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Lacrimal System Diseases

2014-03-03T15:00:54Z

Gd49: Created page with "{{Navigation2 |title = Lacrimal System Diseases of Cats and Dogs |categories = '''Canine Clinical Section''' and [[Feline Clinical Section|'''Felin..."

{{Navigation2
|title = Lacrimal System Diseases of Cats and Dogs
|categories = [[Canine Clinical Section|'''Canine Clinical Section''']] and [[Feline Clinical Section|'''Feline Clinical Section''']]
|text =
|content =
:[[Dacryocystitis - Dog and Cat|Dacryocystitis]]
:[[Tear_Staining_Syndrome_-_Dog_and_Cat|Tear Staining Syndrome]]
:[[Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca]]
|image = dog-logo.png
|resources =
}}

[[Category:Lacrimal System Diseases - Cat]]
[[Category:Lacrimal System Diseases - Dog]]

Tear Staining Syndrome - Dog and Cat

2014-03-03T14:59:46Z

Gd49: Created page with "'''Tear Staining Syndrome''' is a '''cosmetic defect''' seen in '''dogs''' and '''cats'''. ==Aetilogy== Often '''uncertain''', with no apparent cause. Suggested contributing..."

'''Tear Staining Syndrome''' is a '''cosmetic defect''' seen in '''dogs''' and '''cats'''.

==Aetilogy==

Often '''uncertain''', with no apparent cause. Suggested contributing factors include '''medial lower eyelid entropian''', '''prominent eye''' leading to '''shallow lacrimal lake''' or '''caruncular hairs''' wicking tears onto the face.

==Signalment==

Seen in '''Maltese Terriers''', '''miniature''' and '''toy poodles''' and '''Burmese''' cats. Signs occur from a '''young age'''.

==Clinical Signs==

'''Brown staining''' of fur '''ventral''' to '''medial canthus'''. Rarely progresses to a '''moist dermatitis'''.

==Treatment==

If an '''underlying cause''' is identified, correction often gives resolution. If no underlying cause is identified, some authors recommend giving oral [[Tetracyclines|Oxytetracycline]] or '''Metronidazole'''. Other authors do not recommend using antibiotics for a cosmetic defect. '''Partial removal''' of the '''nicititing gland''' may resolve clinical signs, but predisposes to [[Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca]].

==Control==

Affected animals should not be bred from.

==References==

Maggs, D et al (2007) '''Slatter's Fundamentals Of Veterinary Ophthalmology''' (Fourth Edition) ''Saunders''

Peiffer, Robert J, and Petersen-Jones, Simon M (2008) '''Small Animal Ophthalmology''' (Fourth Edition) ''Saunders''

[[Category:Lacrimal System Diseases - Cat]]
[[Category:Lacrimal System Diseases - Dog]]

Dacryocystitis - Dog and Cat

2014-03-03T14:35:51Z

Gd49: Created page with "'''Dacryocystitis''' is '''inflammation''' of the '''lacrimal system''' and '''nasolacrimal duct'''. ==Aetilogy== Commonly secondery to '''foreign bodies''', though sometime..."

'''Dacryocystitis''' is '''inflammation''' of the '''lacrimal system''' and '''nasolacrimal duct'''.

==Aetilogy==

Commonly secondery to '''foreign bodies''', though sometimes no inciting cause is found.

==Signalment==

No known predisposing factors.

==Clinical Signs==

'''Ocular discharge''', usually a '''thick, mucopurulent exudate''' at the '''medial canthus'''. Pressing on the medial canthus is often '''painful''' and produces more discharge. '''Conjunctivitis''', but often only '''mild''' for the amount of exudate produced. '''Painful, erythematous dermatitis''' is seen at the '''medial''' canthus in some cases.

'''Dacryocystitis''' should be considered in any '''recurrent''' case of '''conjunctivitis'''.

==Diagnosis==

Based on '''clinical signs'''. Diagnostic imaging may help localise the lesion.

==Treatment==

Repeated '''flushing''' of the '''lacrimal system''' to remove '''exudate''' and any '''foreign bodies'''. A sample of '''exudate''' should be taken for '''bacteriology'''. After intially flushing with '''sterile saline''', [[antibiotics]] may be instilled.

In cases not responding to flushing, '''surgical cannulation''' may be performed. If it is not possible too pass a cannula, '''surgical exploration''' of the lacrimal system may be required.

==References==

Maggs, D et al (2007) '''Slatter's Fundamentals Of Veterinary Ophthalmology''' (Fourth Edition) ''Saunders''

Peiffer, Robert J, and Petersen-Jones, Simon M (2008) '''Small Animal Ophthalmology''' (Fourth Edition) ''Saunders''

Third Eyelid/Nictating Membrane Diseases

2014-03-03T11:51:37Z

Gd49: Created page with "{{Navigation2 |title = Third Eyelid/Nictating Membrane Diseases of Dogs and Cats |categories = '''Canine Clinical Section''' and [[Feline Clinical ..."

{{Navigation2
|title = Third Eyelid/Nictating Membrane Diseases of Dogs and Cats
|categories = [[Canine Clinical Section|'''Canine Clinical Section''']] and [[Feline Clinical Section|'''Feline Clinical Section''']]
|text =
|content =
:Developmental
::[[Eversion of Third_Eyelid - Dogs|Eversion of the Third Eyelid]]
::[[Prolapse_Of_The_Nicititans_Gland_-_Dogs_and_Cats|Prolapse of the Nictitans Gland]]
:Neoplasia
::[[Lymphoma]]
::[[Haemangioma]]
::[[Haemangiosarcoma]]
::[[Adenocarcinoma]]
|image = dog-logo.png
|resources =
}}

[[Category:Third Eyelid/Nictating Membrane Diseases - Cat]]
[[Category:Third Eyelid/Nictating Membrane Diseases - Dog]]

Prolapse Of The Nicititans Gland - Dogs and Cats

2014-03-03T11:45:55Z

Gd49: Created page with "Prolapse of the Nicititans Gland is also known as '''Cherry Eye''' or prolapse of the '''third eyelid gland'''. ==Signalment== More common in '''dogs''' than '''cats'''. '''..."

Prolapse of the Nicititans Gland is also known as '''Cherry Eye''' or prolapse of the '''third eyelid gland'''.

==Signalment==

More common in '''dogs''' than '''cats'''. '''Beagles''', '''American Cocker Spaniels''', '''English Bulldogs''', '''Boston Terriers''' and '''Burmese''' cats are all considered predisposed. Seen in '''young''' animals, possibly due to the '''lymphoid''' tissue of the gland reacting to '''environmental''' antigens.

==Clinical Signs==

'''Reddish''' soft follicular mass protruding from behind the third eyelid.

==Treatment==

'''Surgical correction''', either by '''anchoring''' or '''pocketing techniques'''. Recurrence can occur with either surgical technique. Consider pre-surgical treatment with '''topical''' [[antibiotics]] and [[steroids]]] if the gland is inflammed or infected.

'''Removal''' of the gland should be avoided as it can predispose to [[Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca]].

==Control==

Consider not breeding from affected animals.

==References==

Maggs, D et al (2007) '''Slatter's Fundamentals Of Veterinary Ophthalmology''' (Fourth Edition) ''Saunders''

Peiffer, Robert J, and Petersen-Jones, Simon M (2008) '''Small Animal Ophthalmology''' (Fourth Edition) ''Saunders''

[[Category:Third Eyelid/Nictating Membrane Diseases - Cat]]
[[Category:Third Eyelid/Nictating Membrane Diseases - Dog]]

Corneal Dermoid - Dog and Cat

2014-03-03T11:44:35Z

Gd49:

A '''Dermoid''' is defined as a congenital circumscribed growth of microscopically normal tissue in abnormal place. They can involve a variety of structures in the eye, including the cornea.

==Signalment==

Believed to be inherited in '''St Bernards''', '''Dalmatians''' and '''Dachshunds''' dogs and '''Birman''' and '''Burmese''' cats.

==Clinical Signs==

If the Dermoid contains hair growing tissue, the hair can cause irritation of the cornea and conjunctiva leading to corneal opacity, conjunctival hyperaemia and ocular discharge.

==Diagnosis==

Apparent on clinical examinations of young animals.

==Treatment==

Dermoids only grow slowly, if at all, so consideration may be given to monitoring if not causing any clinical signs. Resolution requires '''surgical excision'''. The cornea is often thinner under a Dermoid so referral to an opthalmologist may be wise.

==Control==

As believed to be inherited, do not breed from affected animals.

==References==

Maggs, D et al (2007) '''Slatter's Fundamentals Of Veterinary Ophthalmology''' (Fourth Edition) ''Saunders''

[[Category:Corneal Diseases - Cat]]
[[Category:Corneal Diseases - Dog]]

Eversion of Third Eyelid - Dogs

2014-03-03T11:29:28Z

Gd49: Created page with "Eversion of the third eyelid, also known as '''scrolled third eyelid''' occurs when the margin of the third eyelid rolls outwards. This occurs secondary to '''abnormal curvatu..."

Eversion of the third eyelid, also known as '''scrolled third eyelid''' occurs when the margin of the third eyelid rolls outwards. This occurs secondary to '''abnormal curvature''' of the '''vertical''' portion of the T-shaped cartilage within the third eyelid.

==Signalment==

'''Weimaraners''', '''Saint Bernards''', '''Newfoundlands''', '''Great Danes''', '''German Shorthaired Pointers''' and '''Irish Setters''' are all '''predisposed'''. Most common in '''younger''' dogs, it is occasionally seen in '''middle aged''' dogs.

==Treatment==

Corrected by '''surgical''' removal of the abnormal section of cartilage.

==References==

Maggs, D et al (2007) '''Slatter's Fundamentals Of Veterinary Ophthalmology''' (Fourth Edition) ''Saunders''

[[Category:Third Eyelid/Nictating Membrane Diseases - Dog]]

Corneal Diseases - Dogs and Cats

2014-02-27T14:13:46Z

Gd49:

{{Navigation2
|title = Corneal Diseases Of Dogs and Cats
|categories = [[Canine Clinical Section|'''Canine Clinical Section''']] and [[Feline Clinical Section|'''Feline Clinical Section''']]
|text =
|content =
:Developmental
::[[Corneal Dermoid - Dog and Cat|Dermoids]]

:Trauma
::[[Corneal Ulceration - Dogs and Cats|Corneal Ulceration]]
:::[[Indolent Ulcers - Dogs|Indolent Ulcers]]
::[[Corneal Foreign Body - Dog and Cat|Corneal Foreign Bodies]]

:Infection
::[[Feline Herpesvirus 1|Feline Herpetic Keratitis]]

:Immune Mediated
::[[Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca]]
::[[Chronic Immunemediated Superficial Keratoconjunctivitis]]

|image = dog-logo.png
|resources =
}}

[[Category:Corneal Diseases - Cat]]
[[Category:Corneal Diseases - Dog]]

Chronic Immunemediated Superficial Keratoconjunctivitis

2014-02-27T14:11:59Z

Gd49: Created page with "'''Chronic Immunemediated Superficial Keratoconjunctivitis''' is also known as '''Pannus''' or '''Chronic Superficial Keratitis'''. It is an immune-mediated condition, though ..."

'''Chronic Immunemediated Superficial Keratoconjunctivitis''' is also known as '''Pannus''' or '''Chronic Superficial Keratitis'''. It is an immune-mediated condition, though the aetilogy is not understood.

==Signalment==

Most common in '''German Shepherds''' and '''Greyhounds''', though any breed may be affected. More common in dogs exposed to high levels of '''ultraviolet radiation''', such as dogs living at high altitudes. Any age may be affected.

==Clinical Signs==

Signs are '''bilateral'''. Intially '''vascularisation''' of the cornea occurs with infiltration of '''plasma cells''' and '''lymphocytes'''. This progresses to '''thick granulation tissue''' on the surface of the cornea. There may also be '''depigmentation''' and '''thickening''' of the '''nictating membrane'''.

==Diagnosis==

'''Corneoconjunctival scrapings''' show large amounts of '''lymphocytes''' and '''plasmacytes'''.

==Treatment==

'''Topical''' [[Steroids]] and '''cyclosporine''' are used to control clinical signs, and should be tapered to the lowest dose needed. Minimising exposure to ultraviolet light may be helpful also.

==References==

Maggs, D et al (2007) '''Slatter's Fundamentals Of Veterinary Ophthalmology''' (Fourth Edition) ''Saunders''

Peiffer, Robert J, and Petersen-Jones, Simon M (2008) '''Small Animal Ophthalmology''' (Fourth Edition) ''Saunders''

[[Category:Corneal Diseases - Dog]]

Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca

2014-02-21T10:25:40Z

Gd49:

'''Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca''' (KCS)is a condition resulting from the lack of production of the '''aqueous''' phase of the tear film. It is also known as '''dry eye'''.

==Aetiology==

===Immune-Mediated===

The most common cause in '''dogs'''. The immune system damages the glandular tissue. Dogs with KCS often have other '''immune-mediated''' diseases.

===Iatrogenic===

Certain '''drugs''', including [[Sulphonamides]], have been associated with KCS. '''Atropine''' causes a temporary reduction in tear production.

Surgical excision of the '''Nictating Gland''' has been associated with KCS later in life, with a '''median''' time for onset of signs 4.5 years after surgery.

===Neurogenic===

KCS occurs if '''parasympathetic''' innervation to the glands is disrupted. Possible causes include '''trauma''', '''neoplasia''', '''infection''' and '''surgical intervention'''. The KCS is more likely to be '''unilateral'''.

===Congenital===

Due to '''glandular aplasia''' or '''hypoplasia'''. More common in '''miniature''' breeds. May resolve with '''maturity'''.

===Infectious===

Infection with [[Canine Distemper Virus]] may result in temporary or permanent dysfunction of the glands. [[Leishmania]] can also cause KCS, as can any '''chronic''' infectious process that results in '''fibrosis''' of the glands.

==Signalment==

Dogs over '''10 years''' old are at greater risk of KCS due to '''senile atrophy''' of their glands. '''Boston Terriers''', '''Cavalier King Charles Spaniels''', '''English Bulldogs''', '''English Springer Spaniels''', '''Lhasa Apsos''', '''Minature Schnauzers''', '''Shih Tzus''', '''West Highland West Terriers''' and '''Yorkshire Terriers''' are all consider predisposed.

==Clinical Signs==

A '''thick mucoid and mucopurulent''' discharge is the most consistent sign of KCS. It often adheres to the '''eyelids'''. The '''conjunctiva''' may be '''thickened, hyperemic''' and '''chemotic'''.

'''Blepharospasm''' may occur to a variable degree. [[Corneal Ulceration - Dogs and Cats|Corneal ulceration]] often occurs, and may not heal as well as expected. '''Corneal Vascularisation''' and '''Pigmentation''' occur in chronic cases, leading to vision loss.

A '''dry, lusterless cornea''' is considered pathognomic for KCS, but only occurs in 25% of cases.

Clinical signs can wax and wane, and are often worse at certain times of the year, such as hot and dry periods or in winter when humidity is low.

==Diagnosis==

'''Schirmer Tear Tests''' are used to diagnose KCS. Normal values are in excess of 10mm. KCS should also be suspected when values are less than 15mm in conditions where excess tear production is expected, such as '''corneal ulceration'''.

Consideration should be given to ruling out other conditions that have been associated with KCS, including [[Hypothyroidism]], [[Diabetes Mellitus]] and '''Polyarthritis'''.

==Treatment==

===Medical Therapy===

Medical therapy is normally used first for KCS, with surgical treatment only used if there is a poor response to medical therapy.

====Cyclosporine====

'''Cyclosporine''' is believed to help manage KCS by reducing immune-mediated destruction of the gland and by stimulating '''tear production''' by binding with '''prolactin receptors'''. Once treatment is started, tear production should be tested after a month. If there is a good response the dose may be tapered.

====Tear Substitutes====

A range of human tear substitute products may be used in dogs. Individuals react differently to different formulations so authors recommend trialling different preparations to see which gives the best clinical response.

====Pilocarpine====

May be more effective in '''neurogenic''' cases of KCS. Care must be taken to avoid systemic side effects.

===Surgery===

'''Parotid Duct Transposition''' may be performed in cases that respond poorly to medical treatment.

==Control==

KCS cases secondary to drug use, trauma or infection may resolve after '''45-60 days'''. Other causes normally require life long therapy.

==References==

Maggs, D et al (2007) '''Slatter's Fundamentals Of Veterinary Ophthalmology''' (Fourth Edition) ''Saunders''

Peiffer, Robert J, and Petersen-Jones, Simon M (2008) '''Small Animal Ophthalmology''' (Fourth Edition) ''Saunders''

[[Category:Corneal Diseases - Cat]]
[[Category:Corneal Diseases - Dog]]

Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca

2014-02-21T10:24:08Z

Gd49:

'''Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca''' (KCS)is a condition resulting from the lack of production of the '''aqueous''' phase of the tear film. It is also known as '''dry eye'''.

==Aetiology==

===Immune-Mediated===

The most common cause in '''dogs'''. The immune system damages the glandular tissue. Dogs with KCS often have other '''immune-mediated''' diseases.

===Iatrogenic===

Certain '''drugs''', including [[Sulphonamides]], have been associated with KCS. '''Atropine''' causes a temporary reduction in tear production.

Surgical excision of the '''Nictating Gland''' has been associated with KCS later in life, with a '''median''' time for onset of signs 4.5 years after surgery.

===Neurogenic===

KCS occurs if '''parasympathetic''' innervation to the glands is disrupted. Possible causes include '''trauma''', '''neoplasia''', '''infection''' and '''surgical intervention'''. The KCS is more likely to be '''unilateral'''.

===Congenital===

Due to '''glandular aplasia''' or '''hypoplasia'''. More common in '''miniature''' breeds. May resolve with '''maturity'''.

===Infectious===

Infection with [[Canine Distemper Virus]] may result in temporary or permanent dysfunction of the glands. [[Leishmania]] can also cause KCS, as can any '''chronic''' infectious process that results in '''fibrosis''' of the glands.

==Signalment==

Dogs over '''10 years''' old are at greater risk of KCS due to '''senile atrophy''' of their glands. '''Boston Terriers''', '''Cavalier King Charles Spaniels''', '''English Bulldogs''', '''English Springer Spaniels''', '''Lhasa Apsos''', '''Minature Schnauzers''', '''Shih Tzus''', '''West Highland West Terriers''' and '''Yorkshire Terriers''' are all consider predisposed.

==Clinical Signs==

A '''thick mucoid and mucopurulent''' discharge is the most consistent sign of KCS. It often adheres to the '''eyelids'''. The '''conjunctiva''' may be '''thickened, hyperemic''' and '''chemotic'''.

'''Blepharospasm''' may occur to a variable degree. [[Corneal Ulceration - Dogs and Cats|Corneal ulceration]] often occurs, and may not heal as well as expected. '''Corneal Vascularisation''' and '''Pigmentation''' occur in chronic cases, leading to vision loss.

A '''dry, lusterless cornea''' is considered pathognomic for KCS, but only occurs in 25% of cases.

Clinical signs can wax and wane, and are often worse at certain times of the year, such as hot and dry periods or in winter when humidity is low.

==Diagnosis==

'''Schirmer Tear Tests''' are used to diagnose KCS. Normal values are in excess of 10mm. KCS should also be suspected when values are less than 15mm in conditions where excess tear production is expected, such as '''corneal ulceration'''.

Consideration should be given to ruling out other conditions that have been associated with KCS, including [[Hypothyroidism]], [[Diabetes Mellitus]] and '''Polyarthritis'''.

==Treatment==

===Medical Therapy===

Medical therapy is normally used first for KCS, with surgical treatment only used if there is a poor response to medical therapy.

====Cyclosporine====

'''Cyclosporine''' is believed to help manage KCS by reducing immune-mediated destruction of the gland and by stimulating '''tear production''' by binding with '''prolactin receptors'''. Once treatment is started, tear production should be tested after a month. If there is a good response the dose may be tapered.

====Tear Substitutes===

A range of human tear substitute products may be used in dogs. Individuals react differently to different formulations so authors recommend trialling different preparations to see which gives the best clinical response.

====Pilocarpine====

May be more effective in '''neurogenic''' cases of KCS. Care must be taken to avoid systemic side effects.

===Surgery===

'''Parotid Duct Transposition''' may be performed in cases that respond poorly to medical treatment.

==Control==

KCS cases secondary to drug use, trauma or infection may resolve after '''45-60 days'''. Other causes normally require life long therapy.

==References==

Maggs, D et al (2007) '''Slatter's Fundamentals Of Veterinary Ophthalmology''' (Fourth Edition) ''Saunders''

Peiffer, Robert J, and Petersen-Jones, Simon M (2008) '''Small Animal Ophthalmology''' (Fourth Edition) ''Saunders''

[[Category:Corneal Diseases - Cat]]
[[Category:Corneal Diseases - Dog]]

Corneal Diseases - Dogs and Cats

2014-02-20T17:54:06Z

Gd49:

{{Navigation2
|title = Corneal Diseases Of Dogs and Cats
|categories = [[Canine Clinical Section|'''Canine Clinical Section''']] and [[Feline Clinical Section|'''Feline Clinical Section''']]
|text =
|content =
:Developmental
::[[Corneal Dermoid - Dog and Cat|Dermoids]]

:Trauma
::[[Corneal Ulceration - Dogs and Cats|Corneal Ulceration]]
:::[[Indolent Ulcers - Dogs|Indolent Ulcers]]
::[[Corneal Foreign Body - Dog and Cat|Corneal Foreign Bodies]]

:Infection
::[[Feline Herpesvirus 1|Feline Herpetic Keratitis]]

:Immune Mediated
::Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca
::Chronic Immunemediated Superficial Keratoconjunctivitis

|image = dog-logo.png
|resources =
}}

[[Category:Corneal Diseases - Cat]]
[[Category:Corneal Diseases - Dog]]

Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca

2014-02-20T17:43:07Z

Gd49: Created page with "'''Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca''' (KCS)is a condition resulting from the lack of production of the '''aqueous''' phase of the tear film. It is also known as '''dry eye'''. ==A..."

Feline Herpesvirus 1

2014-02-20T16:22:45Z

Gd49: /* Clinical Signs */

{{OpenPagesTop}}
== Introduction ==

Feline Herpes virus ('''FHV-1''') causes an upper respiratory tract infection: '''Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis'''.

Viruses and bacteria are involved in the complex, with the most frequent aetiologic agent being FHV-1, and less frequently [[Feline Calicivirus|feline calicivirus]] and/or ''[[Chlamydophila psittaci]]''. All three agents infect URT respiratory epithelium, although FHV-1 has the highest affinity for this epithelium. Feline calicivirus more frequently infects the oral mucosa -> ulcerative stomatitis and ''C. felis'' more frequently infects the conjunctival epithelium -> chronic conjunctivitis. All three together will result in the disease complex 'cat flu'.

Infection of the respiratory epithelium by FHV-1 results in a typical neutrophilic rhinitis with intraepithelial intranuclear eosinophilic inclusion bodies, with expected clinical signs. Resolution of these clinical signs usually occurs by 7-14 days, however, FHV-1 remains '''latent''' in the trigeminal ganglion, and can reactivate at times of stress. It can infect the cornea - ulcerative keratitis. FHV- 1 is the most common cause of keratitis and corneal ulcers in cats and gummy eyes in kittens.

Occasional mortality can occur in the kitten or immunocompromised animals usually associated with secondary bacterial infections.

The virus is widespread and common. It can cause serious infections as well as latent infections which can be reactivated on boarding or at other periods of stress.

== Clinical Signs ==

Upper respiratory tract signs such as [[rhinitis]], [[tracheitis]] and [[sinusitis]] as well as keratitis and [[Corneal Ulceration - Dogs and Cats|corneal ulcers]]. The corneal ulcers intially have a '''dendritic''' appearence, which is considered pathognomic. In combination with other agents, will cause 'cat flu' which will include sneezing, coughing, gummy eyes, nasal discharge, dyspnoea and conjunctivitis.

== Diagnosis ==

Clinical signs and history are usually used as a presumptive diagnosis prior to definitive diagnosis via laboratory tests.

'''Nasal swabs''' on first week of infection can be cultured for virus isolation, plus a swab of the eye.

== Treatment ==

For keratitis with corneal ulcers treat with subcutaneous omega interferon and give topical trifluorothymidine (thymidine analogue) on eyes.

== Control ==

Killed and live '''[[vaccines]]''' are available. Live vaccines have provoked symptoms in immunosuppressed kittens and are no longer used in the UK.

== References ==

Bridger, J and Ruseel, P, (2007) Virology Study Guide, Royal Veterinary College

Ettinger, S.J. and Feldman, E. C. (2000) Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine Diseases of the Dog and Cat Volume 2 (Fifth Edition), W.B. Saunders Company

Ettinger, S.J, Feldman, E.C. (2005) Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine (6th edition, volume 2), W.B. Saunders Company

Merck & Co (2008) The Merck Veterinary Manual (Eighth Edition), Merial

== Links ==

[http://www.abcd-vets.org/guidelines/feline_herpesvirus/index.asp ABCD information]

{{review}}

{{OpenPages}}

[[Category:Herpesviridae]] [[Category:Expert_Review - Small Animal]] [[Category:Cat_Viruses]] [[Category:Respiratory_Diseases_-_Cat]] [[Category:Respiratory_Viral_Infections]]
[[Category:Hepatitis, Viral]]

Corneal Diseases - Dogs and Cats

2014-02-20T15:50:48Z

Gd49:

{{Navigation2
|title = Corneal Diseases Of Dogs and Cats
|categories = [[Canine Clinical Section|'''Canine Clinical Section''']] and [[Feline Clinical Section|'''Feline Clinical Section''']]
|text =
|content =
:Developmental
::[[Corneal Dermoid - Dog and Cat|Dermoids]]

:Trauma
::[[Corneal Ulceration - Dogs and Cats|Corneal Ulceration]]
:::[[Indolent Ulcers - Dogs|Indolent Ulcers]]
::[[Corneal Foreign Body - Dog and Cat|Corneal Foreign Bodies]]

:Infection
::Feline Herpetic Keratitis

:Immune Mediated
::Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca
::Chronic Immunemediated Superficial Keratoconjunctivitis

|image = dog-logo.png
|resources =
}}

[[Category:Corneal Diseases - Cat]]
[[Category:Corneal Diseases - Dog]]

Corneal Foreign Body - Dog and Cat

2014-02-20T15:49:10Z

Gd49: Created page with "'''Corneal Foreign Bodies''' can either be '''superficial''' and '''adherent''' to the surface of the cornea or '''penetrating'''. ==Clinical Signs== The '''foreign body''' ..."

'''Corneal Foreign Bodies''' can either be '''superficial''' and '''adherent''' to the surface of the cornea or '''penetrating'''.

==Clinical Signs==

The '''foreign body''' is normally visible in the eye. '''Ocular discharge''', '''blepharospasm''' and [[Corneal Ulceration - Dogs and Cats| ulceration]] may occur secondary to the foreign body.

==Treatment==

'''Superficial''' foreign bodies should be removed as quickly as possible, before they cause ulceration of the cornea. Under [[Local Anaesthetics|topical anaesthesia]] a fine stream of saline directed at the foreign body may be sufficient to remove it. Care should be taken with this technique if there is any evidence of damage to the cornea.

'''Penetrating''' foreign bodies require surgical removal and consideration should be given to referral.

==References==

Maggs, D et al (2007) '''Slatter's Fundamentals Of Veterinary Ophthalmology''' (Fourth Edition) ''Saunders''

[[Category:Corneal Diseases - Cat]]
[[Category:Corneal Diseases - Dog]]

Indolent Ulcers - Dogs

2014-02-20T15:06:21Z

Gd49: Created page with "An '''indolent ulcer''' is a '''superficial corneal ulcer''' that fails to heal despite no apparent underlying cause. Authors differ on the time before an ulcer is classified ..."

An '''indolent ulcer''' is a '''superficial corneal ulcer''' that fails to heal despite no apparent underlying cause. Authors differ on the time before an ulcer is classified as indolent, with some saying an ulcer is indolent after '''7 days''' with no healing, others after '''14 days'''. Indolent ulcers are also known as '''Superficial Chronic Corneal Epithelial Defects''', '''Recurrent Epithelial Erosions''' or '''Boxer Ulcers'''.

==Signalment==

Indolent ulcers are seen in '''Boxer''' dogs of any age, and '''middle aged''' or older dogs of any breed.

==Clinical Signs==

A superficial ulcer failing to heal within 7 or 14 days. The ulcer is normally surrounded by a lip of non-adherent epithelium which flourescein dye applied will run under, staining the stroma of the cornea beyond the edges of the ulcer. There is usually no infection and the eye is only moderately painful at worst.

==Treatment==

There are several techniques used to treat indolent ulcers.

===Debridement===

Under [[Local Anaesthetics|topical anaesthesia]] a '''cotton bud''' is used to remove any loosely adherent epithelium. The debridement may need to be repeated multiple times for healing to occur. In a retrospective study, 84% of cases treated with debridement alone healed, with a median healing time of 21 days.<ref name="multilple">Stanley, Hardman, Johnson Results of grid keratotomy, superficial keratectomy and debridement for the management of persistent corneal erosions in 92 dogs Veterinary Ophthalmolgy 1:233-238 1998</ref>

===Grid Keratectomy===

Following '''debridement''', a '''25 gauge needle''' may be used to create a grid of linear striations extending across the ulcer. This often requires [[sedation]] or [[general anaesthesia]]. In a retrospective study all ulcers healed after grid keratectomy was performed, though 13% of cases required a second grid keratectomy. Median healing time was 11 days.<ref name="multilple">Stanley, Hardman, Johnson Results of grid keratotomy, superficial keratectomy and debridement for the management of persistent corneal erosions in 92 dogs Veterinary Ophthalmolgy 1:233-238 1998</ref>

===Superfical Keratectomy===

In a retrospective study all cases healed after a single procedure. <ref name="multilple">Stanley, Hardman, Johnson Results of grid keratotomy, superficial keratectomy and debridement for the management of persistent corneal erosions in 92 dogs Veterinary Ophthalmolgy 1:233-238 1998</ref>
'''General Anaesthesia''' and '''magnification''' is required for this procedure, and consideration should be given to referral to an ophthalmolgist.

==Control==

There is little evidence on how to prevent recurrence. Some authors suggest applying ocular lubricants may be benefical.

==References==

<references />

Maggs, D et al (2007) '''Slatter's Fundamentals Of Veterinary Ophthalmology''' (Fourth Edition) ''Saunders''

Peiffer, Robert J, and Petersen-Jones, Simon M (2008) '''Small Animal Ophthalmology''' (Fourth Edition) ''Saunders''

Riis, Ronald C (2002) '''Small Animal Ophthalmology Secrets''' ''Hanley and Belfus, Inc''

[[Category:Corneal Diseases - Dog]]

Corneal Diseases - Dogs and Cats

2014-02-14T16:02:55Z

Gd49: Created page with "{{Navigation2 |title = Corneal Diseases Of Dogs and Cats |categories = '''Canine Clinical Section''' and [[Feline Clinical Section|'''Feline Clinic..."

{{Navigation2
|title = Corneal Diseases Of Dogs and Cats
|categories = [[Canine Clinical Section|'''Canine Clinical Section''']] and [[Feline Clinical Section|'''Feline Clinical Section''']]
|text =
|content =
:Developmental
::[[Corneal Dermoid - Dog and Cat|Dermoids]]

:Trauma
::[[Corneal_Ulceration - Dogs and Cats|Corneal Ulceration]]
:::Indolent Ulcers
::Corneal Foreign Bodies

:Infection
::Feline Herpetic Keratitis

:Immune Mediated
::Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca
::Chronic Immunemediated Superficial Keratoconjunctivitis

|image = dog-logo.png
|resources =
}}

[[Category:Corneal Diseases - Cat]]
[[Category:Corneal Diseases - Dog]]

Corneal Ulceration - Dogs and Cats

2014-02-14T16:02:03Z

Gd49: Created page with "A '''corneal ulcer''' is a loss of epithelium on the surface of the cornea. It is also known as an '''ulcerative keratitis''' as there is always a degree of inflammation accom..."

A '''corneal ulcer''' is a loss of epithelium on the surface of the cornea. It is also known as an '''ulcerative keratitis''' as there is always a degree of inflammation accompanying the loss of epithelium.

==Signalment==

More common in dogs than cats, as cats are less likely to suffer trauma to their corneas. Animals with large, open palpebral fissures (eg '''Brachycephalics''') are at higher risk of corneal trauma.

==Clinical Signs==

Clinical signs can include signs of ocular pain, such as blepharospasm and miosis. There is often ocular discharge and an aversion to light.

==Diagnosis==

The ulcer may be visible on examination of the eye. Applying '''fluorescein''' dye to the eye will stain exposed layers of epithelium. If the center of a deep ulcer does not stain, this indicates the '''Descemet's Membrane''' is exposed.

Corneal ulcers often have '''underlying causes''', which if not treated will cause the ulcer to recur. It is important to assess the eyelids fully for any '''entropian''', '''ectropian''', '''ectopic cilia''' or '''foreign bodies''' which may be present. Palpebral reflex and lid closure should also be checked. Consideration should also be given to testing '''tear production''' and '''bacterial''' and '''viral''' culture if appropiate.

==Treatment==

Ulcers can be classified into '''simple''' or '''complex''' ulcers which can help determine which treatment is needed. Simple ulcers are '''shallow''' so heal without ''stromal'' involvement and heal within '''seven days'''. Complex ulcers are '''deeper''' so heal with stromal involvement, '''and/or''' take more than seven days to heal.

Complex ulcers can be further classified into one of three categories to assist in resolving the ulcer:
* '''Underlying cause not identified/resolved'''
* '''Infected'''
* '''Indolent''', seen only in dogs

===Medical Treatment===

Regardless of cause, all ulcers should be treated with a range of medications.

====Antibiotics====

Broad spectrum topical [[antibiotics]] should be applied. Even if the ulcer does not appear infected, disruption of the corneal epithelium predisposes to infection.
'''Systemic''' antibiotics are unlikely to reach the cornea unless it is well vascularised or after '''conjunctival graft''' surgery.

====Mydriatics====

Exposure and stimulation of corneal nerves can result in a ''reflex'' anterior '''uveitis'''. Topical '''atropine''' is used to control this, with the dose tapered once adequate pupil dilation is achieved. Atropine should not be used in cases of '''keratoconjunctivitis sicca''' as it can disrupt tear production.

====Analgesia====

Systemic [[NSAIDs|Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)]] should be administered whilst the eye is painful. Topical [[steroids]] or NSAIDs should '''not''' be applied as they may disrupt healing of the ulcer.

====Preventing Self-Trauma====

It is important animals do not rub at their eyes, making the corneal ulceration worse. Devices to prevent self–trauma, such as elizabethen collars can be used if necessary.

===Deep Ulcers===

Deep ulcers require additional therapy to resolve.

====Melting Ulcers====

'''Collagenases''' are enzymes produced by some '''bacteria''', as well as degranulating [[neutrophils]] and disrupted epithelial cells and stromal cells. The enzymes can liquefy the corneal stroma, resulting in a rapidly progressive, "melting" ulcer. Bacteria commonly involved include ''Psuedomonas Aeruginosa'', ''coagulase–positive Staphylococci'', ''beta–haemolytic Streptococci'' and other gram–negative bacteria.

Samples for culture should be taken, and frequent topical antibiotic therapy should be applied.

'''Anti—collagenase''' therapy may be applied. This is done by harvesting '''serum''' from the patient then applying topically to the eye.

These animals can require intensive therapy so consideration should be given to '''hospitalisation'''.

====Surgical Treatment====

Corneal ulcers deeper than half the depth of the cornea take longer to heal due to the cornea's limited ability to regenerate, so can benefit from surgical techniques to aid healing. Techniques recommended include '''conjunctival grafts''', '''temporary tarsorrhaphies''' and '''third eyelid flaps'''

==References==

Maggs, D et al (2007) '''Slatter's Fundamentals Of Veterinary Ophthalmology''' (Fourth Edition) ''Saunders''

Peiffer, Robert J, and Petersen-Jones, Simon M (2008) '''Small Animal Ophthalmology''' (Fourth Edition) ''Saunders''

[[Category:Corneal Diseases - Cat]]
[[Category:Corneal Diseases - Dog]]

Corneal Dermoid - Dog and Cat

2014-02-14T14:32:50Z

Gd49: Created page with "A '''Dermoid''' is defined as a congenital circumscribed growth of microscopically normal tissue in abnormal place. They can involve a variety of structures in the eye, includ..."

Orbital Cellulitis and Retrobulbar Abscesses - Cat and Dog

2014-02-14T11:42:34Z

Gd49:

==Introduction==
'''Orbital Cellulitis''' is an infection of the tissue surrounding the eye. If frequently localises and progresses to form '''Retrobulbar Abscesses'''.

The aetiology is uncertain but assumed to be secondary to '''haematogenous spread''' or penetrating '''foreign bodies'''. '''Anaerobic''' culture is frequently required to produce any growth from samples. [[Pasteurella and Mannheimia species - Overview|''Pasteurella'']] has been grown from dogs with orbital cellulitis, whilst [[Aspergillus spp.|''Aspergillus'']] and ''Penicillium'' has been grown from cats.

==Signalment==

There is no known signalment.

==Clinical Signs==

Exopthalmos

Periorbital swelling

Pain on opening of mouth

Hyperemia and swelling of oral mucosa caudal to rear upper molar tooth

Protrusion of third eyelid

Pyrexia

Chemosis, usually unilateral

Anorexia

Clinical signs are usually rapid in onset.

==Diagnosis==

Clinical signs are often '''pathognomic'''.

A '''complete blood count''' may show signs of infection.

'''Ultrasound''' may confirm the presence of an abscess. '''Radiography''' should be consider if a foreign body is suspected.

==Treatment==

'''Drainage''' should be attempted by making a stab incision through the oral '''mucosa''' caudal to the rear upper molar tooth, followed by careful blunt dissection to the orbit. It is advisable to submit any exudate drained for culture. The orbit should be gently flushed with sterile saline and [[Antibiotics|broad spectrum antibiotics]] administered until culture results are received. Antibiotics should be administered for at least 7 days.

==Control==

If clinical signs do not resolve or recur, further investigation or surgery should be undertaken to rule out foreign bodies. Persistent infection from the roots of upper molar teeth is another possibility to be ruled out.

==References==

Maggs, D et al (2007) '''Slatter's Fundamentals Of Veterinary Ophthalmology''' (Fourth Edition) ''Saunders''

Peiffer, Robert J, and Petersen-Jones, Simon M (2008) '''Small Animal Ophthalmology''' (Fourth Edition) ''Saunders''

[[Category:Orbital Diseases - Cat]]
[[Category:Orbital Diseases - Dog]]

Orbital Neoplasias - Dog and Cat

2014-02-14T11:41:52Z

Gd49:

Primary orbital neoplasias are uncommon in dogs and cats.

==Types Of Tumour==

[[Central_Nervous_System_Neoplasia|Meningioma]] is the most common primary tumour in dogs. It is a benign slow growing tumour that if untreated causes pressure atrophy.

Other tumours described include [[lymphosarcoma]], [[adenocarcinoma]], [[fibrosarcoma]], [[Multilobular_Tumour_of_Bone|multilobular ostersarcoma]], glioma, myxoma, [[Squamous_Cell_Carcinoma|squamous cell carcinoma]], rhabdomyosarcoma and canine lymphoid pseudotumour.

==Clinical Signs==

Unilateral, progessive and painless '''exopthalmos'''

Prominent and protruding '''third eyelid'''

'''Blindness''', though not in all cases. This can help differentiate from '''glaucoma''', which always causes blindness

'''Exposure keratitis''', secondary to the exopthalmos

Retinal folds or retinal detachment on opthalmoscopic exam

Nasal discharge

Dilated/eccentric pupil

==Treatment==

Surgical exploration and removal of the globe and associated orbit contents is recommended.

Depending on the type of tumour chemotherapy or radiation therapy may be appropiate.

==References==

Maggs, D et al (2007) '''Slatter's Fundamentals Of Veterinary Ophthalmology''' (Fourth Edition) ''Saunders''

[[Category:Orbital Diseases - Cat]]
[[Category:Orbital Diseases - Dog]]

Orbital Diseases

2014-02-14T11:34:02Z

Gd49:

{{Navigation2
|title = Orbital Diseases of Cats and Dogs
|categories = [[Canine Clinical Section|'''Canine Clinical Section''']] and [[Feline Clinical Section|'''Feline Clinical Section''']]
|text = A range of conditions can affect the orbit.
|content =
:Developmental
::Shallow orbit (brachycephalic breeds)
::Micropthalmia/Anaopthalmia

:Trauma
::Penetrating foreign bodies
::[[Exophthalmos - Dog|Proptosis Of The Globe]]

:Infections
::[[Orbital Cellulitis and Retrobulbar Abscesses - Cat and Dog|Orbital Cellulitis and Retrobulbar Abscesses]]

:Neoplasias
::[[Orbital Neoplasias - Canine and Feline|Orbital Neoplasias]]

:Miscellanous
::[[Salivary_Mucocele|Zygomatic Mucocele]]
::[[Eosinophilic Myositis]]
::Horner's Syndrome

:[[Orbital Diseases - Diagnostic Investigations|Diagnostic Investigations]]

|image = dog-logo.png
|resources =
}}

==References==

Maggs, D et al (2007) '''Slatter's Fundamentals Of Veterinary Ophthalmology''' (Fourth Edition) ''Saunders''

[[Category:Orbital Diseases - Cat]]
[[Category:Orbital Diseases - Dog]]

Orbital Neoplasias - Dog and Cat

2014-02-14T11:32:48Z

Gd49:

Primary orbital neoplasias are uncommon in dogs and cats.

==Types Of Tumour==

[[Central_Nervous_System_Neoplasia|Meningioma]] is the most common primary tumour in dogs. It is a benign slow growing tumour that if untreated causes pressure atrophy.

Other tumours described include [[lymphosarcoma]], [[adenocarcinoma]], [[fibrosarcoma]], [[Multilobular_Tumour_of_Bone|multilobular ostersarcoma]], glioma, myxoma, [[Squamous_Cell_Carcinoma|squamous cell carcinoma]], rhabdomyosarcoma and canine lymphoid pseudotumour.

==Clinical Signs==

Unilateral progessive painless '''exopthalmos'''

Prominent protruding '''third eyelid'''

'''Blindness''', though not in all cases

'''Exposure keratitis''', secondary to the exopthalmos

Retinal folds or retinal detachment on opthalmoscopic exam

Nasal discharge

Dilated/eccentric pupil

==Treatment==

Surgical exploration and removal of the globe and associated orbit contents is recommended.

Depending on the type of tumour chemotherapy or radiation therapy may be appropiate.

==References==

Maggs, D et al (2007) '''Slatter's Fundamentals Of Veterinary Ophthalmology''' (Fourth Edition) ''Saunders''

[[Category:Orbital Diseases - Cat]]
[[Category:Orbital Diseases - Dog]]

Eosinophilic Myositis

2014-02-14T11:28:09Z

Gd49:

'''Eosinophilic Myositis''' is a rare disorder of dogs causing immune-mediated inflammation of the muscles of mastication. The aetiology is unknown. The '''average''' age of affected dog is 3 years old. Seen most commonly in '''German Shepherds''' and '''Weimaraners''', there is no recorded sex predilection.

==Clinical Signs==

Bilateral symmetrical swelling of masseter, pterygoid and temporal muscles

Exopthalmos

Chemosis/eyelid odema

Third eyelid protrusion

Pain on opening jaws fully

A key difference from other orbital disease is that the clincial signs are '''bilateral'''

==Diagnosis==

Muscle biopsy provides definite diagnosis

==Treatment==

Immunosuppressive doses of [[steroids]], azathioprine if needed.

Recovered animals may have permanent difficulty opening their jaws due to muscle scarring.

==References==

Maggs, D et al (2007) '''Slatter's Fundamentals Of Veterinary Ophthalmology''' (Fourth Edition) ''Saunders''

Riis, Ronald C (2002) '''Small Animal Ophthalmology Secrets''' ''Hanley and Belfus, Inc''

[[Category:Orbital Diseases - Dog]]

Orbital Diseases

2014-02-14T11:21:44Z

Gd49:

{{Navigation2
|title = Orbital Diseases of Cats and Dogs
|categories = [[Canine Clinical Section|'''Canine Clinical Section''']] and [[Feline Clinical Section|'''Feline Clinical Section''']]
|text = A range of conditions can affect the orbit.
|content =
:Developmental
::Shallow orbit (brachycephalic breeds)
::Micropthalmia/Anaopthalmia

:Trauma
::Penetrating foreign bodies
::[[Exophthalmos - Dog|Proptosis Of The Globe]]

:Infections
::[[Orbital Cellulitis and Retrobulbar Abscesses - Cat and Dog|Orbital Cellulitis and Retrobulbar Abscesses]]

:Neoplasias

:Miscellanous
::[[Salivary_Mucocele|Zygomatic Mucocele]]
::[[Eosinophilic Myositis]]
::Horner's Syndrome

:[[Orbital Diseases - Diagnostic Investigations|Diagnostic Investigations]]

|image = dog-logo.png
|resources =
}}

==References==

Maggs, D et al (2007) '''Slatter's Fundamentals Of Veterinary Ophthalmology''' (Fourth Edition) ''Saunders''

[[Category:Orbital Diseases - Cat]]
[[Category:Orbital Diseases - Dog]]

Eosinophilic Myositis

2014-02-14T11:15:57Z

Gd49:

'''Eosinophilic Myositis''' is a rare disorder of dogs causing immune-mediated inflammation of the muscles of mastication.

==Signalment==

The '''average''' age of affected dog is 3 years old. Seen most commonly in '''German Shepherds''' and '''Weimaraners''', there is no recorded sex predilection.

==Clinical Signs==

Bilateral symmetrical swelling of masseter, pterygoid and temporal muscles

Exopthalmos

Chemosis/eyelid odema

Third eyelid protrusion

Pain on opening jaws fully

A key difference from other orbital disease is that the clincial signs are '''bilateral'''

==Diagnosis==

Muscle biopsy provides definite diagnosis

==Treatment==

Immunosuppressive doses of [[steroids]], azathioprine if needed.

Recovered animals may have permanent difficulty opening their jaws due to muscle scarring.

==References==

Maggs, D et al (2007) '''Slatter's Fundamentals Of Veterinary Ophthalmology''' (Fourth Edition) ''Saunders''

Riis, Ronald C (2002) '''Small Animal Ophthalmology Secrets''' ''Hanley and Belfus, Inc''

Eosinophilic Myositis

2014-02-14T11:15:24Z

Gd49: Created page with "'''Eosinophilic Myositis''' is a rare disorder of dogs causing immune-mediated inflammation of the muscles of mastication. ==Signalment== The '''average''' age of affected d..."

'''Eosinophilic Myositis''' is a rare disorder of dogs causing immune-mediated inflammation of the muscles of mastication.

==Signalment==

The '''average''' age of affected dog is 3 years old. Seen most commonly in '''German Shepherds''' and '''Weimaraners''', there is no recorded sex predilection.

==Clinical Signs==

Bilateral symmetrical swelling of masseter, pterygoid and temporal muscles

Exopthalmos

Chemosis/eyelid odema

Third eyelid protrusion

Pain on opening jaws fully

A key difference from other orbital disease is that the clincial signs are '''bilateral'''

==Diagnosis==

Muscle biopsy provides definite diagnosis

==Treatment==

Immunosuppressive doses of [[steroids]], azathioprine if needed.

Recovered animals may have permanent difficulty opening their jaws due to muscle scarring.

==References==

Maggs, D et al (2007) '''Slatter's Fundamentals Of Veterinary Ophthalmology''' (Fourth Edition) ''Saunders''
Riis, Ronald C (2002) '''Small Animal Ophthalmology Secrets''' ''Hanley and Belfus, Inc''

Orbital Neoplasias - Dog and Cat

2014-02-14T10:39:17Z

Gd49: Created page with "Primary orbital neoplasias are uncommon in dogs and cats. ==Types Of Tumour== Meningioma is the most common primary tumour in dogs. It i..."

Primary orbital neoplasias are uncommon in dogs and cats.

==Types Of Tumour==

[[Central_Nervous_System_Neoplasia|Meningioma]] is the most common primary tumour in dogs. It is a benign slow growing tumour that if untreated causes pressure atrophy.

Other tumours described include [[lymphosarcoma]], [[adenocarcinoma]], [[fibrosarcoma]], [[Multilobular_Tumour_of_Bone|multilobular ostersarcoma]], glioma, myxoma, [[Squamous_Cell_Carcinoma|squamous cell carcinoma]], rhabdomyosarcoma and canine lymphoid pseudotumour.

==Clinical Signs==

Unilateral progessive painless '''exopthalmos'''

Prominent protruding '''third eyelid'''

'''Blindness''', though not in all cases

'''Exposure keratitis''', secondary to the exopthalmos

Retinal folds or retinal detachment on opthalmoscopic exam

Nasal discharge

Dilated/eccentric pupil

==Treatment==

Surgical exploration and removal of the globe and associated orbit contents is recommended.

Depending on the type of tumour chemotherapy or radiation therapy may be appropiate.

==References==

Maggs, D et al (2007) '''Slatter's Fundamentals Of Veterinary Ophthalmology''' (Fourth Edition) ''Saunders''

Orbital Diseases

2014-02-13T16:00:39Z

Gd49: /* Infections */

A range of conditions can affect the orbit.

==Conditions==

===Developmental===

Shallow orbit (brachycephalic breeds)

Micropthalmia/Anaopthalmia

===Trauma===

Penetrating foreign bodies

[[Exophthalmos_-_Canine|Proptosis Of The Globe]]

===Infections===

[[Orbital_Cellulitis_and_Retrobulbar_Abscesses_-_Canine_and_Feline|Orbital Cellulitis and Retrobulbar Abscesses]]

===Neoplasia===

Orbital Neoplasias

===Miscellanous===

[[Salivary_Mucocele|Zygomatic Mucocele]]

Eosinophilic Myositis

Horner's Syndrome

==Diagnostic Investigations==

===Palpation===

Placing pressure through the eyelids can help determine the location and contents of the globes.

===Oral Examination===

In the presence of '''exopthalmos''', pain on opening the mouth indicates an '''inflammatory''' process, whilst no pain indicates a '''neoplastic''' process. Where possible the soft tissue caudal to the rear upper molar should be palpated.

===Ultrasound===

Useful for evaluating soft tissue masses

===MRI/CT===

Useful for localising lesions, surgical planning and FNA/biopsies where appropriate.

==References==

Maggs, D et al (2007) '''Slatter's Fundamentals Of Veterinary Ophthalmology''' (Fourth Edition) ''Saunders''

Orbital Cellulitis and Retrobulbar Abscesses - Cat and Dog

2014-02-13T15:59:58Z

Gd49: Created page with "'''Orbital Cellulitis''' is an infection of the tissue surrounding the eye. If frequently localises and progresses to form '''Retrobulbar Abscesses'''. ==Aetiology== Uncerta..."

'''Orbital Cellulitis''' is an infection of the tissue surrounding the eye. If frequently localises and progresses to form '''Retrobulbar Abscesses'''.

==Aetiology==

Uncertain. Assumed to be secondary to '''haematogenous spread''' or penetrating '''foreign bodies'''. '''Anaerobic''' culture is frequently required to produce any growth, and ''Pasteurella'' has been grown from dogs with orbital cellulitis, whilst ''Aspergillus'' and ''Pencillium'' has been grown from cats.

==Clinical Signs==

Exopthalmos

Periorbital swelling

Pain on opening of mouth

Hyperemia and swelling of oral mucosa caudal to rear upper molar tooth

Protrusion of third eyelid

Pyrexia

Chemosis, usually unilateral

Anorexia

Clinical signs are usually rapid in onset.

==Diagnosis==

Clinical signs are often '''pathognomic'''.

A '''complete blood count''' may show signs of infection.

'''Ultrasound''' may confirm the presence of an abscess. '''Radiography''' should be consider if a foreign body is suspected.

==Treatment==

'''Drainage''' should be attempted by making a stab incision through the oral '''mucosa''' caudal to the rear upper molar tooth, followed by careful blunt dissection to the orbit. Any exudate drained should be submitted for culture. The orbit should be gently flushed with sterile saline.
[[Antibiotics|Broad spectrum antibiotics]] should be administered until culture results are received. Antibiotics should be administered for at least 7 days.

==Control==

If clinical signs do not resolve or recur, further investigation or surgery should be undertaken to rule out foreign bodies. Persistent infection from the roots of upper molar teeth should also be ruled out.

==References==

Maggs, D et al (2007) '''Slatter's Fundamentals Of Veterinary Ophthalmology''' (Fourth Edition) ''Saunders''

Peiffer, Robert J, and Petersen-Jones, Simon M (2008) '''Small Animal Ophthalmology''' (Fourth Edition) ''Saunders''

Orbital Diseases

2014-02-13T15:59:54Z

Gd49: Created page with "A range of conditions can affect the orbit. ==Conditions== ===Developmental=== Shallow orbit (brachycephalic breeds) Micropthalmia/Anaopthalmia ===Trauma=== Penetrating ..."

A range of conditions can affect the orbit.

==Conditions==

===Developmental===

Shallow orbit (brachycephalic breeds)

Micropthalmia/Anaopthalmia

===Trauma===

Penetrating foreign bodies

[[Exophthalmos_-_Canine|Proptosis Of The Globe]]

===Infections===

Orbital Cellulitis and Retrobulbar Abscesses

===Neoplasia===

Orbital Neoplasias

===Miscellanous===

[[Salivary_Mucocele|Zygomatic Mucocele]]

Eosinophilic Myositis

Horner's Syndrome

==Diagnostic Investigations==

===Palpation===

Placing pressure through the eyelids can help determine the location and contents of the globes.

===Oral Examination===

In the presence of '''exopthalmos''', pain on opening the mouth indicates an '''inflammatory''' process, whilst no pain indicates a '''neoplastic''' process. Where possible the soft tissue caudal to the rear upper molar should be palpated.

===Ultrasound===

Useful for evaluating soft tissue masses

===MRI/CT===

Useful for localising lesions, surgical planning and FNA/biopsies where appropriate.

==References==

Maggs, D et al (2007) '''Slatter's Fundamentals Of Veterinary Ophthalmology''' (Fourth Edition) ''Saunders''

Exophthalmos - Dog

2014-01-12T21:26:16Z

Gd49:

'''Exophthalmos''' occurs when the equator of the '''globe''' advances beyond the margin of the '''palpebral fissure'''. It is also known as '''ocular proptosis'''.

==Causes==

'''Blunt trauma''' (eg road traffic accidents, dog fights) are the most common cause of exophthalmos.

==Traumatic Exopthalmos==

===Treatment===

====Initial Management====

*The globe should be kept '''moist''' - owners should be advised to keep the eye lubricated whilst transporting to the veterinary clinic
*The patient must be assessed for other injuries from the trauma that caused the exophthalmos. This is especially important in '''dolichocephalic''' breeds where considerable force is required to protrude the globe.

====Decision Making====

*40-50% of dogs regain vision with surgical treatment.
*'''Negative''' prognostic indicators include:
**Rupture of three or more extraocular muscles.
**Lack of consensual pupillary light reflex to the contralateral eye.
**Corneal laceration extending past the limbus.
**Extensive hyphaema.

====Surgical Treatment====

The globe should be replaced under an [http://en.wikivet.net/Anaesthesia|general anaesthetic], followed by a '''temporary tarsorrhaphy''' to allow the tissues to heal:

*Clean the eye and periocular tissues with dilute povidone-iodine solution and sterile saline.
*Replace the globe. '''Lateral canthotomy''' is often required to allow this.
*Use three or four horizontal mattress sutures for the temporary tarsorrhaphy.
**Use 1 or 1.5 metric suture material, some authors advocate using silk.
**Use stents in the sutures to prevent eyelid necrosis.
**Care must be taken with the placement of the sutures to avoid '''corneal ulceration''' or '''entropian'''.
**Leave a small area open at the '''medial canthus''' to allow topical medication adminstration
*Close the canthotomy incision in two layers.
*Sutures should be removed after 10-14 days

If the globe is not salvageable, '''enucleation''' should be performed.

====Medication====

Broad spectrum '''antibiotics''' and systemic anti-inflammatory '''corticosteroids''' should be given at the time of surgery. Antibiotics and a tapering dose of steroids should be continued for 7-10 days after surgery.

Topical antibiotics and '''atropine''' should be used whilst the sutures are in place.

==References==
<references/>
#Giuliano, Elizabeth (2011) "Opthalmic Emergencies" ''Proceedings of the 2011 British Small Animal Veterinary Association Congress''
#[http://www.merckmanuals.com/vet/emergency_medicine_and_critical_care/ophthalmic_emergencies/traumatic_proptosis.html|Traumatic Proptosis], The Merck Veterinary Manual 2013

{{unfinished}}
[[Category:Neurological Diseases - Dog]]

Exophthalmos - Dog

2014-01-12T14:36:05Z

Gd49: Created page with "'''Exophthalmos''' occurs when the equator of the '''globe''' advances beyond the margin of the '''palpebral fissure'''. It is also known as '''ocular proptosis'''. ==Causes=..."

'''Exophthalmos''' occurs when the equator of the '''globe''' advances beyond the margin of the '''palpebral fissure'''. It is also known as '''ocular proptosis'''.

==Causes==

'''Blunt trauma''' (eg road traffic accidents, dog fights) are the most common cause of exophthalmos.

==Traumatic Exopthalmos==

===Treatment===

====Initial Management====

*The globe should be kept '''moist''' - owners should be advised to keep the eye lubricated whilst transporting to the veterinary clinic
*The patient must be assessed for other injuries from the trauma that caused the exophthalmos. This is especially important in '''dolichocephalic''' breeds where considerable force is required to protrude the globe.

====Decision Making====

*40-50% of dogs regain vision with surgical treatment.
*'''Negative''' prognostic indicators include:
**Rupture of three or more extraocular muscles.
**Lack of consensual pupillary light reflex to the contralateral eye.
**Corneal laceration extending past the limbus.
**Extensive hyphaema.

====Surgical Treatment====

The globe should be replaced under a [[http://en.wikivet.net/Anaesthesia|general anaesthetic]], followed by a '''temporary tarsorrhaphy''' to allow the tissues to heal:

*Clean the eye and periocular tissues with dilute povidone-iodine solution and sterile saline.
*Replace the globe. '''Lateral canthotomy''' is often required to allow this.
*Use three or four horizontal mattress sutures for the temporary tarsorrhaphy.
**Use 1 or 1.5 metric suture material, some authors advocate using silk.
**Use stents in the sutures to prevent eyelid necrosis.
**Care must be taken with the placement of the sutures to avoid '''corneal ulceration''' or '''entropian'''.
**Leave a small area open at the '''medial canthus''' to allow topical medication adminstration
*Close the canthotomy incision in two layers.
*Sutures should be removed after 10-14 days

If the globe is not salvageable, '''enucleation''' should be performed.

====Medication====

Broad spectrum '''antibiotics''' and systemic anti-inflammatory '''corticosteroids''' should be given at the time of surgery. Antibiotics and a tapering dose of steroids should be continued for 7-10 days after surgery.

Topical antibiotics and '''atropine''' should be used whilst the sutures are in place.

==References==
<references/>
#Giuliano, Elizabeth (2011) "Opthalmic Emergencies" ''Proceedings of the 2011 British Small Animal Veterinary Association Congress''
#[http://www.merckmanuals.com/vet/emergency_medicine_and_critical_care/ophthalmic_emergencies/traumatic_proptosis.html|Traumatic Proptosis], The Merck Veterinary Manual 2013

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[[Category:Neurological Diseases - Dog]]

Rabbit Dacryocystitis Flashcard

2013-11-20T17:43:47Z

Gd49:

==Rabbit Dacryocystitis Flashcard==
<FlashCard questions="2">
|q1=What is the prime aetiological agent of significance for Dacryocystitis?
|a1=Dental Malcclusion
|l1=Dacryocystitis – Rabbit
|q2=What do the clinical signs of Dacryocystitis include?
|a2=Clinical signs of dacryocystitis include a milky discolouration of the precorneal tear film, epiphora, crust formation along the affected eyelid margins and a caseous discharge from the nostril
|l2=Dacryocystitis – Rabbit
</FlashCard>

[[Category:Rabbit Flashcards]]

Dacryocystitis – Rabbit

2013-11-20T17:41:05Z

Gd49:

==Introduction==
Dacryocystitis is one of the most common conditions encountered in practice and can be one of the most difficult to treat due to the persistence of the organism involved and the tendency of the condition to recur. It is very important to examine the teeth and both nasolacrimal ducts of every rabbit irrespective of the reason for which the animal is presented for clinical examination.

==Clinical Signs==
Clinical signs of dacryocystitis include a milky discolouration of the precorneal tear film, epiphora, crust formation along the affected eyelid margins and a caseous discharge from the nostril. The condition can be unilateral or bilateral. The clinician may have to apply digital pressure on the lacrimal sac to observe a milky discharge from the lacrimal punctum. Keratitis and conjunctivitis are sometimes observed. A white crust on medial canthus is a frequent early clinical sign.

==Aetiology==
The prime agent of aetiological significance is [[Cheek Teeth Malocclusion – Rabbit|dental malocclusion]]. The constant growth of the teeth combined with the low bone density of the rabbit skull results in the migration of the roots of the teeth leading to:

#Occlusion of the naso-lacrimal duct by the roots of the incisors (welling of the milky discharge up the lacrimal apparatus results in epiphora).
#Invasion of the eye socket by the roots of the molars leading to retrobulbar infection, buphthalmos or simply ocular irritation and epiphora.

Microbiological investigation yields profuse growth of many organisms, usually ''Pasteurella multocida'' (Petersen-Jones and Carrington 1988), but ''Staphylococcus'' species and ''Streptococcus'' species, can also be frequently involved. Dacryocystitis can be due to an ascending infection from the nasal cavity via the nasolacrimal duct and is a constituent part of the syndrome of Pasteurella infection in rabbits (Whittaker 1989).

A survey conducted by Leo Laboratories in 1994 yielded:
#''Staphyloccus'' spp. - non-haemolytic, 17 isolates; haemolytic coagulase -ve, 10 isolates; haemolytic coagulase +ve, 5 isolates.
#''Streptococcus'' spp. - non-haemolytic, 4 isolates; alpha-haemolytic, 2 isolates
#''Pasteurella'' spp. - Pasteurella aerogenes 2 isolates, ''Pasteurella multocida'' 3 isolates, unidentified ''Pasteurella'' spp. 2 isolates,
#''Bacillus'' spp. - 7 isolates,
#''Corynebacterium'' spp. - 5 isolates,
#''Enterobacter'' spp. - 3 isolates
#''E coli'' - (non-haemolytic) 3 isolates
#''Pseudomonas'' spp. - ''Pseudomonas vesicularis'' 2 isolates, unidentified ''Pseudomonas'' spp. 1 isolate,
#''Branhamella'' spp. - one isolate
#''Proteus'' spp. - one isolate
#''Acinetobacter junii'' - one isolate
#No isolates were detected in 12 specimens.

As well as dental disorders, a triggering factor for the establishment and persistence of infection is thought to be the ammonia produced either by the degeneration of urinary urea in a poorly absorptive litter (Okerman 1988) or from a pet maintained on an imbalanced (high protein) diet (Jenkins 1991). I always counsel the owners of affected animals to attend to hygiene and diet simultaneously. Peat moss /Turf mould is recommended as hutch litter due to its ability to absorb the ammonia produced by the decomposition of urinary urea.

==Treatment==
The condition is very difficult to treat as tooth roots are an important factor in the persistent eye infections of rabbits and the distal naso-lacrimal duct may become involved with periapical abscessation of the maxillary incisors (overlong incisor root with thinning or periosteal proliferation of the palatial bone). Dental conditions do not, generally speaking, resolve quickly in rabbits, if at all. Also the causative organism, particularly if it is the ubiquitous ''Pasteurella multocida'', seems to be well adapted to the conjunctival microclimate and local immunity appears to be suppressed. In addition, cannulation of the entire course of the lacrimal duct is impossible due to the tortuous course and varying diameter of the duct although flushing from the lacrimal punctum is possible (Burling et al 1991). Even if the condition is discovered only co-incidentally when the rabbit is presented for some other reason, the following approach should be undertaken:
*Make sure that the dental disease is thoroughly addressed.
*Under local analgesia using proxymetacaine hydrochloride BP (Minims; Alcon), I canulate the lacrimal duct as described by Petersen-Jones and Carrington (1988) and flush the apparatus (irrigating canula reference AS85 from Arnolds Veterinary Products, or iv cannula) with sterile saline until the fluid runs clear from the the nares. The bevelled end of the Surflo intravenous canula makes it an easier instrument for this purpose. The apparatus is then irrigated diluted ophthalmic preparations of antibiotics, ideally following microbial cultures and sensitivity testing.
*In some cases it is impossible to effect drainage of the tenacious purulent material. I once had success with a solution of trypsin is infused into the duct and the procedure is reattempted after twenty-four to forty-eight hours.
*Follow-up treatment comprises systemic and topical antibiosis, usually with oxytetracyline (Engemycin® 5%; Intervet) and tetracycline ophthalmic ointment (Fucithalmic®; Leo) or gentamicin (Tiacil®; Virbac) applied to the conjunctival fornix q 6-8 hrs, or antibiotics are selected after sensitivity testing. In the absence of antibiotic sensitivities. I have noticed that topical applications of ophthalmic preparations containing neomycin are frequently not effective in the treatment of this condition.

==Prognosis==
Prognosis the favourability of the prognosis is inversely proportional to the dental health and to the length of time taken for any response to treatment. Poor response is an indication for withdrawal of treatment and microbiological investigation, including antibiotic sensitivity testing. Long-term, repeated irrigation may result in permanent stenosis or obstruction.

In young animals in a collective situation (eg. pet shops) a simple conjunctivitis in which the teeth are not involved may be encountered. Cytology may be useful in identifying the causative organism(s). Chlamydophila psittaci may be involved (scrapings from the back of the membrana nictitans may be helpful) and should respond to ciporofloxacin eye drops (Ciloxan®; Alcon Labs).

{{Learning
|flashcards = [[Rabbit Dacryocystitis Flashcard]]
}}

==References==
*Burling et al (1991): Anatomy of the rabbit nasolacrimal duct and its clinical implications in Progress in Veterinary Comparative Ophthalmology Vol 1 No 1 pp 33 to 40.
*Jenkins (1991)
*Okerman L (1994): Diseases of Domestic Rabbits. Blackwell Scien¬tific Publications ISBN 0-632-03804 -7. 2nd Edition
*Petersen-Jones S.M. and Carrington S.D. (1988): Pasteurellar dacryocystitis in rabbits: Veterinary Record 122 514 to 515
*Whittaker (1989)

[[Category:Rabbit Opthalmology]]

Rabbit Dacryocystitis Flashcard

2013-11-20T17:39:52Z

Gd49:

Rabbit Dacryocystitis Flashcard

2013-11-20T17:37:48Z

Gd49: Created page with "==Rabbit Dacryocystitis Flashcard== <FlashCard questions="2"> |q1=What is the prime aetiological agent of significance for Dacryocystitis? |a1=Dent..."

==Rabbit Dacryocystitis Flashcard==
<FlashCard questions="2">
|q1=What is the prime aetiological agent of significance for Dacryocystitis?
|a1=Dental Malcclusion
|q2=What do the clinical signs of Dacryocystitis include?
|a2=Clinical signs of dacryocystitis include a milky discolouration of the precorneal tear film, epiphora, crust formation along the affected eyelid margins and a caseous discharge from the nostril

</FlashCard>

Contact Dermatitis

2013-11-20T16:35:01Z

Gd49: /* Introduction */

{{OpenPagesTop}}
== Introduction ==
Contact dermatitis is an '''inflammatory skin disease''' caused by contact of the skin with a chemical.

There are thought to be two types of contact dermatitis; '''irritant contact dermatitis''', which is caused by a direct chemical contact on the skin. This is rare. And secondly, '''allergic contact dermatitis''', which is a [[Type IV Hypersensitivity|type IV hypersensitivity]] reaction to an antigen.
 

Irritants such as '''faeces''' or '''urine''', and '''chemicals''' such as acids, alkali, detergents, irritant plants, medications and home furnishings can all cause the condition.

In cats and dogs lesions usually occur on '''thinly-haired areas''' such as the skin of the ventral abdomen, feet, chest, eyelids and axillae.

In horses lesions are most prevalent on the muzzle, lower limbs and under tack.

Farm animals may present with lesions in a variety of locations depending on the nature of the contactant.

== Signalment ==
The '''allergic condition''' can appear in most domestic species, but is rare in small animals and rare (probably due to undiagnosis) in cattle too. There is no sex, breed or age predilection to the disease.

'''Urine scald lesions''' will occur in any animal that is recumbent, paralysed or poorly managed.

== Clinical Signs ==
The skin will appear erythematous with '''patches and papules and occasionally vesicles'''. Many lesions are also caused by self-trauma and include ulcers and crusts. Secondary bacterial infection can also occur.

Lesions will appear in typical sites such as those described above and relating to the causes e.g. if the allergy is to the carpet then a dog will have the signs on his abdomen and scrotum.

Urine scald lesions are often '''extremely painful'''.

== Diagnosis ==
'''History and clinical signs''' may be indicative of the disease.

'''Contact restriction''' is a way of diagnosing the condition, but is often difficult to perform. Re-exposure to the allergen and re-emergence of clinical signs would then be diagnostic.

'''Patch tests''' are rarely performed on animals, but include applying substances to an area for 48 hours and then removing and assessing for papules and plaques at these sites.

==Pathology==

Grossly, there will be '''erythema, papules, +/- vesicles and exudation forming crusts''' in later stages. If the irritation is chronic, lichenification, hyperpigmentation and alopecia may also be noticed.

'''Microscopically''', one will find spongiotic superficial perivascular dermatitis and mononuclear cells. If the disease is chronic, then epidermal hyperplasia will also be present. [[Eosinophils]] may also be involved if the aetiology is allergic.

== Treatment and Control ==
It is important to '''avoid the offending substance''' wherever possible.

'''Anti-inflammatory therapy''' may be required topically, such as glucocorticoids. If secondary bacterial or yeast infection has occurred then appropriate treatment for these is also required.

Areas with lesions caused by irritants should be '''carefully washed with warm water''' and thoroughly dried. Topical antibiotic ointments should be applied until the lesions heal.

{{Learning
|flashcards = [[Small Animal Dermatology Q&A 06]]
}}

== References ==
Blood, D.C. and Studdert, V. P. (1999) '''Saunders Comprehensive Veterinary Dictionary '''(2nd Edition),'' Elsevier Science''.
 
Bond, R. (2008) '''Dermatology Study Guide, '''''Royal Veterinary College.''
 
Foster, A, and Foll, C. (2003)''' BSAVA small animal dermatology '''(second edition),'' British Small Animal Veterinary Association ''

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[[Category:Type IV Hypersensitivity Diseases]]
[[Category:Integumentary System - Hypersensitivity Reactions]]
[[Category:Integumentary System - Chemical Damage]]
[[Category:Allergic Skin Diseases]]
[[Category:Expert Review]]

User:Gd49

2013-11-20T15:51:28Z

Gd49:

{{UserPage
|Name=Gareth Dowdeswell
|Occupation= Veterinary Surgeon 
|School= UK - RVC (London)
|Year= 2008
|Email=
|Image=
}}

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