<center> <big>'''Common Endoparasites of Donkeys</big>

{| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" border="1"
|.
| '''Common name'''
| '''Scientific name'''
| '''Clinical signs'''
|-
|'''GUT WORMS'''
| [[Strongyles - Donkey#Small strongyles – Cyathostomins|'''Small strongyles''']]
| ''Cyathostomins''
| Often assymptomatic, early spring larval cyathostomosis – abdominal pain, depression, diarrhoea, hyperlipaemia
|-
| .
| [[Strongyles - Large - Donkey|'''Large strongyles''']]
| ''Strongylus spp.''
| Colic, weight loss, diarrhoea
|-
| .
| [[Pinworm - Donkey|'''Pinworm''']]
| ''Oxyuris equi''
| Anal irritation
|-
| .
| [[Ascarids - Donkey|'''Ascarids/roundworm''']]
| ''Parascaris equorum''
| Colic, ill thrift, obstruction in foals
|-
| .
| [[Threadworm - Donkey|'''Threadworm''']]
| ''Strongyloides westeri''
| Diarrhoea in foals
|-
|.
| [[Tapeworm - Donkey|'''Tapeworm''']]
| ''Anoplocephala spp.''
| Implicated in colic
|-
| [[Lungworm - Donkey|'''LUNGWORMS''']]
| '''Lungworm'''
| ''Dictyocaulus arnfieldi''
| Rarely associated with disease in donkeys
|-
| [[Flukes - Donkey|'''FLUKES''']]
| '''Liver fluke'''
| ''Fasciola spp.''
| Often asymptomatic
|-
| [[Spirurids - Donkey|'''SPIRURIDS''']]
| .
| ''Habronema spp.''
| Summer sores (in the tropics)
|-
| [[Hydatid Cysts - Donkey|'''HYDATID CYSTS''']]
|.
| ''Echinococcus granulosus equinus''
| Liver dysfunction
|-
| [[Bots - Donkey|'''STOMACH BOTS''']]
|.
| ''Gasterophilus spp.''
| Problem caused by larvae
|-
| [[Onchocerciasis - Donkey|'''ONCHOCERCIASIS''']]
|.
| ''Onchocerca cervicalis''
| Fistulous withers
|}
</center>

{{toplink
|titleborder=E0EEEE
|linkpage =Parasites - Donkey
|linktext =Parasites - Donkey
|pagetype=Donkey
}}
{{infotable
|Maintitle = [[Sponsors#The Donkey Sanctuary|This section was sponsored and content provided by '''THE DONKEY SANCTUARY''']]
|Maintitlebackcolour = B4CDCD
}}
[[Category:Donkey]]
[[Category:Parasites_-_Donkey]]
[[Category:Endoparasites_-_Donkey]]

| [[Strongyles - Small - Donkey|'''Small strongyles''']]

Strongyles - Donkey

2016-11-21T12:03:04Z

Lizhazellsmith:

Endoparasites - Donkey

2016-11-21T12:02:10Z

Lizhazellsmith:

<center> <big>'''Common Endoparasites of Donkeys</big>

{| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" border="1"
|.
| '''Common name'''
| '''Scientific name'''
| '''Clinical signs'''
|-
|'''GUT WORMS'''
| [[Strongyles - Donkey#Small strongyles – Cyathostomins|'''Small strongyles''']]
| ''Cyathostomins''
| Often assymptomatic, early spring larval cyathostomosis – abdominal pain, depression, diarrhoea, hyperlipaemia
|-
| .
| [[Strongyles - Large - Donkey|'''Large strongyles''']]
| ''Strongylus spp.''
| Colic, weight loss, diarrhoea
|-
| .
| [[Pinworm - Donkey|'''Pinworm''']]
| ''Oxyuris equi''
| Anal irritation
|-
| .
| [[Ascarids - Donkey|'''Ascarids/roundworm''']]
| ''Parascaris equorum''
| Colic, ill thrift, obstruction in foals
|-
| .
| [[Threadworm - Donkey|'''Threadworm''']]
| ''Strongyloides westeri''
| Diarrhoea in foals
|-
|.
| [[Tapeworm - Donkey|'''Tapeworm''']]
| ''Anoplocephala spp.''
| Implicated in colic
|-
| [[Lungworm - Donkey|'''LUNGWORMS''']]
| '''Lungworm'''
| ''Dictyocaulus arnfieldi''
| Rarely associated with disease in donkeys
|-
| [[Flukes - Donkey|'''FLUKES''']]
| '''Liver fluke'''
| ''Fasciola spp.''
| Often asymptomatic
|-
| [[Spirurids - Donkey|'''SPIRURIDS''']]
| .
| ''Habronema spp.''
| Summer sores (in the tropics)
|-
| [[Hydatid Cysts - Donkey|'''HYDATID CYSTS''']]
|.
| ''Echinococcus granulosus equinus''
| Liver dysfunction
|-
| [[Bots - Donkey|'''STOMACH BOTS''']]
|.
| ''Gasterophilus spp.''
| Problem caused by larvae
|-
| [[Onchocerciasis - Donkey|'''ONCHOCERCIASIS''']]
|.
| ''Onchocerca cervicalis''
| Fistulous withers
|}
</center>

{{toplink
|titleborder=E0EEEE
|linkpage =Parasites - Donkey
|linktext =Parasites - Donkey
|pagetype=Donkey
}}
{{infotable
|Maintitle = [[Sponsors#The Donkey Sanctuary|This section was sponsored and content provided by '''THE DONKEY SANCTUARY''']]
|Maintitlebackcolour = B4CDCD
}}
[[Category:Donkey]]
[[Category:Parasites_-_Donkey]]
[[Category:Endoparasites_-_Donkey]]

2016-11-04T12:11:36Z

Lizhazellsmith:

Donkey Haematology

2016-11-04T12:06:28Z

Lizhazellsmith:

Lizhazellsmith:

Parasite control - Donkey

2015-04-17T11:18:51Z

Lizhazellsmith: Created page with "{{unfinished}}"

Parasites - Donkey

2015-04-17T11:18:15Z

Lizhazellsmith:

<big> '''[[Endoparasites - Donkey|Endoparasites]]'''

'''[[Ectoparasites - Donkey|Ectoparasites]]'''

'''[[Parasite control - Donkey|Parasite control]]'''

'''[[Endoparasiticides - Donkey|Endoparasiticides]]</big>

==Literature Search==
[[File:CABI logo.jpg|left|90px]]

Use these links to find recent scientific publications via CAB Abstracts (log in required unless accessing from a subscribing organisation).
 
[http://www.cabi.org/cabdirect/FullTextPDF/2010/20103178387.pdf '''Herd health for donkeys.''' Purdy, S. R.; The North American Veterinary Conference, Gainesville, USA, Large animal. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference, Orlando, Florida, USA, 16-20 January 2010, 2010, pp 245-248, 2 ref. - '''Full Text Article''']

==References==

* Trawford, A. and Getachew, M. (2008) Parasites In Svendsen, E.D., Duncan, J. and Hadrill, D. (2008) ''The Professional Handbook of the Donkey'', 4th edition, Whittet Books, Chapter 6

* Collins, D.R. (1961). ‘Fascioliasis in a Mexican burro’. ''JAVMA''. 139 (12). pp 1321-1323.
* Fahmy, M.F.M., El-Attar, S.R. (1990). ‘Pathological study on fascioliasis in camels and solipeds’. ''Egyptian Journal of Comparative Pathology and Clinical Pathology'', 3(2). pp 285-291.
* Feseha, G., Wellega, D., and Kebre, K. (1998). ‘Observation on ticks infesting equids in Central Ethiopia’. Proceedings of the 3rd International Colloquium of Working Equines. 5-8 October, 1998, Mexico. pp.151-157.
* Getachew, M. (1999). ‘Epidemiological study on the health and welfare of Ethiopian donkeys, with particular reference to parasitic diseases’. MVM thesis. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow.
* Getachew, M. (2006). ‘Endoparasites of working donkeys in Ethiopia: serological study and mathematical modelling’. PhD thesis, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow.
* Getachew, M., Innocent, G., Trawford, A., Feseha, G., Reid, S.J.W., and Love, S. (2006). ‘Equine cestodosis: a sero-epidemiological study of ''Anoplocephala perfoliata'' infection in Ethiopia’. Proceedings of the 9th Congress of World Equine Veterinary Association. 22-26 January 2006. Marrakech, Morocco.
* Knottenbelt, D.C. (2002). ‘Skin disorders of the donkey’. BEVA Congress satellite meeting. At the Weipers Centre for Equine Welfare, University of Glasgow. 11 September.
* Lichtenfels, J.R., Kharchenko, V.A., Krecek, R.C., and Gibbons, L.M. (1998). ‘An annotated checklist by genus and species of 93 species level names for 51 recognised species of small strongyles (Nematoda: Strongyloidea: Cyathostominea) of horses, asses and zebras of the world’. ''Vet. Parasitol''., 79. pp 65-79.
* Mas-Coma, M.S. (1997). ‘Secondary reservoir role of domestic animals other than sheep and cattle in fascioliasis transmission in the Northern Bolivian Altipano’. ''Research and Reviews in Parasitology'' 57. pp 39-46.
* Mas-Coma, M.S., Bargues, M.D., and Esteban, J.G. (1999). ‘Human fasciolosis’. In: ''Fasciolosis''. Dalton, J.P. (ed). CAB International, Oxon. pp. 411-432.
* Pandey, V.S., Eysker, M. (1989). ‘''Strongylus vulgaris'' in donkeys (Equus asinus) from the highveld of Zimbabwe’. ''Vet. Parasitol'. 32. pp 173-179.
* Pandey, V.S., Khallaayoune, K., Ouhelli, H., and Dakkak, A. (1994). ‘Parasites of donkeys in Africa’. M. Bakkoury and R.A. Prentis (eds). ‘Working equines’. Proceedings of 2nd International Colloquium, 22-24 April 1994. Rabat, Morocco. pp 35-44
* Pankhurst, J. W. (1963). ‘Liver flukes in donkeys’. ''Vet. Rec''. 75. p 434.
* Proudman, C.J., Trees, A.J. (1996). ‘Use of excretory/secretory antigens for the serodiagnosis of ''A. perfoliata'' cestodosis’. ''Vet. Parasitol.'' 61. pp 239-247.
* Rebhun, W.C. (1996). ‘Observations on habronemiasis in horses’. ''Equine Veterinary Education'' 8(4). pp 188-191.
* Rose, R.J., Hodgson, D.R. (2000). ''Manual of Equine Practice''. W.B Saunders, Pennsylvania, USA.
* Sahibi, H., Bakkoury, M. (1994). ‘Equine babesiosis in Morocco, prevalence and equine ticks in Working Equines’. M. Bakkoury and R.A. Prentis (eds). Proceedings of 2nd International Colloquium, 22-24 April 1994. Rabat, Morocco. pp 65-74.
* Trawford, A.F., Morriss, C.J., Bell, N.J., and Reid, S.W.J. (2001). ‘Comparing the Efficacy of Moxidectin with Ivermectin in the Donkey’. Paper presented at: The 18th International Conference of the World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology. 26-30 August. Stressa, Italy.
* Waddell, A.H. (1972). ‘The pathogenecity of ''Gastrophilus intestinalis''larvae in the stomach of the horse’. ''Australian Veterinary Journal'' 48. pp 332-335.
* Wells, D., Krecek, R.C. (1997). ‘Socio-economic roles of donkeys in Hammanskraal, South Africa’. Paper presented for Animal Traction Network in Eastern and Southern Africa (ATNESA) workshop on improving donkeys’ utilisation and management. 5-6 May, 1997. Debre Zeit, Ethiopia.
* Williamson, R.M.C., Gasser, R.B., Middleton, D., and Beveridge, I. (1997). ‘The distribution of ''Anoplocephala perfoliata'' in the intestine of the horse and associated pathological changes’. ''Vet.Parasitol.'' 73. pp 225-241

{{toplink
|titleborder=E0EEEE
|linkpage =Donkey
|linktext =Donkey
|pagetype=Donkey
}}
{{infotable
|Maintitle = [[Sponsors#The Donkey Sanctuary|This section was sponsored and content provided by '''THE DONKEY SANCTUARY''']]
|Maintitlebackcolour = B4CDCD
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[[Category:Donkey]]
[[Category:Parasites - Donkey]]

Tapeworm - Donkey

2015-02-11T15:11:22Z

Lizhazellsmith: /* References */

[[Image:Tapeworm donkey.jpg|right|thumb|250px|<center>Tapeworm (Image courtesy of [http://drupal.thedonkeysanctuary.org.uk The Donkey Sanctuary])</center>]][[Image:Tapeworm 2 donkey.jpg|right|thumb|250px|<center>Tapeworm (Image courtesy of [http://drupal.thedonkeysanctuary.org.uk The Donkey Sanctuary])</center>]][[Image:Tapeworm 3 donkey.jpg|right|thumb|250px|<center>Tapeworm (Image courtesy of [http://drupal.thedonkeysanctuary.org.uk The Donkey Sanctuary])</center>]]
==Introduction==

Tapeworms or cestodes belong to the group of parasites called flat worms or platyhelminths. ''Anoplocephala perfoliata'', ''A. magna'' and ''A. mammilana'' are the common species affecting equidae. These flatworms are typically about 1.5cm wide and range in size from 8-25cm long with ''A. magna'' being the largest and ''A. mammilana'' the smallest. Recent studies have shown that ''A. perfoliata'' is the most common equine tapeworm.

The tapeworm is composed of a scolex (head) and a flattened strobila (body). The scolex has four suckers which form an attachment to the intestinal wall of the host. Tapeworms have no mouth parts or unified digestive tract and instead absorb nutrients through the proglottid (body segment) walls.

''A. perforliata’s'' site of predilection is usually the ileo-caecal junction whereas ''A. magna'' and ''A. mammilana'' favour attachment in the small intestine, and in the case of ''A. mammilana'' occasionally the stomach. This parasite is prevalent worldwide and can be found in any demographic group. It was once thought to be of low clinical significance but it is now understood that an infection can be implicated in the development of severe gastrointestinal disruptions including intussusception.

===Lifecycle===

The tapeworm has a relatively long lifecycle, involving an intermediate host and taking approximately 2-3 (but maybe as long as 6 months) to complete. Grazing animals ingest oribatid mites infected with cysticercoid (larval stage) which are released once inside the digestive tract. The cysticercoid develops into a mature adult worm inside the host. The strobila of the mature worm is composed of proglottids in which eggs are formed, the gravid proglottids separate from the main body and are excreted out in the faeces. Eggs are eaten by free living oribatid mites within which they develop into cysticercoids and the lifecycle continues.

==Diagnosis==

===Clinical signs===

Tapeworms have been incriminated as a cause of intestinal intussusceptions, caecal perforation leading to peritonitis, intestinal obstruction and colic. The severity and depth of ulcerative lesions of the mucosa increase as the number of tapeworms attached in the area increases (Williamson ''et al'', 1997). Although the pathogenic effect of tapeworm infection in donkeys has not been studied experimentally, similar lesions, particularly ulcerations of the ileocaecal junction, have been observed in donkeys.

At [http://www.thedonkeysanctuary.org.uk/ The Donkey Sanctuary] 3% of donkeys admitted have evidence of tapeworm infection on faecal examination. Post-mortem evidence suggests an even lower incidence. The low incidence may be due to the poor habitat for oribatid mites (the intermediate host for Anoplocephala) on its farms. On the other hand, a study made in Ethiopia has shown a high prevalence of anoplocephalosis in donkeys, particularly in highland areas where permanent pasture management is often practised (Getachew ''et al'', 2006).

Clinical signs are well documented in horses and range from weight loss, lack of energy and anaemia, to severe GI disturbances in cases of heavy infestation. The site of attachment can often become ulcerated or infected and re-occurrence of colic is common.
Clinical signs in donkeys are less well understood, as the incidence rate appears to be lower and few clinical cases are seen.

===Laboratory tests===

Diagnosis using conventional '''faecal floatation''' methods has low sensitivity, due to uneven egg distribution in faeces. However, it is highly specific, as the tapeworm eggs are distinctively angular and readily identified.

'''Serological diagnosis''' with [[ELISA testing|enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)]] using excretory/secretory (E/S) antigens has been developed to detect the antibody in serum (Proudman and Trees, 1996) although the accuracy of its application in donkeys is uncertain. [http://www.thedonkeysanctuary.org.uk/ The Donkey Sanctuary] does not use this diagnostic technique.

==Treatment==

Historically many equine owners have administered an anthelmintic once or twice a year (typically early spring and/or late autumn), particularly if there have been cases on site in previous years. At [http://www.thedonkeysanctuary.org.uk/ The Donkey Sanctuary], however, treatment for tapeworm is only carried out when there is positive identification of eggs in the faeces. Treatment options include:

* [[Morantel|Pyrantel]] at twice the dose rate for roundworms.

* [[Praziquantel]] is also effective against tapeworm in donkeys. Recent research (Getachew ''at al'' 2012) has found praziquantel to have an efficacy rate of over 99% for up to 16 weeks post treatment when given at an oral dose rate of 1mg/kg.

[http://www.thedonkeysanctuary.org.uk/ The Donkey Sanctuary] does not advocate the use of combination de-wormers which combine a macrocyclic lactone (moxidectin or ivermectin) with praziquantel. These preparations are not licensed for use in donkeys and anecdotal evidence suggests they may be poorly tolerated.

==Control==

Areas of permanent pasture land are thought to have a higher prevalence rate so pasture rotation would be beneficial in preventing/lowering cestode infection. As always good pasture management and hygiene is beneficial.
Owners and vets caring for animals on sites that have housed animals harbouring a cestode infection in the past may consider annual or biannual treatment as a preventative option, but this would not be recommended as the first course of action with no previous history to cause concern.

==Literature Search==
[[File:CABI logo.jpg|left|90px]]

Use these links to find recent scientific publications via CAB Abstracts (log in required unless accessing from a subscribing organisation).
 
[http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?q=%28title%3A%28anoplocephala%29+OR+title%3A%28tapeworm%29%29+AND+%28od%3A%28donkeys%29+OR+title%3A%28donkey%29+OR+ab%3A%28donkey%29%29 Tapeworm in donkeys publications]

==References==

* Trawford, A. and Getachew, M. (2008) Parasites In Svendsen, E.D., Duncan, J. and Hadrill, D. (2008) ''The Professional Handbook of the Donkey'', 4th edition, Whittet Books, Chapter 6
* Getachew, M., Innocent, G., Trawford, A., Feseha, G., Reid, S.J.W., and Love, S. (2006). ‘Equine cestodosis: a sero-epidemiological study of ''Anoplocephala perfoliata'' infection in Ethiopia’. Proceedings of the 9th Congress of World Equine Veterinary Association. 22-26 January 2006. Marrakech, Morocco.
* Getachew, M., Innocent, G., Proudman, C., Trawford, A., Gebreab, F., Reid, S.,Burden, F., Love, S. September 2012. Field efficacy of praziquantel oral paste against naturally acquired equine cestodes in Ethiopia. Parasitology Research.
* Proudman, C.J., Trees, A.J. (1996). ‘Use of excretory/secretory antigens for the serodiagnosis of ''A. perfoliata'' cestodosis’. ''Vet. Parasitol.'' 61. pp 239-247.
* Williamson, R.M.C., Gasser, R.B., Middleton, D., and Beveridge, I. (1997). ‘The distribution of ''Anoplocephala perfoliata'' in the intestine of the horse and associated pathological changes’. ''Vet.Parasitol.'' 73. pp 225-241

{{toplink
|backcolour = D1EEEE
|linkpage =Endoparasites - Donkey
|linktext =Endoparasites - Donkey
|pagetype=Donkey
}}
{{infotable
|Maintitle = [[Sponsors#The Donkey Sanctuary|This section was sponsored and content provided by '''THE DONKEY SANCTUARY''']]
|Maintitlebackcolour = B4CDCD
}}
[[Category:Donkey]]
[[Category:Parasites_-_Donkey]]
[[Category:Endoparasites_-_Donkey]]

Tapeworm - Donkey

2015-02-11T15:07:29Z

Lizhazellsmith: /* Treatment */

[[Image:Tapeworm donkey.jpg|right|thumb|250px|<center>Tapeworm (Image courtesy of [http://drupal.thedonkeysanctuary.org.uk The Donkey Sanctuary])</center>]][[Image:Tapeworm 2 donkey.jpg|right|thumb|250px|<center>Tapeworm (Image courtesy of [http://drupal.thedonkeysanctuary.org.uk The Donkey Sanctuary])</center>]][[Image:Tapeworm 3 donkey.jpg|right|thumb|250px|<center>Tapeworm (Image courtesy of [http://drupal.thedonkeysanctuary.org.uk The Donkey Sanctuary])</center>]]
==Introduction==

Tapeworms or cestodes belong to the group of parasites called flat worms or platyhelminths. ''Anoplocephala perfoliata'', ''A. magna'' and ''A. mammilana'' are the common species affecting equidae. These flatworms are typically about 1.5cm wide and range in size from 8-25cm long with ''A. magna'' being the largest and ''A. mammilana'' the smallest. Recent studies have shown that ''A. perfoliata'' is the most common equine tapeworm.

The tapeworm is composed of a scolex (head) and a flattened strobila (body). The scolex has four suckers which form an attachment to the intestinal wall of the host. Tapeworms have no mouth parts or unified digestive tract and instead absorb nutrients through the proglottid (body segment) walls.

''A. perforliata’s'' site of predilection is usually the ileo-caecal junction whereas ''A. magna'' and ''A. mammilana'' favour attachment in the small intestine, and in the case of ''A. mammilana'' occasionally the stomach. This parasite is prevalent worldwide and can be found in any demographic group. It was once thought to be of low clinical significance but it is now understood that an infection can be implicated in the development of severe gastrointestinal disruptions including intussusception.

===Lifecycle===

The tapeworm has a relatively long lifecycle, involving an intermediate host and taking approximately 2-3 (but maybe as long as 6 months) to complete. Grazing animals ingest oribatid mites infected with cysticercoid (larval stage) which are released once inside the digestive tract. The cysticercoid develops into a mature adult worm inside the host. The strobila of the mature worm is composed of proglottids in which eggs are formed, the gravid proglottids separate from the main body and are excreted out in the faeces. Eggs are eaten by free living oribatid mites within which they develop into cysticercoids and the lifecycle continues.

==Diagnosis==

===Clinical signs===

Tapeworms have been incriminated as a cause of intestinal intussusceptions, caecal perforation leading to peritonitis, intestinal obstruction and colic. The severity and depth of ulcerative lesions of the mucosa increase as the number of tapeworms attached in the area increases (Williamson ''et al'', 1997). Although the pathogenic effect of tapeworm infection in donkeys has not been studied experimentally, similar lesions, particularly ulcerations of the ileocaecal junction, have been observed in donkeys.

At [http://www.thedonkeysanctuary.org.uk/ The Donkey Sanctuary] 3% of donkeys admitted have evidence of tapeworm infection on faecal examination. Post-mortem evidence suggests an even lower incidence. The low incidence may be due to the poor habitat for oribatid mites (the intermediate host for Anoplocephala) on its farms. On the other hand, a study made in Ethiopia has shown a high prevalence of anoplocephalosis in donkeys, particularly in highland areas where permanent pasture management is often practised (Getachew ''et al'', 2006).

Clinical signs are well documented in horses and range from weight loss, lack of energy and anaemia, to severe GI disturbances in cases of heavy infestation. The site of attachment can often become ulcerated or infected and re-occurrence of colic is common.
Clinical signs in donkeys are less well understood, as the incidence rate appears to be lower and few clinical cases are seen.

===Laboratory tests===

Diagnosis using conventional '''faecal floatation''' methods has low sensitivity, due to uneven egg distribution in faeces. However, it is highly specific, as the tapeworm eggs are distinctively angular and readily identified.

'''Serological diagnosis''' with [[ELISA testing|enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)]] using excretory/secretory (E/S) antigens has been developed to detect the antibody in serum (Proudman and Trees, 1996) although the accuracy of its application in donkeys is uncertain. [http://www.thedonkeysanctuary.org.uk/ The Donkey Sanctuary] does not use this diagnostic technique.

==Treatment==

Historically many equine owners have administered an anthelmintic once or twice a year (typically early spring and/or late autumn), particularly if there have been cases on site in previous years. At [http://www.thedonkeysanctuary.org.uk/ The Donkey Sanctuary], however, treatment for tapeworm is only carried out when there is positive identification of eggs in the faeces. Treatment options include:

* [[Morantel|Pyrantel]] at twice the dose rate for roundworms.

* [[Praziquantel]] is also effective against tapeworm in donkeys. Recent research (Getachew ''at al'' 2012) has found praziquantel to have an efficacy rate of over 99% for up to 16 weeks post treatment when given at an oral dose rate of 1mg/kg.

[http://www.thedonkeysanctuary.org.uk/ The Donkey Sanctuary] does not advocate the use of combination de-wormers which combine a macrocyclic lactone (moxidectin or ivermectin) with praziquantel. These preparations are not licensed for use in donkeys and anecdotal evidence suggests they may be poorly tolerated.

==Control==

Areas of permanent pasture land are thought to have a higher prevalence rate so pasture rotation would be beneficial in preventing/lowering cestode infection. As always good pasture management and hygiene is beneficial.
Owners and vets caring for animals on sites that have housed animals harbouring a cestode infection in the past may consider annual or biannual treatment as a preventative option, but this would not be recommended as the first course of action with no previous history to cause concern.

==Literature Search==
[[File:CABI logo.jpg|left|90px]]

Use these links to find recent scientific publications via CAB Abstracts (log in required unless accessing from a subscribing organisation).
 
[http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?q=%28title%3A%28anoplocephala%29+OR+title%3A%28tapeworm%29%29+AND+%28od%3A%28donkeys%29+OR+title%3A%28donkey%29+OR+ab%3A%28donkey%29%29 Tapeworm in donkeys publications]

==References==

* Trawford, A. and Getachew, M. (2008) Parasites In Svendsen, E.D., Duncan, J. and Hadrill, D. (2008) ''The Professional Handbook of the Donkey'', 4th edition, Whittet Books, Chapter 6
* Getachew, M., Innocent, G., Trawford, A., Feseha, G., Reid, S.J.W., and Love, S. (2006). ‘Equine cestodosis: a sero-epidemiological study of ''Anoplocephala perfoliata'' infection in Ethiopia’. Proceedings of the 9th Congress of World Equine Veterinary Association. 22-26 January 2006. Marrakech, Morocco.
* Proudman, C.J., Trees, A.J. (1996). ‘Use of excretory/secretory antigens for the serodiagnosis of ''A. perfoliata'' cestodosis’. ''Vet. Parasitol.'' 61. pp 239-247.
* Williamson, R.M.C., Gasser, R.B., Middleton, D., and Beveridge, I. (1997). ‘The distribution of ''Anoplocephala perfoliata'' in the intestine of the horse and associated pathological changes’. ''Vet.Parasitol.'' 73. pp 225-241

{{toplink
|backcolour = D1EEEE
|linkpage =Endoparasites - Donkey
|linktext =Endoparasites - Donkey
|pagetype=Donkey
}}
{{infotable
|Maintitle = [[Sponsors#The Donkey Sanctuary|This section was sponsored and content provided by '''THE DONKEY SANCTUARY''']]
|Maintitlebackcolour = B4CDCD
}}
[[Category:Donkey]]
[[Category:Parasites_-_Donkey]]
[[Category:Endoparasites_-_Donkey]]