Angiostrongylus vasorum

2012-05-07T16:51:28Z

Kitcornall: /* Life Cycle */

{{review}}
{{Taxobox
|name =''Angiostrongylus vasorum
|kingdom =Animalia
|phylum =[[:Category:Nematodes|Nematoda]]
|class =Secernentea
|sub-class =
|order =Strongylida
|super-family =[[:Category:Metastrongyloidea|Metastrongyloidea]]
|family =[[:Category:Angiostrongylidae|Angiostrongylidae]]
|sub-family =
|genus =Angiostrongylus
|species ='''''A. vasorum'''''
}}

Also known as: '''''Haemostrongylus vasorum

==Hosts==
'''Definitive host''': Dogs and foxes.

'''Intermediate host''': Mainly snails and slugs.

It exists mainly in Western Europe - not established in the USA.

==Identification==
''Angiostrongylus vasorum'' is a parasite of the family [[Angiostrongylidae]]. The adults are slender, and measure around 2cm in length. The males have a small bursa.

==Life Cycle==
The adults are ovo-viviparous. The adults lay eggs in the pulmonary arteries. The eggs then hatch in the capillaries. The first stage larvae migrate into the alveoli and then the trachea. They are swallowed, enter the intestinal system and are then passed in the faeces. The intermediate host then becomes infected, which later infects the definitive host.

The larvae then develop in the definitive host, and migrate via the mesenteric lymph nodes, and the blood where they affect the heart, primarily the right ventricle.

Adults establish within the pulmonary arterial tree and can lead to pulmonary thrombosis and pulmonary hypertension. The clinical disease is '''[[Angiostrongylosis]]'''.

==Literature Search==
[[File:CABI logo.jpg|left|90px]]

Use these links to find recent scientific publications via CAB Abstracts (log in required unless accessing from a subscribing organisation).
 
[http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?rowId=1&options1=AND&q1=%22Angiostrongylus+vasorum%22&occuring1=title&rowId=2&options2=AND&q2=&occuring2=freetext&rowId=3&options3=AND&q3=&occuring3=freetext&x=57&y=11&publishedstart=yyyy&publishedend=yyyy&calendarInput=yyyy-mm-dd&la=any&it=any&show=all ''Angiostrongylus vasorum'' publications]

[[Category:Angiostrongylidae]][[Category:Dog_Nematodes]]
[[Category:Expert_Review]]

Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides

2012-02-09T14:42:50Z

Kitcornall: /* Clinical Signs */

Also known as: '''''M. mycoides

Causes '''''Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia — CBPP
{{Taxobox
|name = ''Mycoplasma mycoides''
|phylum = Firmicutes
|class = Mollicutes
|order = Mycoplasmatales
|family = Mycoplasmataceae
|genus = [[:Category:Mycoplasmas|Mycoplasma]]
|species = ''M.mycoides''
}}
== Introduction ==
[[Image:Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia.jpg|right|thumb|200px|<center>Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center>]]
''M.mycoides'' is a species of the ''[[Mycoplasmas species - Overview|Mycoplasmas]]'' genus. The subsp. ''mycoides'' causes Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia (CBPP), a severe contagious respiratory disease of cattle that is endemic in Africa, the Middle East and Asia. It is notifiable in the UK and many other countries and has not been seen here for many years. It is transmitted by close contact with clinically or subclinically affected animals and severity depends on strain and host susceptibility. There is usually around 50% morbidity and high mortality rate in severe outbreaks.

== Clinical Signs ==

Clinical signs include an acute onset fever, anorexia, depression, lowered milk yield, hyperpnoea, coughing and a mucopurulent nasal discharge, which all occur suddenly. Dyspnoea occurs with abducted elbows and extended necks and an expiratory grunt. The disease can be fatal within 1-3 weeks.

Calves may suffer from [[Infectious Arthritis#In_Cattle|arthritis]], synovitis and [[Endocarditis|endocarditis]], but are most commonly seen as sudden death.

== Diagnosis ==

Clinical signs and history to suspect diagnosis but definitive diagnosis should be achieved by post mortem examination. Signs at necropsy will include marbled appearance to lungs with consolidated grey and red lobules separated by emphysematous areas, serofibrinous pleural fluid and necrotic foci surrounded by fibrous capsules (in chronic cases acting as source of infection).

A PCR on pleural fluid, lung tissue, regional lymph nodes or bronchoalveolar lavage of fluids is useful, as is fluorescent antibody test or serological tests such as serum agglutination, haemagglutination, complement fixation and [[ELISA testing|ELISA]]. Due to the rarity of the disease in developed countries, the best diagnostic tool is not known.

== Treatment and Control ==

Slaughter of affected cattle in countries where the disease is exotic is necessary by law. Movement restrictions, quarantine and slaughter of carrier animals in endemic countries is required. Vaccination has been used in endemic regions.

==Literature Search==
[[File:CABI logo.jpg|left|90px]]

Use these links to find recent scientific publications via CAB Abstracts (log in required unless accessing from a subscribing organisation).
 
[http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?q=title%3A%28%22Mycoplasma+mycoides%22%29 ''Mycoplasma mycoides'' publications]

== References ==

Andrews, A.H, Blowey, R.W, Boyd, H and Eddy, R.G. (2004) Bovine Medicine (Second edition), Blackwell Publishing

Radostits, O.M, Arundel, J.H, and Gay, C.C. (2000) Veterinary Medicine: a textbook of the diseases of cattle, sheep, pigs, goats and horses Elsevier Health Sciences

{{review}}
[[Category:Respiratory_Diseases_-_Cattle]] [[Category:Respiratory_Bacterial_Infections]]
[[Category:Expert_Review - Farm Animal]]
[[Category:Mycoplasmas]]

WikiVet English - User contributions [en]

Angiostrongylus vasorum

Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides