **Flea control<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Canine haemobartonellosis===<br /> <br /> *Dogs infected with ''Haemobartonella canis'' usually asymptomatic<br /> *Acute haemolytic anaemia may occur in dogs after splenectomy, immunosuppressive drug therapy or immunosuppressive infections<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Q fever===<br /> <br /> *Caused by ''Coxiella burnetti'' <br /> *Influenza-like disease of humans in contact with farm animals<br /> *Transmitted to humans by inhalation from parturient sheep, goats and cattle<br /> *Organisms replicate in female genital tract and mammary glands of ruminants<br /> *Shedding occurs in uterine discharges, foetal fluid and milk<br /> *Infections in animals usually subclinical<br /> *Sporadic abortions occur in sheep, goats, cattle, cats<br /> *Infertility may result in ruminants, as well as placentitis or endometritis<br /> *Hepatitis, myocarditis and interstitial pneumonia may occur in affected foetuses<br /> *Diagnosis: MZN-stained smears of placental tissue and uterine discharges; immunofluorescence; PCR; culture; serology<br /> *Control: disposal of infected placenta and separation of pregnant ruminants; inactivated vaccines</div>

Flawrence https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Rickettsiales&diff=42237 2008-12-30T21:30:51Z

<p>Flawrence: </p> <hr /> <div>{{unfinished}}<br /> <br /> {{toplink<br /> |backcolour =<br /> |linkpage =Bacteria<br /> |linktext =BACTERIA<br /> |pagetype=Bugs<br /> }}<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Overview===<br /> <br /> *Cause systemic diseases in animals<br /> *Usually use arthropod vectors<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Characteristics===<br /> <br /> *Non-motile, pleomorphic Gram-negative organisms<br /> *Obligate intracellular pathogens<br /> *Require live cells for culture such as tissue culture cells or embryonated eggs<br /> *Require Romanowsky stains <br /> *Host and cell type specificity<br /> *Include two families, ''Rickettsiaceae'' and ''Anaplasmataceae''<br /> *''Rickettsiaceae'' have cell walls that contain peptidoglycan; they target endothelial cells and leukocytes<br /> *''Anaplasmataceae'' lack cell walls; they target erythrocytes<br /> *Q fever and Rocky Mountain spotted fever are zoonoses<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Epidemiology===<br /> <br /> *Rickettsiae replicate in gut epithelial cells of arthropod vectors and spread to other organs such as salivary glands and ovaries<br /> *Transmission occurs during feeding on the animal host<br /> *Transovarial or trans-stadial transmission occurs in the arthropod vectors<br /> *Most ricketsiae have limited survival in the environment, apart from ''Coxiella burnetii'', which undergoes aerosol transmission<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Pathogenesis and pathogenicity===<br /> <br /> *Many rickettsiae target endothelial cells of small blood vessels; they produce phospholipase which damages phagosome membranes, escaping into the cytoplasm<br /> *''Ehrlichia'' target leukocytes or platelets, and inhibit phagosome/lysosome fusion<br /> *''Anaplasmataceae'' localise within vacuoles or on the surface of red blood cells; they may alter red cell antigens causing immune-mediated damage. Anaemia may result from haemolysis or removal of red blood cells<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Identification===<br /> <br /> *Giemsa-stained blood or tissue smears identify blue/purple organisms<br /> *Fluorescent antibody technique for specific identification<br /> *Isolation in embryonated eggs or tissue culture lines<br /> *Nucleic acid probes and PCR <br /> *Inoculation of susceptible animals<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Rocky Mountain spotted fever===<br /> <br /> *Caused by ''Rickettsia rickettsii''<br /> *Affects humans and dogs<br /> *Various tick vectors, which acquire the organism from small mammals<br /> *Transovarial and trans-stadial transmission within the tick population<br /> *Organisms replicate in endothelial cells of infected dogs, cause vasculitis, increased vascular permeability and haemorrhage<br /> <br /> *Clinical signs<br /> **Incubation period 2-10 days; course less than 2 weeks<br /> *Fever, depression, conjunctivitis, retinal haemorrhage, muscle and joint pain, coughing, dyspnoea, oedema of extremities<br /> *Neurological signs in dogs include stupor, ataxia, neck rigidity, seizures and coma<br /> *Death from cardiovascular, neurological or renal damage in severely-affected animals<br /> *Gross pathology includes haemorrhage, splenomegaly and lymphadenopathy<br /> <br /> *Diagnosis<br /> **Rising antibody titre during an indirect fluorescent antibody test or ELISA<br /> **Thrombocytopenia and leukopenia during early phase<br /> <br /> *Treatment and control<br /> **Tetracycline therapy for two weeks<br /> **Tick removal from dogs<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Canine monocytic ehrlichiosis===<br /> <br /> *Generalised disease of dogs in tropical and subtropical regions<br /> *Caused by ''Ehrlichia canis''<br /> *The brown tick, ''Rhipicephalus sanguineus'', is the main vector<br /> *Dogs may carry the organism for 2 years after resolution of clinical signs<br /> <br /> *Clinical signs<br /> **Incubation period of 3 weeks<br /> **Acute, subclinical or chronic phases<br /> **Acute phase: fever, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia and anaemia<br /> **Subclinical phase: low blood cell numbers but minimal clinical signs; can progress to a severe disease, tropical canine pancytopenia<br /> **Chronic phase: bone marrow depression, haemorrhages, neurological disease, peripheral oedema, emaciation and hypotensive shock<br /> <br /> *Diagnosis<br /> **''E. canis'' morulae present in mononuclear cells in Giemsa-stained blood smears<br /> **Rising antibody titre detected by indirect immunofluorescence<br /> **Culture in canine macrophages<br /> <br /> *Treatment and control<br /> **Doxycycline for 10 days<br /> **Fluid therapy or blood transfusion<br /> **Prophylactic tetracyclines<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Canine cyclic thrombocytopenia===<br /> <br /> *Caused by ''Ehrlichia platys''<br /> *Affects platelets<br /> *Recurrent thrombocytopenia, but dogs usually asymptomatic<br /> *Seroconversion detected by indirect immunofluorescence<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Potomac horse fever===<br /> <br /> *Caused by ''Ehrlichia risticii''<br /> *Occurs during the summer<br /> *Fluke vector<br /> *Infects epithelial cells of colon and monocytes, macrophages and mast cells<br /> <br /> *Clinical signs<br /> **Fever, anorexia, depression, diarrhoea, colic, leukopenia, laminitis<br /> *30% mortality<br /> *Can cause abortion<br /> *Hyperaemia of large intestine at post mortem<br /> <br /> *Diagnosis<br /> **Seroconversion detected by indirect immunofluorescence or ELISA<br /> <br /> *Treatment and control<br /> **Oxytetracycline for 1 week<br /> **Inactivated vaccines<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Equine granulocytic ehrlichiosis===<br /> <br /> *Caused by ''E. equi''<br /> *Clinical signs: fever, depression, ataxia, limb oedema, icterus and petechial haemorrhages<br /> *Low mortality<br /> *Diagnosis: presence of morulae in neutrophils during early disease; seroconversion; leukopenia<br /> *Treatment: tetracyclines<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Bovine petechial fever===<br /> <br /> *Caused by ''E. ondiri''<br /> *Disease of cattle in Kenya and other countries of East Africa<br /> *Tick vector<br /> *Clinical signs: intermittent fever, depressed milk yield, petechiation of mucous membranes and conjunctiva<br /> *Death from pulmonary oedema<br /> *Diagnosis: presence of organisms in Giemsa-stained blood smears<br /> *Treatment: tetracyclines<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Tick-borne fever===<br /> <br /> *Caused by ''E. phagocytophila''<br /> *Affects ruminants in Europe<br /> *The tick ''Ixodes ricinis'' is the main vector<br /> *Animals remain carriers for up to 2 years, but are immune to reinfection<br /> <br /> *Clinical signs<br /> **Incubation period of 2 weeks; recovery in 2 weeks<br /> **Fever, anorexia, reduced growth rates in young animals<br /> **Reduced milk production, abortion, still birth<br /> **Leukopenia and thrombocytopenia<br /> **Causes immunosuppression in young lambs causing susceptibility to tick pyaemia and louping ill<br /> <br /> *Diagnosis<br /> **Intracytoplasmic morulae in neutrophils of Giemsa-stained blood smears during acute phase<br /> **Seroconversion detected by immunofluorescence<br /> <br /> *Treatment and control<br /> **Oxtetracycline<br /> **Tick control<br /> **Prophylactic tetracyclines for lambs during first few weeks of life<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Heartwater===<br /> <br /> *Severe disease of ruminants in sub-Saharan Africa caused by ''Cowdria ruminantium''<br /> *Vectors include ''Amblyomma'' ticks<br /> *Carrier status can occur for up to 8 months in adult cattle and wildebeest<br /> *Clinical disease in calves and lambs<br /> <br /> *Clinical signs<br /> **Incubation period 4 weeks<br /> **Acute fever<br /> **Neurological signs including chewing, twitching of eyelids, circling, high-stepping gait, convulsions and recumbency; can be fatal<br /> **Subacute cases suffer from hydropericardium, hydrothorax and pulmonary oedema and congestion; splenomegaly and haemorrhages may occur<br /> <br /> *Diagnosis<br /> **Clinical and post mortem findings in endemic areas suggestive<br /> **Orgnisms present in nuclei of endothelial cells in Giemsa-stained brain tissue<br /> **PCR, indirect immunofluorescence, ELISA and western blot<br /> <br /> *Treatment and control<br /> **Tetracyclines during early disease<br /> **Immunisation using infected blood<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Bovine anaplasmosis===<br /> <br /> *Disease of cattle in tropical and sub-tropical regions caused by ''Anaplasma marginale''<br /> *Carrier status in endemic regions with clinical disease occuring in times of stress<br /> *High mortality rate in naive adult cattle<br /> *Morulae localise inside red blood cells close to the cell membrane<br /> *Transmitted via the ''Boophilus'' tick as well as flies and contaminated instruments<br /> <br /> *Clinical signs<br /> **Inculbation period 2-12 weeks<br /> **Anorexia, fever, depression, reduced milk yield, weight loss<br /> **Anaemia and icterus<br /> **Sudden death from hypoxia can occur<br /> <br /> *Diagnosis<br /> **Clinical signs and haematology suggestive<br /> **Organisms present in erythrocytes of Giemsa-stained blood smears<br /> **Immunofluorescence of blood smears, PCR, serology<br /> <br /> *Treatment and control<br /> **Long-acting oxytetracycline or imidocarb early in the disease<br /> **Supportive therapy<br /> **Vaccination of animals being introduced into an endemic region <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Feline infectious anaemia===<br /> <br /> *Caused by ''Haemobartonella felis''<br /> *Organism found on surface of erythrocytes<br /> *Common in roaming tom-cats of 1-3 years old<br /> *Possibly transmitted via bite wounds or arthropods<br /> *Recoverd cats become carriers<br /> <br /> *Clinical signs<br /> **Peracute disease is associated with severe anaemia and immunosuppression, and can be rapidly fatal<br /> **Fever, anaemia, depression, weakness and jaundice occur in the acute form<br /> **Anaemia, lethargy and weight loss occur in the chronic form<br /> **Recovery can occur with a regenerative bone marrow response<br /> **Severe feline infectious anaemia may occur in the presence of feline leukaemia virus<br /> <br /> *Diagnosis<br /> **Organism intermittently seen on the surface of red blood cells in Giemsa-stained blood smears<br /> **Immunofluorescence of blood smears<br /> **Reduced packed cell volume; regenerative anaemia<br /> <br /> *Treatment<br /> **Doxycycline for 3 weeks early in the course of the disease<br /> **Blood transfusion<br /> **Flea control<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Canine haemobartonellosis===<br /> <br /> *Dogs infected with ''Haemobartonella canis'' usually asymptomatic<br /> *Acute haemolytic anaemia may occur in dogs after splenectomy, immunosuppressive drug therapy or immunosuppressive infections<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Q fever===<br /> <br /> *Caused by ''Coxiella burnetti'' <br /> *Influenza-like disease of humans in contact with farm animals<br /> *Transmitted to humans by inhalation from parturient sheep, goats and cattle<br /> *Organisms replicate in female genital tract and mammary glands of ruminants<br /> *Shedding occurs in uterine discharges, foetal fluid and milk<br /> *Infections in animals usually subclinical<br /> *Sporadic abortions occur in sheep, goats, cattle, cats<br /> *Infertility may result in ruminants, as well as placentitis or endometritis<br /> *Hepatitis, myocarditis and interstitial pneumonia may occur in affected foetuses<br /> *Diagnosis: MZN-stained smears of placental tissue and uterine discharges; immunofluorescence; PCR; culture; serology<br /> *Control: disposal of infected placenta and separation of pregnant ruminants; inactivated vaccines</div>

Flawrence https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Rickettsiales&diff=42236 2008-12-30T21:06:53Z

<p>Flawrence: </p> <hr /> <div>{{unfinished}}<br /> <br /> {{toplink<br /> |backcolour =<br /> |linkpage =Bacteria<br /> |linktext =BACTERIA<br /> |pagetype=Bugs<br /> }}<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Overview===<br /> <br /> *Cause systemic diseases in animals<br /> *Usually use arthropod vectors<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Characteristics===<br /> <br /> *Non-motile, pleomorphic Gram-negative organisms<br /> *Obligate intracellular pathogens<br /> *Require live cells for culture such as tissue culture cells or embryonated eggs<br /> *Require Romanowsky stains <br /> *Host and cell type specificity<br /> *Include two families, ''Rickettsiaceae'' and ''Anaplasmataceae''<br /> *''Rickettsiaceae'' have cell walls that contain peptidoglycan; they target endothelial cells and leukocytes<br /> *''Anaplasmataceae'' lack cell walls; they target erythrocytes<br /> *Q fever and Rocky Mountain spotted fever are zoonoses<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Epidemiology===<br /> <br /> *Rickettsiae replicate in gut epithelial cells of arthropod vectors and spread to other organs such as salivary glands and ovaries<br /> *Transmission occurs during feeding on the animal host<br /> *Transovarial or trans-stadial transmission occurs in the arthropod vectors<br /> *Most ricketsiae have limited survival in the environment, apart from ''Coxiella burnetii'', which undergoes aerosol transmission<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Pathogenesis and pathogenicity===<br /> <br /> *Many rickettsiae target endothelial cells of small blood vessels; they produce phospholipase which damages phagosome membranes, escaping into the cytoplasm<br /> *''Ehrlichia'' target leukocytes or platelets, and inhibit phagosome/lysosome fusion<br /> *''Anaplasmataceae'' localise within vacuoles or on the surface of red blood cells; they may alter red cell antigens causing immune-mediated damage. Anaemia may result from haemolysis or removal of red blood cells<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Identification===<br /> <br /> *Giemsa-stained blood or tissue smears identify blue/purple organisms<br /> *Fluorescent antibody technique for specific identification<br /> *Isolation in embryonated eggs or tissue culture lines<br /> *Nucleic acid probes and PCR <br /> *Inoculation of susceptible animals<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Rocky Mountain spotted fever===<br /> <br /> *Caused by ''Rickettsia rickettsii''<br /> *Affects humans and dogs<br /> *Various tick vectors, which acquire the organism from small mammals<br /> *Transovarial and trans-stadial transmission within the tick population<br /> *Organisms replicate in endothelial cells of infected dogs, cause vasculitis, increased vascular permeability and haemorrhage<br /> <br /> *Clinical signs<br /> **Incubation period 2-10 days; course less than 2 weeks<br /> *Fever, depression, conjunctivitis, retinal haemorrhage, muscle and joint pain, coughing, dyspnoea, oedema of extremities<br /> *Neurological signs in dogs include stupor, ataxia, neck rigidity, seizures and coma<br /> *Death from cardiovascular, neurological or renal damage in severely-affected animals<br /> *Gross pathology includes haemorrhage, splenomegaly and lymphadenopathy<br /> <br /> *Diagnosis<br /> **Rising antibody titre during an indirect fluorescent antibody test or ELISA<br /> **Thrombocytopenia and leukopenia during early phase<br /> <br /> *Treatment and control<br /> **Tetracycline therapy for two weeks<br /> **Tick removal from dogs<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Canine monocytic ehrlichiosis===<br /> <br /> *Generalised disease of dogs in tropical and subtropical regions<br /> *Caused by ''Ehrlichia canis''<br /> *The brown tick, ''Rhipicephalus sanguineus'', is the main vector<br /> *Dogs may carry the organism for 2 years after resolution of clinical signs<br /> <br /> *Clinical signs<br /> **Incubation period of 3 weeks<br /> **Acute, subclinical or chronic phases<br /> **Acute phase: fever, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia and anaemia<br /> **Subclinical phase: low blood cell numbers but minimal clinical signs; can progress to a severe disease, tropical canine pancytopenia<br /> **Chronic phase: bone marrow depression, haemorrhages, neurological disease, peripheral oedema, emaciation and hypotensive shock<br /> <br /> *Diagnosis<br /> **''E. canis'' morulae present in mononuclear cells in Giemsa-stained blood smears<br /> **Rising antibody titre detected by indirect immunofluorescence<br /> **Culture in canine macrophages<br /> <br /> *Treatment and control<br /> **Doxycycline for 10 days<br /> **Fluid therapy or blood transfusion<br /> **Prophylactic tetracyclines<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Canine cyclic thrombocytopenia===<br /> <br /> *Caused by ''Ehrlichia platys''<br /> *Affects platelets<br /> *Recurrent thrombocytopenia, but dogs usually asymptomatic<br /> *Seroconversion detected by indirect immunofluorescence<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Potomac horse fever===<br /> <br /> *Caused by ''Ehrlichia risticii''<br /> *Occurs during the summer<br /> *Fluke vector<br /> *Infects epithelial cells of colon and monocytes, macrophages and mast cells<br /> <br /> *Clinical signs<br /> **Fever, anorexia, depression, diarrhoea, colic, leukopenia, laminitis<br /> *30% mortality<br /> *Can cause abortion<br /> *Hyperaemia of large intestine at post mortem<br /> <br /> *Diagnosis<br /> **Seroconversion detected by indirect immunofluorescence or ELISA<br /> <br /> *Treatment and control<br /> **Oxytetracycline for 1 week<br /> **Inactivated vaccines<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Equine granulocytic ehrlichiosis===<br /> <br /> *Caused by ''E. equi''<br /> *Clinical signs: fever, depression, ataxia, limb oedema, icterus and petechial haemorrhages<br /> *Low mortality<br /> *Diagnosis: presence of morulae in neutrophils during early disease; seroconversion; leukopenia<br /> *Treatment: tetracyclines<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Bovine petechial fever===<br /> <br /> *Caused by ''E. ondiri''<br /> *Disease of cattle in Kenya and other countries of East Africa<br /> *Tick vector<br /> *Clinical signs: intermittent fever, depressed milk yield, petechiation of mucous membranes and conjunctiva<br /> *Death from pulmonary oedema<br /> *Diagnosis: presence of organisms in Giemsa-stained blood smears<br /> *Treatment: tetracyclines<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Tick-borne fever===<br /> <br /> *Caused by ''E. phagocytophila''<br /> *Affects ruminants in Europe<br /> *The tick ''Ixodes ricinis'' is the main vector<br /> *Animals remain carriers for up to 2 years, but are immune to reinfection<br /> <br /> *Clinical signs<br /> **Incubation period of 2 weeks; recovery in 2 weeks<br /> **Fever, anorexia, reduced growth rates in young animals<br /> **Reduced milk production, abortion, still birth<br /> **Leukopenia and thrombocytopenia<br /> **Causes immunosuppression in young lambs causing susceptibility to tick pyaemia and louping ill<br /> <br /> *Diagnosis<br /> **Intracytoplasmic morulae in neutrophils of Giemsa-stained blood smears during acute phase<br /> **Seroconversion detected by immunofluorescence<br /> <br /> *Treatment and control<br /> **Oxtetracycline<br /> **Tick control<br /> **Prophylactic tetracyclines for lambs during first few weeks of life<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Heartwater===<br /> <br /> *Severe disease of ruminants in sub-Saharan Africa caused by ''Cowdria ruminantium''<br /> *Vectors include ''Amblyomma'' ticks<br /> *Carrier status can occur for up to 8 months in adult cattle and wildebeest<br /> *Clinical disease in calves and lambs<br /> <br /> *Clinical signs<br /> **Incubation period 4 weeks<br /> **Acute fever<br /> **Neurological signs including chewing, twitching of eyelids, circling, high-stepping gait, convulsions and recumbency; can be fatal<br /> **Subacute cases suffer from hydropericardium, hydrothorax and pulmonary oedema and congestion; splenomegaly and haemorrhages may occur<br /> <br /> *Diagnosis<br /> **Clinical and post mortem findings in endemic areas suggestive<br /> **Orgnisms present in nuclei of endothelial cells in Giemsa-stained brain tissue<br /> **PCR, indirect immunofluorescence, ELISA and western blot<br /> <br /> *Treatment and control<br /> **Tetracyclines during early disease<br /> **Immunisation using infected blood<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Bovine anaplasmosis===<br /> <br /> *Disease of cattle in tropical and sub-tropical regions caused by ''Anaplasma marginale''<br /> *Carrier status in endemic regions with clinical disease occuring in times of stress<br /> *High mortality rate in naive adult cattle<br /> *Morulae localise inside red blood cells close to the cell membrane<br /> *Transmitted via the ''Boophilus'' tick as well as flies and contaminated instruments<br /> <br /> *Clinical signs<br /> **Inculbation period 2-12 weeks<br /> **Anorexia, fever, depression, reduced milk yield, weight loss<br /> **Anaemia and icterus<br /> **Sudden death from hypoxia can occur<br /> <br /> *Diagnosis<br /> **Clinical signs and haematology suggestive<br /> **Organisms present in erythrocytes of Giemsa-stained blood smears<br /> **Immunofluorescence of blood smears, PCR, serology<br /> <br /> *Treatment and control<br /> **Long-acting oxytetracycline or imidocarb early in the disease<br /> **Supportive therapy<br /> **Vaccination of animals being introduced into an endemic region <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Feline infectious anaemia===<br /> <br /> *</div>

Flawrence https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Rickettsiales&diff=42235 2008-12-30T19:24:10Z

<p>Flawrence: </p> <hr /> <div>{{unfinished}}<br /> <br /> {{toplink<br /> |backcolour =<br /> |linkpage =Bacteria<br /> |linktext =BACTERIA<br /> |pagetype=Bugs<br /> }}<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Overview===<br /> <br /> *Cause systemic diseases in animals<br /> *Usually use arthropod vectors<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Characteristics===<br /> <br /> *Non-motile, pleomorphic Gram-negative organisms<br /> *Obligate intracellular pathogens<br /> *Require live cells for culture such as tissue culture cells or embryonated eggs<br /> *Require Romanowsky stains <br /> *Host and cell type specificity<br /> *Include two families, ''Rickettsiaceae'' and ''Anaplasmataceae''<br /> *''Rickettsiaceae'' have cell walls that contain peptidoglycan; they target endothelial cells and leukocytes<br /> *''Anaplasmataceae'' lack cell walls; they target erythrocytes<br /> *Q fever and Rocky Mountain spotted fever are zoonoses<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Epidemiology===<br /> <br /> *Rickettsiae replicate in gut epithelial cells of arthropod vectors and spread to other organs such as salivary glands and ovaries<br /> *Transmission occurs during feeding on the animal host<br /> *Transovarial or trans-stadial transmission occurs in the arthropod vectors<br /> *Most ricketsiae have limited survival in the environment, apart from ''Coxiella burnetii'', which undergoes aerosol transmission<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Pathogenesis and pathogenicity===<br /> <br /> *Many rickettsiae target endothelial cells of small blood vessels; they produce phospholipase which damages phagosome membranes, escaping into the cytoplasm<br /> *''Ehrlichia'' target leukocytes or platelets, and inhibit phagosome/lysosome fusion<br /> *''Anaplasmataceae'' localise within vacuoles or on the surface of red blood cells; they may alter red cell antigens causing immune-mediated damage. Anaemia may result from haemolysis or removal of red blood cells<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Identification===<br /> <br /> *Giemsa-stained blood or tissue smears identify blue/purple organisms<br /> *Fluorescent antibody technique for specific identification<br /> *Isolation in embryonated eggs or tissue culture lines<br /> *Nucleic acid probes and PCR <br /> *Inoculation of susceptible animals<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Rocky Mountain spotted fever===<br /> <br /> *Caused by ''Rickettsia rickettsii''<br /> *Affects humans and dogs<br /> *Various tick vectors, which acquire the organism from small mammals<br /> *Transovarial and trans-stadial transmission within the tick population<br /> *Organisms replicate in endothelial cells of infected dogs, cause vasculitis, increased vascular permeability and haemorrhage<br /> <br /> *Clinical signs<br /> **Incubation period 2-10 days; course less than 2 weeks<br /> *Fever, depression, conjunctivitis, retinal haemorrhage, muscle and joint pain, coughing, dyspnoea, oedema of extremities<br /> *Neurological signs in dogs include stupor, ataxia, neck rigidity, seizures and coma<br /> *Death from cardiovascular, neurological or renal damage in severely-affected animals<br /> *Gross pathology includes haemorrhage, splenomegaly and lymphadenopathy<br /> <br /> *Diagnosis<br /> **Rising antibody titre during an indirect fluorescent antibody test or ELISA<br /> **Thrombocytopenia and leukopenia during early phase<br /> <br /> *Treatment and control<br /> **Tetracycline therapy for two weeks<br /> **Tick removal from dogs<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Canine monocytic ehrlichiosis===<br /> <br /> *Generalised disease of dogs in tropical and subtropical regions<br /> *Caused by ''Ehrlichia canis''<br /> *The brown tick, ''Rhipicephalus sanguineus'', is the main vector<br /> *Dogs may carry the organism for 2 years after resolution of clinical signs<br /> <br /> *Clinical signs<br /> **Incubation period of 3 weeks<br /> **Acute, subclinical or chronic phases<br /> **Acute phase: fever, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia and anaemia<br /> **Subclinical phase: low blood cell numbers but minimal clinical signs; can progress to a severe disease, tropical canine pancytopenia<br /> **Chronic phase: bone marrow depression, haemorrhages, neurological disease, peripheral oedema, emaciation and hypotensive shock<br /> <br /> *Diagnosis<br /> **''E. canis'' morulae present in mononuclear cells in Giemsa-stained blood smears<br /> **Rising antibody titre detected by indirect immunofluorescence<br /> **Culture in canine macrophages<br /> <br /> *Treatment and control<br /> **Doxycycline for 10 days<br /> **Fluid therapy or blood transfusion<br /> **Prophylactic tetracyclines<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Canine cyclic thrombocytopenia===<br /> <br /> *Caused by ''Ehrlichia platys''<br /> *Affects platelets<br /> *Recurrent thrombocytopenia, but dogs usually asymptomatic<br /> *Seroconversion detected by indirect immunofluorescence<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Potomac horse fever===<br /> <br /> *Caused by ''Ehrlichia risticii''<br /> *Occurs during the summer<br /> *Fluke vector<br /> *Infects epithelial cells of colon and monocytes, macrophages and mast cells<br /> <br /> *Clinical signs<br /> **Fever, anorexia, depression, diarrhoea, colic, leukopenia, laminitis<br /> *30% mortality<br /> *Can cause abortion<br /> *Hyperaemia of large intestine at post mortem<br /> <br /> *Diagnosis<br /> **Seroconversion detected by indirect immunofluorescence or ELISA<br /> <br /> *Treatment and control<br /> **Oxytetracycline for 1 week<br /> **Inactivated vaccines<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Equine granulocytic ehrlichiosis===<br /> <br /> *Caused by ''E. equi''<br /> *Clinical signs: fever, depression, ataxia, limb oedema, icterus and petechial haemorrhages<br /> *Low mortality<br /> *Diagnosis: presence of morulae in neutrophils during early disease; seroconversion; leukopenia<br /> *Treatment: tetracyclines<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Bovine petechial fever===<br /> <br /> *Caused by ''E. ondiri''<br /> *Disease of cattle in Kenya and other countries of East Africa<br /> *Tick vector<br /> *Clinical signs: intermittent fever, depressed milk yield, petechiation of mucous membranes and conjunctiva<br /> *Death from pulmonary oedema<br /> *Diagnosis: presence of organisms in Giemsa-stained blood smears<br /> *Treatment: tetracyclines<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Tick-borne fever===<br /> <br /> *Caused by ''E. phagocytophila''<br /> *Affects ruminants in Europe<br /> *The tick ''Ixodes ricinis'' is the main vector<br /> *Animals remain carriers for up to 2 years, but are immune to reinfection<br /> <br /> *Clinical signs<br /> **Incubation period of 2 weeks; recovery in 2 weeks<br /> **Fever, anorexia, reduced growth rates in young animals<br /> **Reduced milk production, abortion, still birth<br /> **Leukopenia and thrombocytopenia<br /> **Causes immunosuppression in young lambs causing susceptibility to tick pyaemia and louping ill<br /> <br /> *Diagnosis<br /> **Intracytoplasmic morulae in neutrophils of Giemsa-stained blood smears during acute phase<br /> **Seroconversion detected by immunofluorescence<br /> <br /> *Treatment and control<br /> **Oxtetracycline<br /> **Tick control<br /> **Prophylactic tetracyclines for lambs during first few weeks of life<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Heartwater===<br /> <br /> *Severe disease of ruminants in sub-Saharan Africa caused by ''Cowdria ruminantium''<br /> *Vectors include ''Amblyomma'' ticks<br /> *</div>

Flawrence https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Rickettsiales&diff=42234 2008-12-30T17:36:39Z

<p>Flawrence: </p> <hr /> <div>{{unfinished}}<br /> <br /> {{toplink<br /> |backcolour =<br /> |linkpage =Bacteria<br /> |linktext =BACTERIA<br /> |pagetype=Bugs<br /> }}<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Overview===<br /> <br /> *Cause systemic diseases in animals<br /> *Usually use arthropod vectors<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Characteristics===<br /> <br /> *Non-motile, pleomorphic Gram-negative organisms<br /> *Obligate intracellular pathogens<br /> *Require live cells for culture such as tissue culture cells or embryonated eggs<br /> *Require Romanowsky stains <br /> *Host and cell type specificity</div>

Flawrence https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Mycoplasmas&diff=42233 2008-12-30T14:35:24Z

<p>Flawrence: </p> <hr /> <div>{{review}}<br /> <br /> {{toplink<br /> |backcolour =<br /> |linkpage =Bacteria<br /> |linktext =BACTERIA<br /> |pagetype=Bugs<br /> }}<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Overview===<br /> <br /> *Pathogens belong to the ''Mycoplasma'' and ''Ureaplasma'' genera<br /> *Cause many diseases especially respiratory diseases of farm animals including contagious bovine pleuropneumonia<br /> *Can be involved in mastitis and conjunctivitis in cattle<br /> *Implicated in respiratory and urinary tract diseases in dogs and cats<br /> *Non-pathogenic mycoplasmas present in the rumen<br /> *Live on mucous membranes of oronasal cavity, conjunctiva and intestines<br /> *Stress factors and concurrent disease may predispose to tissue invasion<br /> *Usually host-specific<br /> *Limited survival in the environment<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Characteristics===<br /> <br /> *Smallest free-living prokaryotic organism<br /> *Pleomorphic organisms<br /> *Have no peptidoglycan cell wall<br /> *Susceptible to dessication, heat and disinfectants<br /> *Require enriched media containing animal protein, sterol and a source of DNA for growth<br /> *Colonies have a fried egg appearance<br /> *Most are facultative anaerobes<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Pathogenesis and pathogenicity===<br /> <br /> *Mycoplasmas adhere to host cells and produce toxins <br /> *Some adhere to neutrophils and macrophages and prevent phagocytosis<br /> *Mycoplasmas induce proliferation of macrophages and monocytes, and release of cytokines such as TNF and interleukins<br /> *Cause damage to cilia in the respiratory tract leading to pneumonia<br /> *Molecular mimicry allows some mycoplasmas to avoid the host immune response and may initiate immune-mediated disease<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Diagnosis===<br /> <br /> *Samples can be tested for the presence of mycoplasmas by fluorescent antibody techniques, peroxidase techniques and PCR<br /> *Biochemical profiles such as urease production can be used for identification<br /> *''Ureaplasmas'' produce urease, whereas ''Mycoplasmas'' do not metabolise urea<br /> *Serolgy is required for specific identification including complement fixation tests, ELISA, agglutination tests and haemagglutination-inhibition tests<br /> *Growth inhibition tests using specific antisera can be used as well as fluorescent antibody tests<br /> <br /> <br /> ===[[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP)|Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia]]===<br /> <br /> *[[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP)|Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia]] is caused by ''M. mycoides'' subsp. ''mycoides'' small colony type<br /> *A severe contagious disease of cattle<br /> *Endemic in Africa, the Middle East and Asia<br /> *Aerosol transmission by close contact with clinically or subclinically affected animals<br /> *Severity depends on strain and host susceptibility<br /> *Slow spread of infection<br /> *50% morbidity; mortality rate high in severe outbreaks<br /> *Large colony type causes pleuropneumonia, mastitis, septicaemia and polyarthritis<br /> <br /> *Clinical signs<br /> **Acute onset fever, anorexia, depression, lowered milk yield, hyperpnoea, coughing and a mucopurulent nasal discharge<br /> **Dyspnoea occurs with abducted elbows and extended necks and an expiratory grunt<br /> **Can be fatal within 1-3 weeks<br /> **Calves may suffer from [[Joints Inflammatory - Pathology#In Cattle|arthritis]], synovitis and endocarditis<br /> <br /> *Gross pathology<br /> **Marbled appearance to lungs with consolidated grey and red lobules separated by emphysematous areas<br /> **Serofibrinous pleural fluid<br /> **Necrotic foci surrounded by fibrous capsules in chronic cases act as source of infection<br /> <br /> *Diagnosis<br /> **Clinical signs and post-mortem appearance<br /> **PCR on pleural fluid, lung tissue, regional lymph nodes or bronchoalveolar lavage fluid<br /> **Fluorescent antibody test<br /> **Serological tests such as serum agglutination, haemagglutination, complement fixation, ELISA<br /> <br /> *Treatment and control<br /> **Slaughter of affected cattle in counries where the disease is exotic<br /> **Movement restrictions, quaranteen and slaughter of carrier animals in endemic countries<br /> **Vaccination in endemic regions<br /> <br /> <br /> ===''Mycoplasma bovis''===<br /> <br /> *Causes severe pneumonia in calves as a primary pathogen<br /> *Can occur secondarily to ''Pasteurella'' and ''Mannheimia'' and [[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#In Cattle|IBR]]<br /> *Associated with [[Joints Inflammatory - Pathology#In Cattle|arthritis]] and mastitis<br /> *Mastitis associated with a severe drop in milk yield and a purulent discharge<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Contagious agalactia of sheep and goats===<br /> <br /> *Severe febrile disease of sheep and goats in parts of Europe, Africa, Asia<br /> *Caused by ''M. agalactiae''<br /> *Mastitis, arthritis and conjunctivitis following parturition<br /> *Causes abortion<br /> *Fatal pneumonia in young animals<br /> *Shed in milk; localised in supramammary lymph nodes<br /> *Inactivated, attenuated vaccines available<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia===<br /> <br /> *Caused by ''M. capricolum'' subsp. ''capricolum'; occasionally ''M. mycoides'' subsp. ''capri'' or ''M. mycoides'' subsp. ''mycoides''<br /> *Occurs in Africa and Turkey<br /> *Pneumonia, fibrinous pleurisy, pleural exudate, consolidated and emphysematous lungs<br /> *Aerosol transmission; highly contagious<br /> *Identified by growth inhibition disc tests<br /> *Inactivated vaccines available<br /> *''M. mycoides'' subsp. 'mycoides'' causes septicaemia, pleuropneumonia, arthritis and mastitis in goats<br /> <br /> <br /> ===[[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Enzootic pneumonia of pigs|Enzootic pneumonia of pigs]]===<br /> <br /> *[[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Enzootic pneumonia of pigs|Enzootic pneumonia of pigs]] caused by ''M. hyopneumoniae''<br /> *Occur in unfavourable conditions with poor ventilation, overcrowding and temperature fluctuations<br /> *Stunted growth rates, coughing and occasionally respiratory distress<br /> *Consolidation in apical and cardiac lung lobes<br /> *Immunofluorescence of lung tissue and complement fixation test or ELISA used for identification<br /> *Treatment includes in-feed antibiotics such as tylosin, lincomycin and tiamulin<br /> *Absent in specific-pathogen-free herds<br /> <br /> <br /> ===''M. hyorhinis'' and ''M. hyosynoviae'' of pigs===<br /> <br /> *''M. hyosynovia'' and ''M. hyorhinis'' produce syndromes similar to [[Haemophilus species|Glasser's disease]] with milder expression, rarely menigitis and [[Joints Inflammatory - Pathology#In Pigs|arthritis]] <br /> *''M. hyorhinis causes a chronic progressive polyserositis in pigs under 10 weeks old<br /> *A fever, laboured breathing, lameness and swollen joints occur<br /> *Serofibrinous pleurisy, pericarditis and [[Peritoneal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#In pigs|peritonitis]] occur<br /> *Treatment includes tylosin and lincomycin<br /> *''M. hyorhinis'' causes a polyarthritis in pigs of 10-30 weeks old, leading to transient lameness<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Mycoplasmas of poultry===<br /> <br /> *''M. gallisepticum'' <br /> **Causes chronic repsiratory disease in chickens and infectious sinusitis in turkeys<br /> **Transmission via the egg and aerosol<br /> **Reduced egg production<br /> **Identification by serum plate agglutination test, haemagglutination inhibition and ELISA<br /> **Controlled in specific-pathogen-free flocks<br /> **Modified live vaccines and bacterins available<br /> *''M. meleagridis''<br /> **Hatching problems; airsacculitis in young poults; joint and bone deformities in growers; poor growth rates<br /> **Transmitted mainly via eggs and semen<br /> **Serum plate agglutination test for identification<br /> **In-water tylosin for first 10 days of life<br /> **Eggs can be dipped in tylosin<br /> *''M synoviae''<br /> **Causes infectious synovitis in chickens and turkeys<br /> **Transmitted by aerosol<br /> **Synovitis, arthritis, respiratory disease<br /> **Confirmation by isolation or serology<br /> **In-feed tetracycline<br /> **Eradication through specific-pathogen-free flocks<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Other mycoplasmas===<br /> <br /> *''M. bovis'', ''M. dispar'' and ''Ureaplasma'' can be involved in [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Enzootic pneumonia of calves|Enzootic pneumonia of calves]]<br /> *''M. ovipneumoniae'' is implicated in [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Enzootic pneumonia of lambs|enzootic pneumonia of lambs]]<br /> *''M. felis'' may be involved in mild [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Mycoplasma felis|respiratory infection]]<br /> *Mycoplasmas may cause [[General Pathology - Chronic Inflammation#Lymphocytic Inflammation|lymphocytic chronic inflammation]] (peribronchiolar and perialveolar cuffing)<br /> *Cause [[Peritoneal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#In sheep|peritonitis in sheep]], [[Peritoneal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#In goats|peritonitis in goats]] and [[Peritoneal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#In pigs|peritonitis in pigs]]</div>

Flawrence https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Mycoplasmas&diff=42232 2008-12-30T13:15:47Z

<p>Flawrence: </p> <hr /> <div>{{review}}<br /> <br /> {{toplink<br /> |backcolour =<br /> |linkpage =Bacteria<br /> |linktext =BACTERIA<br /> |pagetype=Bugs<br /> }}<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Overview===<br /> <br /> *Pathogens belong to the ''Mycoplasma'' and ''Ureaplasma'' genera<br /> *Cause many diseases especially respiratory diseases of farm animals including contagious bovine pleuropneumonia<br /> *Can be involved in mastitis and conjunctivitis in cattle<br /> *Implicated in respiratory and urinary tract diseases in dogs and cats<br /> *Non-pathogenic mycoplasmas present in the rumen<br /> *Live on mucous membranes of oronasal cavity, conjunctiva and intestines<br /> *Stress factors and concurrent disease may predispose to tissue invasion<br /> *Usually host-specific<br /> *Limited survival in the environment<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Characteristics===<br /> <br /> *Smallest free-living prokaryotic organism<br /> *Pleomorphic organisms<br /> *Have no peptidoglycan cell wall<br /> *Susceptible to dessication, heat and disinfectants<br /> *Require enriched media containing animal protein, sterol and a source of DNA for growth<br /> *Colonies have a fried egg appearance<br /> *Most are facultative anaerobes<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Pathogenesis and pathogenicity===<br /> <br /> *Mycoplasmas adhere to host cells and produce toxins <br /> *Some adhere to neutrophils and macrophages and prevent phagocytosis<br /> *Mycoplasmas induce proliferation of macrophages and monocytes, and release of cytokines such as TNF and interleukins<br /> *Cause damage to cilia in the respiratory tract leading to pneumonia<br /> *Molecular mimicry allows some mycoplasmas to avoid the host immune response and may initiate immune-mediated disease<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Diagnosis===<br /> <br /> *Samples can be tested for the presence of mycoplasmas by fluorescent antibody techniques, peroxidase techniques and PCR<br /> *Biochemical profiles such as urease production can be used for identification<br /> *''Ureaplasmas'' produce urease, whereas ''Mycoplasmas'' do not metabolise urea<br /> *Serolgy is required for specific identification including complement fixation tests, ELISA, agglutination tests and haemagglutination-inhibition tests<br /> *Growth inhibition tests using specific antisera can be used as well as fluorescent antibody tests<br /> <br /> <br /> ===[[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP)|Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia]]===<br /> <br /> *[[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP)|Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia]] is caused by ''M. mycoides'' subsp. ''mycoides''<br /> *A severe contagious disease of cattle<br /> *Endemic in Africa, the Middle East and Asia<br /> *Aerosol transmission by close contact with clinically or subclinically affected animals<br /> *Severity depends on strain and host susceptibility<br /> *Slow spread of infection<br /> *50% morbidity; mortality rate high in severe outbreaks<br /> <br /> *Clinical signs<br /> **Acute onset fever, anorexia, depression, lowered milk yield, hyperpnoea, coughing and a mucopurulent nasal discharge<br /> **Dyspnoea occurs with abducted elbows and extended necks and an expiratory grunt<br /> **Can be fatal within 1-3 weeks<br /> **Calves may suffer from [[Joints Inflammatory - Pathology#In Cattle|arthritis]], synovitis and endocarditis<br /> <br /> *Gross pathology<br /> **Marbled appearance to lungs with consolidated grey and red lobules separated by emphysematous areas<br /> **Serofibrinous pleural fluid<br /> **Necrotic foci surrounded by fibrous capsules in chronic cases act as source of infection<br /> <br /> *Diagnosis<br /> **Clinical signs and post-mortem appearance<br /> **PCR on pleural fluid, lung tissue, regional lymph nodes or bronchoalveolar lavage fluid<br /> **Fluorescent antibody test<br /> **Serological tests such as serum agglutination, haemagglutination, complement fixation, ELISA<br /> <br /> *Treatment and control<br /> **Slaughter of affected cattle in counries where the disease is exotic<br /> **Movement restrictions, quaranteen and slaughter of carrier animals in endemic countries<br /> **Vaccination in endemic regions<br /> <br /> <br /> ===''Mycoplasma bovis''===<br /> <br /> *Causes severe pneumonia in calves as a primary pathogen<br /> *Can occur secondarily to ''Pasteurella'' and ''Mannheimia'' and [[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#In Cattle|IBR]]<br /> *Associated with [[Joints Inflammatory - Pathology#In Cattle|arthritis]] and mastitis<br /> *Mastitis associated with a severe drop in milk yield and a purulent discharge<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Contagious agalactia of sheep and goats===<br /> <br /> *Severe febrile disease of sheep and goats in parts of Europe, Africa, Asia<br /> *Caused by ''M. agalactiae''<br /> *Mastitis, arthritis and conjunctivitis following parturition<br /> *Causes abortion<br /> *Fatal pneumonia in young animals<br /> *Shed in milk; localised in supramammary lymph nodes<br /> *Inactivated, attenuated vaccines available<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia===<br /> <br /> *Caused by ''M. capricolum'' subsp. ''capricolum'; occasionally ''M. mycoides'' subsp. ''capri'' or ''M. mycoides'' subsp. ''mcoides''<br /> *Occurs in Africa and Turkey<br /> *Pneumonia, fibrinous pleurisy, pleural exudate, consolidated and emphysematous lungs<br /> *Aerosol transmission; highly contagious<br /> *Identified by growth inhibition disc tests<br /> *Inactivated vaccines available<br /> <br /> <br /> ===[[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Enzootic pneumonia of pigs|Enzootic pneumonia of pigs]]===<br /> <br /> *[[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Enzootic pneumonia of pigs|Enzootic pneumonia of pigs]] caused by ''M. hyopneumonia''<br /> *Occur in unfavourable conditions with poor ventilation, overcrowding and temperature fluctuations<br /> *Stunted growth rates, coughing and occasionally respiratory distress<br /> *Consolidation in apical and cardiac lung lobes<br /> *Immunofluorescence of lung tissue and complement fixation test or ELISA used for identification<br /> *Treatment includes in-feed antibiotics such as tylosin, lincomycin and tiamulin<br /> *Absent in specific-pathogen-free herds<br /> <br /> <br /> ===''M. hyorhinis'' and ''M. hyosynoviae'' of pigs===<br /> <br /> *''M. hyosynovia'' and ''M. hyorhinis'' produce syndromes similar to [[Haemophilus species|Glasser's disease]] with milder expression, rarely menigitis and [[Joints Inflammatory - Pathology#In Pigs|arthritis]] <br /> *''M. hyorhinis causes a chronic progressive polyserositis in pigs under 10 weeks old<br /> *A fever, laboured breathing, lameness and swollen joints occur<br /> *Serofibrinous pleurisy, pericarditis and [[Peritoneal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#In pigs|peritonitis]] occur<br /> *Treatment includes tylosin and lincomycin<br /> *''M. hyorhinis'' causes a polyarthritis in pigs of 10-30 weeks old, leading to transient lameness<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Mycoplasmas of poultry===<br /> <br /> *''M. gallisepticum'' <br /> **Causes chronic repsiratory disease in chickens and infectious sinusitis in turkeys<br /> **Transmission via the egg and aerosol<br /> **Reduced egg production<br /> **Identification by serum plate agglutination test, haemagglutination inhibition and ELISA<br /> **Controlled in specific-pathogen-free flocks<br /> **Modified live vaccines and bacterins available<br /> *''M. meleagridis''<br /> **Hatching problems; airsacculitis in young poults; joint and bone deformities in growers<br /> **Transmitted mainly via eggs and semen<br /> **Serum plate agglutination test for identification<br /> **In-water tylosin for first 10 days of life<br /> **Eggs an be dipped in tylosin<br /> *''M synoviae''<br /> **Causes infectious synovitis in chickens and turkeys<br /> **Transmitted by aerosol<br /> **Synovitis, arthritis, respiratory disease<br /> **Confirmation by isolation or serology<br /> **In-feed tetracycline<br /> **Eradication through specific-pathogen-free flocks<br /> <br /> *Cause [[Peritoneal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#In sheep|peritonitis in sheep]] and [[Peritoneal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#In goats|peritonitis in goats]] and [[Peritoneal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#In pigs|peritonitis]]<br /> *[[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Enzootic pneumonia of pigs|Enzootic pneumonia of pigs]] caused by ''M. hyopneumoniae'' and ''M. hyorhinis'' <br /> *''M. bovis'', ''M. dispar'' and ''Ureaplasma'' in [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Enzootic pneumonia of calves|Enzootic pneumonia of calves]]<br /> * May cause [[General Pathology - Chronic Inflammation#Lymphocytic Inflammation|lymphocytic chronic inflammation]] (peribronchiolar and perialveolar cuffing).<br /> *''M. felis'' in mild [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Mycoplasma felis|respiratory infection]]<br /> *''M. ovipneumoniae'' in [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Enzootic pneumonia of lambs|enzootic pneumonia of lambs]]</div>

Flawrence https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Mycoplasmas&diff=42231 2008-12-30T12:17:26Z

<p>Flawrence: /* Enzootic pneumonia of pigs */</p> <hr /> <div>{{review}}<br /> <br /> {{toplink<br /> |backcolour =<br /> |linkpage =Bacteria<br /> |linktext =BACTERIA<br /> |pagetype=Bugs<br /> }}<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Overview===<br /> <br /> *Pathogens belong to the ''Mycoplasma'' and ''Ureaplasma'' genera<br /> *Cause many diseases especially respiratory diseases of farm animals including contagious bovine pleuropneumonia<br /> *Can be involved in mastitis and conjunctivitis in cattle<br /> *Implicated in respiratory and urinary tract diseases in dogs and cats<br /> *Non-pathogenic mycoplasmas present in the rumen<br /> *Live on mucous membranes of oronasal cavity, conjunctiva and intestines<br /> *Stress factors and concurrent disease may predispose to tissue invasion<br /> *Usually host-specific<br /> *Limited survival in the environment<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Characteristics===<br /> <br /> *Smallest free-living prokaryotic organism<br /> *Pleomorphic organisms<br /> *Have no peptidoglycan cell wall<br /> *Susceptible to dessication, heat and disinfectants<br /> *Require enriched media containing animal protein, sterol and a source of DNA for growth<br /> *Colonies have a fried egg appearance<br /> *Most are facultative anaerobes<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Pathogenesis and pathogenicity===<br /> <br /> *Mycoplasmas adhere to host cells and produce toxins <br /> *Some adhere to neutrophils and macrophages and prevent phagocytosis<br /> *Mycoplasmas induce proliferation of macrophages and monocytes, and release of cytokines such as TNF and interleukins<br /> *Cause damage to cilia in the respiratory tract leading to pneumonia<br /> *Molecular mimicry allows some mycoplasmas to avoid the host immune response and may initiate immune-mediated disease<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Diagnosis===<br /> <br /> *Samples can be tested for the presence of mycoplasmas by fluorescent antibody techniques, peroxidase techniques and PCR<br /> *Biochemical profiles such as urease production can be used for identification<br /> *''Ureaplasmas'' produce urease, whereas ''Mycoplasmas'' do not metabolise urea<br /> *Serolgy is required for specific identification including complement fixation tests, ELISA, agglutination tests and haemagglutination-inhibition tests<br /> *Growth inhibition tests using specific antisera can be used as well as fluorescent antibody tests<br /> <br /> <br /> ===[[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP)|Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia]]===<br /> <br /> *[[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP)|Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia]] is caused by ''M. mycoides'' subsp. ''mycoides''<br /> *A severe contagious disease of cattle<br /> *Endemic in Africa, the Middle East and Asia<br /> *Aerosol transmission by close contact with clinically or subclinically affected animals<br /> *Severity depends on strain and host susceptibility<br /> *Slow spread of infection<br /> *50% morbidity; mortality rate high in severe outbreaks<br /> <br /> *Clinical signs<br /> **Acute onset fever, anorexia, depression, lowered milk yield, hyperpnoea, coughing and a mucopurulent nasal discharge<br /> **Dyspnoea occurs with abducted elbows and extended necks and an expiratory grunt<br /> **Can be fatal within 1-3 weeks<br /> **Calves may suffer from [[Joints Inflammatory - Pathology#In Cattle|arthritis]], synovitis and endocarditis<br /> <br /> *Gross pathology<br /> **Marbled appearance to lungs with consolidated grey and red lobules separated by emphysematous areas<br /> **Serofibrinous pleural fluid<br /> **Necrotic foci surrounded by fibrous capsules in chronic cases act as source of infection<br /> <br /> *Diagnosis<br /> **Clinical signs and post-mortem appearance<br /> **PCR on pleural fluid, lung tissue, regional lymph nodes or bronchoalveolar lavage fluid<br /> **Fluorescent antibody test<br /> **Serological tests such as serum agglutination, haemagglutination, complement fixation, ELISA<br /> <br /> *Treatment and control<br /> **Slaughter of affected cattle in counries where the disease is exotic<br /> **Movement restrictions, quaranteen and slaughter of carrier animals in endemic countries<br /> **Vaccination in endemic regions<br /> <br /> <br /> ===''Mycoplasma bovis''===<br /> <br /> *Causes severe pneumonia in calves as a primary pathogen<br /> *Can occur secondarily to ''Pasteurella'' and ''Mannheimia'' and [[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#In Cattle|IBR]]<br /> *Associated with [[Joints Inflammatory - Pathology#In Cattle|arthritis]] and mastitis<br /> *Mastitis associated with a severe drop in milk yield and a purulent discharge<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Contagious agalactia of sheep and goats===<br /> <br /> *Severe febrile disease of sheep and goats in parts of Europe, Africa, Asia<br /> *Caused by ''M. agalactiae''<br /> *Mastitis, arthritis and conjunctivitis following parturition<br /> *Causes abortion<br /> *Fatal pneumonia in young animals<br /> *Shed in milk; localised in supramammary lymph nodes<br /> *Inactivated, attenuated vaccines available<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia===<br /> <br /> *Caused by ''M. capricolum'' subsp. ''capricolum'; occasionally ''M. mycoides'' subsp. ''capri'' or ''M. mycoides'' subsp. ''mcoides''<br /> *Occurs in Africa and Turkey<br /> *Pneumonia, fibrinous pleurisy, pleural exudate, consolidated and emphysematous lungs<br /> *Aerosol transmission; highly contagious<br /> *Identified by growth inhibition disc tests<br /> *Inactivated vaccines available<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Enzootic pneumonia of pigs===<br /> <br /> *Caused by ''M. hyopneumonia''<br /> *Occur in unfavourable conditions with poor ventilation, overcrowding and temperature fluctuations<br /> *<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> *Cause [[Peritoneal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#In sheep|peritonitis in sheep]] and [[Peritoneal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#In goats|peritonitis in goats]] and [[Peritoneal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#In pigs|peritonitis in pigs]]<br /> *[[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Enzootic pneumonia of pigs|Enzootic pneumonia of pigs]] caused by ''M. hyopneumoniae'' and ''M. hyorhinis'' <br /> *''M. bovis'', ''M. dispar'' and ''Ureaplasma'' in [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Enzootic pneumonia of calves|Enzootic pneumonia of calves]]<br /> * May cause [[General Pathology - Chronic Inflammation#Lymphocytic Inflammation|lymphocytic chronic inflammation]] (peribronchiolar and perialveolar cuffing).<br /> *''M. felis'' in mild [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Mycoplasma felis|respiratory infection]]<br /> *''M. ovipneumoniae'' in [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Enzootic pneumonia of lambs|enzootic pneumonia of lambs]]<br /> *''M. hyosynovia'' and ''M. hyorhinis'' produce syndrome similar to [[Haemophilus species|Glasser's disease]] with milder expression, menigitis rare, [[Joints Inflammatory - Pathology#In Pigs|arthritis]] most consistent</div>

Flawrence https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Mycoplasmas&diff=42230 2008-12-30T12:08:34Z

<p>Flawrence: </p> <hr /> <div>{{review}}<br /> <br /> {{toplink<br /> |backcolour =<br /> |linkpage =Bacteria<br /> |linktext =BACTERIA<br /> |pagetype=Bugs<br /> }}<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Overview===<br /> <br /> *Pathogens belong to the ''Mycoplasma'' and ''Ureaplasma'' genera<br /> *Cause many diseases especially respiratory diseases of farm animals including contagious bovine pleuropneumonia<br /> *Can be involved in mastitis and conjunctivitis in cattle<br /> *Implicated in respiratory and urinary tract diseases in dogs and cats<br /> *Non-pathogenic mycoplasmas present in the rumen<br /> *Live on mucous membranes of oronasal cavity, conjunctiva and intestines<br /> *Stress factors and concurrent disease may predispose to tissue invasion<br /> *Usually host-specific<br /> *Limited survival in the environment<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Characteristics===<br /> <br /> *Smallest free-living prokaryotic organism<br /> *Pleomorphic organisms<br /> *Have no peptidoglycan cell wall<br /> *Susceptible to dessication, heat and disinfectants<br /> *Require enriched media containing animal protein, sterol and a source of DNA for growth<br /> *Colonies have a fried egg appearance<br /> *Most are facultative anaerobes<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Pathogenesis and pathogenicity===<br /> <br /> *Mycoplasmas adhere to host cells and produce toxins <br /> *Some adhere to neutrophils and macrophages and prevent phagocytosis<br /> *Mycoplasmas induce proliferation of macrophages and monocytes, and release of cytokines such as TNF and interleukins<br /> *Cause damage to cilia in the respiratory tract leading to pneumonia<br /> *Molecular mimicry allows some mycoplasmas to avoid the host immune response and may initiate immune-mediated disease<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Diagnosis===<br /> <br /> *Samples can be tested for the presence of mycoplasmas by fluorescent antibody techniques, peroxidase techniques and PCR<br /> *Biochemical profiles such as urease production can be used for identification<br /> *''Ureaplasmas'' produce urease, whereas ''Mycoplasmas'' do not metabolise urea<br /> *Serolgy is required for specific identification including complement fixation tests, ELISA, agglutination tests and haemagglutination-inhibition tests<br /> *Growth inhibition tests using specific antisera can be used as well as fluorescent antibody tests<br /> <br /> <br /> ===[[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP)|Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia]]===<br /> <br /> *[[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP)|Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia]] is caused by ''M. mycoides'' subsp. ''mycoides''<br /> *A severe contagious disease of cattle<br /> *Endemic in Africa, the Middle East and Asia<br /> *Aerosol transmission by close contact with clinically or subclinically affected animals<br /> *Severity depends on strain and host susceptibility<br /> *Slow spread of infection<br /> *50% morbidity; mortality rate high in severe outbreaks<br /> <br /> *Clinical signs<br /> **Acute onset fever, anorexia, depression, lowered milk yield, hyperpnoea, coughing and a mucopurulent nasal discharge<br /> **Dyspnoea occurs with abducted elbows and extended necks and an expiratory grunt<br /> **Can be fatal within 1-3 weeks<br /> **Calves may suffer from [[Joints Inflammatory - Pathology#In Cattle|arthritis]], synovitis and endocarditis<br /> <br /> *Gross pathology<br /> **Marbled appearance to lungs with consolidated grey and red lobules separated by emphysematous areas<br /> **Serofibrinous pleural fluid<br /> **Necrotic foci surrounded by fibrous capsules in chronic cases act as source of infection<br /> <br /> *Diagnosis<br /> **Clinical signs and post-mortem appearance<br /> **PCR on pleural fluid, lung tissue, regional lymph nodes or bronchoalveolar lavage fluid<br /> **Fluorescent antibody test<br /> **Serological tests such as serum agglutination, haemagglutination, complement fixation, ELISA<br /> <br /> *Treatment and control<br /> **Slaughter of affected cattle in counries where the disease is exotic<br /> **Movement restrictions, quaranteen and slaughter of carrier animals in endemic countries<br /> **Vaccination in endemic regions<br /> <br /> <br /> ===''Mycoplasma bovis''===<br /> <br /> *Causes severe pneumonia in calves as a primary pathogen<br /> *Can occur secondarily to ''Pasteurella'' and ''Mannheimia'' and [[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#In Cattle|IBR]]<br /> *Associated with [[Joints Inflammatory - Pathology#In Cattle|arthritis]] and mastitis<br /> *Mastitis associated with a severe drop in milk yield and a purulent discharge<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Contagious agalactia of sheep and goats===<br /> <br /> *Severe febrile disease of sheep and goats in parts of Europe, Africa, Asia<br /> *Caused by ''M. agalactiae''<br /> *Mastitis, arthritis and conjunctivitis following parturition<br /> *Causes abortion<br /> *Fatal pneumonia in young animals<br /> *Shed in milk; localised in supramammary lymph nodes<br /> *Inactivated, attenuated vaccines available<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia===<br /> <br /> *Caused by ''M. capricolum'' subsp. ''capricolum'; occasionally ''M. mycoides'' subsp. ''capri'' or ''M. mycoides'' subsp. ''mcoides''<br /> *Occurs in Africa and Turkey<br /> *Pneumonia, fibrinous pleurisy, pleural exudate, consolidated and emphysematous lungs<br /> *Aerosol transmission; highly contagious<br /> *Identified by growth inhibition disc tests<br /> *Inactivated vaccines available<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Enzootic pneumonia of pigs===<br /> <br /> *Caused by ''M. hyopneumonia''<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> *Cause [[Peritoneal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#In sheep|peritonitis in sheep]] and [[Peritoneal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#In goats|peritonitis in goats]] and [[Peritoneal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#In pigs|peritonitis in pigs]]<br /> *[[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Enzootic pneumonia of pigs|Enzootic pneumonia of pigs]] caused by ''M. hyopneumoniae'' and ''M. hyorhinis'' <br /> *''M. bovis'', ''M. dispar'' and ''Ureaplasma'' in [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Enzootic pneumonia of calves|Enzootic pneumonia of calves]]<br /> * May cause [[General Pathology - Chronic Inflammation#Lymphocytic Inflammation|lymphocytic chronic inflammation]] (peribronchiolar and perialveolar cuffing).<br /> *''M. felis'' in mild [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Mycoplasma felis|respiratory infection]]<br /> *''M. ovipneumoniae'' in [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Enzootic pneumonia of lambs|enzootic pneumonia of lambs]]<br /> *''M. hyosynovia'' and ''M. hyorhinis'' produce syndrome similar to [[Haemophilus species|Glasser's disease]] with milder expression, menigitis rare, [[Joints Inflammatory - Pathology#In Pigs|arthritis]] most consistent</div>

Flawrence https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Mycoplasmas&diff=42229 2008-12-30T12:00:10Z

<p>Flawrence: </p> <hr /> <div>{{review}}<br /> <br /> {{toplink<br /> |backcolour =<br /> |linkpage =Bacteria<br /> |linktext =BACTERIA<br /> |pagetype=Bugs<br /> }}<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Overview===<br /> <br /> *Pathogens belong to the ''Mycoplasma'' and ''Ureaplasma'' genera<br /> *Cause many diseases especially respiratory diseases of farm animals including contagious bovine pleuropneumonia<br /> *Can be involved in mastitis and conjunctivitis in cattle<br /> *Implicated in respiratory and urinary tract diseases in dogs and cats<br /> *Non-pathogenic mycoplasmas present in the rumen<br /> *Live on mucous membranes of oronasal cavity, conjunctiva and intestines<br /> *Stress factors and concurrent disease may predispose to tissue invasion<br /> *Usually host-specific<br /> *Limited survival in the environment<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Characteristics===<br /> <br /> *Smallest free-living prokaryotic organism<br /> *Pleomorphic organisms<br /> *Have no peptidoglycan cell wall<br /> *Susceptible to dessication, heat and disinfectants<br /> *Require enriched media containing animal protein, sterol and a source of DNA for growth<br /> *Colonies have a fried egg appearance<br /> *Most are facultative anaerobes<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Pathogenesis and pathogenicity===<br /> <br /> *Mycoplasmas adhere to host cells and produce toxins <br /> *Some adhere to neutrophils and macrophages and prevent phagocytosis<br /> *Mycoplasmas induce proliferation of macrophages and monocytes, and release of cytokines such as TNF and interleukins<br /> *Cause damage to cilia in the respiratory tract leading to pneumonia<br /> *Molecular mimicry allows some mycoplasmas to avoid the host immune response and may initiate immune-mediated disease<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Diagnosis===<br /> <br /> *Samples can be tested for the presence of mycoplasmas by fluorescent antibody techniques, peroxidase techniques and PCR<br /> *Biochemical profiles such as urease production can be used for identification<br /> *''Ureaplasmas'' produce urease, whereas ''Mycoplasmas'' do not metabolise urea<br /> *Serolgy is required for specific identification including complement fixation tests, ELISA, agglutination tests and haemagglutination-inhibition tests<br /> *Growth inhibition tests using specific antisera can be used as well as fluorescent antibody tests<br /> <br /> <br /> ===[[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP)|Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia]]===<br /> <br /> *[[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP)|Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia]] is caused by ''M. mycoides'' subsp. ''mycoides''<br /> *A severe contagious disease of cattle<br /> *Endemic in Africa, the Middle East and Asia<br /> *Aerosol transmission by close contact with clinically or subclinically affected animals<br /> *Severity depends on strain and host susceptibility<br /> *Slow spread of infection<br /> *50% morbidity; mortality rate high in severe outbreaks<br /> <br /> *Clinical signs<br /> **Acute onset fever, anorexia, depression, lowered milk yield, hyperpnoea, coughing and a mucopurulent nasal discharge<br /> **Dyspnoea occurs with abducted elbows and extended necks and an expiratory grunt<br /> **Can be fatal within 1-3 weeks<br /> **Calves may suffer from [[Joints Inflammatory - Pathology#In Cattle|arthritis]], synovitis and endocarditis<br /> <br /> *Gross pathology<br /> **Marbled appearance to lungs with consolidated grey and red lobules separated by emphysematous areas<br /> **Serofibrinous pleural fluid<br /> **Necrotic foci surrounded by fibrous capsules in chronic cases act as source of infection<br /> <br /> *Diagnosis<br /> **Clinical signs and post-mortem appearance<br /> **PCR on pleural fluid, lung tissue, regional lymph nodes or bronchoalveolar lavage fluid<br /> **Fluorescent antibody test<br /> **Serological tests such as serum agglutination, haemagglutination, complement fixation, ELISA<br /> <br /> *Treatment and control<br /> **Slaughter of affected cattle in counries where the disease is exotic<br /> **Movement restrictions, quaranteen and slaughter of carrier animals in endemic countries<br /> **Vaccination in endemic regions<br /> <br /> <br /> ===''Mycoplasma bovis''===<br /> <br /> *Causes severe pneumonia in calves as a primary pathogen<br /> *Can occur secondarily to ''Pasteurella'' and ''Mannheimia'' and [[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#In Cattle|IBR]]<br /> *Associated with [[Joints Inflammatory - Pathology#In Cattle|arthritis]] and mastitis<br /> *Mastitis associated with a severe drop in milk yield and a purulent discharge<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Contagious agalactia of sheep and goats===<br /> <br /> *Severe febrile disease of sheep and goats in parts of Europe, Africa, Asia<br /> *Caused by ''M. agalactiae''<br /> *Mastitis, arthritis and conjunctivitis following parturition<br /> *Causes abortion<br /> *Fatal pneumonia in young animals<br /> *Shed in milk; localised in supramammary lymph nodes<br /> *Inactivated, attenuated vaccines available<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia===<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> *Cause [[Peritoneal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#In sheep|peritonitis in sheep]] and [[Peritoneal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#In goats|peritonitis in goats]] and [[Peritoneal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#In pigs|peritonitis in pigs]]<br /> *[[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Enzootic pneumonia of pigs|Enzootic pneumonia of pigs]] caused by ''M. hyopneumoniae'' and ''M. hyorhinis'' <br /> *''M. bovis'', ''M. dispar'' and ''Ureaplasma'' in [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Enzootic pneumonia of calves|Enzootic pneumonia of calves]]<br /> * May cause [[General Pathology - Chronic Inflammation#Lymphocytic Inflammation|lymphocytic chronic inflammation]] (peribronchiolar and perialveolar cuffing).<br /> *''M. felis'' in mild [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Mycoplasma felis|respiratory infection]]<br /> *''M. ovipneumoniae'' in [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Enzootic pneumonia of lambs|enzootic pneumonia of lambs]]<br /> *''M. hyosynovia'' and ''M. hyorhinis'' produce syndrome similar to [[Haemophilus species|Glasser's disease]] with milder expression, menigitis rare, [[Joints Inflammatory - Pathology#In Pigs|arthritis]] most consistent</div>

Flawrence https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Mycoplasmas&diff=42228 2008-12-30T11:25:25Z

<p>Flawrence: </p> <hr /> <div>{{review}}<br /> <br /> {{toplink<br /> |backcolour =<br /> |linkpage =Bacteria<br /> |linktext =BACTERIA<br /> |pagetype=Bugs<br /> }}<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Overview===<br /> <br /> *Pathogens belong to the ''Mycoplasma'' and ''Ureaplasma'' genera<br /> *Cause many diseases especially respiratory diseases of farm animals including contagious bovine pleuropneumonia<br /> *Can be involved in mastitis and conjunctivitis in cattle<br /> *Implicated in respiratory and urinary tract diseases in dogs and cats<br /> *Non-pathogenic mycoplasmas present in the rumen<br /> *Live on mucous membranes of oronasal cavity, conjunctiva and intestines<br /> *Stress factors and concurrent disease may predispose to tissue invasion<br /> *Usually host-specific<br /> *Limited survival in the environment<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Characteristics===<br /> <br /> *Smallest free-living prokaryotic organism<br /> *Pleomorphic organisms<br /> *Have no peptidoglycan cell wall<br /> *Susceptible to dessication, heat and disinfectants<br /> *Require enriched media containing animal protein, sterol and a source of DNA for growth<br /> *Colonies have a fried egg appearance<br /> *Most are facultative anaerobes<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Pathogenesis and pathogenicity===<br /> <br /> *Mycoplasmas adhere to host cells and produce toxins <br /> *Some adhere to neutrophils and macrophages and prevent phagocytosis<br /> *Mycoplasmas induce proliferation of macrophages and monocytes, and release of cytokines such as TNF and interleukins<br /> *Cause damage to cilia in the respiratory tract leading to pneumonia<br /> *Molecular mimicry allows some mycoplasmas to avoid the host immune response and may initiate immune-mediated disease<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Diagnosis===<br /> <br /> *Samples can be tested for the presence of mycoplasmas by fluorescent antibody techniques, peroxidase techniques and PCR<br /> *Biochemical profiles such as urease production can be used for identification<br /> *''Ureaplasmas'' produce urease, whereas ''Mycoplasmas'' do not metabolise urea<br /> *Serolgy is required for specific identification including complement fixation tests, ELISA, agglutination tests and haemagglutination-inhibition tests<br /> *Growth inhibition tests using specific antisera can be used as well as fluorescent antibody tests<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Clinical infections===<br /> <br /> *<br /> <br /> <br /> *Cause [[Peritoneal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#In sheep|peritonitis in sheep]] and [[Peritoneal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#In goats|peritonitis in goats]] and [[Peritoneal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#In pigs|peritonitis in pigs]]<br /> *Can be secondary to [[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#In Cattle|IBR]]<br /> *[[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Enzootic pneumonia of pigs|Enzootic pneumonia of pigs]] caused by ''M. hyopneumoniae'' and ''M. hyorhinis'' <br /> *[[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP)|Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia]] caused by ''M. mycoides''<br /> *''M. bovis'', ''M. dispar'' and ''Ureaplasma'' in [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Enzootic pneumonia of calves|Enzootic pneumonia of calves]]<br /> * May cause [[General Pathology - Chronic Inflammation#Lymphocytic Inflammation|lymphocytic chronic inflammation]] (peribronchiolar and perialveolar cuffing).<br /> *''M. felis'' in mild [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Mycoplasma felis|respiratory infection]]<br /> *''M. ovipneumoniae'' in [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Enzootic pneumonia of lambs|enzootic pneumonia of lambs]]<br /> *''M. hyosynovia'' and ''M. hyorhinis'' produce syndrome similar to [[Haemophilus species|Glasser's disease]] with milder expression, menigitis rare, [[Joints Inflammatory - Pathology#In Pigs|arthritis]] most consistent<br /> *In cattle [[Joints Inflammatory - Pathology#In Cattle|arthritis]]</div>

Flawrence https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Mycoplasmas&diff=42227 2008-12-30T10:50:39Z

<p>Flawrence: </p> <hr /> <div>{{review}}<br /> <br /> {{toplink<br /> |backcolour =<br /> |linkpage =Bacteria<br /> |linktext =BACTERIA<br /> |pagetype=Bugs<br /> }}<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Overview===<br /> <br /> *Pathogens belong to the ''Mycoplasma'' and ''Ureaplasma'' genera<br /> *Cause many diseases including contagious bovine pleuropneumonia<br /> *Non-pathogenic mycoplasmas present in the rumen<br /> *Live on mucous membranes of oronasal cavity, conjunctiva and intestines<br /> *Usually host-specific<br /> *Limited survival in the environment<br /> <br /> <br /> ====Characteristics===<br /> <br /> *Smallest free-living prokaryotic organism<br /> *Pleomorphic organisms<br /> *Have no peptidoglycan cell wall<br /> *Susceptible to dessication, heat and disinfectants<br /> *Require enriched media containing animal protein, sterol and a source of DNA for growth<br /> *Colonies have a fried egg appearance<br /> *Most are facultative anaerobes<br /> *''Ureaplasmas'' produce urease, whereas ''Mycoplasmas'' do not metabolise urea<br /> *Serolgy is required for specific identification <br /> *Growth inhibition tests using specific antisera can be used as well as fluorescent antibody tests<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Pathogenesis and pathogenicity===<br /> <br /> *Mycoplasmas adhere to host cells and produce toxins <br /> *Some adhere to neutrophils and macrophages and prevent phagocytosis<br /> *Mycoplasmas induce proliferation of macrophages and monocytes, and release of cytokines such as TNF and interleukins<br /> *Cause damage to cilia in the respiratory tract leading to pneumonia<br /> <br /> ===<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> *Cause [[Peritoneal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#In sheep|peritonitis in sheep]] and [[Peritoneal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#In goats|peritonitis in goats]] and [[Peritoneal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#In pigs|peritonitis in pigs]]<br /> *Can be secondary to [[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#In Cattle|IBR]]<br /> *[[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Enzootic pneumonia of pigs|Enzootic pneumonia of pigs]] caused by ''M. hyopneumoniae'' and ''M. hyorhinis'' <br /> *[[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP)|Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia]] caused by ''M. mycoides''<br /> *''M. bovis'', ''M. dispar'' and ''Ureaplasma'' in [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Enzootic pneumonia of calves|Enzootic pneumonia of calves]]<br /> * May cause [[General Pathology - Chronic Inflammation#Lymphocytic Inflammation|lymphocytic chronic inflammation]] (peribronchiolar and perialveolar cuffing).<br /> *''M. felis'' in mild [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Mycoplasma felis|respiratory infection]]<br /> *''M. ovipneumoniae'' in [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Enzootic pneumonia of lambs|enzootic pneumonia of lambs]]<br /> *''M. hyosynovia'' and ''M. hyorhinis'' produce syndrome similar to [[Haemophilus species|Glasser's disease]] with milder expression, menigitis rare, [[Joints Inflammatory - Pathology#In Pigs|arthritis]] most consistent<br /> *In cattle [[Joints Inflammatory - Pathology#In Cattle|arthritis]]</div>

Flawrence https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Mycobacteria_spp.&diff=42226 2008-12-29T20:13:07Z

<p>Flawrence: /* Overview */</p> <hr /> <div>{{review}}<br /> <br /> {{toplink<br /> |backcolour =<br /> |linkpage =Bacteria<br /> |linktext =BACTERIA<br /> |pagetype=Bugs<br /> }}<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Overview===<br /> <br /> *Mycobacterial infections are caused by bacteria belonging to the family Mycobacteriaceae, order Actinomycetales <br /> *Includes obligate pathogens, opportunistic pathogens and saprophytes<br /> *Cause chronic, progressive, granulomatous infections<br /> *Cause tuberculosis, [[Intestines Proliferative Enteritis - Pathology#Paratuberculosis (Johnes disease)|Johne's disease]] and feline leprosy<br /> *''M. bovis'', ''M. tuberculosis'' and ''M. avium'' cause [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Tuberculosis|tuberculosis of cattle]], [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Tuberculosis in pigs|tuberculosis of pigs]] and [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Tuberculosis in dogs|tuberculosis of dogs]] respectively<br /> *The 'classical' tuberculosis lesions are caused by the [[Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex]]<br /> *The Johne's type lesions are caused by the [[Mycobacterium avium complex]]<br /> *Environmental species are found in soil, vegetation and water<br /> *''Mycobacterium leprae'' and ''M.lepraemurium'' cause human, feline/murine leprosy respectively<br /> *Atypical mycobacteriosis is a localized opportunistic skin and subcutaneous infection caused by saprophytic and rapidly growing atypical mycobacteria<br /> *Granulomatous lesions in [[Muscles Inflammatory - Pathology#Tuberculosis|muscle]] and [[Bacterial skin infections - Pathology#Bacterial granulomatous dermatitis|skin]]<br /> *Skin tuberculosis of cattle causes nodules along the lymphatics of the limbs<br /> *Bovine farcy is thought to be caused by ''M. senegalense'' and ''M. farcinogenes''<br /> *Saprophytic mycobacteria cause granulomatous lesions<br /> <br /> ===Characteristics===<br /> <br /> *Aerobic, weakly Gram-positive acid-fast rods<br /> *Non-motile, non-spore forming<br /> *Cell walls contain mycolic acid<br /> *Require egg-based media for growth<br /> *Slow-growing colonies<br /> *Resistant to disinfectants and environmental conditions; susceptible to pasteurisation<br /> *Mycobacteria stain with carbol dyes and resist subsequent decolorization with inorganic acids; this characteristic which is due to the spatial arrangement of mycolic acids within the cell wall makes them acid fast<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Identification===<br /> <br /> *Identified by Ziehl-Neelson staining<br /> *Differentiated by culture, biochemical tests, chromatography and molecular techniques<br /> *Pathogenic species require at least three weeks for growth on egg-based media<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Bovine tuberculosis===<br /> <br /> *Epidemiology<br /> **World-wide disease caused by ''M. bovis''<br /> **Aerosol transmission between cattle kept in close contact<br /> **Transmission to calves via ingestion od contaminated milk<br /> **Wildlife reservoirs include badgers and possibly deer in the Europe<br /> <br /> *Pathogenesis and pathogenicity<br /> **The ability of mycobacteria to survive and multiply within macrophages determines whether disease will occur within the host <br /> **Survival and multiplication in macrophages at primary site of infection due to prevention of phagosome-lysosome fusion<br /> **Mycobacteria utilize several virulence factors including cord factor or trehalose dimycolate, surface glycolipid, sulfatides, lipoarabinomannan, heteropolysaccharide, heat shock protein, complement, and tubuloprotein <br /> **The types of immune responses that are critical in responding to mycobacterial infection are cell-mediated immunity and the delayed hypersensitivity response<br /> **Pathogenicity of mycobacteria depends on their ability to escape phagocytic killing, mostly imparted by the cell wall consitiutents:<br /> ***Cord factor (trehalose dimycolate) – surface glycolipid responsible for serpentine growth in vitro <br /> ***Suphatides – surface glycolipid containing sulphur which prevents fusion of phagosome with lysosome. cAMP secreted by the bacteria may also facilitate this. <br /> ***LAM – heteropolysaccharide which inhibits macrophage activation by IFNγ and induces macrophages to secrete TNFα which induces fever and IL-10 which suppresses mycobacteria-induced T cell proliferation<br /> ***The wax of the cell wall, peptidoglycans and other glycolipids are responsible for the adjuvant activity – attracts antigen presenting cells<br /> ***Tubuloprotein – important antigen; purified tubuloprotein is the basis of the tuberculin test<br /> **Mycobacteria are released from macrophages and also migrate within macrophages around the body<br /> **Waxy cell wall contributes to the host immune response to the mycobacteria and the development of lesions<br /> **Cell-mediated immune response with activated macrophages and sensitised T cells<br /> **Delayed-type hypersensitivity response with granuloma formation<br /> **Lesions contain macrophages, multinucleate giant cells and later a central area of caseous necrosis, giving a cheesy appearance<br /> <br /> *Clinical signs<br /> **Initially asymptomatic<br /> **Loss of condition<br /> **Cough and intermittent pyrexia with lung pathology<br /> **Tuberculous mastitis with transmission via milk<br /> <br /> *Diagnosis<br /> **Tuberculin test - comparative intradermal test<br /> **Avian and bovine tuberculin (purified protein derivative) is injected intradermally into two different clipped sites on the side of the neck<br /> **Skin thickness at these sites is compared before and 72 hours after the injection of tuberculin with calipers<br /> **Increases in skin thickness at the bovine PPD site of more than 4cm greater than the avian PPD site are seen as positive (reactor)<br /> **Blood tests including the gamma interferon assay are being developed<br /> **Laboratory examination of lesions, lymph nodes and milk<br /> **Ziehl-Neelson staining of tissues<br /> **Isolation requires Lowenstein-Jensen medium<br /> <br /> *Control<br /> **Eradication programs using a test and slaughter policy<br /> **Reactors positive to the tuberculin test are slaughtered and restrictions applied to the affected herd <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Avian tuberculosis===<br /> <br /> *Caused by members of the ''M avium'' complex<br /> *Depression, loss of condition and lameness in affected birds<br /> *Granulomatous lesions in liver, spleen, bone marrow and intestines<br /> *Diagnosis by Ziehl-Neelson staining of smears and post-mortem appearance<br /> *Tuberculin testing of poultry <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Feline leprosy===<br /> <br /> *Caused by ''M. lepraemurium''<br /> *Sporadic infections of cats via bites from infected rodents<br /> *Subcutaneous nodules form usually on the head or limbs and can ulcerate<br /> *Smears reveal Ziehl-Neelson-positive rods<br /> *Diagnosis by histopathology<br /> *Treatment includes excision of lesions<br /> <br /> <br /> ===[[Intestines Proliferative Enteritis - Pathology#Paratuberculosis (Johnes disease)|Johne's Disease (paratuberculosis)]]===<br /> <br /> *[[Intestines Proliferative Enteritis - Pathology#Paratuberculosis (Johnes disease)|Johne's Disease]] is a chronic, contagious enteritis of ruminants<br /> *Caused by ''M avium'' subsp. ''paratuberculosis''<br /> <br /> *Epidemiology<br /> **Transmitted to young calves by ingestion of mycobacteria in faeces of infected adults<br /> **Organisms viable in environment for long periods<br /> **Long incubation period with clinical signs appearing in cattle over 2 years of age<br /> **Subclinical carriers can occur, shedding organisms in their faeces<br /> <br /> *Pathogenesis and pathogenicity<br /> **''M avium'' subsp. ''paratuberculosis'' is an intracellular pathogen<br /> **Mycobacteria are ingested by macrophages in the Peyer's patches<br /> **Survival and replication of mycobacteria in macrophages initiate an immune-mediated granulomatous reaction<br /> **Lymphocytes and macrophages accumulate in the lamina propria and submucosa, resulting in marked thickening and folding of the intestinal wall<br /> **Mesenteric lymph nodes are enlarged<br /> **A protein-losing enteropathy results, along with failure to absorb nutrients and water<br /> <br /> *Clinical signs<br /> **Diarrhoea, initially intermittent, and weight loss in cattle<br /> **Weight loss in sheep and goats<br /> **Rapidly fatal with weight loss and diarrhoea in some deer<br /> <br /> *Diagnosis<br /> **All diagnostic procedures have faults but include:<br /> **Microscopy of rectal biopsies<br /> **Faecal culture<br /> **Serology of serum including complement fixation tests, agar-gel immunodiffusion test and an ELISA<br /> **Histopathology of intestines and lymph nodes<br /> **Isolation and identification of mycobacteria from faeces and tissues<br /> **Ziehl-Neelson-positive smears<br /> **Intradermal tuberculin test<br /> **DNA probes for detection in faeces<br /> <br /> *Control<br /> **Slaughter of affected animals<br /> **Detection and slaughter of subclinical shedders using faecal culture, DNA probes and ELISA<br /> **Good hygiene to protect young calves<br /> **Separation and isolation of calves from affected dams<br /> **Inactivated adjuvanted vaccines are available and reduce shedding of mycobacteria but do not eliminate infection</div>

Flawrence https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Mycobacteria_spp.&diff=42225 2008-12-29T20:07:53Z

<p>Flawrence: </p> <hr /> <div>{{review}}<br /> <br /> {{toplink<br /> |backcolour =<br /> |linkpage =Bacteria<br /> |linktext =BACTERIA<br /> |pagetype=Bugs<br /> }}<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Overview===<br /> <br /> *Mycobacterial infections are caused by bacteria belonging to the family Mycobacteriaceae, order Actinomycetales <br /> *Includes obligate pathogens, opportunistic pathogens and saprophytes<br /> *Cause chronic, progressive, granulomatous infections<br /> *Cause tuberculosis, [[Intestines Proliferative Enteritis - Pathology#Paratuberculosis (Johnes disease)|Johne's disease]] and feline leprosy<br /> *''M. bovis'', ''M. tuberculosis'' and ''M. avium'' cause [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Tuberculosis|tuberculosis of cattle]], [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Tuberculosis in pigs|tuberculosis of pigs]] and [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Tuberculosis in dogs|tuberculosis of dogs]] respectively<br /> *The 'classical' tuberculosis lesions are caused by the [[Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex]]<br /> *The Johne's type lesions are caused by the [[Mycobacterium avium complex]]<br /> *Environmental species are found in soil, vegetation and water<br /> *''Mycobacterium leprae'' and ''M.lepraemurium'' cause human, feline and murine leprosy<br /> *Atypical mycobacteriosis is a localized opportunistic skin and subcutaneous infection caused by saprophytic and rapidly growing atypical mycobacteria<br /> *Granulomatous lesions in [[Muscles Inflammatory - Pathology#Tuberculosis|muscle]] and [[Bacterial skin infections - Pathology#Bacterial granulomatous dermatitis|skin]]<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Characteristics===<br /> <br /> *Aerobic, weakly Gram-positive acid-fast rods<br /> *Non-motile, non-spore forming<br /> *Cell walls contain mycolic acid<br /> *Require egg-based media for growth<br /> *Slow-growing colonies<br /> *Resistant to disinfectants and environmental conditions; susceptible to pasteurisation<br /> *Mycobacteria stain with carbol dyes and resist subsequent decolorization with inorganic acids; this characteristic which is due to the spatial arrangement of mycolic acids within the cell wall makes them acid fast<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Identification===<br /> <br /> *Identified by Ziehl-Neelson staining<br /> *Differentiated by culture, biochemical tests, chromatography and molecular techniques<br /> *Pathogenic species require at least three weeks for growth on egg-based media<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Bovine tuberculosis===<br /> <br /> *Epidemiology<br /> **World-wide disease caused by ''M. bovis''<br /> **Aerosol transmission between cattle kept in close contact<br /> **Transmission to calves via ingestion od contaminated milk<br /> **Wildlife reservoirs include badgers and possibly deer in the Europe<br /> <br /> *Pathogenesis and pathogenicity<br /> **The ability of mycobacteria to survive and multiply within macrophages determines whether disease will occur within the host <br /> **Survival and multiplication in macrophages at primary site of infection due to prevention of phagosome-lysosome fusion<br /> **Mycobacteria utilize several virulence factors including cord factor or trehalose dimycolate, surface glycolipid, sulfatides, lipoarabinomannan, heteropolysaccharide, heat shock protein, complement, and tubuloprotein <br /> **The types of immune responses that are critical in responding to mycobacterial infection are cell-mediated immunity and the delayed hypersensitivity response<br /> **Pathogenicity of mycobacteria depends on their ability to escape phagocytic killing, mostly imparted by the cell wall consitiutents:<br /> ***Cord factor (trehalose dimycolate) – surface glycolipid responsible for serpentine growth in vitro <br /> ***Suphatides – surface glycolipid containing sulphur which prevents fusion of phagosome with lysosome. cAMP secreted by the bacteria may also facilitate this. <br /> ***LAM – heteropolysaccharide which inhibits macrophage activation by IFNγ and induces macrophages to secrete TNFα which induces fever and IL-10 which suppresses mycobacteria-induced T cell proliferation<br /> ***The wax of the cell wall, peptidoglycans and other glycolipids are responsible for the adjuvant activity – attracts antigen presenting cells<br /> ***Tubuloprotein – important antigen; purified tubuloprotein is the basis of the tuberculin test<br /> **Mycobacteria are released from macrophages and also migrate within macrophages around the body<br /> **Waxy cell wall contributes to the host immune response to the mycobacteria and the development of lesions<br /> **Cell-mediated immune response with activated macrophages and sensitised T cells<br /> **Delayed-type hypersensitivity response with granuloma formation<br /> **Lesions contain macrophages, multinucleate giant cells and later a central area of caseous necrosis, giving a cheesy appearance<br /> <br /> *Clinical signs<br /> **Initially asymptomatic<br /> **Loss of condition<br /> **Cough and intermittent pyrexia with lung pathology<br /> **Tuberculous mastitis with transmission via milk<br /> <br /> *Diagnosis<br /> **Tuberculin test - comparative intradermal test<br /> **Avian and bovine tuberculin (purified protein derivative) is injected intradermally into two different clipped sites on the side of the neck<br /> **Skin thickness at these sites is compared before and 72 hours after the injection of tuberculin with calipers<br /> **Increases in skin thickness at the bovine PPD site of more than 4cm greater than the avian PPD site are seen as positive (reactor)<br /> **Blood tests including the gamma interferon assay are being developed<br /> **Laboratory examination of lesions, lymph nodes and milk<br /> **Ziehl-Neelson staining of tissues<br /> **Isolation requires Lowenstein-Jensen medium<br /> <br /> *Control<br /> **Eradication programs using a test and slaughter policy<br /> **Reactors positive to the tuberculin test are slaughtered and restrictions applied to the affected herd <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Avian tuberculosis===<br /> <br /> *Caused by members of the ''M avium'' complex<br /> *Depression, loss of condition and lameness in affected birds<br /> *Granulomatous lesions in liver, spleen, bone marrow and intestines<br /> *Diagnosis by Ziehl-Neelson staining of smears and post-mortem appearance<br /> *Tuberculin testing of poultry <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Feline leprosy===<br /> <br /> *Caused by ''M. lepraemurium''<br /> *Sporadic infections of cats via bites from infected rodents<br /> *Subcutaneous nodules form usually on the head or limbs and can ulcerate<br /> *Smears reveal Ziehl-Neelson-positive rods<br /> *Diagnosis by histopathology<br /> *Treatment includes excision of lesions<br /> <br /> <br /> ===[[Intestines Proliferative Enteritis - Pathology#Paratuberculosis (Johnes disease)|Johne's Disease (paratuberculosis)]]===<br /> <br /> *[[Intestines Proliferative Enteritis - Pathology#Paratuberculosis (Johnes disease)|Johne's Disease]] is a chronic, contagious enteritis of ruminants<br /> *Caused by ''M avium'' subsp. ''paratuberculosis''<br /> <br /> *Epidemiology<br /> **Transmitted to young calves by ingestion of mycobacteria in faeces of infected adults<br /> **Organisms viable in environment for long periods<br /> **Long incubation period with clinical signs appearing in cattle over 2 years of age<br /> **Subclinical carriers can occur, shedding organisms in their faeces<br /> <br /> *Pathogenesis and pathogenicity<br /> **''M avium'' subsp. ''paratuberculosis'' is an intracellular pathogen<br /> **Mycobacteria are ingested by macrophages in the Peyer's patches<br /> **Survival and replication of mycobacteria in macrophages initiate an immune-mediated granulomatous reaction<br /> **Lymphocytes and macrophages accumulate in the lamina propria and submucosa, resulting in marked thickening and folding of the intestinal wall<br /> **Mesenteric lymph nodes are enlarged<br /> **A protein-losing enteropathy results, along with failure to absorb nutrients and water<br /> <br /> *Clinical signs<br /> **Diarrhoea, initially intermittent, and weight loss in cattle<br /> **Weight loss in sheep and goats<br /> **Rapidly fatal with weight loss and diarrhoea in some deer<br /> <br /> *Diagnosis<br /> **All diagnostic procedures have faults but include:<br /> **Microscopy of rectal biopsies<br /> **Faecal culture<br /> **Serology of serum including complement fixation tests, agar-gel immunodiffusion test and an ELISA<br /> **Histopathology of intestines and lymph nodes<br /> **Isolation and identification of mycobacteria from faeces and tissues<br /> **Ziehl-Neelson-positive smears<br /> **Intradermal tuberculin test<br /> **DNA probes for detection in faeces<br /> <br /> *Control<br /> **Slaughter of affected animals<br /> **Detection and slaughter of subclinical shedders using faecal culture, DNA probes and ELISA<br /> **Good hygiene to protect young calves<br /> **Separation and isolation of calves from affected dams<br /> **Inactivated adjuvanted vaccines are available and reduce shedding of mycobacteria but do not eliminate infection</div>

Flawrence https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Mycobacteria_spp.&diff=42224 2008-12-29T20:07:32Z

<p>Flawrence: /* Overview */</p> <hr /> <div>{{review}}<br /> <br /> {{toplink<br /> |backcolour =<br /> |linkpage =Bacteria<br /> |linktext =BACTERIA<br /> |pagetype=Bugs<br /> }}<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Overview===<br /> <br /> *Mycobacterial infections are caused by bacteria belonging to the family Mycobacteriaceae, order Actinomycetales <br /> *Includes obligate pathogens, opportunistic pathogens and saprophytes<br /> *Cause chronic, progressive, granulomatous infections<br /> *Cause tuberculosis, [[Intestines Proliferative Enteritis - Pathology#Paratuberculosis (Johnes disease)|Johne's disease]] and feline leprosy<br /> *''M. bovis'', ''M. tuberculosis'' and ''M. avium'' cause [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Tuberculosis|tuberculosis of cattle]], [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Tuberculosis in pigs|tuberculosis of pigs]] and [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Tuberculosis in dogs|tuberculosis of dogs]] respectively<br /> *The 'classical' tuberculosis lesions are caused by the [[Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex]]<br /> *The Johne's type lesions are caused by the [[Mycobacterium avium complex]]<br /> *Environmental species are found in soil, vegetation and water<br /> *''Mycobacterium leprae'' and ''M.lepraemurium'' cause human, feline and murine leprosy<br /> *Atypical mycobacteriosis is a localized opportunistic skin and subcutaneous infection caused by saprophytic and rapidly growing atypical mycobacteria<br /> *Granulomatous lesions in [[Muscles Inflammatory - Pathology#Tuberculosis|muscle]] and [[Bacterial skin infections - Pathology#Bacterial granulomatous dermatitis|skin]]<br /> <br /> ===Characteristics===<br /> <br /> *Aerobic, weakly Gram-positive acid-fast rods<br /> *Non-motile, non-spore forming<br /> *Cell walls contain mycolic acid<br /> *Require egg-based media for growth<br /> *Slow-growing colonies<br /> *Resistant to disinfectants and environmental conditions; susceptible to pasteurisation<br /> *Mycobacteria stain with carbol dyes and resist subsequent decolorization with inorganic acids; this characteristic which is due to the spatial arrangement of mycolic acids within the cell wall makes them acid fast<br /> <br /> ===Identification===<br /> <br /> *Identified by Ziehl-Neelson staining<br /> *Differentiated by culture, biochemical tests, chromatography and molecular techniques<br /> *Pathogenic species require at least three weeks for growth on egg-based media<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Bovine tuberculosis===<br /> <br /> *Epidemiology<br /> **World-wide disease caused by ''M. bovis''<br /> **Aerosol transmission between cattle kept in close contact<br /> **Transmission to calves via ingestion od contaminated milk<br /> **Wildlife reservoirs include badgers and possibly deer in the Europe<br /> <br /> *Pathogenesis and pathogenicity<br /> **The ability of mycobacteria to survive and multiply within macrophages determines whether disease will occur within the host <br /> **Survival and multiplication in macrophages at primary site of infection due to prevention of phagosome-lysosome fusion<br /> **Mycobacteria utilize several virulence factors including cord factor or trehalose dimycolate, surface glycolipid, sulfatides, lipoarabinomannan, heteropolysaccharide, heat shock protein, complement, and tubuloprotein <br /> **The types of immune responses that are critical in responding to mycobacterial infection are cell-mediated immunity and the delayed hypersensitivity response<br /> **Pathogenicity of mycobacteria depends on their ability to escape phagocytic killing, mostly imparted by the cell wall consitiutents:<br /> ***Cord factor (trehalose dimycolate) – surface glycolipid responsible for serpentine growth in vitro <br /> ***Suphatides – surface glycolipid containing sulphur which prevents fusion of phagosome with lysosome. cAMP secreted by the bacteria may also facilitate this. <br /> ***LAM – heteropolysaccharide which inhibits macrophage activation by IFNγ and induces macrophages to secrete TNFα which induces fever and IL-10 which suppresses mycobacteria-induced T cell proliferation<br /> ***The wax of the cell wall, peptidoglycans and other glycolipids are responsible for the adjuvant activity – attracts antigen presenting cells<br /> ***Tubuloprotein – important antigen; purified tubuloprotein is the basis of the tuberculin test<br /> **Mycobacteria are released from macrophages and also migrate within macrophages around the body<br /> **Waxy cell wall contributes to the host immune response to the mycobacteria and the development of lesions<br /> **Cell-mediated immune response with activated macrophages and sensitised T cells<br /> **Delayed-type hypersensitivity response with granuloma formation<br /> **Lesions contain macrophages, multinucleate giant cells and later a central area of caseous necrosis, giving a cheesy appearance<br /> <br /> *Clinical signs<br /> **Initially asymptomatic<br /> **Loss of condition<br /> **Cough and intermittent pyrexia with lung pathology<br /> **Tuberculous mastitis with transmission via milk<br /> <br /> *Diagnosis<br /> **Tuberculin test - comparative intradermal test<br /> **Avian and bovine tuberculin (purified protein derivative) is injected intradermally into two different clipped sites on the side of the neck<br /> **Skin thickness at these sites is compared before and 72 hours after the injection of tuberculin with calipers<br /> **Increases in skin thickness at the bovine PPD site of more than 4cm greater than the avian PPD site are seen as positive (reactor)<br /> **Blood tests including the gamma interferon assay are being developed<br /> **Laboratory examination of lesions, lymph nodes and milk<br /> **Ziehl-Neelson staining of tissues<br /> **Isolation requires Lowenstein-Jensen medium<br /> <br /> *Control<br /> **Eradication programs using a test and slaughter policy<br /> **Reactors positive to the tuberculin test are slaughtered and restrictions applied to the affected herd <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Avian tuberculosis===<br /> <br /> *Caused by members of the ''M avium'' complex<br /> *Depression, loss of condition and lameness in affected birds<br /> *Granulomatous lesions in liver, spleen, bone marrow and intestines<br /> *Diagnosis by Ziehl-Neelson staining of smears and post-mortem appearance<br /> *Tuberculin testing of poultry <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Feline leprosy===<br /> <br /> *Caused by ''M. lepraemurium''<br /> *Sporadic infections of cats via bites from infected rodents<br /> *Subcutaneous nodules form usually on the head or limbs and can ulcerate<br /> *Smears reveal Ziehl-Neelson-positive rods<br /> *Diagnosis by histopathology<br /> *Treatment includes excision of lesions<br /> <br /> <br /> ===[[Intestines Proliferative Enteritis - Pathology#Paratuberculosis (Johnes disease)|Johne's Disease (paratuberculosis)]]===<br /> <br /> *[[Intestines Proliferative Enteritis - Pathology#Paratuberculosis (Johnes disease)|Johne's Disease]] is a chronic, contagious enteritis of ruminants<br /> *Caused by ''M avium'' subsp. ''paratuberculosis''<br /> <br /> *Epidemiology<br /> **Transmitted to young calves by ingestion of mycobacteria in faeces of infected adults<br /> **Organisms viable in environment for long periods<br /> **Long incubation period with clinical signs appearing in cattle over 2 years of age<br /> **Subclinical carriers can occur, shedding organisms in their faeces<br /> <br /> *Pathogenesis and pathogenicity<br /> **''M avium'' subsp. ''paratuberculosis'' is an intracellular pathogen<br /> **Mycobacteria are ingested by macrophages in the Peyer's patches<br /> **Survival and replication of mycobacteria in macrophages initiate an immune-mediated granulomatous reaction<br /> **Lymphocytes and macrophages accumulate in the lamina propria and submucosa, resulting in marked thickening and folding of the intestinal wall<br /> **Mesenteric lymph nodes are enlarged<br /> **A protein-losing enteropathy results, along with failure to absorb nutrients and water<br /> <br /> *Clinical signs<br /> **Diarrhoea, initially intermittent, and weight loss in cattle<br /> **Weight loss in sheep and goats<br /> **Rapidly fatal with weight loss and diarrhoea in some deer<br /> <br /> *Diagnosis<br /> **All diagnostic procedures have faults but include:<br /> **Microscopy of rectal biopsies<br /> **Faecal culture<br /> **Serology of serum including complement fixation tests, agar-gel immunodiffusion test and an ELISA<br /> **Histopathology of intestines and lymph nodes<br /> **Isolation and identification of mycobacteria from faeces and tissues<br /> **Ziehl-Neelson-positive smears<br /> **Intradermal tuberculin test<br /> **DNA probes for detection in faeces<br /> <br /> *Control<br /> **Slaughter of affected animals<br /> **Detection and slaughter of subclinical shedders using faecal culture, DNA probes and ELISA<br /> **Good hygiene to protect young calves<br /> **Separation and isolation of calves from affected dams<br /> **Inactivated adjuvanted vaccines are available and reduce shedding of mycobacteria but do not eliminate infection</div>

Flawrence https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Mycobacteria_spp.&diff=42223 2008-12-29T20:07:18Z

<p>Flawrence: /* Characteristics */</p> <hr /> <div>{{review}}<br /> <br /> {{toplink<br /> |backcolour =<br /> |linkpage =Bacteria<br /> |linktext =BACTERIA<br /> |pagetype=Bugs<br /> }}<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Overview===<br /> <br /> *Mycobacterial infections are caused by bacteria belonging to the family Mycobacteriaceae, order Actinomycetales <br /> *Includes obligate pathogens, opportunistic pathogens and saprophytes<br /> *Cause chronic, progressive, granulomatous infections<br /> *Cause tuberculosis, [[Intestines Proliferative Enteritis - Pathology#Paratuberculosis (Johnes disease)|Johne's disease]] and feline leprosy<br /> *''M. bovis'', ''M. tuberculosis'' and ''M. avium'' cause [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Tuberculosis|tuberculosis of cattle]], [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Tuberculosis in pigs|tuberculosis of pigs]] and [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Tuberculosis in dogs|tuberculosis of dogs]] respectively<br /> *The 'classical' tuberculosis lesions are caused by the [[Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex]]<br /> *The Johne's type lesions are caused by the [[Mycobacterium avium complex]]<br /> *Environmental species are found in soil, vegetation and water<br /> *''Mycobacterium leprae'' and ''M.lepraemurium'' cause human, feline and murine leprosy<br /> *Atypical mycobacteriosis is a localized opportunistic skin and subcutaneous infection caused by saprophytic and rapidly growing atypical mycobacteria<br /> *Granulomatous lesions in [[Muscles Inflammatory - Pathology#Tuberculosis|muscle]] and[[Bacterial skin infections - Pathology#Bacterial granulomatous dermatitis|skin]]<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Characteristics===<br /> <br /> *Aerobic, weakly Gram-positive acid-fast rods<br /> *Non-motile, non-spore forming<br /> *Cell walls contain mycolic acid<br /> *Require egg-based media for growth<br /> *Slow-growing colonies<br /> *Resistant to disinfectants and environmental conditions; susceptible to pasteurisation<br /> *Mycobacteria stain with carbol dyes and resist subsequent decolorization with inorganic acids; this characteristic which is due to the spatial arrangement of mycolic acids within the cell wall makes them acid fast<br /> <br /> ===Identification===<br /> <br /> *Identified by Ziehl-Neelson staining<br /> *Differentiated by culture, biochemical tests, chromatography and molecular techniques<br /> *Pathogenic species require at least three weeks for growth on egg-based media<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Bovine tuberculosis===<br /> <br /> *Epidemiology<br /> **World-wide disease caused by ''M. bovis''<br /> **Aerosol transmission between cattle kept in close contact<br /> **Transmission to calves via ingestion od contaminated milk<br /> **Wildlife reservoirs include badgers and possibly deer in the Europe<br /> <br /> *Pathogenesis and pathogenicity<br /> **The ability of mycobacteria to survive and multiply within macrophages determines whether disease will occur within the host <br /> **Survival and multiplication in macrophages at primary site of infection due to prevention of phagosome-lysosome fusion<br /> **Mycobacteria utilize several virulence factors including cord factor or trehalose dimycolate, surface glycolipid, sulfatides, lipoarabinomannan, heteropolysaccharide, heat shock protein, complement, and tubuloprotein <br /> **The types of immune responses that are critical in responding to mycobacterial infection are cell-mediated immunity and the delayed hypersensitivity response<br /> **Pathogenicity of mycobacteria depends on their ability to escape phagocytic killing, mostly imparted by the cell wall consitiutents:<br /> ***Cord factor (trehalose dimycolate) – surface glycolipid responsible for serpentine growth in vitro <br /> ***Suphatides – surface glycolipid containing sulphur which prevents fusion of phagosome with lysosome. cAMP secreted by the bacteria may also facilitate this. <br /> ***LAM – heteropolysaccharide which inhibits macrophage activation by IFNγ and induces macrophages to secrete TNFα which induces fever and IL-10 which suppresses mycobacteria-induced T cell proliferation<br /> ***The wax of the cell wall, peptidoglycans and other glycolipids are responsible for the adjuvant activity – attracts antigen presenting cells<br /> ***Tubuloprotein – important antigen; purified tubuloprotein is the basis of the tuberculin test<br /> **Mycobacteria are released from macrophages and also migrate within macrophages around the body<br /> **Waxy cell wall contributes to the host immune response to the mycobacteria and the development of lesions<br /> **Cell-mediated immune response with activated macrophages and sensitised T cells<br /> **Delayed-type hypersensitivity response with granuloma formation<br /> **Lesions contain macrophages, multinucleate giant cells and later a central area of caseous necrosis, giving a cheesy appearance<br /> <br /> *Clinical signs<br /> **Initially asymptomatic<br /> **Loss of condition<br /> **Cough and intermittent pyrexia with lung pathology<br /> **Tuberculous mastitis with transmission via milk<br /> <br /> *Diagnosis<br /> **Tuberculin test - comparative intradermal test<br /> **Avian and bovine tuberculin (purified protein derivative) is injected intradermally into two different clipped sites on the side of the neck<br /> **Skin thickness at these sites is compared before and 72 hours after the injection of tuberculin with calipers<br /> **Increases in skin thickness at the bovine PPD site of more than 4cm greater than the avian PPD site are seen as positive (reactor)<br /> **Blood tests including the gamma interferon assay are being developed<br /> **Laboratory examination of lesions, lymph nodes and milk<br /> **Ziehl-Neelson staining of tissues<br /> **Isolation requires Lowenstein-Jensen medium<br /> <br /> *Control<br /> **Eradication programs using a test and slaughter policy<br /> **Reactors positive to the tuberculin test are slaughtered and restrictions applied to the affected herd <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Avian tuberculosis===<br /> <br /> *Caused by members of the ''M avium'' complex<br /> *Depression, loss of condition and lameness in affected birds<br /> *Granulomatous lesions in liver, spleen, bone marrow and intestines<br /> *Diagnosis by Ziehl-Neelson staining of smears and post-mortem appearance<br /> *Tuberculin testing of poultry <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Feline leprosy===<br /> <br /> *Caused by ''M. lepraemurium''<br /> *Sporadic infections of cats via bites from infected rodents<br /> *Subcutaneous nodules form usually on the head or limbs and can ulcerate<br /> *Smears reveal Ziehl-Neelson-positive rods<br /> *Diagnosis by histopathology<br /> *Treatment includes excision of lesions<br /> <br /> <br /> ===[[Intestines Proliferative Enteritis - Pathology#Paratuberculosis (Johnes disease)|Johne's Disease (paratuberculosis)]]===<br /> <br /> *[[Intestines Proliferative Enteritis - Pathology#Paratuberculosis (Johnes disease)|Johne's Disease]] is a chronic, contagious enteritis of ruminants<br /> *Caused by ''M avium'' subsp. ''paratuberculosis''<br /> <br /> *Epidemiology<br /> **Transmitted to young calves by ingestion of mycobacteria in faeces of infected adults<br /> **Organisms viable in environment for long periods<br /> **Long incubation period with clinical signs appearing in cattle over 2 years of age<br /> **Subclinical carriers can occur, shedding organisms in their faeces<br /> <br /> *Pathogenesis and pathogenicity<br /> **''M avium'' subsp. ''paratuberculosis'' is an intracellular pathogen<br /> **Mycobacteria are ingested by macrophages in the Peyer's patches<br /> **Survival and replication of mycobacteria in macrophages initiate an immune-mediated granulomatous reaction<br /> **Lymphocytes and macrophages accumulate in the lamina propria and submucosa, resulting in marked thickening and folding of the intestinal wall<br /> **Mesenteric lymph nodes are enlarged<br /> **A protein-losing enteropathy results, along with failure to absorb nutrients and water<br /> <br /> *Clinical signs<br /> **Diarrhoea, initially intermittent, and weight loss in cattle<br /> **Weight loss in sheep and goats<br /> **Rapidly fatal with weight loss and diarrhoea in some deer<br /> <br /> *Diagnosis<br /> **All diagnostic procedures have faults but include:<br /> **Microscopy of rectal biopsies<br /> **Faecal culture<br /> **Serology of serum including complement fixation tests, agar-gel immunodiffusion test and an ELISA<br /> **Histopathology of intestines and lymph nodes<br /> **Isolation and identification of mycobacteria from faeces and tissues<br /> **Ziehl-Neelson-positive smears<br /> **Intradermal tuberculin test<br /> **DNA probes for detection in faeces<br /> <br /> *Control<br /> **Slaughter of affected animals<br /> **Detection and slaughter of subclinical shedders using faecal culture, DNA probes and ELISA<br /> **Good hygiene to protect young calves<br /> **Separation and isolation of calves from affected dams<br /> **Inactivated adjuvanted vaccines are available and reduce shedding of mycobacteria but do not eliminate infection</div>

Flawrence https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Mycobacteria_spp.&diff=42222 2008-12-29T20:06:43Z

<p>Flawrence: /* Overview */</p> <hr /> <div>{{review}}<br /> <br /> {{toplink<br /> |backcolour =<br /> |linkpage =Bacteria<br /> |linktext =BACTERIA<br /> |pagetype=Bugs<br /> }}<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Overview===<br /> <br /> *Mycobacterial infections are caused by bacteria belonging to the family Mycobacteriaceae, order Actinomycetales <br /> *Includes obligate pathogens, opportunistic pathogens and saprophytes<br /> *Cause chronic, progressive, granulomatous infections<br /> *Cause tuberculosis, [[Intestines Proliferative Enteritis - Pathology#Paratuberculosis (Johnes disease)|Johne's disease]] and feline leprosy<br /> *''M. bovis'', ''M. tuberculosis'' and ''M. avium'' cause [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Tuberculosis|tuberculosis of cattle]], [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Tuberculosis in pigs|tuberculosis of pigs]] and [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Tuberculosis in dogs|tuberculosis of dogs]] respectively<br /> *The 'classical' tuberculosis lesions are caused by the [[Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex]]<br /> *The Johne's type lesions are caused by the [[Mycobacterium avium complex]]<br /> *Environmental species are found in soil, vegetation and water<br /> *''Mycobacterium leprae'' and ''M.lepraemurium'' cause human, feline and murine leprosy<br /> *Atypical mycobacteriosis is a localized opportunistic skin and subcutaneous infection caused by saprophytic and rapidly growing atypical mycobacteria<br /> *Granulomatous lesions in [[Muscles Inflammatory - Pathology#Tuberculosis|muscle]] and[[Bacterial skin infections - Pathology#Bacterial granulomatous dermatitis|skin]]<br /> <br /> ===Characteristics===<br /> <br /> *Aerobic, weakly Gram-positive acid-fast rods<br /> *Non-motile, non-spore forming<br /> *Cell walls contain mycolic acid<br /> *Require egg-based media for growth<br /> *Slow-growing colonies<br /> *Resistant to disinfectants and environmental conditions; susceptible to pasteurisation<br /> *Mycobacteria stain with carbol dyes and resist subsequent decolorization with inorganic acids; this characteristic which is due to the spatial arrangement of mycolic acids within the cell wall makes them acid fast<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Identification===<br /> <br /> *Identified by Ziehl-Neelson staining<br /> *Differentiated by culture, biochemical tests, chromatography and molecular techniques<br /> *Pathogenic species require at least three weeks for growth on egg-based media<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Bovine tuberculosis===<br /> <br /> *Epidemiology<br /> **World-wide disease caused by ''M. bovis''<br /> **Aerosol transmission between cattle kept in close contact<br /> **Transmission to calves via ingestion od contaminated milk<br /> **Wildlife reservoirs include badgers and possibly deer in the Europe<br /> <br /> *Pathogenesis and pathogenicity<br /> **The ability of mycobacteria to survive and multiply within macrophages determines whether disease will occur within the host <br /> **Survival and multiplication in macrophages at primary site of infection due to prevention of phagosome-lysosome fusion<br /> **Mycobacteria utilize several virulence factors including cord factor or trehalose dimycolate, surface glycolipid, sulfatides, lipoarabinomannan, heteropolysaccharide, heat shock protein, complement, and tubuloprotein <br /> **The types of immune responses that are critical in responding to mycobacterial infection are cell-mediated immunity and the delayed hypersensitivity response<br /> **Pathogenicity of mycobacteria depends on their ability to escape phagocytic killing, mostly imparted by the cell wall consitiutents:<br /> ***Cord factor (trehalose dimycolate) – surface glycolipid responsible for serpentine growth in vitro <br /> ***Suphatides – surface glycolipid containing sulphur which prevents fusion of phagosome with lysosome. cAMP secreted by the bacteria may also facilitate this. <br /> ***LAM – heteropolysaccharide which inhibits macrophage activation by IFNγ and induces macrophages to secrete TNFα which induces fever and IL-10 which suppresses mycobacteria-induced T cell proliferation<br /> ***The wax of the cell wall, peptidoglycans and other glycolipids are responsible for the adjuvant activity – attracts antigen presenting cells<br /> ***Tubuloprotein – important antigen; purified tubuloprotein is the basis of the tuberculin test<br /> **Mycobacteria are released from macrophages and also migrate within macrophages around the body<br /> **Waxy cell wall contributes to the host immune response to the mycobacteria and the development of lesions<br /> **Cell-mediated immune response with activated macrophages and sensitised T cells<br /> **Delayed-type hypersensitivity response with granuloma formation<br /> **Lesions contain macrophages, multinucleate giant cells and later a central area of caseous necrosis, giving a cheesy appearance<br /> <br /> *Clinical signs<br /> **Initially asymptomatic<br /> **Loss of condition<br /> **Cough and intermittent pyrexia with lung pathology<br /> **Tuberculous mastitis with transmission via milk<br /> <br /> *Diagnosis<br /> **Tuberculin test - comparative intradermal test<br /> **Avian and bovine tuberculin (purified protein derivative) is injected intradermally into two different clipped sites on the side of the neck<br /> **Skin thickness at these sites is compared before and 72 hours after the injection of tuberculin with calipers<br /> **Increases in skin thickness at the bovine PPD site of more than 4cm greater than the avian PPD site are seen as positive (reactor)<br /> **Blood tests including the gamma interferon assay are being developed<br /> **Laboratory examination of lesions, lymph nodes and milk<br /> **Ziehl-Neelson staining of tissues<br /> **Isolation requires Lowenstein-Jensen medium<br /> <br /> *Control<br /> **Eradication programs using a test and slaughter policy<br /> **Reactors positive to the tuberculin test are slaughtered and restrictions applied to the affected herd <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Avian tuberculosis===<br /> <br /> *Caused by members of the ''M avium'' complex<br /> *Depression, loss of condition and lameness in affected birds<br /> *Granulomatous lesions in liver, spleen, bone marrow and intestines<br /> *Diagnosis by Ziehl-Neelson staining of smears and post-mortem appearance<br /> *Tuberculin testing of poultry <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Feline leprosy===<br /> <br /> *Caused by ''M. lepraemurium''<br /> *Sporadic infections of cats via bites from infected rodents<br /> *Subcutaneous nodules form usually on the head or limbs and can ulcerate<br /> *Smears reveal Ziehl-Neelson-positive rods<br /> *Diagnosis by histopathology<br /> *Treatment includes excision of lesions<br /> <br /> <br /> ===[[Intestines Proliferative Enteritis - Pathology#Paratuberculosis (Johnes disease)|Johne's Disease (paratuberculosis)]]===<br /> <br /> *[[Intestines Proliferative Enteritis - Pathology#Paratuberculosis (Johnes disease)|Johne's Disease]] is a chronic, contagious enteritis of ruminants<br /> *Caused by ''M avium'' subsp. ''paratuberculosis''<br /> <br /> *Epidemiology<br /> **Transmitted to young calves by ingestion of mycobacteria in faeces of infected adults<br /> **Organisms viable in environment for long periods<br /> **Long incubation period with clinical signs appearing in cattle over 2 years of age<br /> **Subclinical carriers can occur, shedding organisms in their faeces<br /> <br /> *Pathogenesis and pathogenicity<br /> **''M avium'' subsp. ''paratuberculosis'' is an intracellular pathogen<br /> **Mycobacteria are ingested by macrophages in the Peyer's patches<br /> **Survival and replication of mycobacteria in macrophages initiate an immune-mediated granulomatous reaction<br /> **Lymphocytes and macrophages accumulate in the lamina propria and submucosa, resulting in marked thickening and folding of the intestinal wall<br /> **Mesenteric lymph nodes are enlarged<br /> **A protein-losing enteropathy results, along with failure to absorb nutrients and water<br /> <br /> *Clinical signs<br /> **Diarrhoea, initially intermittent, and weight loss in cattle<br /> **Weight loss in sheep and goats<br /> **Rapidly fatal with weight loss and diarrhoea in some deer<br /> <br /> *Diagnosis<br /> **All diagnostic procedures have faults but include:<br /> **Microscopy of rectal biopsies<br /> **Faecal culture<br /> **Serology of serum including complement fixation tests, agar-gel immunodiffusion test and an ELISA<br /> **Histopathology of intestines and lymph nodes<br /> **Isolation and identification of mycobacteria from faeces and tissues<br /> **Ziehl-Neelson-positive smears<br /> **Intradermal tuberculin test<br /> **DNA probes for detection in faeces<br /> <br /> *Control<br /> **Slaughter of affected animals<br /> **Detection and slaughter of subclinical shedders using faecal culture, DNA probes and ELISA<br /> **Good hygiene to protect young calves<br /> **Separation and isolation of calves from affected dams<br /> **Inactivated adjuvanted vaccines are available and reduce shedding of mycobacteria but do not eliminate infection</div>

Flawrence https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Mycobacteria_spp.&diff=42221 2008-12-29T20:06:28Z

<p>Flawrence: /* Overview */</p> <hr /> <div>{{review}}<br /> <br /> {{toplink<br /> |backcolour =<br /> |linkpage =Bacteria<br /> |linktext =BACTERIA<br /> |pagetype=Bugs<br /> }}<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Overview===<br /> <br /> *Mycobacterial infections are caused by bacteria belonging to the family Mycobacteriaceae, order Actinomycetales <br /> *Includes obligate pathogens, opportunistic pathogens and saprophytes<br /> *Cause chronic, progressive, granulomatous infections<br /> *Cause tuberculosis, [[Intestines Proliferative Enteritis - Pathology#Paratuberculosis (Johnes disease)|Johne's disease]] and feline leprosy<br /> *''M. bovis'', ''M. tuberculosis'' and ''M. avium'' cause [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Tuberculosis|tuberculosis of cattle]], [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Tuberculosis in pigs|tuberculosis of pigs]] and [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Tuberculosis in dogs|tuberculosis of dogs]] respectively<br /> *The 'classical' tuberculosis lesions are caused by the [[Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex]]<br /> *The Johne's type lesions are caused by the [[Mycobacterium avium complex]]<br /> *Environmental species are found in soil, vegetation and water<br /> *[[''Mycobacterium leprae'' and ''M.lepraemurium'']] cause human, feline and murine leprosy<br /> *Atypical mycobacteriosis is a localized opportunistic skin and subcutaneous infection caused by saprophytic and rapidly growing atypical mycobacteria<br /> *Granulomatous lesions in [[Muscles Inflammatory - Pathology#Tuberculosis|muscle]] and[[Bacterial skin infections - Pathology#Bacterial granulomatous dermatitis|skin]]<br /> <br /> ===Characteristics===<br /> <br /> *Aerobic, weakly Gram-positive acid-fast rods<br /> *Non-motile, non-spore forming<br /> *Cell walls contain mycolic acid<br /> *Require egg-based media for growth<br /> *Slow-growing colonies<br /> *Resistant to disinfectants and environmental conditions; susceptible to pasteurisation<br /> *Mycobacteria stain with carbol dyes and resist subsequent decolorization with inorganic acids; this characteristic which is due to the spatial arrangement of mycolic acids within the cell wall makes them acid fast<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Identification===<br /> <br /> *Identified by Ziehl-Neelson staining<br /> *Differentiated by culture, biochemical tests, chromatography and molecular techniques<br /> *Pathogenic species require at least three weeks for growth on egg-based media<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Bovine tuberculosis===<br /> <br /> *Epidemiology<br /> **World-wide disease caused by ''M. bovis''<br /> **Aerosol transmission between cattle kept in close contact<br /> **Transmission to calves via ingestion od contaminated milk<br /> **Wildlife reservoirs include badgers and possibly deer in the Europe<br /> <br /> *Pathogenesis and pathogenicity<br /> **The ability of mycobacteria to survive and multiply within macrophages determines whether disease will occur within the host <br /> **Survival and multiplication in macrophages at primary site of infection due to prevention of phagosome-lysosome fusion<br /> **Mycobacteria utilize several virulence factors including cord factor or trehalose dimycolate, surface glycolipid, sulfatides, lipoarabinomannan, heteropolysaccharide, heat shock protein, complement, and tubuloprotein <br /> **The types of immune responses that are critical in responding to mycobacterial infection are cell-mediated immunity and the delayed hypersensitivity response<br /> **Pathogenicity of mycobacteria depends on their ability to escape phagocytic killing, mostly imparted by the cell wall consitiutents:<br /> ***Cord factor (trehalose dimycolate) – surface glycolipid responsible for serpentine growth in vitro <br /> ***Suphatides – surface glycolipid containing sulphur which prevents fusion of phagosome with lysosome. cAMP secreted by the bacteria may also facilitate this. <br /> ***LAM – heteropolysaccharide which inhibits macrophage activation by IFNγ and induces macrophages to secrete TNFα which induces fever and IL-10 which suppresses mycobacteria-induced T cell proliferation<br /> ***The wax of the cell wall, peptidoglycans and other glycolipids are responsible for the adjuvant activity – attracts antigen presenting cells<br /> ***Tubuloprotein – important antigen; purified tubuloprotein is the basis of the tuberculin test<br /> **Mycobacteria are released from macrophages and also migrate within macrophages around the body<br /> **Waxy cell wall contributes to the host immune response to the mycobacteria and the development of lesions<br /> **Cell-mediated immune response with activated macrophages and sensitised T cells<br /> **Delayed-type hypersensitivity response with granuloma formation<br /> **Lesions contain macrophages, multinucleate giant cells and later a central area of caseous necrosis, giving a cheesy appearance<br /> <br /> *Clinical signs<br /> **Initially asymptomatic<br /> **Loss of condition<br /> **Cough and intermittent pyrexia with lung pathology<br /> **Tuberculous mastitis with transmission via milk<br /> <br /> *Diagnosis<br /> **Tuberculin test - comparative intradermal test<br /> **Avian and bovine tuberculin (purified protein derivative) is injected intradermally into two different clipped sites on the side of the neck<br /> **Skin thickness at these sites is compared before and 72 hours after the injection of tuberculin with calipers<br /> **Increases in skin thickness at the bovine PPD site of more than 4cm greater than the avian PPD site are seen as positive (reactor)<br /> **Blood tests including the gamma interferon assay are being developed<br /> **Laboratory examination of lesions, lymph nodes and milk<br /> **Ziehl-Neelson staining of tissues<br /> **Isolation requires Lowenstein-Jensen medium<br /> <br /> *Control<br /> **Eradication programs using a test and slaughter policy<br /> **Reactors positive to the tuberculin test are slaughtered and restrictions applied to the affected herd <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Avian tuberculosis===<br /> <br /> *Caused by members of the ''M avium'' complex<br /> *Depression, loss of condition and lameness in affected birds<br /> *Granulomatous lesions in liver, spleen, bone marrow and intestines<br /> *Diagnosis by Ziehl-Neelson staining of smears and post-mortem appearance<br /> *Tuberculin testing of poultry <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Feline leprosy===<br /> <br /> *Caused by ''M. lepraemurium''<br /> *Sporadic infections of cats via bites from infected rodents<br /> *Subcutaneous nodules form usually on the head or limbs and can ulcerate<br /> *Smears reveal Ziehl-Neelson-positive rods<br /> *Diagnosis by histopathology<br /> *Treatment includes excision of lesions<br /> <br /> <br /> ===[[Intestines Proliferative Enteritis - Pathology#Paratuberculosis (Johnes disease)|Johne's Disease (paratuberculosis)]]===<br /> <br /> *[[Intestines Proliferative Enteritis - Pathology#Paratuberculosis (Johnes disease)|Johne's Disease]] is a chronic, contagious enteritis of ruminants<br /> *Caused by ''M avium'' subsp. ''paratuberculosis''<br /> <br /> *Epidemiology<br /> **Transmitted to young calves by ingestion of mycobacteria in faeces of infected adults<br /> **Organisms viable in environment for long periods<br /> **Long incubation period with clinical signs appearing in cattle over 2 years of age<br /> **Subclinical carriers can occur, shedding organisms in their faeces<br /> <br /> *Pathogenesis and pathogenicity<br /> **''M avium'' subsp. ''paratuberculosis'' is an intracellular pathogen<br /> **Mycobacteria are ingested by macrophages in the Peyer's patches<br /> **Survival and replication of mycobacteria in macrophages initiate an immune-mediated granulomatous reaction<br /> **Lymphocytes and macrophages accumulate in the lamina propria and submucosa, resulting in marked thickening and folding of the intestinal wall<br /> **Mesenteric lymph nodes are enlarged<br /> **A protein-losing enteropathy results, along with failure to absorb nutrients and water<br /> <br /> *Clinical signs<br /> **Diarrhoea, initially intermittent, and weight loss in cattle<br /> **Weight loss in sheep and goats<br /> **Rapidly fatal with weight loss and diarrhoea in some deer<br /> <br /> *Diagnosis<br /> **All diagnostic procedures have faults but include:<br /> **Microscopy of rectal biopsies<br /> **Faecal culture<br /> **Serology of serum including complement fixation tests, agar-gel immunodiffusion test and an ELISA<br /> **Histopathology of intestines and lymph nodes<br /> **Isolation and identification of mycobacteria from faeces and tissues<br /> **Ziehl-Neelson-positive smears<br /> **Intradermal tuberculin test<br /> **DNA probes for detection in faeces<br /> <br /> *Control<br /> **Slaughter of affected animals<br /> **Detection and slaughter of subclinical shedders using faecal culture, DNA probes and ELISA<br /> **Good hygiene to protect young calves<br /> **Separation and isolation of calves from affected dams<br /> **Inactivated adjuvanted vaccines are available and reduce shedding of mycobacteria but do not eliminate infection</div>

Flawrence https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Mycobacteria_spp.&diff=42220 2008-12-29T20:05:46Z

<p>Flawrence: /* Overview */</p> <hr /> <div>{{review}}<br /> <br /> {{toplink<br /> |backcolour =<br /> |linkpage =Bacteria<br /> |linktext =BACTERIA<br /> |pagetype=Bugs<br /> }}<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Overview===<br /> <br /> *Mycobacterial infections are caused by bacteria belonging to the family Mycobacteriaceae, order Actinomycetales <br /> *Includes obligate pathogens, opportunistic pathogens and saprophytes<br /> *Cause chronic, progressive, granulomatous infections<br /> *Cause tuberculosis, [[Intestines Proliferative Enteritis - Pathology#Paratuberculosis (Johnes disease)|Johne's disease]] and feline leprosy<br /> *''M. bovis'', ''M. tuberculosis'' and ''M. avium'' cause [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Tuberculosis|tuberculosis of cattle]], [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Tuberculosis in pigs|tuberculosis of pigs]] and [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Tuberculosis in dogs|tuberculosis of dogs]] respectively<br /> *The 'classical' tuberculosis lesions are caused by the [[Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex]]<br /> *The Johne's type lesions are caused by the [[Mycobacterium avium complex]]<br /> *Environmental species found in soil, vegetation and water<br /> *[[''Mycobacterium leprae'' and ''M.lepraemurium'']] cause human, feline and murine leprosy<br /> *Atypical mycobacteriosis is a localized opportunistic skin and subcutaneous infection caused by saprophytic and rapidly growing atypical mycobacteria<br /> *Granulomatous lesions in [[Muscles Inflammatory - Pathology#Tuberculosis|muscle]] and[[Bacterial skin infections - Pathology#Bacterial granulomatous dermatitis|skin]]<br /> <br /> ===Characteristics===<br /> <br /> *Aerobic, weakly Gram-positive acid-fast rods<br /> *Non-motile, non-spore forming<br /> *Cell walls contain mycolic acid<br /> *Require egg-based media for growth<br /> *Slow-growing colonies<br /> *Resistant to disinfectants and environmental conditions; susceptible to pasteurisation<br /> *Mycobacteria stain with carbol dyes and resist subsequent decolorization with inorganic acids; this characteristic which is due to the spatial arrangement of mycolic acids within the cell wall makes them acid fast<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Identification===<br /> <br /> *Identified by Ziehl-Neelson staining<br /> *Differentiated by culture, biochemical tests, chromatography and molecular techniques<br /> *Pathogenic species require at least three weeks for growth on egg-based media<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Bovine tuberculosis===<br /> <br /> *Epidemiology<br /> **World-wide disease caused by ''M. bovis''<br /> **Aerosol transmission between cattle kept in close contact<br /> **Transmission to calves via ingestion od contaminated milk<br /> **Wildlife reservoirs include badgers and possibly deer in the Europe<br /> <br /> *Pathogenesis and pathogenicity<br /> **The ability of mycobacteria to survive and multiply within macrophages determines whether disease will occur within the host <br /> **Survival and multiplication in macrophages at primary site of infection due to prevention of phagosome-lysosome fusion<br /> **Mycobacteria utilize several virulence factors including cord factor or trehalose dimycolate, surface glycolipid, sulfatides, lipoarabinomannan, heteropolysaccharide, heat shock protein, complement, and tubuloprotein <br /> **The types of immune responses that are critical in responding to mycobacterial infection are cell-mediated immunity and the delayed hypersensitivity response<br /> **Pathogenicity of mycobacteria depends on their ability to escape phagocytic killing, mostly imparted by the cell wall consitiutents:<br /> ***Cord factor (trehalose dimycolate) – surface glycolipid responsible for serpentine growth in vitro <br /> ***Suphatides – surface glycolipid containing sulphur which prevents fusion of phagosome with lysosome. cAMP secreted by the bacteria may also facilitate this. <br /> ***LAM – heteropolysaccharide which inhibits macrophage activation by IFNγ and induces macrophages to secrete TNFα which induces fever and IL-10 which suppresses mycobacteria-induced T cell proliferation<br /> ***The wax of the cell wall, peptidoglycans and other glycolipids are responsible for the adjuvant activity – attracts antigen presenting cells<br /> ***Tubuloprotein – important antigen; purified tubuloprotein is the basis of the tuberculin test<br /> **Mycobacteria are released from macrophages and also migrate within macrophages around the body<br /> **Waxy cell wall contributes to the host immune response to the mycobacteria and the development of lesions<br /> **Cell-mediated immune response with activated macrophages and sensitised T cells<br /> **Delayed-type hypersensitivity response with granuloma formation<br /> **Lesions contain macrophages, multinucleate giant cells and later a central area of caseous necrosis, giving a cheesy appearance<br /> <br /> *Clinical signs<br /> **Initially asymptomatic<br /> **Loss of condition<br /> **Cough and intermittent pyrexia with lung pathology<br /> **Tuberculous mastitis with transmission via milk<br /> <br /> *Diagnosis<br /> **Tuberculin test - comparative intradermal test<br /> **Avian and bovine tuberculin (purified protein derivative) is injected intradermally into two different clipped sites on the side of the neck<br /> **Skin thickness at these sites is compared before and 72 hours after the injection of tuberculin with calipers<br /> **Increases in skin thickness at the bovine PPD site of more than 4cm greater than the avian PPD site are seen as positive (reactor)<br /> **Blood tests including the gamma interferon assay are being developed<br /> **Laboratory examination of lesions, lymph nodes and milk<br /> **Ziehl-Neelson staining of tissues<br /> **Isolation requires Lowenstein-Jensen medium<br /> <br /> *Control<br /> **Eradication programs using a test and slaughter policy<br /> **Reactors positive to the tuberculin test are slaughtered and restrictions applied to the affected herd <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Avian tuberculosis===<br /> <br /> *Caused by members of the ''M avium'' complex<br /> *Depression, loss of condition and lameness in affected birds<br /> *Granulomatous lesions in liver, spleen, bone marrow and intestines<br /> *Diagnosis by Ziehl-Neelson staining of smears and post-mortem appearance<br /> *Tuberculin testing of poultry <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Feline leprosy===<br /> <br /> *Caused by ''M. lepraemurium''<br /> *Sporadic infections of cats via bites from infected rodents<br /> *Subcutaneous nodules form usually on the head or limbs and can ulcerate<br /> *Smears reveal Ziehl-Neelson-positive rods<br /> *Diagnosis by histopathology<br /> *Treatment includes excision of lesions<br /> <br /> <br /> ===[[Intestines Proliferative Enteritis - Pathology#Paratuberculosis (Johnes disease)|Johne's Disease (paratuberculosis)]]===<br /> <br /> *[[Intestines Proliferative Enteritis - Pathology#Paratuberculosis (Johnes disease)|Johne's Disease]] is a chronic, contagious enteritis of ruminants<br /> *Caused by ''M avium'' subsp. ''paratuberculosis''<br /> <br /> *Epidemiology<br /> **Transmitted to young calves by ingestion of mycobacteria in faeces of infected adults<br /> **Organisms viable in environment for long periods<br /> **Long incubation period with clinical signs appearing in cattle over 2 years of age<br /> **Subclinical carriers can occur, shedding organisms in their faeces<br /> <br /> *Pathogenesis and pathogenicity<br /> **''M avium'' subsp. ''paratuberculosis'' is an intracellular pathogen<br /> **Mycobacteria are ingested by macrophages in the Peyer's patches<br /> **Survival and replication of mycobacteria in macrophages initiate an immune-mediated granulomatous reaction<br /> **Lymphocytes and macrophages accumulate in the lamina propria and submucosa, resulting in marked thickening and folding of the intestinal wall<br /> **Mesenteric lymph nodes are enlarged<br /> **A protein-losing enteropathy results, along with failure to absorb nutrients and water<br /> <br /> *Clinical signs<br /> **Diarrhoea, initially intermittent, and weight loss in cattle<br /> **Weight loss in sheep and goats<br /> **Rapidly fatal with weight loss and diarrhoea in some deer<br /> <br /> *Diagnosis<br /> **All diagnostic procedures have faults but include:<br /> **Microscopy of rectal biopsies<br /> **Faecal culture<br /> **Serology of serum including complement fixation tests, agar-gel immunodiffusion test and an ELISA<br /> **Histopathology of intestines and lymph nodes<br /> **Isolation and identification of mycobacteria from faeces and tissues<br /> **Ziehl-Neelson-positive smears<br /> **Intradermal tuberculin test<br /> **DNA probes for detection in faeces<br /> <br /> *Control<br /> **Slaughter of affected animals<br /> **Detection and slaughter of subclinical shedders using faecal culture, DNA probes and ELISA<br /> **Good hygiene to protect young calves<br /> **Separation and isolation of calves from affected dams<br /> **Inactivated adjuvanted vaccines are available and reduce shedding of mycobacteria but do not eliminate infection</div>

Flawrence https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Mycobacteria_spp.&diff=42219 2008-12-29T20:05:05Z

<p>Flawrence: </p> <hr /> <div>{{review}}<br /> <br /> {{toplink<br /> |backcolour =<br /> |linkpage =Bacteria<br /> |linktext =BACTERIA<br /> |pagetype=Bugs<br /> }}<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Overview===<br /> <br /> *Mycobacterial infections are caused by bacteria belonging to the family Mycobacteriaceae, order Actinomycetales <br /> *Includes obligate pathogens, opportunistic pathogens and saprophytes<br /> *Cause chronic, progressive, granulomatous infections<br /> *Cause tuberculosis, [[Intestines Proliferative Enteritis - Pathology#Paratuberculosis (Johnes disease)|Johne's disease]] and feline leprosy<br /> *''M. bovis'', ''M. tuberculosis'' and ''M. avium'' cause [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Tuberculosis|tuberculosis of cattle]], [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Tuberculosis in pigs|tuberculosis of pigs]] and [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Tuberculosis in dogs|tuberculosis of dogs]] respectively<br /> *The 'classical' tuberculosis lesions are caused by the [[Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex]]<br /> *The Johne's type lesions are caused by the [[Mycobacterium avium complex]]<br /> *Environmental species found in soil, vegetation and water<br /> *[[''Mycobacterium leprae'' and ''M.lepraemurium'']] cause human, feline and murine leprosy<br /> *Atypical mycobacteriosis is a localized opportunistic skin and subcutaneous infection caused by saprophytic and rapidly growing [[Atypical Mycobacterium]]<br /> *Granulomatous lesions in [[Muscles Inflammatory - Pathology#Tuberculosis|muscle]] and[[Bacterial skin infections - Pathology#Bacterial granulomatous dermatitis|skin]]<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Characteristics===<br /> <br /> *Aerobic, weakly Gram-positive acid-fast rods<br /> *Non-motile, non-spore forming<br /> *Cell walls contain mycolic acid<br /> *Require egg-based media for growth<br /> *Slow-growing colonies<br /> *Resistant to disinfectants and environmental conditions; susceptible to pasteurisation<br /> *Mycobacteria stain with carbol dyes and resist subsequent decolorization with inorganic acids; this characteristic which is due to the spatial arrangement of mycolic acids within the cell wall makes them acid fast<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Identification===<br /> <br /> *Identified by Ziehl-Neelson staining<br /> *Differentiated by culture, biochemical tests, chromatography and molecular techniques<br /> *Pathogenic species require at least three weeks for growth on egg-based media<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Bovine tuberculosis===<br /> <br /> *Epidemiology<br /> **World-wide disease caused by ''M. bovis''<br /> **Aerosol transmission between cattle kept in close contact<br /> **Transmission to calves via ingestion od contaminated milk<br /> **Wildlife reservoirs include badgers and possibly deer in the Europe<br /> <br /> *Pathogenesis and pathogenicity<br /> **The ability of mycobacteria to survive and multiply within macrophages determines whether disease will occur within the host <br /> **Survival and multiplication in macrophages at primary site of infection due to prevention of phagosome-lysosome fusion<br /> **Mycobacteria utilize several virulence factors including cord factor or trehalose dimycolate, surface glycolipid, sulfatides, lipoarabinomannan, heteropolysaccharide, heat shock protein, complement, and tubuloprotein <br /> **The types of immune responses that are critical in responding to mycobacterial infection are cell-mediated immunity and the delayed hypersensitivity response<br /> **Pathogenicity of mycobacteria depends on their ability to escape phagocytic killing, mostly imparted by the cell wall consitiutents:<br /> ***Cord factor (trehalose dimycolate) – surface glycolipid responsible for serpentine growth in vitro <br /> ***Suphatides – surface glycolipid containing sulphur which prevents fusion of phagosome with lysosome. cAMP secreted by the bacteria may also facilitate this. <br /> ***LAM – heteropolysaccharide which inhibits macrophage activation by IFNγ and induces macrophages to secrete TNFα which induces fever and IL-10 which suppresses mycobacteria-induced T cell proliferation<br /> ***The wax of the cell wall, peptidoglycans and other glycolipids are responsible for the adjuvant activity – attracts antigen presenting cells<br /> ***Tubuloprotein – important antigen; purified tubuloprotein is the basis of the tuberculin test<br /> **Mycobacteria are released from macrophages and also migrate within macrophages around the body<br /> **Waxy cell wall contributes to the host immune response to the mycobacteria and the development of lesions<br /> **Cell-mediated immune response with activated macrophages and sensitised T cells<br /> **Delayed-type hypersensitivity response with granuloma formation<br /> **Lesions contain macrophages, multinucleate giant cells and later a central area of caseous necrosis, giving a cheesy appearance<br /> <br /> *Clinical signs<br /> **Initially asymptomatic<br /> **Loss of condition<br /> **Cough and intermittent pyrexia with lung pathology<br /> **Tuberculous mastitis with transmission via milk<br /> <br /> *Diagnosis<br /> **Tuberculin test - comparative intradermal test<br /> **Avian and bovine tuberculin (purified protein derivative) is injected intradermally into two different clipped sites on the side of the neck<br /> **Skin thickness at these sites is compared before and 72 hours after the injection of tuberculin with calipers<br /> **Increases in skin thickness at the bovine PPD site of more than 4cm greater than the avian PPD site are seen as positive (reactor)<br /> **Blood tests including the gamma interferon assay are being developed<br /> **Laboratory examination of lesions, lymph nodes and milk<br /> **Ziehl-Neelson staining of tissues<br /> **Isolation requires Lowenstein-Jensen medium<br /> <br /> *Control<br /> **Eradication programs using a test and slaughter policy<br /> **Reactors positive to the tuberculin test are slaughtered and restrictions applied to the affected herd <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Avian tuberculosis===<br /> <br /> *Caused by members of the ''M avium'' complex<br /> *Depression, loss of condition and lameness in affected birds<br /> *Granulomatous lesions in liver, spleen, bone marrow and intestines<br /> *Diagnosis by Ziehl-Neelson staining of smears and post-mortem appearance<br /> *Tuberculin testing of poultry <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Feline leprosy===<br /> <br /> *Caused by ''M. lepraemurium''<br /> *Sporadic infections of cats via bites from infected rodents<br /> *Subcutaneous nodules form usually on the head or limbs and can ulcerate<br /> *Smears reveal Ziehl-Neelson-positive rods<br /> *Diagnosis by histopathology<br /> *Treatment includes excision of lesions<br /> <br /> <br /> ===[[Intestines Proliferative Enteritis - Pathology#Paratuberculosis (Johnes disease)|Johne's Disease (paratuberculosis)]]===<br /> <br /> *[[Intestines Proliferative Enteritis - Pathology#Paratuberculosis (Johnes disease)|Johne's Disease]] is a chronic, contagious enteritis of ruminants<br /> *Caused by ''M avium'' subsp. ''paratuberculosis''<br /> <br /> *Epidemiology<br /> **Transmitted to young calves by ingestion of mycobacteria in faeces of infected adults<br /> **Organisms viable in environment for long periods<br /> **Long incubation period with clinical signs appearing in cattle over 2 years of age<br /> **Subclinical carriers can occur, shedding organisms in their faeces<br /> <br /> *Pathogenesis and pathogenicity<br /> **''M avium'' subsp. ''paratuberculosis'' is an intracellular pathogen<br /> **Mycobacteria are ingested by macrophages in the Peyer's patches<br /> **Survival and replication of mycobacteria in macrophages initiate an immune-mediated granulomatous reaction<br /> **Lymphocytes and macrophages accumulate in the lamina propria and submucosa, resulting in marked thickening and folding of the intestinal wall<br /> **Mesenteric lymph nodes are enlarged<br /> **A protein-losing enteropathy results, along with failure to absorb nutrients and water<br /> <br /> *Clinical signs<br /> **Diarrhoea, initially intermittent, and weight loss in cattle<br /> **Weight loss in sheep and goats<br /> **Rapidly fatal with weight loss and diarrhoea in some deer<br /> <br /> *Diagnosis<br /> **All diagnostic procedures have faults but include:<br /> **Microscopy of rectal biopsies<br /> **Faecal culture<br /> **Serology of serum including complement fixation tests, agar-gel immunodiffusion test and an ELISA<br /> **Histopathology of intestines and lymph nodes<br /> **Isolation and identification of mycobacteria from faeces and tissues<br /> **Ziehl-Neelson-positive smears<br /> **Intradermal tuberculin test<br /> **DNA probes for detection in faeces<br /> <br /> *Control<br /> **Slaughter of affected animals<br /> **Detection and slaughter of subclinical shedders using faecal culture, DNA probes and ELISA<br /> **Good hygiene to protect young calves<br /> **Separation and isolation of calves from affected dams<br /> **Inactivated adjuvanted vaccines are available and reduce shedding of mycobacteria but do not eliminate infection</div>

Flawrence https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Mycobacteria_spp.&diff=42218 2008-12-29T19:10:18Z

<p>Flawrence: </p> <hr /> <div>{{review}}<br /> <br /> {{toplink<br /> |backcolour =<br /> |linkpage =Bacteria<br /> |linktext =BACTERIA<br /> |pagetype=Bugs<br /> }}<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Overview===<br /> <br /> *Mycobacterial infections are caused by bacteria belonging to the family Mycobacteriaceae, order Actinomycetales <br /> *Includes obligate pathogens, opportunistic pathogens and saprophytes<br /> *Cause chronic, progressive, granulomatous infections<br /> *Cause tuberculosis, Johne's disease and feline leprosy<br /> *''M. bovis'', ''M. tuberculosis'' and ''M. avium'' cause [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Tuberculosis|tuberculosis of cattle]], [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Tuberculosis in pigs|tuberculosis of pigs]] and [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Tuberculosis in dogs|tuberculosis of dogs]] respectively<br /> *Environmental species found in soil, vegetation and water<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Characteristics===<br /> <br /> *Aerobic, weakly Gram-positive acid-fast rods<br /> *Non-motile, non-spore forming<br /> *Cell walls contain mycolic acid<br /> *Require egg-based media for growth<br /> *Slow-growing colonies<br /> *Resistant to disinfectants and environmental conditions; susceptible to pasteurisation<br /> *Mycobacteria stain with carbol dyes and resist subsequent decolorization with inorganic acids; this characteristic which is due to the spatial arrangement of mycolic acids within the cell wall makes them acid fast<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Identification===<br /> <br /> *Identified by Ziehl-Neelson staining<br /> *Differentiated by culture, biochemical tests, chromatography and molecular techniques<br /> *Pathogenic species require at least three weeks for growth on egg-based media<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Bovine tuberculosis===<br /> <br /> *Epidemiology<br /> **World-wide disease caused by ''M. bovis''<br /> **Aerosol transmission between cattle kept in close contact<br /> **Transmission to calves via ingestion od contaminated milk<br /> **Wildlife reservoirs include badgers and possibly deer in the Europe<br /> <br /> *Pathogenesis and pathogenicity<br /> **The ability of mycobacteria to survive and multiply within macrophages determines whether disease will occur within the host <br /> **Survival and multiplication in macrophages at primary site of infection due to prevention of phagosome-lysosome fusion<br /> **Mycobacteria utilize several virulence factors including cord factor or trehalose dimycolate, surface glycolipid, sulfatides, lipoarabinomannan, heteropolysaccharide, heat shock protein, complement, and tubuloprotein <br /> **The types of immune responses that are critical in responding to mycobacterial infection are cell-mediated immunity and the delayed hypersensitivity response<br /> **Pathogenicity of mycobacteria depends on their ability to escape phagocytic killing<br /> **Mostly imparted by the cell wall consitiutents<br /> ***Cord factor (trehalose dimycolate) – surface glycolipid responsible for serpentine growth in vitro <br /> ***Suphatides – surface glycolipid containing sulphur which prevents fusion of phagosome with lysosome. cAMP secreted by the bacteria may also facilitate this. Also something about the cholesterol content of the phagosome….. nature article<br /> ***LAM – heteropolysaccharide which inhibits macrophage activation by IFNγ and induces macrophages to secrete TNFα -induces fever, etc and IL-10 which suppresses mycobacteria-induced T cell proliferation<br /> ***The wax of the cell wall, peptidoglycans and other glycolipids are responsible for the adjuvant activity – attracts APCs<br /> ***Tubuloprotein – important Ag, purified tubuloprotein is the basis of the tuberculin test<br /> <br /> **Mycobacteria are released from macrophages and also migrate within macrophages around the body<br /> **Waxy cell wall contributes to the host immune response to the mycobacteria and the development of lesions<br /> **Cell-mediated immune response with activated macrophages and sensitised T cells<br /> **Delayed-type hypersensitivity response with granuloma formation<br /> **Lesions contain macrophages, multinucleate giant cells and later a central area of caseous necrosis, giving a cheesy appearance<br /> <br /> *Clinical signs<br /> **Initially asymptomatic<br /> **Loss of condition<br /> **Cough and intermittent pyrexia with lung pathology<br /> **Tuberculous mastitis with transmission via milk<br /> <br /> *Diagnosis<br /> **Tuberculin test - comparative intradermal test<br /> **Avian and bovine tuberculin (purified protein derivative) is injected intradermally into two different clipped sites on the side of the neck<br /> **Skin thickness at these sites is compared before and 72 hours after the injection of tuberculin with calipers<br /> **Increases in skin thickness at the bovine PPD site of more than 4cm greater than the avian PPD site are seen as positive (reactor)<br /> **Blood tests including the gamma interferon assay are being developed<br /> **Laboratory examination of lesions, lymph nodes and milk<br /> **Ziehl-Neelson staining of tissues<br /> **Isolation requires Lowenstein-Jensen medium<br /> <br /> *Control<br /> **Eradication programs using a test and slaughter policy<br /> **Reactors positive to the tuberculin test are slaughtered and restrictions applied to the affected herd <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Avian tuberculosis===<br /> <br /> *Caused by members of the ''M avium'' complex<br /> *Depression, loss of condition and lameness in affected birds<br /> *Granulomatous lesions in liver, spleen, bone marrow and intestines<br /> *Diagnosis by Ziehl-Neelson staining of smears and post-mortem appearance<br /> *Tuberculin testing of poultry <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Feline leprosy===<br /> <br /> *Caused by ''M. lepraemurium''<br /> *Sporadic infections of cats via bites from infected rodents<br /> *Subcutaneous nodules form usually on the head or limbs and can ulcerate<br /> *Smears reveal Ziehl-Neelson-positive rods<br /> *Diagnosis by histopathology<br /> *Treatment includes excision of lesions<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Johne's disease (paratuberculosis)===<br /> <br /> *Chronic, contagious enteritis of ruminants<br /> *Caused by ''M avium'' subsp. ''paratuberculosis''<br /> <br /> *Epidemiology<br /> **Transmitted to young calves by ingestion of mycobacteria in faeces of infected adults<br /> **Organisms viable in environment for long periods<br /> **Long incubation period with clinical signs appearing in cattle over 2 years of age<br /> **Subclinical carriers can occur, shedding organisms in their faeces<br /> <br /> *Pathogenesis and pathogenicity<br /> **''M avium'' subsp. ''paratuberculosis'' is an intracellular pathogen<br /> **Mycobacteria are ingested by macrophages in the Peyer's patches<br /> **Survival and replication of mycobacteria in macrophages initiate an immune-mediated granulomatous reaction<br /> **Lymphocytes and macrophages accumulate in the lamina propria and submucosa, resulting in marked thickening and folding of the intestinal wall<br /> **Mesenteric lymph nodes are enlarged<br /> **A protein-losing enteropathy results, along with failure to absorb nutrients and water<br /> <br /> *Clinical signs<br /> **Diarrhoea, initially intermittent, and weight loss in cattle<br /> **Weight loss in sheep and goats<br /> **Rapidly fatal with weight loss and diarrhoea in some deer<br /> <br /> *Diagnosis<br /> **All diagnostic procedures have faults but include:<br /> **Microscopy of rectal biopsies<br /> **Faecal culture<br /> **Serology of serum including complement fixation tests, agar-gel immunodiffusion test and an ELISA<br /> **Histopathology of intestines and lymph nodes<br /> **Isolation and identification of mycobacteria from faeces and tissues<br /> **Ziehl-Neelson-positive smears<br /> **Intradermal tuberculin test<br /> **DNA probes for detection in faeces<br /> <br /> *Control<br /> **Slaughter of affected animals<br /> **Detection and slaughter of subclinical shedders using faecal culture, DNA probes and ELISA<br /> **Good hygiene to protect young calves<br /> **Separation and isolation of calves from affected dams<br /> **Inactivated adjuvanted vaccines are available and reduce shedding of mycobacteria but do not eliminate infection<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Four major disease groups are recognised:==<br /> *The 'classical' tuberculosis lesions are caused by the [[Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex]]<br /> *The Johne's type lesions and lesions caused by the MAC (M.avium complex) are [[Mycobacterium avium complex]]<br /> ** Cause of [[Intestines Proliferative Enteritis - Pathology#Paratuberculosis (Johnes disease)|Johne's Disease/ paratuberculosis]].<br /> *Mycobacteria causing leprosy (human and feline/murine) [[Mycobacterium leprae and M.lepraemurium]]<br /> *Atypical mycobacteriosis is a localized opportunistic skin and subcutaneous infection caused by saprophytic and rapidly growing mycobacteria [[Atypical Mycobacterium]]<br /> *Granulomatous lesions in [[Muscles Inflammatory - Pathology#Tuberculosis|muscle]]<br /> *Granulomatous lesions in [[Bacterial skin infections - Pathology#Bacterial granulomatous dermatitis|skin]]</div>

Flawrence https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Mycobacteria_spp.&diff=42217 2008-12-29T19:02:24Z

<p>Flawrence: </p> <hr /> <div>{{review}}<br /> <br /> {{toplink<br /> |backcolour =<br /> |linkpage =Bacteria<br /> |linktext =BACTERIA<br /> |pagetype=Bugs<br /> }}<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Overview===<br /> <br /> *Includes obligate pathogens, opportunistic pathogens and saprophytes<br /> *Cause chronic, progressive, granulomatous infections<br /> *Cause tuberculosis, Johne's disease and feline leprosy<br /> *Environmental species found in soil, vegetation and water<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Characteristics===<br /> <br /> *Aerobic acid-fast rods<br /> *Non-motile, non-spore forming<br /> *Cell walls contain mycolic acid<br /> *Require egg-based media for growth<br /> *Slow-growing colonies<br /> *Resistant to disinfectants and environmental conditions; susceptible to pasteurisation<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Identification===<br /> <br /> *Identified by Ziehl-Neelson staining<br /> *Differentiated by culture, biochemical tests, chromatography and molecular techniques<br /> *Pathogenic species require at least three weeks for growth on egg-based media<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Bovine tuberculosis===<br /> <br /> *Epidemiology<br /> **World-wide disease caused by ''M. bovis''<br /> **Aerosol transmission between cattle kept in close contact<br /> **Transmission to calves via ingestion od contaminated milk<br /> **Wildlife reservoirs include badgers and possibly deer in the Europe<br /> <br /> *Pathogenesis and pathogenicity<br /> **Survival and multiplication in macrophages at primary site of infection due to prevention of phagosome-lysosome fusion<br /> **Mycobacteria are released from macrophages and also migrate within macrophages around the body<br /> **Waxy cell wall contributes to the host immune response to the mycobacteria and the development of lesions<br /> **Cell-mediated immune response with activated macrophages and sensitised T cells<br /> **Delayed-type hypersensitivity response with granuloma formation<br /> **Lesions contain macrophages, multinucleate giant cells and later a central area of caseous necrosis, giving a cheesy appearance<br /> <br /> *Clinical signs<br /> **Initially asymptomatic<br /> **Loss of condition<br /> **Cough and intermittent pyrexia with lung pathology<br /> **Tuberculous mastitis with transmission via milk<br /> <br /> *Diagnosis<br /> **Tuberculin test - comparative intradermal test<br /> **Avian and bovine tuberculin (purified protein derivative) is injected intradermally into two different clipped sites on the side of the neck<br /> **Skin thickness at these sites is compared before and 72 hours after the injection of tuberculin with calipers<br /> **Increases in skin thickness at the bovine PPD site of more than 4cm greater than the avian PPD site are seen as positive (reactor)<br /> **Blood tests including the gamma interferon assay are being developed<br /> **Laboratory examination of lesions, lymph nodes and milk<br /> **Ziehl-Neelson staining of tissues<br /> **Isolation requires Lowenstein-Jensen medium<br /> <br /> *Control<br /> **Eradication programs using a test and slaughter policy<br /> **Reactors positive to the tuberculin test are slaughtered and restrictions applied to the affected herd <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Avian tuberculosis===<br /> <br /> *Caused by members of the ''M avium'' complex<br /> *Depression, loss of condition and lameness in affected birds<br /> *Granulomatous lesions in liver, spleen, bone marrow and intestines<br /> *Diagnosis by Ziehl-Neelson staining of smears and post-mortem appearance<br /> *Tuberculin testing of poultry <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Feline leprosy===<br /> <br /> *Caused by ''M. lepraemurium''<br /> *Sporadic infections of cats via bites from infected rodents<br /> *Subcutaneous nodules form usually on the head or limbs and can ulcerate<br /> *Smears reveal Ziehl-Neelson-positive rods<br /> *Diagnosis by histopathology<br /> *Treatment includes excision of lesions<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Johne's disease (paratuberculosis)===<br /> <br /> *Chronic, contagious enteritis of ruminants<br /> *Caused by ''M avium'' subsp. ''paratuberculosis''<br /> <br /> *Epidemiology<br /> **Transmitted to young calves by ingestion of mycobacteria in faeces of infected adults<br /> **Organisms viable in environment for long periods<br /> **Long incubation period with clinical signs appearing in cattle over 2 years of age<br /> **Subclinical carriers can occur, shedding organisms in their faeces<br /> <br /> *Pathogenesis and pathogenicity<br /> **''M avium'' subsp. ''paratuberculosis'' is an intracellular pathogen<br /> **Mycobacteria are ingested by macrophages in the Peyer's patches<br /> **Survival and replication of mycobacteria in macrophages initiate an immune-mediated granulomatous reaction<br /> **Lymphocytes and macrophages accumulate in the lamina propria and submucosa, resulting in marked thickening and folding of the intestinal wall<br /> **Mesenteric lymph nodes are enlarged<br /> **A protein-losing enteropathy results, along with failure to absorb nutrients and water<br /> <br /> *Clinical signs<br /> **Diarrhoea, initially intermittent, and weight loss in cattle<br /> **Weight loss in sheep and goats<br /> **Rapidly fatal with weight loss and diarrhoea in some deer<br /> <br /> *Diagnosis<br /> **All diagnostic procedures have faults but include:<br /> **Microscopy of rectal biopsies<br /> **Faecal culture<br /> **Serology of serum including complement fixation tests, agar-gel immunodiffusion test and an ELISA<br /> **Histopathology of intestines and lymph nodes<br /> **Isolation and identification of mycobacteria from faeces and tissues<br /> **Ziehl-Neelson-positive smears<br /> **Intradermal tuberculin test<br /> **DNA probes for detection in faeces<br /> <br /> *Control<br /> **Slaughter of affected animals<br /> **Detection and slaughter of subclinical shedders using faecal culture, DNA probes and ELISA<br /> **Good hygiene to protect young calves<br /> **Separation and isolation of calves from affected dams<br /> **Inactivated adjuvanted vaccines are available and reduce shedding of mycobacteria but do not eliminate infection<br /> <br /> <br /> *''M. bovis'' and ''M. tuberculosis'' and ''M. avium'' in [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Tuberculosis|tuberculosis of cattle]] and [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Tuberculosis in pigs|tuberculosis of pigs]] and [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Tuberculosis in dogs|tuberculosis of dogs]]<br /> <br /> ===Overview===<br /> <br /> *Mycobacterial infections are caused by bacteria belonging to the family Mycobacteriaceae, order Actinomycetales. <br /> *Mycobacterium sp. are aerobic, weakly gram-positive, non-spore forming, non-motile bacilli with wide variations in host affinity. <br /> *Mycobacteria stain with carbol dyes and resist subsequent decolorization with inorganic acids. This characteristic which is due to the spatial arrangement of mycolic acids within the cell wall makes them acid fast. <br /> <br /> *The ability of mycobacteria to survive and multiply within macrophages determines whether disease will occur within the host. <br /> *Mycobacteria sp. utilize several virulence factors including cord factor or trehalose dimycolate, surface glycolipid, sulfatides, lipoarabinomannan, heteropolysaccharide, heat shock protein, complement, and tubuloprotein. <br /> *The types of immune responses that are critical in responding to mycobacterial infection are cell-mediated immunity and the delayed hypersensitivity response.<br /> *Pathogenicity of mycobacteria depends on their ability to escape phagocytic killing. <br /> **Mostly imparted by the cell wall consitiutents…<br /> ***Cord factor (trehalose dimycolate) – surface glycolipid responsible for serpentine growth in vitro <br /> ***Suphatides – surface glycolipid containing sulphur which prevents fusion of phagosome with lysosome. cAMP secreted by the bacteria may also facilitate this. Also something about the cholesterol content of the phagosome….. nature article<br /> ***LAM – heteropolysaccharide which inhibits macrophage activation by IFNγ and induces macrophages to secrete TNFα -induces fever, etc and IL-10 which suppresses mycobacteria-induced T cell proliferation.<br /> ***The wax of the cell wall, peptidoglycans and other glycolipids are responsible for the adjuvant activity – attracts APCs.<br /> ***Tubuloprotein – important Ag, purified tubuloprotein is the basis of the tuberculin test.<br /> <br /> ==Four major disease groups are recognised:==<br /> *The 'classical' tuberculosis lesions are caused by the [[Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex]]<br /> *The Johne's type lesions and lesions caused by the MAC (M.avium complex) are [[Mycobacterium avium complex]]<br /> ** Cause of [[Intestines Proliferative Enteritis - Pathology#Paratuberculosis (Johnes disease)|Johne's Disease/ paratuberculosis]].<br /> *Mycobacteria causing leprosy (human and feline/murine) [[Mycobacterium leprae and M.lepraemurium]]<br /> *Atypical mycobacteriosis is a localized opportunistic skin and subcutaneous infection caused by saprophytic and rapidly growing mycobacteria [[Atypical Mycobacterium]]<br /> *Granulomatous lesions in [[Muscles Inflammatory - Pathology#Tuberculosis|muscle]]<br /> *Granulomatous lesions in [[Bacterial skin infections - Pathology#Bacterial granulomatous dermatitis|skin]]</div>

Flawrence https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Mycobacteria_spp.&diff=42216 2008-12-29T18:26:39Z

<p>Flawrence: </p> <hr /> <div>{{review}}<br /> <br /> {{toplink<br /> |backcolour =<br /> |linkpage =Bacteria<br /> |linktext =BACTERIA<br /> |pagetype=Bugs<br /> }}<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Overview===<br /> <br /> *Includes obligate pathogens, opportunistic pathogens and saprophytes<br /> *Cause chronic, progressive, granulomatous infections<br /> *Cause tuberculosis, Johne's disease and feline leprosy<br /> *Environmental species found in soil, vegetation and water<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Characteristics===<br /> <br /> *Aerobic acid-fast rods<br /> *Non-motile, non-spore forming<br /> *Cell walls contain mycolic acid<br /> *Require egg-based media for growth<br /> *Slow-growing colonies<br /> *Resistant to disinfectants and environmental conditions; susceptible to pasteurisation<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Identification===<br /> <br /> *Identified by Ziehl-Neelson staining<br /> *Differentiated by culture, biochemical tests, chromatography and molecular techniques<br /> *Pathogenic species require at least three weeks for growth on egg-based media<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Bovine tuberculosis===<br /> <br /> *Epidemiology<br /> **World-wide disease caused by ''M. bovis''<br /> **Aerosol transmission between cattle kept in close contact<br /> **Transmission to calves via ingestion od contaminated milk<br /> **Wildlife reservoirs include badgers and possibly deer in the Europe<br /> <br /> *Pathogenesis and pathogenicity<br /> **Survival and multiplication in macrophages at primary site of infection due to prevention of phagosome-lysosome fusion<br /> **Mycobacteria are released from macrophages and also migrate within macrophages around the body<br /> **Waxy cell wall contributes to the host immune response to the mycobacteria and the development of lesions<br /> **Cell-mediated immune response with activated macrophages and sensitised T cells<br /> **Delayed-type hypersensitivity response with granuloma formation<br /> **Lesions contain macrophages, multinucleate giant cells and later a central area of caseous necrosis, giving a cheesy appearance<br /> <br /> *Clinical signs<br /> **Initially asymptomatic<br /> **Loss of condition<br /> **Cough and intermittent pyrexia with lung pathology<br /> **Tuberculous mastitis with transmission via milk<br /> <br /> *Diagnosis<br /> **Tuberculin test - comparative intradermal test<br /> **Avian and bovine tuberculin (purified protein derivative) is injected intradermally into two different clipped sites on the side of the neck<br /> **Skin thickness at these sites is compared before and 72 hours after the injection of tuberculin with calipers<br /> **Increases in skin thickness at the bovine PPD site of more than 4cm greater than the avian PPD site are seen as positive (reactor)<br /> **Blood tests including the gamma interferon assay are being developed<br /> **Laboratory examination of lesions, lymph nodes and milk<br /> **Ziehl-Neelson staining of tissues<br /> **Isolation requires Lowenstein-Jensen medium<br /> <br /> *Control<br /> **Eradication programs using a test and slaughter policy<br /> **Reactors positive to the tuberculin test are slaughtered and restrictions applied to the affected herd <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Avian tuberculosis===<br /> <br /> *Caused by members of the ''M avium'' complex<br /> *Depression, loss of condition and lameness in affected birds<br /> *Granulomatous lesions in liver, spleen, bone marrow and intestines<br /> *Diagnosis by Ziehl-Neelson staining of smears and post-mortem appearance<br /> *Tuberculin testing of poultry <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Feline leprosy===<br /> <br /> *Caused by ''M. lepraemurium''<br /> *Sporadic infections of cats via bites from infected rodents<br /> *Subcutaneous nodules form usually on the head or limbs and can ulcerate<br /> *Smears reveal Ziehl-Neelson-positive rods<br /> *Diagnosis by histopathology<br /> *Treatment includes excision of lesions<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Johne's disease (paratuberculosis)===<br /> <br /> *<br /> <br /> <br /> *''M. bovis'' and ''M. tuberculosis'' and ''M. avium'' in [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Tuberculosis|tuberculosis of cattle]] and [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Tuberculosis in pigs|tuberculosis of pigs]] and [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Tuberculosis in dogs|tuberculosis of dogs]]<br /> <br /> ===Overview===<br /> <br /> *Mycobacterial infections are caused by bacteria belonging to the family Mycobacteriaceae, order Actinomycetales. <br /> *Mycobacterium sp. are aerobic, weakly gram-positive, non-spore forming, non-motile bacilli with wide variations in host affinity. <br /> *Mycobacteria stain with carbol dyes and resist subsequent decolorization with inorganic acids. This characteristic which is due to the spatial arrangement of mycolic acids within the cell wall makes them acid fast. <br /> <br /> *The ability of mycobacteria to survive and multiply within macrophages determines whether disease will occur within the host. <br /> *Mycobacteria sp. utilize several virulence factors including cord factor or trehalose dimycolate, surface glycolipid, sulfatides, lipoarabinomannan, heteropolysaccharide, heat shock protein, complement, and tubuloprotein. <br /> *The types of immune responses that are critical in responding to mycobacterial infection are cell-mediated immunity and the delayed hypersensitivity response.<br /> *Pathogenicity of mycobacteria depends on their ability to escape phagocytic killing. <br /> **Mostly imparted by the cell wall consitiutents…<br /> ***Cord factor (trehalose dimycolate) – surface glycolipid responsible for serpentine growth in vitro <br /> ***Suphatides – surface glycolipid containing sulphur which prevents fusion of phagosome with lysosome. cAMP secreted by the bacteria may also facilitate this. Also something about the cholesterol content of the phagosome….. nature article<br /> ***LAM – heteropolysaccharide which inhibits macrophage activation by IFNγ and induces macrophages to secrete TNFα -induces fever, etc and IL-10 which suppresses mycobacteria-induced T cell proliferation.<br /> ***The wax of the cell wall, peptidoglycans and other glycolipids are responsible for the adjuvant activity – attracts APCs.<br /> ***Tubuloprotein – important Ag, purified tubuloprotein is the basis of the tuberculin test.<br /> <br /> ==Four major disease groups are recognised:==<br /> *The 'classical' tuberculosis lesions are caused by the [[Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex]]<br /> *The Johne's type lesions and lesions caused by the MAC (M.avium complex) are [[Mycobacterium avium complex]]<br /> ** Cause of [[Intestines Proliferative Enteritis - Pathology#Paratuberculosis (Johnes disease)|Johne's Disease/ paratuberculosis]].<br /> *Mycobacteria causing leprosy (human and feline/murine) [[Mycobacterium leprae and M.lepraemurium]]<br /> *Atypical mycobacteriosis is a localized opportunistic skin and subcutaneous infection caused by saprophytic and rapidly growing mycobacteria [[Atypical Mycobacterium]]<br /> *Granulomatous lesions in [[Muscles Inflammatory - Pathology#Tuberculosis|muscle]]<br /> *Granulomatous lesions in [[Bacterial skin infections - Pathology#Bacterial granulomatous dermatitis|skin]]</div>

Flawrence https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Mycobacteria_spp.&diff=42215 2008-12-29T18:16:55Z

<p>Flawrence: </p> <hr /> <div>{{review}}<br /> <br /> {{toplink<br /> |backcolour =<br /> |linkpage =Bacteria<br /> |linktext =BACTERIA<br /> |pagetype=Bugs<br /> }}<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Overview===<br /> <br /> *Includes obligate pathogens, opportunistic pathogens and saprophytes<br /> *Cause chronic, progressive, granulomatous infections<br /> *Cause tuberculosis, Johne's disease and feline leprosy<br /> *Environmental species found in soil, vegetation and water<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Characteristics===<br /> <br /> *Aerobic acid-fast rods<br /> *Non-motile, non-spore forming<br /> *Cell walls contain mycolic acid<br /> *Require egg-based media for growth<br /> *Slow-growing colonies<br /> *Resistant to disinfectants and environmental conditions; susceptible to pasteurisation<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Identification===<br /> <br /> *Identified by Ziehl-Neelson staining<br /> *Differentiated by culture, biochemical tests, chromatography and molecular techniques<br /> *Pathogenic species require at least three weeks for growth on egg-based media<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Bovine tuberculosis===<br /> <br /> *Epidemiology<br /> **World-wide disease caused by ''M. bovis''<br /> **Aerosol transmission between cattle kept in close contact<br /> **Transmission to calves via ingestion od contaminated milk<br /> **Wildlife reservoirs include badgers and possibly deer in the Europe<br /> <br /> *Pathogenesis and pathogenicity<br /> **Survival and multiplication in macrophages at primary site of infection due to prevention of phagosome-lysosome fusion<br /> **Mycobacteria are released from macrophages and also migrate within macrophages around the body<br /> **Waxy cell wall contributes to the host immune response to the mycobacteria and the development of lesions<br /> **Cell-mediated immune response with activated macrophages and sensitised T cells<br /> **Delayed-type hypersensitivity response with granuloma formation<br /> **Lesions contain macrophages, multinucleate giant cells and later a central area of caseous necrosis, giving a cheesy appearance<br /> <br /> *Clinical signs<br /> **Initially asymptomatic<br /> **Loss of condition<br /> **Cough and intermittent pyrexia with lung pathology<br /> **Tuberculous mastitis with transmission via milk<br /> <br /> *Diagnosis<br /> **Tuberculin test - comparative intradermal test<br /> **Avian and bovine tuberculin (purified protein derivative) is injected intradermally into two different clipped sites on the side of the neck<br /> **Skin thickness at these sites is compared before and 72 hours after the injection of tuberculin with calipers<br /> **Increases in skin thickness at the bovine PPD site of more than 4cm greater than the avian PPD site are seen as positive (reactor)<br /> **Blood tests including the gamma interferon assay are being developed<br /> **Laboratory examination of lesions, lymph nodes and milk<br /> **Ziehl-Neelson staining of tissues<br /> **Isolation requires Lowenstein-Jensen medium<br /> <br /> *Control<br /> **Eradication programs using a test and slaughter policy<br /> **Reactors positive to the tuberculin test are slaughtered and restrictions applied to the affected herd <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Avian tuberculosis===<br /> <br /> *<br /> <br /> *''M. bovis'' and ''M. tuberculosis'' and ''M. avium'' in [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Tuberculosis|tuberculosis of cattle]] and [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Tuberculosis in pigs|tuberculosis of pigs]] and [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Tuberculosis in dogs|tuberculosis of dogs]]<br /> <br /> ===Overview===<br /> <br /> *Mycobacterial infections are caused by bacteria belonging to the family Mycobacteriaceae, order Actinomycetales. <br /> *Mycobacterium sp. are aerobic, weakly gram-positive, non-spore forming, non-motile bacilli with wide variations in host affinity. <br /> *Mycobacteria stain with carbol dyes and resist subsequent decolorization with inorganic acids. This characteristic which is due to the spatial arrangement of mycolic acids within the cell wall makes them acid fast. <br /> <br /> *The ability of mycobacteria to survive and multiply within macrophages determines whether disease will occur within the host. <br /> *Mycobacteria sp. utilize several virulence factors including cord factor or trehalose dimycolate, surface glycolipid, sulfatides, lipoarabinomannan, heteropolysaccharide, heat shock protein, complement, and tubuloprotein. <br /> *The types of immune responses that are critical in responding to mycobacterial infection are cell-mediated immunity and the delayed hypersensitivity response.<br /> *Pathogenicity of mycobacteria depends on their ability to escape phagocytic killing. <br /> **Mostly imparted by the cell wall consitiutents…<br /> ***Cord factor (trehalose dimycolate) – surface glycolipid responsible for serpentine growth in vitro <br /> ***Suphatides – surface glycolipid containing sulphur which prevents fusion of phagosome with lysosome. cAMP secreted by the bacteria may also facilitate this. Also something about the cholesterol content of the phagosome….. nature article<br /> ***LAM – heteropolysaccharide which inhibits macrophage activation by IFNγ and induces macrophages to secrete TNFα -induces fever, etc and IL-10 which suppresses mycobacteria-induced T cell proliferation.<br /> ***The wax of the cell wall, peptidoglycans and other glycolipids are responsible for the adjuvant activity – attracts APCs.<br /> ***Tubuloprotein – important Ag, purified tubuloprotein is the basis of the tuberculin test.<br /> <br /> ==Four major disease groups are recognised:==<br /> *The 'classical' tuberculosis lesions are caused by the [[Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex]]<br /> *The Johne's type lesions and lesions caused by the MAC (M.avium complex) are [[Mycobacterium avium complex]]<br /> ** Cause of [[Intestines Proliferative Enteritis - Pathology#Paratuberculosis (Johnes disease)|Johne's Disease/ paratuberculosis]].<br /> *Mycobacteria causing leprosy (human and feline/murine) [[Mycobacterium leprae and M.lepraemurium]]<br /> *Atypical mycobacteriosis is a localized opportunistic skin and subcutaneous infection caused by saprophytic and rapidly growing mycobacteria [[Atypical Mycobacterium]]<br /> *Granulomatous lesions in [[Muscles Inflammatory - Pathology#Tuberculosis|muscle]]<br /> *Granulomatous lesions in [[Bacterial skin infections - Pathology#Bacterial granulomatous dermatitis|skin]]</div>

Flawrence https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Mycobacteria_spp.&diff=42214 2008-12-29T18:10:12Z

<p>Flawrence: </p> <hr /> <div>{{review}}<br /> <br /> {{toplink<br /> |backcolour =<br /> |linkpage =Bacteria<br /> |linktext =BACTERIA<br /> |pagetype=Bugs<br /> }}<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Overview===<br /> <br /> *Includes obligate pathogens, opportunistic pathogens and saprophytes<br /> *Cause chronic, progressive, granulomatous infections<br /> *Cause tuberculosis, Johne's disease and feline leprosy<br /> *Environmental species found in soil, vegetation and water<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Characteristics===<br /> <br /> *Aerobic acid-fast rods<br /> *Non-motile, non-spore forming<br /> *Cell walls contain mycolic acid<br /> *Require egg-based media for growth<br /> *Slow-growing colonies<br /> *Resistant to disinfectants and environmental conditions; susceptible to pasteurisation<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Identification===<br /> <br /> *Identified by Ziehl-Neelson staining<br /> *Differentiated by culture, biochemical tests, chromatography and molecular techniques<br /> *Pathogenic species require at least three weeks for growth on egg-based media<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Clinical infections===<br /> <br /> ===Bovine tuberculosis===<br /> <br /> *Epidemiology<br /> **World-wide disease caused by ''M. bovis''<br /> **Aerosol transmission between cattle kept in close contact<br /> **Transmission to calves via ingestion od contaminated milk<br /> **Wildlife reservoirs include badgers and possibly deer in the Europe<br /> <br /> *Pathogenesis and pathogenicity<br /> **Survival and multiplication in macrophages at primary site of infection due to prevention of phagosome-lysosome fusion<br /> **Mycobacteria are released from macrophages and also migrate within macrophages around the body<br /> **Waxy cell wall contributes to the host immune response to the mycobacteria and the development of lesions<br /> **Cell-mediated immune response with activated macrophages and sensitised T cells<br /> **Delayed-type hypersensitivity response with granuloma formation<br /> **Lesions contain macrophages, multinucleate giant cells and later a central area of caseous necrosis, giving a cheesy appearance<br /> <br /> *Clinical signs<br /> **Initially asymptomatic<br /> **Loss of condition<br /> **Cough and intermittent pyrexia with lung pathology<br /> **Tuberculous mastitis with transmission via milk<br /> <br /> *Diagnosis<br /> **Tuberculin test - comparative intradermal test<br /> **Avian and bovine tuberculin (purified protein derivative) is injected intradermally into two different clipped sites on the side of the neck<br /> **Skin thickness at these sites is compared before and 72 hours after the injection of tuberculin with calipers<br /> **Increases in skin thickness at the bovine PPD site of more than 4cm greater than the avian PPD site are seen as positive (reactor)<br /> **Blood tests including the gamma interferon assay are being developed<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> *''M. bovis'' and ''M. tuberculosis'' and ''M. avium'' in [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Tuberculosis|tuberculosis of cattle]] and [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Tuberculosis in pigs|tuberculosis of pigs]] and [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Tuberculosis in dogs|tuberculosis of dogs]]<br /> <br /> ===Overview===<br /> <br /> *Mycobacterial infections are caused by bacteria belonging to the family Mycobacteriaceae, order Actinomycetales. <br /> *Mycobacterium sp. are aerobic, weakly gram-positive, non-spore forming, non-motile bacilli with wide variations in host affinity. <br /> *Mycobacteria stain with carbol dyes and resist subsequent decolorization with inorganic acids. This characteristic which is due to the spatial arrangement of mycolic acids within the cell wall makes them acid fast. <br /> <br /> *The ability of mycobacteria to survive and multiply within macrophages determines whether disease will occur within the host. <br /> *Mycobacteria sp. utilize several virulence factors including cord factor or trehalose dimycolate, surface glycolipid, sulfatides, lipoarabinomannan, heteropolysaccharide, heat shock protein, complement, and tubuloprotein. <br /> *The types of immune responses that are critical in responding to mycobacterial infection are cell-mediated immunity and the delayed hypersensitivity response.<br /> *Pathogenicity of mycobacteria depends on their ability to escape phagocytic killing. <br /> **Mostly imparted by the cell wall consitiutents…<br /> ***Cord factor (trehalose dimycolate) – surface glycolipid responsible for serpentine growth in vitro <br /> ***Suphatides – surface glycolipid containing sulphur which prevents fusion of phagosome with lysosome. cAMP secreted by the bacteria may also facilitate this. Also something about the cholesterol content of the phagosome….. nature article<br /> ***LAM – heteropolysaccharide which inhibits macrophage activation by IFNγ and induces macrophages to secrete TNFα -induces fever, etc and IL-10 which suppresses mycobacteria-induced T cell proliferation.<br /> ***The wax of the cell wall, peptidoglycans and other glycolipids are responsible for the adjuvant activity – attracts APCs.<br /> ***Tubuloprotein – important Ag, purified tubuloprotein is the basis of the tuberculin test.<br /> <br /> ==Four major disease groups are recognised:==<br /> *The 'classical' tuberculosis lesions are caused by the [[Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex]]<br /> *The Johne's type lesions and lesions caused by the MAC (M.avium complex) are [[Mycobacterium avium complex]]<br /> ** Cause of [[Intestines Proliferative Enteritis - Pathology#Paratuberculosis (Johnes disease)|Johne's Disease/ paratuberculosis]].<br /> *Mycobacteria causing leprosy (human and feline/murine) [[Mycobacterium leprae and M.lepraemurium]]<br /> *Atypical mycobacteriosis is a localized opportunistic skin and subcutaneous infection caused by saprophytic and rapidly growing mycobacteria [[Atypical Mycobacterium]]<br /> *Granulomatous lesions in [[Muscles Inflammatory - Pathology#Tuberculosis|muscle]]<br /> *Granulomatous lesions in [[Bacterial skin infections - Pathology#Bacterial granulomatous dermatitis|skin]]</div>

Flawrence https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Mycobacteria_spp.&diff=42213 2008-12-29T17:29:00Z

<p>Flawrence: </p> <hr /> <div>{{review}}<br /> <br /> {{toplink<br /> |backcolour =<br /> |linkpage =Bacteria<br /> |linktext =BACTERIA<br /> |pagetype=Bugs<br /> }}<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Overview===<br /> <br /> *Includes obligate pathogens, opportunistic pathogens and saprophytes<br /> *Cause chronic, progressive, granulomatous infections<br /> *Cause tuberculosis, Johne's disease and feline leprosy<br /> *Environmental species found in soil, vegetation and water<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Characteristics===<br /> <br /> *Aerobic acid-fast rods<br /> *Non-motile, non-spore forming<br /> *Cell walls contain mycolic acid<br /> *Require egg-based media for growth<br /> *Slow-growing colonies<br /> *Resistant to disinfectants and environmental conditions; susceptible to pasteurisation<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Identification===<br /> <br /> *Identified by Ziehl-Neelson staining<br /> *Differentiated by culture, biochemical tests, chromatography and molecular techniques<br /> *Pathogenic species require at least three weeks for growth on egg-based media<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Clinical infections===<br /> <br /> ===Bovine tuberculosis===<br /> <br /> *Epidemiology<br /> **World-wide disease caused by ''M. bovis''<br /> **Aerosol transmission between cattle kept in close contact<br /> **Transmission to calves via ingestion od contaminated milk<br /> **Wildlife reservoirs include badgers and possibly deer in the Europe<br /> <br /> *Pathogenesis and pathogenicity===<br /> **<br /> <br /> <br /> *''M. bovis'' and ''M. tuberculosis'' and ''M. avium'' in [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Tuberculosis|tuberculosis of cattle]] and [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Tuberculosis in pigs|tuberculosis of pigs]] and [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Tuberculosis in dogs|tuberculosis of dogs]]<br /> <br /> ===Overview===<br /> <br /> *Mycobacterial infections are caused by bacteria belonging to the family Mycobacteriaceae, order Actinomycetales. <br /> *Mycobacterium sp. are aerobic, weakly gram-positive, non-spore forming, non-motile bacilli with wide variations in host affinity. <br /> *Mycobacteria stain with carbol dyes and resist subsequent decolorization with inorganic acids. This characteristic which is due to the spatial arrangement of mycolic acids within the cell wall makes them acid fast. <br /> <br /> *The ability of mycobacteria to survive and multiply within macrophages determines whether disease will occur within the host. <br /> *Mycobacteria sp. utilize several virulence factors including cord factor or trehalose dimycolate, surface glycolipid, sulfatides, lipoarabinomannan, heteropolysaccharide, heat shock protein, complement, and tubuloprotein. <br /> *The types of immune responses that are critical in responding to mycobacterial infection are cell-mediated immunity and the delayed hypersensitivity response.<br /> *Pathogenicity of mycobacteria depends on their ability to escape phagocytic killing. <br /> **Mostly imparted by the cell wall consitiutents…<br /> ***Cord factor (trehalose dimycolate) – surface glycolipid responsible for serpentine growth in vitro <br /> ***Suphatides – surface glycolipid containing sulphur which prevents fusion of phagosome with lysosome. cAMP secreted by the bacteria may also facilitate this. Also something about the cholesterol content of the phagosome….. nature article<br /> ***LAM – heteropolysaccharide which inhibits macrophage activation by IFNγ and induces macrophages to secrete TNFα -induces fever, etc and IL-10 which suppresses mycobacteria-induced T cell proliferation.<br /> ***The wax of the cell wall, peptidoglycans and other glycolipids are responsible for the adjuvant activity – attracts APCs.<br /> ***Tubuloprotein – important Ag, purified tubuloprotein is the basis of the tuberculin test.<br /> <br /> ==Four major disease groups are recognised:==<br /> *The 'classical' tuberculosis lesions are caused by the [[Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex]]<br /> *The Johne's type lesions and lesions caused by the MAC (M.avium complex) are [[Mycobacterium avium complex]]<br /> ** Cause of [[Intestines Proliferative Enteritis - Pathology#Paratuberculosis (Johnes disease)|Johne's Disease/ paratuberculosis]].<br /> *Mycobacteria causing leprosy (human and feline/murine) [[Mycobacterium leprae and M.lepraemurium]]<br /> *Atypical mycobacteriosis is a localized opportunistic skin and subcutaneous infection caused by saprophytic and rapidly growing mycobacteria [[Atypical Mycobacterium]]<br /> *Granulomatous lesions in [[Muscles Inflammatory - Pathology#Tuberculosis|muscle]]<br /> *Granulomatous lesions in [[Bacterial skin infections - Pathology#Bacterial granulomatous dermatitis|skin]]</div>

Flawrence https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Mycobacteria_spp.&diff=42212 2008-12-29T16:56:25Z

<p>Flawrence: </p> <hr /> <div>{{review}}<br /> <br /> {{toplink<br /> |backcolour =<br /> |linkpage =Bacteria<br /> |linktext =BACTERIA<br /> |pagetype=Bugs<br /> }}<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Overview===<br /> <br /> *Includes obligate pathogens, opportunistic pathogens and saprophytes<br /> <br /> ===Characteristics===<br /> <br /> *Aerobic acid-fast rods<br /> *Non-motile, non-spore forming<br /> *Cell walls contain mycolic acid<br /> *Require egg-based media for growth<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> *''M. bovis'' and ''M. tuberculosis'' and ''M. avium'' in [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Tuberculosis|tuberculosis of cattle]] and [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Tuberculosis in pigs|tuberculosis of pigs]] and [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Tuberculosis in dogs|tuberculosis of dogs]]<br /> <br /> ===Overview===<br /> <br /> *Mycobacterial infections are caused by bacteria belonging to the family Mycobacteriaceae, order Actinomycetales. <br /> *Mycobacterium sp. are aerobic, weakly gram-positive, non-spore forming, non-motile bacilli with wide variations in host affinity. <br /> *Mycobacteria stain with carbol dyes and resist subsequent decolorization with inorganic acids. This characteristic which is due to the spatial arrangement of mycolic acids within the cell wall makes them acid fast. <br /> <br /> *The ability of mycobacteria to survive and multiply within macrophages determines whether disease will occur within the host. <br /> *Mycobacteria sp. utilize several virulence factors including cord factor or trehalose dimycolate, surface glycolipid, sulfatides, lipoarabinomannan, heteropolysaccharide, heat shock protein, complement, and tubuloprotein. <br /> *The types of immune responses that are critical in responding to mycobacterial infection are cell-mediated immunity and the delayed hypersensitivity response.<br /> *Pathogenicity of mycobacteria depends on their ability to escape phagocytic killing. <br /> **Mostly imparted by the cell wall consitiutents…<br /> ***Cord factor (trehalose dimycolate) – surface glycolipid responsible for serpentine growth in vitro <br /> ***Suphatides – surface glycolipid containing sulphur which prevents fusion of phagosome with lysosome. cAMP secreted by the bacteria may also facilitate this. Also something about the cholesterol content of the phagosome….. nature article<br /> ***LAM – heteropolysaccharide which inhibits macrophage activation by IFNγ and induces macrophages to secrete TNFα -induces fever, etc and IL-10 which suppresses mycobacteria-induced T cell proliferation.<br /> ***The wax of the cell wall, peptidoglycans and other glycolipids are responsible for the adjuvant activity – attracts APCs.<br /> ***Tubuloprotein – important Ag, purified tubuloprotein is the basis of the tuberculin test.<br /> <br /> ==Four major disease groups are recognised:==<br /> *The 'classical' tuberculosis lesions are caused by the [[Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex]]<br /> *The Johne's type lesions and lesions caused by the MAC (M.avium complex) are [[Mycobacterium avium complex]]<br /> ** Cause of [[Intestines Proliferative Enteritis - Pathology#Paratuberculosis (Johnes disease)|Johne's Disease/ paratuberculosis]].<br /> *Mycobacteria causing leprosy (human and feline/murine) [[Mycobacterium leprae and M.lepraemurium]]<br /> *Atypical mycobacteriosis is a localized opportunistic skin and subcutaneous infection caused by saprophytic and rapidly growing mycobacteria [[Atypical Mycobacterium]]<br /> *Granulomatous lesions in [[Muscles Inflammatory - Pathology#Tuberculosis|muscle]]<br /> *Granulomatous lesions in [[Bacterial skin infections - Pathology#Bacterial granulomatous dermatitis|skin]]</div>

Flawrence https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Streptococci&diff=42211 2008-12-29T16:44:28Z

<p>Flawrence: </p> <hr /> <div>{{review}}<br /> <br /> {{toplink<br /> |backcolour =<br /> |linkpage =Bacteria<br /> |linktext =BACTERIA<br /> |pagetype=Bugs<br /> }}<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Overview===<br /> <br /> *Cause suppurative infections in many different animals<br /> *Cause abscess formation and septicaemia<br /> *Cause mastitis, metritis, polyarthritis, meningitis<br /> *Primary or secondary infections following viral infection<br /> *Neonatal septicaemia related to maternal genital tract infection<br /> *Haemolytic streptococci of Lancefield group C are common inhabitants of the equine nasopharynx <br /> *''Streptococcus zooepidemicus'' and ''S. equisimilis'' are usually non-pathogenic<br /> *Involved in [[Peritoneal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#In pigs|peritonitis in pigs]], [[Pleural Cavity &amp; Membranes Inflammatory - Pathology#Pyothorax (Thoracic empyema)|pyothorax]], [[Bones Inflammatory - Pathology#Osteomyelitis|osteomyelitis]], [[Cavity &amp; Gingiva - Pathology#Catarrhal Stomatitis|catarrhal stomatitis]]<br /> *In infectious [[Joints Inflammatory - Pathology#In Sheep|arthritis of sheep]], [[Joints Inflammatory - Pathology#In Cattle|arthritis in calves]], [[Joints Inflammatory - Pathology#In Horses|arthritis in horses]] and [[Joints Inflammatory - Pathology#In Pigs|arthritis in pigs]]<br /> *Often commensals on mucous membranes of upper respiratory and lower urogenital tract<br /> *Opportunistic infections<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Characteristics===<br /> <br /> *Gram positive cocci forming chains<br /> *Catalase negative, facultative anaerobes<br /> *Fastitidious - require enriched media such as blood or serum<br /> *Small haemolytic, translucent colonies, some mucoid<br /> *Catalase negative<br /> *Susceptible to desiccation<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Identification===<br /> <br /> *Beta haemolysis (complete with clear zones surrounding colonies)<br /> *Alpha haemolysis (partial with green zones surrounding colonies)<br /> *Lancefield grouping - serology based on group-specific polysaccharide in cell wall<br /> *Biochemical testing <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Diagnosis===<br /> <br /> *Swabs of pus or exudate cultured on blood agar and MacConkey agar<br /> *No growth on MacConkey except ''S. faecalis''<br /> *PCR, Lancefield grouping and biochemical tests<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Pathogensis and Pathogenicity===<br /> <br /> *Beta-haemolytic strains more pathogenic than alpha-haemolytic strains<br /> *Virulence factors include streptolysins, hyaluronidase, DNase, streptokinase and proteases<br /> *''S. pyogenes, S. pneumoniae'' and some strains of ''S. equi'' have polysaccharide capsules which are antiphagocytic<br /> *''S. pyogenes'' and ''S. equi'' have antiphagocytic cell wall M proteins<br /> <br /> <br /> ===[[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Strangles|Strangles]]===<br /> <br /> *Epidemiology<br /> **[[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Strangles|Strangles]] is a highly infectious disease of horses caused by ''Streptococcus equi'' subsp. ''equi''<br /> **[[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#In Horses|upper respiratory tract disease of horses]] with fever and abscessation of regional lymph nodes<br /> **Causes [[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Strangles|rhinitis]], [[Nasopharynx Inflammatory - Pathology|pharyngitis]], lymphadenitis and [[Muscles Inflammatory - Pathology#Abscesses|myositis]]<br /> **Outbreaks in groups of young horses<br /> **Transmitted via purulent exudate discharging from upper respiratory tract or from lymph nodes<br /> **Chronic, carrier state can occur with bacteria im the guttural pouch<br /> **A mild, atypical form can occur<br /> **''S. equi'' shed for 4 weeks beyond clinical resolution<br /> <br /> *Clinical signs<br /> **Incubation period 3 to 6 days<br /> **Fever, depression, anorexia<br /> **Purulent nasal discharge<br /> **Swollen, painful regional lymph nodes, especially submandibular<br /> **Abscessation and rupture of lymph nodes<br /> **Guttural pouch empyema<br /> **100% morbidity; 5% mortality<br /> **Death can occur from pneumonia, breathing difficulties from swollen lymph nodes or [[Muscles Degenerative - Pathology#Ischaemia|purpura haemorrhagica]](an immune-mediated disease)<br /> **Bastard strangle may occasionally occur, with abscessaation in many organs of the body<br /> **''S. equi'' may be involved in [[Bacterial skin infections - Pathology#Systemic bacterial infections|cutaneous lesions]]<br /> <br /> *Diagnosis<br /> **Clinical signs and history <br /> **Mucoid colonies with beta-haemolysis<br /> **Sugar fermentation allows differentiation of ''S. equi'' from ''S. zooepidemicus'' and ''S. equisimilis''<br /> **PCR to detect asymptomatic carriers<br /> <br /> *Treatment and control<br /> **Penicillin administration to in-contact animals<br /> **Isolation of affected animals<br /> **Quaranteen in-coming animals<br /> **Avoid overcrowding and mixing different age groups<br /> **Disinfection of equipment<br /> <br /> <br /> ===''Streptococcus suis''===<br /> <br /> *Meningitis, arthritis, septicaemia and [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Streptococcal pneumonia|pneumonia]] of pigs<br /> *Sporadic cases of endocarditis, neonatal deaths and abortion<br /> *Carried in tonsils and nasal cavity of carrier pigs <br /> *Outbreaks occur in intensively-reared herds with poor hygiene<br /> *Carrier sows infect litters causing neonatal deaths<br /> *Meningitis with fever, tremors, incoordination, opisthotonos and convulsions<br /> *Treatment with penicillin; prophylactic long-acting penicillin for sows and piglets<br /> *Suppurative conditions in cattle, sheep, horses, cats<br /> *Septicaemia and meningitis in humans<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Bovine streptococcal mastitis===<br /> <br /> *''S. agalactiae, S. dysgalactiae'' and ''S. uberis'' primarily cause mastitis<br /> *Also ''S. pyogenes, S. zooepidemicus'' and ''Enterococcus faecalis'' can be involved<br /> *''S. agalactiae'' colonises milk ducts causing persistent infections with acute outbreaks<br /> *''S. dysgalactiae'' found in the oral cavity and on the skin of the udder causes acute mastitis<br /> *''S. uberis'' inhabits normal skin, tonsils and vaginal mucosa, and causes mastitis without systemic signs<br /> *Cause inflammation of mammary tissue and clots form in milk<br /> *Milk samples are cultured on blood agar, Edward's medium and MacConkey agar for diagnosis<br /> <br /> <br /> ===''S. equisimilis''===<br /> <br /> *Found on skin and vagina of horses<br /> *Causes abscesses, endometritis and mastitis in horses<br /> *Suppurative conditions in pigs, cattle, dogs, birds<br /> <br /> <br /> ===''S. zooepidemicus''===<br /> <br /> *Colonises mucous membranes<br /> *Causes mastitis, pneumonia, [[Paranasal Sinuses Inflammatory - Pathology|sinusitis]] and navel infections in horses<br /> *''S. zooepidemicus'' can cause similar signs to [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Strangles|strangles in horses]] and may accompany [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)|COPD]]<br /> *Secondary invador after [[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#Equine influenza|equine influenza]]<br /> *Colonises skin and mucous membranes of cattle, lambs, pigs and poultry and causes suppurative infections and septicaemia<br /> * Can cause vascular fragility, leading to [[General Pathology - Haemostasis#Haemorrhagic Disease Due To Vascular Fragility|haemorrhagic disease]]<br /> <br /> <br /> ===''Enterococcus faecalis''===<br /> <br /> *Colonises intestinal tract<br /> *Causes opportunistic suppurative infections in many species<br /> <br /> <br /> ===''S. canis''===<br /> <br /> *Found in vagina and anal mucosa of carnivores<br /> *Neonatal septicaemia, suppurative infections, toxic shock syndrome<br /> *In [[Bacterial skin infections - Pathology#Deep pyoderma|deep pyoderma]] and subcutaneous abscesses<br /> <br /> <br /> ===''S. pneumoniae''===<br /> <br /> *Found in upper respiratory tract of primates<br /> *Causes septicaemia, pneumonia and meningitis<br /> *Pneumonia in guinea-pigs and rats<br /> <br /> <br /> ===''S. porcinus''===<br /> <br /> *Submandibular lymphadenitis in pigs</div>

Flawrence https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Streptococci&diff=42210 2008-12-29T16:42:16Z

<p>Flawrence: </p> <hr /> <div>{{review}}<br /> <br /> {{toplink<br /> |backcolour =<br /> |linkpage =Bacteria<br /> |linktext =BACTERIA<br /> |pagetype=Bugs<br /> }}<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Overview===<br /> <br /> *Cause suppurative infections in many different animals<br /> *Cause abscess formation and septicaemia<br /> *Cause mastitis, metritis, polyarthritis, meningitis<br /> *Primary or secondary infections following viral infection<br /> *Neonatal septicaemia related to maternal genital tract infection<br /> *Haemolytic streptococci of Lancefield group C are common inhabitants of the equine nasopharynx <br /> *''Streptococcus zooepidemicus'' and ''S. equisimilis'' are usually non-pathogenic<br /> *Often commensals on mucous membranes of upper respiratory and lower urogenital tract<br /> *Opportunistic infections<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Characteristics===<br /> <br /> *Gram positive cocci forming chains<br /> *Catalase negative, facultative anaerobes<br /> *Fastitidious - require enriched media such as blood or serum<br /> *Small haemolytic, translucent colonies, some mucoid<br /> *Catalase negative<br /> *Susceptible to desiccation<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Identification===<br /> <br /> *Beta haemolysis (complete with clear zones surrounding colonies)<br /> *Alpha haemolysis (partial with green zones surrounding colonies)<br /> *Lancefield grouping - serology based on group-specific polysaccharide in cell wall<br /> *Biochemical testing <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Diagnosis===<br /> <br /> *Swabs of pus or exudate cultured on blood agar and MacConkey agar<br /> *No growth on MacConkey except ''S. faecalis''<br /> *PCR, Lancefield grouping and biochemical tests<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Pathogensis and Pathogenicity===<br /> <br /> *Beta-haemolytic strains more pathogenic than alpha-haemolytic strains<br /> *Virulence factors include streptolysins, hyaluronidase, DNase, streptokinase and proteases<br /> *''S. pyogenes, S. pneumoniae'' and some strains of ''S. equi'' have polysaccharide capsules which are antiphagocytic<br /> *''S. pyogenes'' and ''S. equi'' have antiphagocytic cell wall M proteins<br /> <br /> <br /> ===[[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Strangles|Strangles]]===<br /> <br /> *Epidemiology<br /> **[[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Strangles|Strangles]] is a highly infectious disease of horses caused by ''Streptococcus equi'' subsp. ''equi''<br /> **[[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#In Horses|upper respiratory tract disease of horses]] with fever and abscessation of regional lymph nodes<br /> **Causes [[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Strangles|rhinitis]], [[Nasopharynx Inflammatory - Pathology|pharyngitis]], lymphadenitis and [[Muscles Inflammatory - Pathology#Abscesses|myositis]]<br /> **Outbreaks in groups of young horses<br /> **Transmitted via purulent exudate discharging from upper respiratory tract or from lymph nodes<br /> **Chronic, carrier state can occur with bacteria im the guttural pouch<br /> **A mild, atypical form can occur<br /> **''S. equi'' shed for 4 weeks beyond clinical resolution<br /> <br /> *Clinical signs<br /> **Incubation period 3 to 6 days<br /> **Fever, depression, anorexia<br /> **Purulent nasal discharge<br /> **Swollen, painful regional lymph nodes, especially submandibular<br /> **Abscessation and rupture of lymph nodes<br /> **Guttural pouch empyema<br /> **100% morbidity; 5% mortality<br /> **Death can occur from pneumonia, breathing difficulties from swollen lymph nodes or [[Muscles Degenerative - Pathology#Ischaemia|purpura haemorrhagica]](an immune-mediated disease)<br /> **Bastard strangle may occasionally occur, with abscessaation in many organs of the body<br /> **''S. equi'' may be involved in [[Bacterial skin infections - Pathology#Systemic bacterial infections|cutaneous lesions]]<br /> <br /> *Diagnosis<br /> **Clinical signs and history <br /> **Mucoid colonies with beta-haemolysis<br /> **Sugar fermentation allows differentiation of ''S. equi'' from ''S. zooepidemicus'' and ''S. equisimilis''<br /> **PCR to detect asymptomatic carriers<br /> <br /> *Treatment and control<br /> **Penicillin administration to in-contact animals<br /> **Isolation of affected animals<br /> **Quaranteen in-coming animals<br /> **Avoid overcrowding and mixing different age groups<br /> **Disinfection of equipment<br /> <br /> <br /> ===''Streptococcus suis''===<br /> <br /> *Meningitis, arthritis, septicaemia and [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Streptococcal pneumonia|pneumonia]] of pigs<br /> *Sporadic cases of endocarditis, neonatal deaths and abortion<br /> *Carried in tonsils and nasal cavity of carrier pigs <br /> *Outbreaks occur in intensively-reared herds with poor hygiene<br /> *Carrier sows infect litters causing neonatal deaths<br /> *Meningitis with fever, tremors, incoordination, opisthotonos and convulsions<br /> *Treatment with penicillin; prophylactic long-acting penicillin for sows and piglets<br /> *Suppurative conditions in cattle, sheep, horses, cats<br /> *Septicaemia and meningitis in humans<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Bovine streptococcal mastitis===<br /> <br /> *''S. agalactiae, S. dysgalactiae'' and ''S. uberis'' primarily cause mastitis<br /> *Also ''S. pyogenes, S. zooepidemicus'' and ''Enterococcus faecalis'' can be involved<br /> *''S. agalactiae'' colonises milk ducts causing persistent infections with acute outbreaks<br /> *''S. dysgalactiae'' found in the oral cavity and on the skin of the udder causes acute mastitis<br /> *''S. uberis'' inhabits normal skin, tonsils and vaginal mucosa, and causes mastitis without systemic signs<br /> *Cause inflammation of mammary tissue and clots form in milk<br /> *Milk samples are cultured on blood agar, Edward's medium and MacConkey agar for diagnosis<br /> <br /> <br /> ===''S. equisimilis''===<br /> <br /> *Found on skin and vagina of horses<br /> *Causes abscesses, endometritis and mastitis in horses<br /> *Suppurative conditions in pigs, cattle, dogs, birds<br /> <br /> <br /> ===''S. zooepidemicus''===<br /> <br /> *Colonises mucous membranes<br /> *Causes mastitis, pneumonia, [[Paranasal Sinuses Inflammatory - Pathology|sinusitis]] and navel infections in horses<br /> *''S. zooepidemicus'' can cause similar signs to [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Strangles|strangles in horses]] and may accompany [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)|COPD]]<br /> *Secondary invador after [[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#Equine influenza|equine influenza]]<br /> *Colonises skin and mucous membranes of cattle, lambs, pigs and poultry and causes suppurative infections and septicaemia<br /> * Can cause vascular fragility, leading to [[General Pathology - Haemostasis#Haemorrhagic Disease Due To Vascular Fragility|haemorrhagic disease]]<br /> <br /> <br /> ===''Enterococcus faecalis''===<br /> <br /> *Colonises intestinal tract<br /> *Causes opportunistic suppurative infections in many species<br /> <br /> <br /> ===''S. canis''===<br /> <br /> *Found in vagina and anal mucosa of carnivores<br /> *Neonatal septicaemia, suppurative infections, toxic shock syndrome<br /> *In [[Bacterial skin infections - Pathology#Deep pyoderma|deep pyoderma]] and subcutaneous abscesses<br /> <br /> <br /> ===''S. pneumoniae''===<br /> <br /> *Found in upper respiratory tract of primates<br /> *Causes septicaemia, pneumonia and meningitis<br /> *Pneumonia in guinea-pigs and rats<br /> <br /> <br /> ===''S. porcinus''===<br /> <br /> *Submandibular lymphadenitis in pigs<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> * [[Peritoneal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#In pigs|peritonitis in pigs]]<br /> *In [[Pleural Cavity &amp; Membranes Inflammatory - Pathology#Pyothorax (Thoracic empyema)|pyothorax]]<br /> * In [[Bones Inflammatory - Pathology#Osteomyelitis|osteomyelitis]]<br /> *In infectious [[Joints Inflammatory - Pathology#In Sheep|arthritis of sheep]], [[Joints Inflammatory - Pathology#In Cattle|arthritis in calves]], [[Joints Inflammatory - Pathology#In Horses|arthritis in horses]] and [[Joints Inflammatory - Pathology#In Pigs|arthritis in pigs]]<br /> *In [[Cavity &amp; Gingiva - Pathology#Catarrhal Stomatitis|catarrhal stomatitis]]</div>

Flawrence https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Streptococci&diff=42209 2008-12-29T16:30:18Z

<p>Flawrence: </p> <hr /> <div>{{review}}<br /> <br /> {{toplink<br /> |backcolour =<br /> |linkpage =Bacteria<br /> |linktext =BACTERIA<br /> |pagetype=Bugs<br /> }}<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Overview===<br /> <br /> *Cause suppurative infections in many different animals<br /> *Cause abscess formation and septicaemia<br /> *Cause mastitis, metritis, polyarthritis, meningitis<br /> *Primary or secondary infections following viral infection<br /> *Neonatal septicaemia related to maternal genital tract infection<br /> *Often commensals on mucous membranes of upper respiratory and lower urogenital tract<br /> *Opportunistic infections<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Characteristics===<br /> <br /> *Gram positive cocci forming chains<br /> *Catalase negative, facultative anaerobes<br /> *Fastitidious - require enriched media such as blood or serum<br /> *Small haemolytic, translucent colonies, some mucoid<br /> *Catalase negative<br /> *Susceptible to desiccation<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Identification===<br /> <br /> *Beta haemolysis (complete with clear zones surrounding colonies)<br /> *Alpha haemolysis (partial with green zones surrounding colonies)<br /> *Lancefield grouping - serology based on group-specific polysaccharide in cell wall<br /> *Biochemical testing <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Pathogensis and Pathogenicity===<br /> <br /> *Beta-haemolytic strains more pathogenic than alpha-haemolytic strains<br /> *Virulence factors include streptolysins, hyaluronidase, DNase, streptokinase and proteases<br /> *''S. pyogenes, S. pneumoniae'' and some strains of ''S. equi'' have polysaccharide capsules which are antiphagocytic<br /> *''S. pyogenes'' and ''S. equi'' have antiphagocytic cell wall M proteins<br /> <br /> <br /> ===[[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Strangles|Strangles]]===<br /> <br /> *Epidemiology<br /> **[[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Strangles|Strangles]] is a highly infectious disease of horses caused by ''Streptococcus equi'' subsp. ''equi''<br /> **Upper respiratory tract disease with fever and abscessation of regional lymph nodes<br /> **Outbreaks in groups of young horses<br /> **Transmitted via purulent exudate discharging from upper respiratory tract or from lymph nodes<br /> **Chronic, carrier state can occur with bacteria im the guttural pouch<br /> **A mild, atypical form can occur<br /> **''S. equi'' shed for 4 weeks beyond clinical resolution<br /> <br /> *Clinical signs<br /> **Incubation period 3 to 6 days<br /> **Fever, depression, anorexia<br /> **Purulent nasal discharge<br /> **Swollen, painful regional lymph nodes, especially submandibular<br /> **Abscessation and rupture of lymph nodes<br /> **Guttural pouch empyema<br /> **100% morbidity; 5% mortality<br /> **Death can occur from pneumonia, breathing difficulties from swollen lymph nodes or [[Muscles Degenerative - Pathology#Ischaemia|purpura haemorrhagica]](an immune-mediated disease)<br /> **Bastard strangle may occasionally occur, with abscessaation in many organs of the body<br /> <br /> *Diagnosis<br /> **Clinical signs and history <br /> **Mucoid colonies with beta-haemolysis<br /> **Sugar fermentation allows differentiation of ''S. equi'' from ''S. zooepidemicus'' and ''S. equisimilis''<br /> **PCR to detect asymptomatic carriers<br /> <br /> *Treatment and control<br /> **Penicillin administration to in-contact animals<br /> **Isolation of affected animals<br /> **Quaranteen in-coming animals<br /> **Avoid overcrowding and mixing different age groups<br /> **Disinfection of equipment<br /> <br /> <br /> ===''Streptococcus suis''===<br /> <br /> *Meningitis, arthritis, septicaemia and [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Streptococcal pneumonia|pneumonia]] of pigs<br /> *Sporadic cases of endocarditis, neonatal deaths and abortion<br /> *Carried in tonsils and nasal cavity of carrier pigs <br /> *Outbreaks occur in intensively-reared herds with poor hygiene<br /> *Carrier sows infect litters causing neonatal deaths<br /> *Meningitis with fever, tremors, incoordination, opisthotonos and convulsions<br /> *Treatment with penicillin; prophylactic long-acting penicillin for sows and piglets<br /> *Suppurative conditions in cattle, sheep, horses, cats<br /> *Septicaemia and meningitis in humans<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Bovine streptococcal mastitis===<br /> <br /> *''S. agalactiae, S. dysgalactiae'' and ''S. uberis'' primarily cause mastitis<br /> *Also ''S. pyogenes, S. zooepidemicus'' and ''Enterococcus faecalis'' can be involved<br /> *''S. agalactiae'' colonises milk ducts causing persistent infections with acute outbreaks<br /> *''S. dysgalactiae'' found in the oral cavity and on the skin of the udder causes acute mastitis<br /> *''S. uberis'' inhabits normal skin, tonsils and vaginal mucosa, and causes mastitis without systemic signs<br /> *Cause inflammation of mammary tissue and clots form in milk<br /> *Milk samples are cultured on blood agar, Edward's medium and MacConkey agar for diagnosis<br /> <br /> <br /> ===''S. equisimilis''===<br /> <br /> *Found on skin and vagina of horses<br /> *Causes abscesses, endometritis and mastitis in horses<br /> *Suppurative conditions in pigs, cattle, dogs, birds<br /> <br /> <br /> ===''S. zooepidemicus''===<br /> <br /> *Colonises mucous membranes and causes mastitis, pneumonia and navel infections in horses<br /> *Colonises skin and mucous membranes od cattle, lambs, pigs and poultry and causes suppurative infections and septicaemia<br /> <br /> <br /> ===''Enterococcus faecalis''===<br /> <br /> *Colonises intestinal tract<br /> *Causes opportunistic suppurative infections in many species<br /> <br /> <br /> ===''S. canis''===<br /> <br /> *Found in vagina and anal mucosa of carnivores<br /> *Neonatal septicaemia, suppurative infections, toxic shock syndrome<br /> <br /> <br /> ===''S. pneumoniae''===<br /> <br /> *Found in upper respiratory tract of primates<br /> *Causes septicaemia, pneumonia and meningitis<br /> *Pneumonia in guinea-pigs and rats<br /> <br /> <br /> ===''S. porcinus''===<br /> <br /> *Submandibular lymphadenitis in pigs<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Diagnosis===<br /> <br /> *Swabs of pus or exudate cultured on blood agar and MacConkey agar<br /> *No growth on MacConkey except ''S. faecalis''<br /> *PCR, Lancefield grouping and biochemical tests<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> *Haemolytic streptococci of Lancefield group C are common inhabitants of the equine nasopharynx <br /> *''Streptococcus zooepidemicus'' and ''S. equisimilis'' are usually non-pathogenic<br /> *''S. equi'' is more pathogenic and is the cause of [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Strangles|strangles]] with [[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Strangles|rhinitis]], [[Nasopharynx Inflammatory - Pathology|pharyngitis]], lymphadenitis, [[Muscles Inflammatory - Pathology#Abscesses|myositis]]<br /> *''S. equi'' may be involved in [[Bacterial skin infections - Pathology#Systemic bacterial infections|cutaneous lesions]]<br /> [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#In Horses|URT inflammation in horses]]<br /> <br /> * [[Peritoneal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#In pigs|peritonitis in pigs]]<br /> <br /> *''S. zooepidemicus'' can cause similar signs to [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Strangles|strangles in horses]], may accompany [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)|COPD]]<br /> <br /> *May cause [[Paranasal Sinuses Inflammatory - Pathology|sinusitis]] in horses<br /> <br /> * Can cause vascular fragility, leading to [[General Pathology - Haemostasis#Haemorrhagic Disease Due To Vascular Fragility|haemorrhagic disease]].<br /> *Secondary invadors after [[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#Equine influenza|Equine influenza]]<br /> <br /> <br /> *In [[Pleural Cavity &amp; Membranes Inflammatory - Pathology#Pyothorax (Thoracic empyema)|pyothorax]]<br /> * In [[Bones Inflammatory - Pathology#Osteomyelitis|osteomyelitis]]<br /> <br /> *In infectious [[Joints Inflammatory - Pathology#In Sheep|arthritis of sheep]], [[Joints Inflammatory - Pathology#In Cattle|arthritis in calves]], [[Joints Inflammatory - Pathology#In Horses|arthritis in horses]] and [[Joints Inflammatory - Pathology#In Pigs|arthritis in pigs]]<br /> <br /> <br /> *In [[Cavity &amp; Gingiva - Pathology#Catarrhal Stomatitis|catarrhal stomatitis]]<br /> <br /> *In [[Bacterial skin infections - Pathology#Deep pyoderma|deep pyoderma]] and subcutaneous abscesses</div>

Flawrence https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Streptococci&diff=42208 2008-12-29T16:18:39Z

<p>Flawrence: /* Bovine streptococcal mastitis */</p> <hr /> <div>{{review}}<br /> <br /> {{toplink<br /> |backcolour =<br /> |linkpage =Bacteria<br /> |linktext =BACTERIA<br /> |pagetype=Bugs<br /> }}<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Overview===<br /> <br /> *Cause suppurative infections in many different animals<br /> *Cause abscess formation and septicaemia<br /> *Cause mastitis, metritis, polyarthritis, meningitis<br /> *Primary or secondary infections following viral infection<br /> *Neonatal septicaemia related to maternal genital tract infection<br /> *Often commensals on mucous membranes of upper respiratory and lower urogenital tract<br /> *Opportunistic infections<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Characteristics===<br /> <br /> *Gram positive cocci forming chains<br /> *Catalase negative, facultative anaerobes<br /> *Fastitidious - require enriched media such as blood or serum<br /> *Small haemolytic, translucent colonies, some mucoid<br /> *Catalase negative<br /> *Susceptible to desiccation<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Identification===<br /> <br /> *Beta haemolysis (complete with clear zones surrounding colonies)<br /> *Alpha haemolysis (partial with green zones surrounding colonies)<br /> *Lancefield grouping - serology based on group-specific polysaccharide in cell wall<br /> *Biochemical testing <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Pathogensis and Pathogenicity===<br /> <br /> *Beta-haemolytic strains more pathogenic than alpha-haemolytic strains<br /> *Virulence factors include streptolysins, hyaluronidase, DNase, streptokinase and proteases<br /> *''S. pyogenes, S. pneumoniae'' and some strains of ''S. equi'' have polysaccharide capsules which are antiphagocytic<br /> *''S. pyogenes'' and ''S. equi'' have antiphagocytic cell wall M proteins<br /> <br /> <br /> ===[[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Strangles|Strangles]]===<br /> <br /> *Epidemiology<br /> **[[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Strangles|Strangles]] is a highly infectious disease of horses caused by ''Streptococcus equi'' subsp. ''equi''<br /> **Upper respiratory tract disease with fever and abscessation of regional lymph nodes<br /> **Outbreaks in groups of young horses<br /> **Transmitted via purulent exudate discharging from upper respiratory tract or from lymph nodes<br /> **Chronic, carrier state can occur with bacteria im the guttural pouch<br /> **A mild, atypical form can occur<br /> **''S. equi'' shed for 4 weeks beyond clinical resolution<br /> <br /> *Clinical signs<br /> **Incubation period 3 to 6 days<br /> **Fever, depression, anorexia<br /> **Purulent nasal discharge<br /> **Swollen, painful regional lymph nodes, especially submandibular<br /> **Abscessation and rupture of lymph nodes<br /> **Guttural pouch empyema<br /> **100% morbidity; 5% mortality<br /> **Death can occur from pneumonia, breathing difficulties from swollen lymph nodes or [[Muscles Degenerative - Pathology#Ischaemia|purpura haemorrhagica]](an immune-mediated disease)<br /> **Bastard strangle may occasionally occur, with abscessaation in many organs of the body<br /> <br /> *Diagnosis<br /> **Clinical signs and history <br /> **Mucoid colonies with beta-haemolysis<br /> **Sugar fermentation allows differentiation of ''S. equi'' from ''S. zooepidemicus'' and ''S. equisimilis''<br /> **PCR to detect asymptomatic carriers<br /> <br /> *Treatment and control<br /> **Penicillin administration to in-contact animals<br /> **Isolation of affected animals<br /> **Quaranteen in-coming animals<br /> **Avoid overcrowding and mixing different age groups<br /> **Disinfection of equipment<br /> <br /> <br /> ===''Streptococcus suis''===<br /> <br /> *Meningitis, arthritis, septicaemia and [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Streptococcal pneumonia|pneumonia]] of pigs<br /> *Sporadic cases of endocarditis, neonatal deaths and abortion<br /> *Carried in tonsils of carrier pigs <br /> *Outbreaks occur in intensively-reared herds with poor hygiene<br /> *Carrier sows infect litters causing neonatal deaths<br /> *Meningitis with fever, tremors, incoordination, opisthotonos and convulsions<br /> *Treatment with penicillin; prophylactic long-acting penicillin for sows and piglets<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Bovine streptococcal mastitis===<br /> <br /> *''S. agalactiae, S. dysgalactiae'' and ''S. uberis'' primarily cause mastitis<br /> *Also ''S. pyogenes, S. zooepidemicus'' and ''Enterococcus faecalis'' can be involved<br /> *''S. agalactiae'' colonises milk ducts causing persistent infections with acute outbreaks<br /> *''S. dysgalactiae'' found in the oral cavity and on the skin of the udder causes acute mastitis<br /> *''S. uberis'' inhabits normal skin, tonsils and vaginal mucosa, and causes mastitis without systemic signs<br /> *Cause inflammation of mammary tissue and clots form in milk<br /> *Milk samples are cultured on blood agar, Edward's medium and MacConkey agar for diagnosis<br /> <br /> ===Diagnosis===<br /> <br /> *Swabs of pus or exudate cultured on blood agar and MacConkey agar<br /> *No growth on MacConkey except ''S. faecalis''<br /> *PCR, Lancefield grouping and biochemical tests<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> *Haemolytic streptococci of Lancefield group C are common inhabitants of the equine nasopharynx <br /> *''Streptococcus zooepidemicus'' and ''S. equisimilis'' are usually non-pathogenic<br /> *''S. equi'' is more pathogenic and is the cause of [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Strangles|strangles]] with [[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Strangles|rhinitis]], [[Nasopharynx Inflammatory - Pathology|pharyngitis]], lymphadenitis, [[Muscles Inflammatory - Pathology#Abscesses|myositis]]<br /> *''S. equi'' may be involved in [[Bacterial skin infections - Pathology#Systemic bacterial infections|cutaneous lesions]]<br /> [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#In Horses|URT inflammation in horses]]<br /> <br /> * [[Peritoneal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#In pigs|peritonitis in pigs]]<br /> <br /> *''S. zooepidemicus'' can cause similar signs to [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Strangles|strangles in horses]], may accompany [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)|COPD]]<br /> <br /> *May cause [[Paranasal Sinuses Inflammatory - Pathology|sinusitis]] in horses<br /> <br /> * Can cause vascular fragility, leading to [[General Pathology - Haemostasis#Haemorrhagic Disease Due To Vascular Fragility|haemorrhagic disease]].<br /> *Secondary invadors after [[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#Equine influenza|Equine influenza]]<br /> <br /> <br /> *In [[Pleural Cavity &amp; Membranes Inflammatory - Pathology#Pyothorax (Thoracic empyema)|pyothorax]]<br /> * In [[Bones Inflammatory - Pathology#Osteomyelitis|osteomyelitis]]<br /> <br /> *In infectious [[Joints Inflammatory - Pathology#In Sheep|arthritis of sheep]], [[Joints Inflammatory - Pathology#In Cattle|arthritis in calves]], [[Joints Inflammatory - Pathology#In Horses|arthritis in horses]] and [[Joints Inflammatory - Pathology#In Pigs|arthritis in pigs]]<br /> <br /> <br /> *In [[Cavity &amp; Gingiva - Pathology#Catarrhal Stomatitis|catarrhal stomatitis]]<br /> <br /> *In [[Bacterial skin infections - Pathology#Deep pyoderma|deep pyoderma]] and subcutaneous abscesses</div>

Flawrence https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Streptococci&diff=42207 2008-12-29T13:19:29Z

<p>Flawrence: </p> <hr /> <div>{{review}}<br /> <br /> {{toplink<br /> |backcolour =<br /> |linkpage =Bacteria<br /> |linktext =BACTERIA<br /> |pagetype=Bugs<br /> }}<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Overview===<br /> <br /> *Cause suppurative infections in many different animals<br /> *Cause abscess formation and septicaemia<br /> *Cause mastitis, metritis, polyarthritis, meningitis<br /> *Primary or secondary infections following viral infection<br /> *Neonatal septicaemia related to maternal genital tract infection<br /> *Often commensals on mucous membranes of upper respiratory and lower urogenital tract<br /> *Opportunistic infections<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Characteristics===<br /> <br /> *Gram positive cocci forming chains<br /> *Catalase negative, facultative anaerobes<br /> *Fastitidious - require enriched media such as blood or serum<br /> *Small haemolytic, translucent colonies, some mucoid<br /> *Catalase negative<br /> *Susceptible to desiccation<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Identification===<br /> <br /> *Beta haemolysis (complete with clear zones surrounding colonies)<br /> *Alpha haemolysis (partial with green zones surrounding colonies)<br /> *Lancefield grouping - serology based on group-specific polysaccharide in cell wall<br /> *Biochemical testing <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Pathogensis and Pathogenicity===<br /> <br /> *Beta-haemolytic strains more pathogenic than alpha-haemolytic strains<br /> *Virulence factors include streptolysins, hyaluronidase, DNase, streptokinase and proteases<br /> *''S. pyogenes, S. pneumoniae'' and some strains of ''S. equi'' have polysaccharide capsules which are antiphagocytic<br /> *''S. pyogenes'' and ''S. equi'' have antiphagocytic cell wall M proteins<br /> <br /> <br /> ===[[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Strangles|Strangles]]===<br /> <br /> *Epidemiology<br /> **[[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Strangles|Strangles]] is a highly infectious disease of horses caused by ''Streptococcus equi'' subsp. ''equi''<br /> **Upper respiratory tract disease with fever and abscessation of regional lymph nodes<br /> **Outbreaks in groups of young horses<br /> **Transmitted via purulent exudate discharging from upper respiratory tract or from lymph nodes<br /> **Chronic, carrier state can occur with bacteria im the guttural pouch<br /> **A mild, atypical form can occur<br /> **''S. equi'' shed for 4 weeks beyond clinical resolution<br /> <br /> *Clinical signs<br /> **Incubation period 3 to 6 days<br /> **Fever, depression, anorexia<br /> **Purulent nasal discharge<br /> **Swollen, painful regional lymph nodes, especially submandibular<br /> **Abscessation and rupture of lymph nodes<br /> **Guttural pouch empyema<br /> **100% morbidity; 5% mortality<br /> **Death can occur from pneumonia, breathing difficulties from swollen lymph nodes or [[Muscles Degenerative - Pathology#Ischaemia|purpura haemorrhagica]](an immune-mediated disease)<br /> **Bastard strangle may occasionally occur, with abscessaation in many organs of the body<br /> <br /> *Diagnosis<br /> **Clinical signs and history <br /> **Mucoid colonies with beta-haemolysis<br /> **Sugar fermentation allows differentiation of ''S. equi'' from ''S. zooepidemicus'' and ''S. equisimilis''<br /> **PCR to detect asymptomatic carriers<br /> <br /> *Treatment and control<br /> **Penicillin administration to in-contact animals<br /> **Isolation of affected animals<br /> **Quaranteen in-coming animals<br /> **Avoid overcrowding and mixing different age groups<br /> **Disinfection of equipment<br /> <br /> <br /> ===''Streptococcus suis''===<br /> <br /> *Meningitis, arthritis, septicaemia and [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Streptococcal pneumonia|pneumonia]] of pigs<br /> *Sporadic cases of endocarditis, neonatal deaths and abortion<br /> *Carried in tonsils of carrier pigs <br /> *Outbreaks occur in intensively-reared herds with poor hygiene<br /> *Carrier sows infect litters causing neonatal deaths<br /> *Meningitis with fever, tremors, incoordination, opisthotonos and convulsions<br /> *Treatment with penicillin; prophylactic long-acting penicillin for sows and piglets<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Bovine streptococcal mastitis===<br /> <br /> *''S. agalactiae, S. dysgalactiae'' and ''S. uberis'' primarily cause mastitis<br /> *Also ''S. pyogenes, S. zooepidemicus'' and ''Enterococcus faecalis'' can be involved<br /> *''S. agalactiae colonises milk ducts causing persistent infections with acute outbreaks<br /> *''S. dysgalactiae'' found in the oral cavity and on the skin of the udder causes acute mastitis<br /> *''S. uberis'' inhabits normal skin, tonsils and vaginal mucosa, and causes mastitis without systemic signs<br /> *Cause inflammation of mammary tissue and clots form in milk<br /> *Milk samples are cultured on blood agar, Edward's medium and MacConkey agar for diagnosis<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Diagnosis===<br /> <br /> *Swabs of pus or exudate cultured on blood agar and MacConkey agar<br /> *No growth on MacConkey except ''S. faecalis''<br /> *PCR, Lancefield grouping and biochemical tests<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> *Haemolytic streptococci of Lancefield group C are common inhabitants of the equine nasopharynx <br /> *''Streptococcus zooepidemicus'' and ''S. equisimilis'' are usually non-pathogenic<br /> *''S. equi'' is more pathogenic and is the cause of [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Strangles|strangles]] with [[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Strangles|rhinitis]], [[Nasopharynx Inflammatory - Pathology|pharyngitis]], lymphadenitis, [[Muscles Inflammatory - Pathology#Abscesses|myositis]]<br /> *''S. equi'' may be involved in [[Bacterial skin infections - Pathology#Systemic bacterial infections|cutaneous lesions]]<br /> [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#In Horses|URT inflammation in horses]]<br /> <br /> * [[Peritoneal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#In pigs|peritonitis in pigs]]<br /> <br /> *''S. zooepidemicus'' can cause similar signs to [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Strangles|strangles in horses]], may accompany [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)|COPD]]<br /> <br /> *May cause [[Paranasal Sinuses Inflammatory - Pathology|sinusitis]] in horses<br /> <br /> * Can cause vascular fragility, leading to [[General Pathology - Haemostasis#Haemorrhagic Disease Due To Vascular Fragility|haemorrhagic disease]].<br /> *Secondary invadors after [[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#Equine influenza|Equine influenza]]<br /> <br /> <br /> *In [[Pleural Cavity &amp; Membranes Inflammatory - Pathology#Pyothorax (Thoracic empyema)|pyothorax]]<br /> * In [[Bones Inflammatory - Pathology#Osteomyelitis|osteomyelitis]]<br /> <br /> *In infectious [[Joints Inflammatory - Pathology#In Sheep|arthritis of sheep]], [[Joints Inflammatory - Pathology#In Cattle|arthritis in calves]], [[Joints Inflammatory - Pathology#In Horses|arthritis in horses]] and [[Joints Inflammatory - Pathology#In Pigs|arthritis in pigs]]<br /> <br /> <br /> *In [[Cavity &amp; Gingiva - Pathology#Catarrhal Stomatitis|catarrhal stomatitis]]<br /> <br /> *In [[Bacterial skin infections - Pathology#Deep pyoderma|deep pyoderma]] and subcutaneous abscesses</div>

Flawrence https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Streptococci&diff=42206 2008-12-29T12:37:53Z

<p>Flawrence: </p> <hr /> <div>{{review}}<br /> <br /> {{toplink<br /> |backcolour =<br /> |linkpage =Bacteria<br /> |linktext =BACTERIA<br /> |pagetype=Bugs<br /> }}<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Overview===<br /> <br /> *Cause suppurative infections in many different animals<br /> *Cause abscess formation and septicaemia<br /> *Cause mastitis, metritis, polyarthritis, meningitis<br /> *Primary or secondary infections following viral infection<br /> *Neonatal septicaemia related to maternal genital tract infection<br /> *Often commensals on mucous membranes of upper respiratory and lower urogenital tract<br /> *Opportunistic infections<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Characteristics===<br /> <br /> *Gram positive cocci forming chains<br /> *Catalase negative, facultative anaerobes<br /> *Fastitidious - require enriched media such as blood or serum<br /> *Small haemolytic, translucent colonies, some mucoid<br /> *Catalase negative<br /> *Susceptible to desiccation<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Identification===<br /> <br /> *Beta haemolysis (complete with clear zones surrounding colonies)<br /> *Alpha haemolysis (partial with green zones surrounding colonies)<br /> *Lancefield grouping - serology based on group-specific polysaccharide in cell wall<br /> *Biochemical testing <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Pathogensis and Pathogenicity===<br /> <br /> *Beta-haemolytic strains more pathogenic than alpha-haemolytic strains<br /> *Virulence factors include streptolysins, hyaluronidase, DNase, streptokinase and proteases<br /> *''S. pyogenes, S. pneumoniae'' and some strains of ''S. equi'' have polysaccharide capsules which are antiphagocytic<br /> *''S. pyogenes'' and ''S. equi'' have antiphagocytic cell wall M proteins<br /> <br /> <br /> ===[[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Strangles|Strangles]]===<br /> <br /> *Epidemiology<br /> **[[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Strangles|Strangles]] is a highly infectious disease of horses caused by ''Streptococcus equi'' subsp. ''equi''<br /> **Upper respiratory tract disease with fever and abscessation of regional lymph nodes<br /> **Outbreaks in groups of young horses<br /> **Transmitted via purulent exudate discharging from upper respiratory tract or from lymph nodes<br /> **Chronic, carrier state can occur with bacteria im the guttural pouch<br /> **A mild, atypical form can occur<br /> **''S. equi'' shed for 4 weeks beyond clinical resolution<br /> <br /> *Clinical signs<br /> **Incubation period 3 to 6 days<br /> **Fever, depression, anorexia<br /> **Purulent nasal discharge<br /> **Swollen, painful regional lymph nodes, especially submandibular<br /> **Abscessation and rupture of lymph nodes<br /> **Guttural pouch empyema<br /> **100% morbidity; 5% mortality<br /> **Death can occur from pneumonia, breathing difficulties from swollen lymph nodes or [[Muscles Degenerative - Pathology#Ischaemia|purpura haemorrhagica]](an immune-mediated disease)<br /> **Bastard strangle may occasionally occur, with abscessaation in many organs of the body<br /> <br /> *Diagnosis<br /> **Clinical signs and history <br /> **Mucoid colonies with beta-haemolysis<br /> **Sugar fermentation allows differentiation of ''S. equi'' from ''S. zooepidemicus'' and ''S. equisimilis''<br /> **PCR to detect asymptomatic carriers<br /> <br /> *Treatment and control<br /> **Penicillin administration to in-contact animals<br /> **Isolation of affected animals<br /> **Quaranteen in-coming animals<br /> **Avoid overcrowding and mixing different age groups<br /> **Disinfection of equipment<br /> <br /> <br /> ===''Streptococcus suis''===<br /> <br /> *Meningitis, arthritis, septicaemia and [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Streptococcal pneumonia|pneumonia]] of pigs<br /> *Sporadic cases of endocarditis, neonatal deaths and abortion<br /> *Carried in tonsils of carrier pigs <br /> *Outbreaks occur in intensively-reared herds with poor hygiene<br /> *Carrier sows infect litters causing neonatal deaths<br /> *Meningitis with fever, tremors, incoordination, opisthotonos and convulsions<br /> *Treatment with penicillin; prophylactic long-acting penicillin for sows and piglets<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Bovine streptococcal mastitis===<br /> <br /> *''S. agalactiae, S. dysgalactiae'' and ''S. uberis'' primarily cause mastitis<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> *Swabs of pus or exudate cultured on blood agar and MacConkey agar<br /> *No growth on MacConkey except ''S. faecalis''<br /> *PCR, Lancefield grouping and biochemical tests<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> *Haemolytic streptococci of Lancefield group C are common inhabitants of the equine nasopharynx <br /> *''Streptococcus zooepidemicus'' and ''S. equisimilis'' are usually non-pathogenic<br /> *''S. equi'' is more pathogenic and is the cause of [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Strangles|strangles]] with [[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Strangles|rhinitis]], [[Nasopharynx Inflammatory - Pathology|pharyngitis]], lymphadenitis, [[Muscles Inflammatory - Pathology#Abscesses|myositis]]<br /> *''S. equi'' may be involved in [[Bacterial skin infections - Pathology#Systemic bacterial infections|cutaneous lesions]]<br /> [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#In Horses|URT inflammation in horses]]<br /> <br /> * [[Peritoneal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#In pigs|peritonitis in pigs]]<br /> <br /> *''S. zooepidemicus'' can cause similar signs to [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Strangles|strangles in horses]], may accompany [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)|COPD]]<br /> <br /> *May cause [[Paranasal Sinuses Inflammatory - Pathology|sinusitis]] in horses<br /> <br /> * Can cause vascular fragility, leading to [[General Pathology - Haemostasis#Haemorrhagic Disease Due To Vascular Fragility|haemorrhagic disease]].<br /> *Secondary invadors after [[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#Equine influenza|Equine influenza]]<br /> <br /> <br /> *In [[Pleural Cavity &amp; Membranes Inflammatory - Pathology#Pyothorax (Thoracic empyema)|pyothorax]]<br /> * In [[Bones Inflammatory - Pathology#Osteomyelitis|osteomyelitis]]<br /> <br /> *In infectious [[Joints Inflammatory - Pathology#In Sheep|arthritis of sheep]], [[Joints Inflammatory - Pathology#In Cattle|arthritis in calves]], [[Joints Inflammatory - Pathology#In Horses|arthritis in horses]] and [[Joints Inflammatory - Pathology#In Pigs|arthritis in pigs]]<br /> <br /> <br /> *In [[Cavity &amp; Gingiva - Pathology#Catarrhal Stomatitis|catarrhal stomatitis]]<br /> <br /> *In [[Bacterial skin infections - Pathology#Deep pyoderma|deep pyoderma]] and subcutaneous abscesses</div>

Flawrence https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Streptococci&diff=42205 2008-12-29T12:24:15Z

<p>Flawrence: /* Strangles */</p> <hr /> <div>{{review}}<br /> <br /> {{toplink<br /> |backcolour =<br /> |linkpage =Bacteria<br /> |linktext =BACTERIA<br /> |pagetype=Bugs<br /> }}<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Overview===<br /> <br /> *Cause suppurative infections in many different animals<br /> *Cause abscess formation and septicaemia<br /> *Cause mastitis, metritis, polyarthritis, meningitis<br /> *Primary or secondary infections following viral infection<br /> *Neonatal septicaemia related to maternal genital tract infection<br /> *Often commensals on mucous membranes of upper respiratory and lower urogenital tract<br /> *Opportunistic infections<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Characteristics===<br /> <br /> *Gram positive cocci forming chains<br /> *Catalase negative, facultative anaerobes<br /> *Fastitidious - require enriched media such as blood or serum<br /> *Small haemolytic, translucent colonies, some mucoid<br /> *Catalase negative<br /> *Susceptible to desiccation<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Identification===<br /> <br /> *Beta haemolysis (complete with clear zones surrounding colonies)<br /> *Alpha haemolysis (partial with green zones surrounding colonies)<br /> *Lancefield grouping - serology based on group-specific polysaccharide in cell wall<br /> *Biochemical testing <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Pathogensis and Pathogenicity===<br /> <br /> *Beta-haemolytic strains more pathogenic than alpha-haemolytic strains<br /> *Virulence factors include streptolysins, hyaluronidase, DNase, streptokinase and proteases<br /> *''S. pyogenes, S. pneumoniae'' and some strains of ''S. equi'' have polysaccharide capsules which are antiphagocytic<br /> *''S. pyogenes'' and ''S. equi'' have antiphagocytic cell wall M proteins<br /> <br /> <br /> ===[[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Strangles|Strangles]]===<br /> <br /> *Epidemiology<br /> **[[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Strangles|Strangles]] is a highly infectious disease of horses caused by ''Streptococcus equi'' subsp. ''equi''<br /> **Upper respiratory tract disease with fever and abscessation of regional lymph nodes<br /> **Outbreaks in groups of young horses<br /> **Transmitted via purulent exudate discharging from upper respiratory tract or from lymph nodes<br /> **Chronic, carrier state can occur with bacteria im the guttural pouch<br /> **A mild, atypical form can occur<br /> **''S. equi'' shed for 4 weeks beyond clinical resolution<br /> <br /> *Clinical signs<br /> **Incubation period 3 to 6 days<br /> **Fever, depression, anorexia<br /> **Purulent nasal discharge<br /> **Swollen, painful regional lymph nodes, especially submandibular<br /> **Abscessation and rupture of lymph nodes<br /> **Guttural pouch empyema<br /> **100% morbidity; 5% mortality<br /> **Death can occur from pneumonia, breathing difficulties from swollen lymph nodes or purpura haemorrhagica (an immune-mediated disease)<br /> **Bastard strangle may occasionally occur, with abscessaation in many organs of the body<br /> <br /> *Diagnosis<br /> **Clinical signs and history <br /> **Mucoid colonies with beta-haemolysis<br /> **Sugar fermentation allows differentiation of ''S. equi'' from ''S. zooepidemicus'' and ''S. equisimilis''<br /> **PCR to detect asymptomatic carriers<br /> <br /> *Treatment and control<br /> **Penicillin administration to in-contact animals<br /> **Isolation of affected animals<br /> **Quaranteen in-coming animals<br /> **Avoid overcrowding and mixing different age groups<br /> **Disinfection of equipment<br /> <br /> ===''Streptococcus suis''===<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Diagnosis===<br /> <br /> *Swabs of pus or exudate cultured on blood agar and MacConkey agar<br /> *No growth on MacConkey except ''S. faecalis''<br /> *PCR, Lancefield grouping and biochemical tests<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Treatment===<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Control===<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> *Haemolytic streptococci of Lancefield group C are common inhabitants of the equine nasopharynx <br /> *''Streptococcus zooepidemicus'' and ''S. equisimilis'' are usually non-pathogenic<br /> *''S. equi'' is more pathogenic and is the cause of [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Strangles|strangles]] with [[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Strangles|rhinitis]], [[Nasopharynx Inflammatory - Pathology|pharyngitis]], lymphadenitis, [[Muscles Inflammatory - Pathology#Abscesses|myositis]]<br /> *''S. equi'' may be involved in [[Bacterial skin infections - Pathology#Systemic bacterial infections|cutaneous lesions]]<br /> [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#In Horses|URT inflammation in horses]]<br /> <br /> * [[Peritoneal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#In pigs|peritonitis in pigs]]<br /> <br /> *''S. zooepidemicus'' can cause similar signs to [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Strangles|strangles in horses]], may accompany [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)|COPD]]<br /> <br /> *May cause [[Paranasal Sinuses Inflammatory - Pathology|sinusitis]] in horses<br /> <br /> * Can cause vascular fragility, leading to [[General Pathology - Haemostasis#Haemorrhagic Disease Due To Vascular Fragility|haemorrhagic disease]].<br /> *Secondary invadors after [[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#Equine influenza|Equine influenza]]<br /> *''S. suis'' in [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Streptococcal pneumonia|pneumonia]] of pigs<br /> <br /> *In [[Pleural Cavity &amp; Membranes Inflammatory - Pathology#Pyothorax (Thoracic empyema)|pyothorax]]<br /> * In [[Bones Inflammatory - Pathology#Osteomyelitis|osteomyelitis]]<br /> <br /> *In infectious [[Joints Inflammatory - Pathology#In Sheep|arthritis of sheep]], [[Joints Inflammatory - Pathology#In Cattle|arthritis in calves]], [[Joints Inflammatory - Pathology#In Horses|arthritis in horses]] and [[Joints Inflammatory - Pathology#In Pigs|arthritis in pigs]]<br /> <br /> *In horses sometimes [[Muscles Degenerative - Pathology#Ischaemia|purpura haemorrhagica]] follows, especially during recovery from [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Strangles|strangles]]<br /> *In [[Cavity &amp; Gingiva - Pathology#Catarrhal Stomatitis|catarrhal stomatitis]]<br /> <br /> *In [[Bacterial skin infections - Pathology#Deep pyoderma|deep pyoderma]] and subcutaneous abscesses</div>

Flawrence https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Streptococci&diff=42204 2008-12-29T12:23:55Z

<p>Flawrence: /* strangles */</p> <hr /> <div>{{review}}<br /> <br /> {{toplink<br /> |backcolour =<br /> |linkpage =Bacteria<br /> |linktext =BACTERIA<br /> |pagetype=Bugs<br /> }}<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Overview===<br /> <br /> *Cause suppurative infections in many different animals<br /> *Cause abscess formation and septicaemia<br /> *Cause mastitis, metritis, polyarthritis, meningitis<br /> *Primary or secondary infections following viral infection<br /> *Neonatal septicaemia related to maternal genital tract infection<br /> *Often commensals on mucous membranes of upper respiratory and lower urogenital tract<br /> *Opportunistic infections<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Characteristics===<br /> <br /> *Gram positive cocci forming chains<br /> *Catalase negative, facultative anaerobes<br /> *Fastitidious - require enriched media such as blood or serum<br /> *Small haemolytic, translucent colonies, some mucoid<br /> *Catalase negative<br /> *Susceptible to desiccation<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Identification===<br /> <br /> *Beta haemolysis (complete with clear zones surrounding colonies)<br /> *Alpha haemolysis (partial with green zones surrounding colonies)<br /> *Lancefield grouping - serology based on group-specific polysaccharide in cell wall<br /> *Biochemical testing <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Pathogensis and Pathogenicity===<br /> <br /> *Beta-haemolytic strains more pathogenic than alpha-haemolytic strains<br /> *Virulence factors include streptolysins, hyaluronidase, DNase, streptokinase and proteases<br /> *''S. pyogenes, S. pneumoniae'' and some strains of ''S. equi'' have polysaccharide capsules which are antiphagocytic<br /> *''S. pyogenes'' and ''S. equi'' have antiphagocytic cell wall M proteins<br /> <br /> <br /> ===[[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Strangles|Strangles]]===<br /> <br /> *Epidemiology<br /> **[[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Strangles|strangles]] is a highly infectious disease of horses caused by ''Streptococcus equi'' subsp. ''equi''<br /> **Upper respiratory tract disease with fever and abscessation of regional lymph nodes<br /> **Outbreaks in groups of young horses<br /> **Transmitted via purulent exudate discharging from upper respiratory tract or from lymph nodes<br /> **Chronic, carrier state can occur with bacteria im the guttural pouch<br /> **A mild, atypical form can occur<br /> **''S. equi'' shed for 4 weeks beyond clinical resolution<br /> <br /> *Clinical signs<br /> **Incubation period 3 to 6 days<br /> **Fever, depression, anorexia<br /> **Purulent nasal discharge<br /> **Swollen, painful regional lymph nodes, especially submandibular<br /> **Abscessation and rupture of lymph nodes<br /> **Guttural pouch empyema<br /> **100% morbidity; 5% mortality<br /> **Death can occur from pneumonia, breathing difficulties from swollen lymph nodes or purpura haemorrhagica (an immune-mediated disease)<br /> **Bastard strangle may occasionally occur, with abscessaation in many organs of the body<br /> <br /> *Diagnosis<br /> **Clinical signs and history <br /> **Mucoid colonies with beta-haemolysis<br /> **Sugar fermentation allows differentiation of ''S. equi'' from ''S. zooepidemicus'' and ''S. equisimilis''<br /> **PCR to detect asymptomatic carriers<br /> <br /> *Treatment and control<br /> **Penicillin administration to in-contact animals<br /> **Isolation of affected animals<br /> **Quaranteen in-coming animals<br /> **Avoid overcrowding and mixing different age groups<br /> **Disinfection of equipment<br /> <br /> ===''Streptococcus suis''===<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Diagnosis===<br /> <br /> *Swabs of pus or exudate cultured on blood agar and MacConkey agar<br /> *No growth on MacConkey except ''S. faecalis''<br /> *PCR, Lancefield grouping and biochemical tests<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Treatment===<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Control===<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> *Haemolytic streptococci of Lancefield group C are common inhabitants of the equine nasopharynx <br /> *''Streptococcus zooepidemicus'' and ''S. equisimilis'' are usually non-pathogenic<br /> *''S. equi'' is more pathogenic and is the cause of [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Strangles|strangles]] with [[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Strangles|rhinitis]], [[Nasopharynx Inflammatory - Pathology|pharyngitis]], lymphadenitis, [[Muscles Inflammatory - Pathology#Abscesses|myositis]]<br /> *''S. equi'' may be involved in [[Bacterial skin infections - Pathology#Systemic bacterial infections|cutaneous lesions]]<br /> [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#In Horses|URT inflammation in horses]]<br /> <br /> * [[Peritoneal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#In pigs|peritonitis in pigs]]<br /> <br /> *''S. zooepidemicus'' can cause similar signs to [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Strangles|strangles in horses]], may accompany [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)|COPD]]<br /> <br /> *May cause [[Paranasal Sinuses Inflammatory - Pathology|sinusitis]] in horses<br /> <br /> * Can cause vascular fragility, leading to [[General Pathology - Haemostasis#Haemorrhagic Disease Due To Vascular Fragility|haemorrhagic disease]].<br /> *Secondary invadors after [[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#Equine influenza|Equine influenza]]<br /> *''S. suis'' in [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Streptococcal pneumonia|pneumonia]] of pigs<br /> <br /> *In [[Pleural Cavity &amp; Membranes Inflammatory - Pathology#Pyothorax (Thoracic empyema)|pyothorax]]<br /> * In [[Bones Inflammatory - Pathology#Osteomyelitis|osteomyelitis]]<br /> <br /> *In infectious [[Joints Inflammatory - Pathology#In Sheep|arthritis of sheep]], [[Joints Inflammatory - Pathology#In Cattle|arthritis in calves]], [[Joints Inflammatory - Pathology#In Horses|arthritis in horses]] and [[Joints Inflammatory - Pathology#In Pigs|arthritis in pigs]]<br /> <br /> *In horses sometimes [[Muscles Degenerative - Pathology#Ischaemia|purpura haemorrhagica]] follows, especially during recovery from [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Strangles|strangles]]<br /> *In [[Cavity &amp; Gingiva - Pathology#Catarrhal Stomatitis|catarrhal stomatitis]]<br /> <br /> *In [[Bacterial skin infections - Pathology#Deep pyoderma|deep pyoderma]] and subcutaneous abscesses</div>

Flawrence https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Streptococci&diff=42203 2008-12-29T12:23:39Z

<p>Flawrence: </p> <hr /> <div>{{review}}<br /> <br /> {{toplink<br /> |backcolour =<br /> |linkpage =Bacteria<br /> |linktext =BACTERIA<br /> |pagetype=Bugs<br /> }}<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Overview===<br /> <br /> *Cause suppurative infections in many different animals<br /> *Cause abscess formation and septicaemia<br /> *Cause mastitis, metritis, polyarthritis, meningitis<br /> *Primary or secondary infections following viral infection<br /> *Neonatal septicaemia related to maternal genital tract infection<br /> *Often commensals on mucous membranes of upper respiratory and lower urogenital tract<br /> *Opportunistic infections<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Characteristics===<br /> <br /> *Gram positive cocci forming chains<br /> *Catalase negative, facultative anaerobes<br /> *Fastitidious - require enriched media such as blood or serum<br /> *Small haemolytic, translucent colonies, some mucoid<br /> *Catalase negative<br /> *Susceptible to desiccation<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Identification===<br /> <br /> *Beta haemolysis (complete with clear zones surrounding colonies)<br /> *Alpha haemolysis (partial with green zones surrounding colonies)<br /> *Lancefield grouping - serology based on group-specific polysaccharide in cell wall<br /> *Biochemical testing <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Pathogensis and Pathogenicity===<br /> <br /> *Beta-haemolytic strains more pathogenic than alpha-haemolytic strains<br /> *Virulence factors include streptolysins, hyaluronidase, DNase, streptokinase and proteases<br /> *''S. pyogenes, S. pneumoniae'' and some strains of ''S. equi'' have polysaccharide capsules which are antiphagocytic<br /> *''S. pyogenes'' and ''S. equi'' have antiphagocytic cell wall M proteins<br /> <br /> <br /> ===[[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Strangles|strangles]]===<br /> <br /> *Epidemiology<br /> **[[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Strangles|strangles]] is a highly infectious disease of horses caused by ''Streptococcus equi'' subsp. ''equi''<br /> **Upper respiratory tract disease with fever and abscessation of regional lymph nodes<br /> **Outbreaks in groups of young horses<br /> **Transmitted via purulent exudate discharging from upper respiratory tract or from lymph nodes<br /> **Chronic, carrier state can occur with bacteria im the guttural pouch<br /> **A mild, atypical form can occur<br /> **''S. equi'' shed for 4 weeks beyond clinical resolution<br /> <br /> *Clinical signs<br /> **Incubation period 3 to 6 days<br /> **Fever, depression, anorexia<br /> **Purulent nasal discharge<br /> **Swollen, painful regional lymph nodes, especially submandibular<br /> **Abscessation and rupture of lymph nodes<br /> **Guttural pouch empyema<br /> **100% morbidity; 5% mortality<br /> **Death can occur from pneumonia, breathing difficulties from swollen lymph nodes or purpura haemorrhagica (an immune-mediated disease)<br /> **Bastard strangle may occasionally occur, with abscessaation in many organs of the body<br /> <br /> *Diagnosis<br /> **Clinical signs and history <br /> **Mucoid colonies with beta-haemolysis<br /> **Sugar fermentation allows differentiation of ''S. equi'' from ''S. zooepidemicus'' and ''S. equisimilis''<br /> **PCR to detect asymptomatic carriers<br /> <br /> *Treatment and control<br /> **Penicillin administration to in-contact animals<br /> **Isolation of affected animals<br /> **Quaranteen in-coming animals<br /> **Avoid overcrowding and mixing different age groups<br /> **Disinfection of equipment<br /> <br /> <br /> ===''Streptococcus suis''===<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Diagnosis===<br /> <br /> *Swabs of pus or exudate cultured on blood agar and MacConkey agar<br /> *No growth on MacConkey except ''S. faecalis''<br /> *PCR, Lancefield grouping and biochemical tests<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Treatment===<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Control===<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> *Haemolytic streptococci of Lancefield group C are common inhabitants of the equine nasopharynx <br /> *''Streptococcus zooepidemicus'' and ''S. equisimilis'' are usually non-pathogenic<br /> *''S. equi'' is more pathogenic and is the cause of [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Strangles|strangles]] with [[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Strangles|rhinitis]], [[Nasopharynx Inflammatory - Pathology|pharyngitis]], lymphadenitis, [[Muscles Inflammatory - Pathology#Abscesses|myositis]]<br /> *''S. equi'' may be involved in [[Bacterial skin infections - Pathology#Systemic bacterial infections|cutaneous lesions]]<br /> [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#In Horses|URT inflammation in horses]]<br /> <br /> * [[Peritoneal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#In pigs|peritonitis in pigs]]<br /> <br /> *''S. zooepidemicus'' can cause similar signs to [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Strangles|strangles in horses]], may accompany [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)|COPD]]<br /> <br /> *May cause [[Paranasal Sinuses Inflammatory - Pathology|sinusitis]] in horses<br /> <br /> * Can cause vascular fragility, leading to [[General Pathology - Haemostasis#Haemorrhagic Disease Due To Vascular Fragility|haemorrhagic disease]].<br /> *Secondary invadors after [[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#Equine influenza|Equine influenza]]<br /> *''S. suis'' in [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Streptococcal pneumonia|pneumonia]] of pigs<br /> <br /> *In [[Pleural Cavity &amp; Membranes Inflammatory - Pathology#Pyothorax (Thoracic empyema)|pyothorax]]<br /> * In [[Bones Inflammatory - Pathology#Osteomyelitis|osteomyelitis]]<br /> <br /> *In infectious [[Joints Inflammatory - Pathology#In Sheep|arthritis of sheep]], [[Joints Inflammatory - Pathology#In Cattle|arthritis in calves]], [[Joints Inflammatory - Pathology#In Horses|arthritis in horses]] and [[Joints Inflammatory - Pathology#In Pigs|arthritis in pigs]]<br /> <br /> *In horses sometimes [[Muscles Degenerative - Pathology#Ischaemia|purpura haemorrhagica]] follows, especially during recovery from [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Strangles|strangles]]<br /> *In [[Cavity &amp; Gingiva - Pathology#Catarrhal Stomatitis|catarrhal stomatitis]]<br /> <br /> *In [[Bacterial skin infections - Pathology#Deep pyoderma|deep pyoderma]] and subcutaneous abscesses</div>

Flawrence https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Streptococci&diff=42202 2008-12-29T12:05:51Z

<p>Flawrence: </p> <hr /> <div>{{review}}<br /> <br /> {{toplink<br /> |backcolour =<br /> |linkpage =Bacteria<br /> |linktext =BACTERIA<br /> |pagetype=Bugs<br /> }}<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Overview===<br /> <br /> *Cause suppurative infections in many different animals<br /> *Cause abscess formation and septicaemia<br /> *Cause mastitis, metritis, polyarthritis, meningitis<br /> *Often commensals on mucous membranes of upper respiratory and lower urogenital tract<br /> *Opportunistic infections<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Characteristics===<br /> <br /> *Gram positive cocci forming chains<br /> *Catalase negative, facultative anaerobes<br /> *Fastitidious - require enriched media such as blood or serum<br /> *Small haemolytic, translucent colonies, some mucoid<br /> *Catalase negative<br /> *Susceptible to desiccation<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Identification===<br /> <br /> *Beta haemolysis (complete with clear zones surrounding colonies)<br /> *Alpha haemolysis (partial with green zones surrounding colonies)<br /> *Lancefield grouping - serology based on group-specific polysaccharide in cell wall<br /> *Biochemical testing <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Pathogensis and Pathogenicity===<br /> <br /> *Beta-haemolytic strains more pathogenic than alpha-haemolytic strains<br /> *Virulence factors include streptolysins, hyaluronidase, DNase, streptokinase and proteases<br /> *''S. pyogenes, S. pneumoniae'' and some strains of ''S. equi'' have polysaccharide capsules which are antiphagocytic<br /> *''S. pyogenes'' and ''S. equi'' have antiphagocytic cell wall M proteins<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Clinical infections===<br /> <br /> *Primary or secondary infections following viral infection<br /> *Neonatal septicaemia related to maternal genital tract infection<br /> *Strangles<br /> **Highly infectious disease of horses caused by ''Streptococcus equi'' subsp. ''equi''<br /> **Upper respiratory tract disease with fever and abscessation of regional lymph nodes<br /> **Outbreaks in groups of young horses<br /> **<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Diagnosis===<br /> <br /> *Swabs of pus or exudate cultured on blood agar and MacConkey agar<br /> *No growth on MacConkey except ''S. faecalis''<br /> *PCR, Lancefield grouping and biochemical tests<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Treatment===<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Control===<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> *Haemolytic streptococci of Lancefield group C are common inhabitants of the equine nasopharynx <br /> *''Streptococcus zooepidemicus'' and ''S. equisimilis'' are usually non-pathogenic<br /> *''S. equi'' is more pathogenic and is the cause of [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Strangles|strangles]] with [[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Strangles|rhinitis]], [[Nasopharynx Inflammatory - Pathology|pharyngitis]], lymphadenitis, [[Muscles Inflammatory - Pathology#Abscesses|myositis]]<br /> *''S. equi'' may be involved in [[Bacterial skin infections - Pathology#Systemic bacterial infections|cutaneous lesions]]<br /> [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#In Horses|URT inflammation in horses]]<br /> <br /> * [[Peritoneal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#In pigs|peritonitis in pigs]]<br /> <br /> *''S. zooepidemicus'' can cause similar signs to [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Strangles|strangles in horses]], may accompany [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)|COPD]]<br /> <br /> *May cause [[Paranasal Sinuses Inflammatory - Pathology|sinusitis]] in horses<br /> <br /> * Can cause vascular fragility, leading to [[General Pathology - Haemostasis#Haemorrhagic Disease Due To Vascular Fragility|haemorrhagic disease]].<br /> *Secondary invadors after [[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#Equine influenza|Equine influenza]]<br /> *''S. suis'' in [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Streptococcal pneumonia|pneumonia]] of pigs<br /> <br /> *In [[Pleural Cavity &amp; Membranes Inflammatory - Pathology#Pyothorax (Thoracic empyema)|pyothorax]]<br /> * In [[Bones Inflammatory - Pathology#Osteomyelitis|osteomyelitis]]<br /> <br /> *In infectious [[Joints Inflammatory - Pathology#In Sheep|arthritis of sheep]], [[Joints Inflammatory - Pathology#In Cattle|arthritis in calves]], [[Joints Inflammatory - Pathology#In Horses|arthritis in horses]] and [[Joints Inflammatory - Pathology#In Pigs|arthritis in pigs]]<br /> <br /> *In horses sometimes [[Muscles Degenerative - Pathology#Ischaemia|purpura haemorrhagica]] follows, especially during recovery from [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Strangles|strangles]]<br /> *In [[Cavity &amp; Gingiva - Pathology#Catarrhal Stomatitis|catarrhal stomatitis]]<br /> <br /> *In [[Bacterial skin infections - Pathology#Deep pyoderma|deep pyoderma]] and subcutaneous abscesses</div>

Flawrence https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Streptococci&diff=42201 2008-12-29T11:40:34Z

<p>Flawrence: </p> <hr /> <div>{{review}}<br /> <br /> {{toplink<br /> |backcolour =<br /> |linkpage =Bacteria<br /> |linktext =BACTERIA<br /> |pagetype=Bugs<br /> }}<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Overview===<br /> <br /> *Cause suppurative infections in many different animals<br /> *Cause mastitis, metritis, polyarthritis, meningitis<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Characteristics===<br /> <br /> *Gram positive cocci forming chains<br /> *Catalase negative, facultative anaerobes<br /> *Fastitidious - require enriched media such as blood or serum<br /> *Small haemolytic, translucent colonies<br /> *Catalase negative<br /> *Susceptible to desiccation<br /> *Commensals on mucous membranes of upper respiratory and lower urogenital tract<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Identification===<br /> <br /> *Beta haemolysis (complete with clear zones surrounding colonies)<br /> *Alpha haemolysis (partial with green zones surrounding colonies)<br /> *Lancefield grouping - serology based on group-specific polysaccharide in cell wall<br /> *Biochemical testing <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Pathogenicity===<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Clinical infections===<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Diagnosis===<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Treatment===<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Control===<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> *Haemolytic streptococci of Lancefield group C are common inhabitants of the equine nasopharynx <br /> *''Streptococcus zooepidemicus'' and ''S. equisimilis'' are usually non-pathogenic<br /> *''S. equi'' is more pathogenic and is the cause of [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Strangles|strangles]] with [[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Strangles|rhinitis]], [[Nasopharynx Inflammatory - Pathology|pharyngitis]], lymphadenitis, [[Muscles Inflammatory - Pathology#Abscesses|myositis]]<br /> *''S. equi'' may be involved in [[Bacterial skin infections - Pathology#Systemic bacterial infections|cutaneous lesions]]<br /> [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#In Horses|URT inflammation in horses]]<br /> <br /> * [[Peritoneal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#In pigs|peritonitis in pigs]]<br /> <br /> *''S. zooepidemicus'' can cause similar signs to [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Strangles|strangles in horses]], may accompany [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)|COPD]]<br /> <br /> *May cause [[Paranasal Sinuses Inflammatory - Pathology|sinusitis]] in horses<br /> <br /> * Can cause vascular fragility, leading to [[General Pathology - Haemostasis#Haemorrhagic Disease Due To Vascular Fragility|haemorrhagic disease]].<br /> *Secondary invadors after [[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#Equine influenza|Equine influenza]]<br /> *''S. suis'' in [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Streptococcal pneumonia|pneumonia]] of pigs<br /> <br /> *In [[Pleural Cavity &amp; Membranes Inflammatory - Pathology#Pyothorax (Thoracic empyema)|pyothorax]]<br /> * In [[Bones Inflammatory - Pathology#Osteomyelitis|osteomyelitis]]<br /> <br /> *In infectious [[Joints Inflammatory - Pathology#In Sheep|arthritis of sheep]], [[Joints Inflammatory - Pathology#In Cattle|arthritis in calves]], [[Joints Inflammatory - Pathology#In Horses|arthritis in horses]] and [[Joints Inflammatory - Pathology#In Pigs|arthritis in pigs]]<br /> <br /> *In horses sometimes [[Muscles Degenerative - Pathology#Ischaemia|purpura haemorrhagica]] follows, especially during recovery from [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Strangles|strangles]]<br /> *In [[Cavity &amp; Gingiva - Pathology#Catarrhal Stomatitis|catarrhal stomatitis]]<br /> <br /> *In [[Bacterial skin infections - Pathology#Deep pyoderma|deep pyoderma]] and subcutaneous abscesses</div>

Flawrence https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Streptococci&diff=42200 2008-12-29T11:33:56Z

<p>Flawrence: </p> <hr /> <div>{{review}}<br /> <br /> {{toplink<br /> |backcolour =<br /> |linkpage =Bacteria<br /> |linktext =BACTERIA<br /> |pagetype=Bugs<br /> }}<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Overview===<br /> <br /> *Cause suppurative infections in many different animals<br /> *Cause mastitis, metritis, polyarthritis, meningitis<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Characteristics===<br /> <br /> *Gram positive cocci forming chains<br /> *Catalase negative, facultative anaerobes<br /> *Fastitidious - require enriched media such as blood or serum<br /> *Small haemolytic, translucent colonies<br /> *Catalase negative<br /> *Susceptible to desiccation<br /> *Commensals on mucous membranes of upper respiratory and lower urogenital tract<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Pathogenicity===<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Clinical infections===<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Diagnosis===<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Treatment===<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Control===<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> *Haemolytic streptococci of Lancefield group C are common inhabitants of the equine nasopharynx <br /> *''Streptococcus zooepidemicus'' and ''S. equisimilis'' are usually non-pathogenic<br /> *''S. equi'' is more pathogenic and is the cause of [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Strangles|strangles]] with [[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Strangles|rhinitis]], [[Nasopharynx Inflammatory - Pathology|pharyngitis]], lymphadenitis, [[Muscles Inflammatory - Pathology#Abscesses|myositis]]<br /> *''S. equi'' may be involved in [[Bacterial skin infections - Pathology#Systemic bacterial infections|cutaneous lesions]]<br /> [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#In Horses|URT inflammation in horses]]<br /> <br /> * [[Peritoneal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#In pigs|peritonitis in pigs]]<br /> <br /> *''S. zooepidemicus'' can cause similar signs to [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Strangles|strangles in horses]], may accompany [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)|COPD]]<br /> <br /> *May cause [[Paranasal Sinuses Inflammatory - Pathology|sinusitis]] in horses<br /> <br /> * Can cause vascular fragility, leading to [[General Pathology - Haemostasis#Haemorrhagic Disease Due To Vascular Fragility|haemorrhagic disease]].<br /> *Secondary invadors after [[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#Equine influenza|Equine influenza]]<br /> *''S. suis'' in [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Streptococcal pneumonia|pneumonia]] of pigs<br /> <br /> *In [[Pleural Cavity &amp; Membranes Inflammatory - Pathology#Pyothorax (Thoracic empyema)|pyothorax]]<br /> * In [[Bones Inflammatory - Pathology#Osteomyelitis|osteomyelitis]]<br /> <br /> *In infectious [[Joints Inflammatory - Pathology#In Sheep|arthritis of sheep]], [[Joints Inflammatory - Pathology#In Cattle|arthritis in calves]], [[Joints Inflammatory - Pathology#In Horses|arthritis in horses]] and [[Joints Inflammatory - Pathology#In Pigs|arthritis in pigs]]<br /> <br /> *In horses sometimes [[Muscles Degenerative - Pathology#Ischaemia|purpura haemorrhagica]] follows, especially during recovery from [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Strangles|strangles]]<br /> *In [[Cavity &amp; Gingiva - Pathology#Catarrhal Stomatitis|catarrhal stomatitis]]<br /> <br /> *In [[Bacterial skin infections - Pathology#Deep pyoderma|deep pyoderma]] and subcutaneous abscesses</div>

Flawrence https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Streptococci&diff=42199 2008-12-29T11:21:23Z

<p>Flawrence: </p> <hr /> <div>{{review}}<br /> <br /> {{toplink<br /> |backcolour =<br /> |linkpage =Bacteria<br /> |linktext =BACTERIA<br /> |pagetype=Bugs<br /> }}<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Overview===<br /> <br /> *Gram positive cocci<br /> *<br /> <br /> <br /> *Haemolytic streptococci of Lancefield group C are common inhabitants of the equine nasopharynx <br /> *''Streptococcus zooepidemicus'' and ''S. equisimilis'' are usually non-pathogenic<br /> *''S. equi'' is more pathogenic and is the cause of [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Strangles|strangles]] with [[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Strangles|rhinitis]], [[Nasopharynx Inflammatory - Pathology|pharyngitis]], lymphadenitis, [[Muscles Inflammatory - Pathology#Abscesses|myositis]]<br /> *''S. equi'' may be involved in [[Bacterial skin infections - Pathology#Systemic bacterial infections|cutaneous lesions]]<br /> [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#In Horses|URT inflammation in horses]]<br /> <br /> * [[Peritoneal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#In pigs|peritonitis in pigs]]<br /> <br /> *''S. zooepidemicus'' can cause similar signs to [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Strangles|strangles in horses]], may accompany [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)|COPD]]<br /> <br /> *May cause [[Paranasal Sinuses Inflammatory - Pathology|sinusitis]] in horses<br /> <br /> * Can cause vascular fragility, leading to [[General Pathology - Haemostasis#Haemorrhagic Disease Due To Vascular Fragility|haemorrhagic disease]].<br /> *Secondary invadors after [[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#Equine influenza|Equine influenza]]<br /> *''S. suis'' in [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Streptococcal pneumonia|pneumonia]] of pigs<br /> <br /> *In [[Pleural Cavity &amp; Membranes Inflammatory - Pathology#Pyothorax (Thoracic empyema)|pyothorax]]<br /> * In [[Bones Inflammatory - Pathology#Osteomyelitis|osteomyelitis]]<br /> <br /> *In infectious [[Joints Inflammatory - Pathology#In Sheep|arthritis of sheep]], [[Joints Inflammatory - Pathology#In Cattle|arthritis in calves]], [[Joints Inflammatory - Pathology#In Horses|arthritis in horses]] and [[Joints Inflammatory - Pathology#In Pigs|arthritis in pigs]]<br /> <br /> *In horses sometimes [[Muscles Degenerative - Pathology#Ischaemia|purpura haemorrhagica]] follows, especially during recovery from [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Strangles|strangles]]<br /> *In [[Cavity &amp; Gingiva - Pathology#Catarrhal Stomatitis|catarrhal stomatitis]]<br /> <br /> *In [[Bacterial skin infections - Pathology#Deep pyoderma|deep pyoderma]] and subcutaneous abscesses</div>

Flawrence https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Pasteurella_species_and_Mannheimia_haemolytica&diff=42198 2008-12-29T11:15:22Z

<p>Flawrence: /* Mannheimia */</p> <hr /> <div>{{review}}<br /> <br /> {{toplink<br /> |backcolour =<br /> |linkpage =Bacteria<br /> |linktext =BACTERIA<br /> |pagetype=Bugs<br /> }}<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> ===Overview ''Pasteurella'' and ''Mannheimia''===<br /> <br /> *Common commensals of the upper respiratory tract and gastrointestinal tract mucosa of animals<br /> *Usually opportunistic organisms, causing disease during times of stress, low resistance or concurrent infection<br /> *Not part of the human bacterial flora<br /> *Small Gram-negative bacilli or coccobacilli<br /> *Facultative anaerobes<br /> *Oxidase-positive<br /> *May show bipolar staining with polychrome stains such as Wright's stain<br /> *Capsules contain acidic polysaccharides<br /> <br /> <br /> ===''Pasteurella'' Properties===<br /> <br /> *Catarrhal odour<br /> *Produce endotoxins which cause host damage and death<br /> *Their capsules resist phagocytosis<br /> <br /> <br /> ===''Pasteurella multocida''===<br /> <br /> *Large grey colonies on blood agar<br /> *Not haemolytic<br /> *Do not grow on MacConkey<br /> *Five capsular serotypes, A,B,D,E and F<br /> *Primary and secondary pathogen<br /> *Responsible for secondary infections following primary viral and mycoplasmal infections, especially in the lungs, for example during [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Enzootic pneumonia of calves|Enzootic pneumonia of calves]] and pigs<br /> * Can cause vascular fragility, leading to [[General Pathology - Haemostasis#Haemorrhagic Disease Due To Vascular Fragility|haemorrhagic disease]]<br /> *Involved in [[Bacterial skin infections - Pathology#Subcutaneous abscesses|subcutaneous abscesses]] due to cat bites<br /> <br /> <br /> *Typa A<br /> **Commensal in upper respiratory tract of animals in UK<br /> **Primary pathogen in avian cholera - a septicaemia in chickens and turkeys<br /> **Secondary pathogen commomly repsonsible for dog and cat bite wound infections in humans and animals<br /> **Feline pyothorax and [[Muscles Inflammatory - Pathology#Abscesses|cellulitis]] <br /> **Some strains involved in [[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Bacterial rhinitis|Atrophic rhinitis of pigs]], and produce osteolytic toxin<br /> **Involved in [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#In Rabbits|'Snuffles' in rabbits]], a mucopurulent rhinosinitis <br /> **Can cause pneumonia and mastitis in sheep<br /> **Associated with [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Pneumonic pasteurellosis|pneumonic pasteurellosis]] in cattle, as well as enzootic pneumonia in calves<br /> <br /> *Type B<br /> **Causes Haemorrhagic Septicaemia of cattle in Southern Europe and Asia<br /> <br /> *Type D<br /> **Primary and secondary pathogen<br /> **Causes [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#In Pigs|atrophic rhinitis]] along with [[Bordetella bronchiseptica and Bordetella avium|''Bordetella bronchiseptica'']] in pigs<br /> **Pneumonia in pigs<br /> **''Pasteurella multocida'' adhere to epithelium damaged by [[Bordetella bronchiseptica and Bordetella avium|''Bordetella bronchiseptica'']] <br /> **Produces an osteolytic toxin (Pmt), which stimulates osteoclasts, inducing bone resorption of the nasal turbinates<br /> <br /> *Type E<br /> **Causes African Bovine Haemorrhagic Septicaemia<br /> <br /> ===''Pasteurella pneumotropica''===<br /> <br /> *Carried in nasopharynx of many small rodents<br /> *Causes pneumonia in rodents as a secondary disease<br /> <br /> ===''Pasteurella trehalosi''===<br /> <br /> *T biotypes - trehalose fermenters<br /> *Pneumonia in ruminants<br /> *Septicaemic pasteurellosis in feeder lambs<br /> *Mastitis in sheep<br /> <br /> ===''Pasteurella canis''===<br /> <br /> *Pneumonia in dogs<br /> *Occasionally infects wounds<br /> <br /> ===''Pasteurella caballi''===<br /> <br /> *Equine respiratory tract disease, usually in association with ''Streptococcus equi'' subspecies [[Streptococci#S. zooepidemicus|''S. zooepidemicus'']]<br /> *Equine peritonitis<br /> <br /> ===''Pasteurella aerogenes''===<br /> <br /> *Associated with gastroenteritis and abortion in swine<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> *''Pasteurella'' may be found in [[Bacterial skin infections - Pathology#Deep pyoderma|deep pyoderma]]<br /> <br /> <br /> ===''Mannheimia''===<br /> <br /> ===''Mannheimia haemolytica''===<br /> <br /> *Cause of epizootic pneumonia in cattle known as Shipping Fever, Transit Fever or [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Pneumonic pasteurellosis|pneumonic pasteurellosis]] (90% caused by ''Mannheimia haemolytica'' Biotype A, serotype 1 but also ''Pasteurella multocida'' <br /> *Usually secondary to viral infections such as [[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#Parainfluenza- 3|parainfluenza - 3]] or [[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#In Cattle|IBR]], bacterial infections such as ''Mycoplasma'' or environmental stress<br /> *May contribute to [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Enzootic pneumonia of calves|Enzootic pneumonia of calves]]<br /> *Enzootic pneumonia in sheep<br /> * [[Peritoneal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Peritonitis|Peritonitis in sheep]]<br /> * [[General Pathology - Oedema#Permeability type|Permeability types of pulmonary oedema]]<br /> *Septicaemia in young lambs<br /> *Causes gangrenous mastitis in sheep<br /> *Beta-haemolytic on blood agar<br /> *Grow weakly on MacConkey agar<br /> *Odourless<br /> *All are ''Mannheimia'' A biotypes (previously ''Pasterurella haemolytica'')<br /> *Strains often produce a cytotoxin, known as leukotoxin, which kills leukocytes of ruminants<br /> *Leukotoxin is a member of the RTX group toxins, and is probably largely responsible for the pathogenicity of the bacteria in septicaemia and pneumonia<br /> <br /> ===''Mannheimia glucosida''===<br /> <br /> *Previously biotype A11<br /> *Respiratory condition of ruminants</div>

Flawrence https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Actinomycetes&diff=42197 2008-12-29T11:11:10Z

<p>Flawrence: /* Dermatophilus congolensis */</p> <hr /> <div>{{review}}<br /> <br /> {{toplink<br /> |backcolour =<br /> |linkpage =Bacteria<br /> |linktext =BACTERIA<br /> |pagetype=Bugs<br /> }}<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Overview===<br /> <br /> *Gram positive bacteria <br /> *Grow slowly on media and produce branching filaments<br /> *Opportunistic infections causing inflammatory responses and granulomatous reactions<br /> *Animal pathogens include ''Actinomyces, Arcanobacterium, Actinobaculum, Nocardia'' and ''Dermatophilus''<br /> <br /> <br /> ===''Arcanobacterium, Actinomyces'' and ''Actinobaculum'' species===<br /> <br /> *Non-motile, non-spore-forming bacteria<br /> *Anaerobic or facultative anaerobes<br /> *Grow on enriched media; non-acid fast<br /> *Colonise mucous membranes<br /> *Modified Ziehl-Neelson negative<br /> <br /> <br /> ===''Arcanobacterium pyogenes''===<br /> <br /> *Characteristics:<br /> **Formerly known as ''Actinomyces pyogenes'' and ''Corynebacterium pyogenes''<br /> **Small facultatively anaerobic rod<br /> **Grows slowly on blood agar to produce small, white colonies surrounded by a zone of beta-haemolysis after 48 hours<br /> **Produces hazy haemolysis after 24 hours; pin-point colonies after 48 hours<br /> **Coryneform morphology, like Chinese characters; may be curved with slightly swollen ends<br /> **Found in nasopharyngeal mucosa and genital tract of cattle, sheep, pigs<br /> *Pathogenicity''<br /> **Opportunistic infections following injury or viral/mycoplasma infection in ruminants and pigs<br /> **Extracellular toxins including haemolysin, proteases, DNase and neurominidase<br /> **Haemolytic toxin, pyolysin, member of the thiol-activated cytolysins (pore-forming toxins); possibly cytotoxic to phagocytic cells; dermonecrotising activity<br /> *Clinical infections:<br /> **Suppurative infections<br /> **Abscesses especially in liver<br /> **Lymphadenitis, [[Bones Inflammatory - Pathology#Osteomyelitis|osteomyelitis]], peritonitis and neural abscessation<br /> **Pyometra<br /> **Endometritis<br /> **Summer mastitis<br /> **Ovine foot disease<br /> **[[Joints Inflammatory - Pathology#In Sheep|Arthritis]] of sheep post-dipping; [[Joints Inflammatory - Pathology#In Pigs|arthritis in pigs]] and [[Joints Inflammatory - Pathology#In Cattle|arthritis in cattle]]<br /> **Umbilical infections<br /> **[[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Acute exudative pneumonia|Acute exudative pneumonia]] and contributes to [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Enzootic pneumonia of calves|Enzootic pneumonia of calves]]<br /> **May cause [[Muscles Inflammatory - Pathology#Abscesses|myositis]]<br /> **Unclassified ''Actinomyces'' species isolated from closed cases of [[Bursae and Tendons Inflammatory - Pathology#Poll Evil and Fistulous Withers|Poll Evil and Fistulous Withers]]<br /> *Treatment:<br /> **Penicillin or broad spectrum antibiotics<br /> <br /> <br /> ===''Actinomyces''===<br /> <br /> *Usually long filamentous branching Gram positive rods<br /> *Anaerobic or facultativlyy anaerobic and capnophilic<br /> *Live in nasopharyngeal and oral mucosa<br /> *Cause pyogranulomatous lesions<br /> **''Actinomyces bovis''<br /> ***Found naturally in oral cavity of cattle<br /> ***Prefers anaerobic conditions but not strict anaerobe<br /> ***Entry of organism into tissues following trauma to the mucosa from rough feed or tooth eruption<br /> ***Causes [[General Pathology - Chronic Inflammation#Granulomatous Inflammation|granulomatous inflammation]] of soft tissues and bone, causing [[Teeth - Pathology#Mandibular Osteomyelitis|lumpy jaw]] <br /> ***Usually invades mandible to cause [[Bones Inflammatory - Pathology#Osteomyelitis|osteomyelitis]] and may extend to surrounding [[Muscles Inflammatory - Pathology#Actinomycosis bovis|muscles]]<br /> ***The lesions begins as a painless swelling of the affected bone<br /> ***Swelling becomes more painful and enlarges over a number of weeks, gaining fistulous tracts which discharge pus<br /> ***Organisms found in yellow sulphur granules<br /> ***Club colony formation<br /> ***Colonies adhere to agar media and are non-haemoltic<br /> ***Surgical treatment possible when lesions are small<br /> ***Prolonged parenteral penicillin treatment may be beneficial early in the disease<br /> **''Actinomyces viscosus''<br /> ***Commensal of oral cavity of dogs and humans<br /> ***Canine actinomycosis<br /> ***Causes localised subcutaneous pyogranulomatous lesions and fibrovascular proliferation of peritoneal ([[Peritoneal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#In dogs|peritonitis]]) and pleural surfaces in dogs <br /> ***Leads to [[Pleural Cavity &amp; Membranes Inflammatory - Pathology#Pyothorax (Thoracic empyema)|pyothorax]]<br /> ***Respiratory distress<br /> ***[[Bacterial skin infections - Pathology#Bacterial granulomatous dermatitis|Cutaneous pustules]] in horses<br /> ***Abortion in cattle<br /> ***Rods contained in soft grey granules which release the organism when squashed<br /> ***Two types of colonies: large and smooth colonies with V, Y and T configurations or small and rough colonies with short branching filaments<br /> ***Grow in 10% carbon dioxide<br /> ***Usually responds to penicillin<br /> **''Actinomyces hordeovulneris''<br /> ***Organism found in seed heads of certain grasses<br /> ***Colonies adhere to agar and are non-haemolytic<br /> ***Filamentous, branching organisms<br /> ***Cause [[Bacterial skin infections - Pathology#Bacterial granulomatous dermatitis|cutaneous]] and visceral abscessation, pleuritis, peritonitis and arthritis in dogs<br /> <br /> <br /> ===''Actinobaculum suis''===<br /> *Found in preputial mucosa of healthy boars<br /> *Anaerobic<br /> *Coryneform morphology<br /> *Produces urease<br /> *3mm diameter colonies with shiny raised centre and dull edge<br /> *Disease transmitted at coitus <br /> *Sows develop disease within 3-4 weeks of mating<br /> *Produces lesions in urinary tract of sows<br /> *Cystitis and pyelonephritis in sows<br /> *Anoreixa, arching of back, dysuria and haematuria<br /> *May be fatal<br /> <br /> <br /> ===''Nocardia''===<br /> <br /> *Facultative intracellular bacterium<br /> *Aerobic short branching rods<br /> *Non-motile<br /> *Spores from aerial filaments when cultured<br /> *Grow on Sabouraud dextrose agar<br /> *Cell wall contains mycolic acids (hence slightly acid fast)<br /> *''Nocardia asteroides'' <br /> **Found in soil and decaying vegetation - saprophytic<br /> **Opportunistic infection of immunocompromised animals <br /> **Infection via inhalation, wounds or teat canal; also ingestion<br /> **Causes granulomatous lesions in animals<br /> **Canine nocardiosis: <br /> ***Thoracic, [[Bacterial skin infections - Pathology#bacterial granulomatous dermatitis|cutaneous]] and disseminated forms<br /> ***Cutaneous pyogranulomas: ulcers or granulomatous swellings with discharging fistulae <br /> ***[[Peritoneal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#In dogs|peritonitis]]<br /> ***[[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Nocardiosis|pleuritis]] and pyothorax with fever, anorexia and respiratory distress<br /> ***Disseminated lesions<br /> ***Treat with appropriate systemic antibiotics for 6 weeks<br /> **Cattle: chronic mastitis; abortion<br /> **Pigs: abortion<br /> **Sheep, goats, horses: wound infections; mastitis; pneumonia<br /> **Survives and multiplies in macrophages<br /> **Superoxide dismutase and catalase as well as a thick peptidoglycan wall prevent activity of phagocytes <br /> **Chronic, progressive disease<br /> **Positive modified Ziehl-Neelson<br /> **Culture on blood agar and incubate under aerobic conditions at 37 degrees centigrade for 10 days<br /> **White, powdery colonies, adherent to the agar appear after 5 days<br /> **Subculture onto Sabouraud dextrose agar yields wrinkled, orange colonies<br /> **Lesions difficult to treat due to resistance of organisms to many antimicrobials (e.g. penicillins)<br /> **Cell-mediated immunity required<br /> *''Nocardia farcinica'' causes bovine farcy, a chronic infection of superficial lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes<br /> <br /> <br /> ===''Dermatophilus congolensis''===<br /> <br /> *Filamentous, branching actinomycete<br /> *Aerobic <br /> *Produces motile zoospores<br /> *No growth on Sabouraud dextrose agar<br /> *Dermatophilosis most prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions<br /> *Organisms found in scabs and in foci in skin of carrier animals<br /> *Dormant zoospores become activated when moisture and temperature levels favourable<br /> *Zoospores may survive 3 years in scabs<br /> *'''Pathogenicity''':<br /> **Does not usually invade healthy skin<br /> **Entrance after trauma or persistent wetting<br /> **Activated zoospores produce germ tubes which develop into filaments which invade the epidermis<br /> **Invasion causes an accute inflammatory response with many neutrophils<br /> **Microabscesses are formed in the skin<br /> **Raised crusts develop in the affected regions<br /> *[[Bacterial skin infections - Pathology#Dermatophilosis|'''Pathology''']]<br /> *'''Diagnosis''':<br /> **Giemsa-stained smears from scabs reveal branching filaments containing zoospores<br /> **Immunofluorescence<br /> **Scab material can be cultured on blood agar at 37 degrees centigrade, 2.5-10% carbon dioxide for 5 days<br /> **Zoospores can be cultured<br /> **After incubation, colonies are yellow and haemolytic (after 48 hours); they later become rough and yellow, and gain a mucoid appearance<br /> **No growth on Sabouraud dectrose agar<br /> *'''Clinical infections''':<br /> **Infection usually confined to epidermis<br /> **Dermatophilosis<br /> **Disease most prevalent in young animals<br /> **Damage to the skin predisposes to infection; blood-sucking insects also thought to be involved in transmission<br /> **Lesions after heavy rainfall predominantly affect dorsum of farm animals<br /> **Papules, serous, exudative matting of hair, raised crusty scabs<br /> **Scab formation more prominent in sheep and cattle than in horses<br /> **Lesions may resolve within weeks if dry weather, or may progress<br /> *'''Treatment''':<br /> **Parenteral antibiotics e.g oxytetracycline, pr penicillin-streptomycin combinations<br /> <br /> <br /> *''Micropolyspora faeni and Thermactinomyces vulgaris'' in [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Extrinsic Allergic Bronchio-alveolitis|Bovine Farmers Lung]]<br /> *''Thermactinomyces vulgaris'' may cause [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)|COPD]]</div>

Flawrence