WikiVet English - User contributions [en]

WikiVet Team

2016-05-26T13:40:46Z

Lizmossop:

__NOTOC__


{|width="100%" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0px; background:none;"
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{|width="100%" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="5" style="vertical-align:top; background:#f5fffa;"
!<h2 style="margin:0; background:#cedff2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">[[Susan Rhind]] - Trustee</h2>
|-
|style="color:#000;"|

[[Image:Susan Rhind team.jpg|left|120px]]

Susan works at the [[UK - Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Edinburgh|Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies]] and has been involved in the WikiVet project since the beginning when the project started with a focus on pathology.

Susan is interested in lots of things to do with teaching and learning and is currently developing video resources to support pathology teaching and a digital veterinary museum which she hopes to make available through WikiVet in the near future.

[[Susan Rhind|See Susan's Profile here]]
|}

{|width="100%" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="5" style="vertical-align:top; background:#f5fffa;"
!<h2 style="margin:0; background:#cedff2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">[[Gillian Brown]] - Trustee</h2>
|-
|style="color:#000;"|

[[Image:Gillian Brown team.png|right|120px]]

Gillian is the Veterinary Education Advisor for the [[Higher Education Academy Subject Centre for Medicine, Dentistry and Veterinary Medicine]]. She offers specialist support for educators, as appropriate, in veterinary medicine on behalf of the Subject Centre. She is one of the founding members of the WikiVet project and sits on the Steering Group. Gillian is delighted with the collaborative-community aspect of WikiVet and the impact it continues to have in veterinary schools around the world.

[[Gillian Brown|See Gillian's Profile here]]
|}

{|width="100%" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="5" style="vertical-align:top; background:#f5fffa;"
!<h2 style="margin:0; background:#cedff2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">[[User:Lizmossop|Liz Mossop]] - Trustee</h2>
|-
|style="color:#000;"|

[[Image:Liz Mossop team.jpg|left|120px]]

Liz is one of our trustees. She is an associate professor at [[UK - School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, Nottingham|Nottingham Veterinary School]] and her job involves developing the curriculum as well as teaching, both clinical and non clinical subjects.

Liz has been involved in WikiVet alongside several other open educational resource projects. She is passionate about the sharing of good quality educational resources and engaging students with their development.

[[User:Lizmossop|See Liz's Profile here]]
|}

{|width="100%" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="5" style="vertical-align:top; background:#f5fffa;"
!<h2 id="mp-tfa-h2" style="margin:0; background:#cedff2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">[[Nick Short]] - Trustee</h2>
|-
|style="color:#000;"|

[[File:Nick Short team.png|right|120px|]]

Nick is the head of the [http://www.rvc.ac.uk/eMedia/Index.cfm eMedia Unit] at the [[RVC|Royal Veterinary College]] and is one of the founding members of the WikiVet project and is currently overseeing strategic development. He is also involved in working with veterinary schools and other publishers to establish collaborative partnerships.

Nick has a particular interest in making content available as free resources wherever possible. In particular he has been working on new ways to increase access to WikiVet in developing countries.

[[Nick Short|See Nick's Profile here]]
|}

{|width="100%" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="5" style="vertical-align:top; background:#f5fffa;"
!<h2 style="margin:0; background:#cedff2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">[[Bara Stanikova]] - Content Manager</h2>
|-
|style="color:#000;"|

[[Image:Barbora Stanikova team.png|left|120px]]

Bara has started as one of the very first authors of WikiVet and is the WikiVet master. She is reorganising the site structure and is trying to achieve some kind of sensible order to it all. She also supervises authors and manages WikiVet projects.

[[Bara Stanikova|See Bara's Profile here]]
|}

{|width="100%" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="5" style="vertical-align:top; background:#f5fffa;"
!<h2 style="margin:0; background:#cedff2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">[[User:Ggaitskell|Gemma Gaitskell-Phillips]] - WikiVet Outreach</h2>
|-
|style="color:#000;"|

[[Image:Gemma_crop.jpg|right|120px]]

Gemma is a graduate from the [[RVC|Royal Veterinary College]] who lives in Madrid, Spain. She has been involved in overseeing all translation of content into the [http://es.wikivet.net Spanish WikiVet site]. She is our [[WikiVet Student Ambassadors|student ambassador contact point]] and helps with WikiVet projects.

[[User:Ggaitskell|See Gemma's Profile here]]
|}
|}

User:Lizmossop

2016-05-26T13:33:49Z

Lizmossop: /* Liz's involvement in WikiVet */

{{UserPage
|Name=Liz Mossop
|Occupation= Veterinary Surgeon
|School= [[UK - Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Edinburgh]]
|Year= 2000
|Email=
|Image=Liz Mossop team.jpg
}}

==Liz's involvement in WikiVet==

Liz is a trustee of Wikivet Educational Foundation. She is an associate professor at [[UK - School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, Nottingham|Nottingham Veterinary School]] and her job involves developing the curriculum as well as teaching, both clinical and non clinical subjects. She is particularly interested in teaching professional skills and her research looks at this area. She is a first opinion equine clinician with experience of mixed and equine practice.
<br><br>
Liz has been involved in WikiVet in small ways since its inception. She recently led the process of Wikivet becoming a charity. She is passionate about collaborative working and resource sharing, and has an extensive suite of images at her home institution stored on Flickr.

CNS Vasculature - Anatomy & Physiology

2014-06-08T10:20:58Z

Lizmossop:

{{OpenPagesTop}}
== Circle of Willis ==
[[Image:376px-Circle of Willis en.svg.png|thumb|right|150px|Generalised Structure of the Circle of Willis, Rhcastilhos, 2007, WikiMedia Commons]]
Blood is supplied to the brain from a ventral arterial supply in all species; from a circle of arteries called the Circle of Willis (also called the ''cerebral arterial circle'' or ''arterial circle of Willis'') which lies ventrally to the hypothalamus where it forms a loose ring around the infundibular stalk. Although the appearance of the circle of Willis is fairly constant amongst mammals, the sources of blood supply to the circle and the direction of flow around the circle are very species specific. Blood is supplied to the brain by the ''internal carotid artery'' in dogs and horses whilst in other domestic species the main blood supply is from branches of the ''maxillary artery''. The Circle of Willis is made up of five main pairs of vessels;

*Rostral Cerebral Arteries: supply the medial aspect of the cerebral hemispheres.
*Middle Cerebral Arteries: supply the lateral and ventrolateral aspects of the cerebral hemispheres.
*Caudal Cerebral Arteries: supply the occipital lobes.
*Rostral Cerebellar Arteries: supply the rostral aspects of the cerebellum
*Caudal Cerebellar Arteries: supply the caudal and lateral aspects of the cerebellum.
The arrangement of the Circle of Willis means that if one part of the circle becomes blocked or narrowed (stenosed), or one of the arteries supplying the circle is stenosed, blood flow from the other blood vessels can continue to provide a continuous supply of blood to the brain.

===Blood Supply to the Circle of Willis: The Basics===
In order to provide details of the species differences regarding blood supply to the brain, it is necessary to highlight the main areas of anatomy that are important within and around the circle of Willis. The following information is general and is used to provide knowledge and background to the species specifics given below.
<br />
<br />
The main blood supply to the circle is via the paired internal carotid arteries and the basilar artery. The basilar artery receives blood from the ventral spinal artery and the vertebral artery (the vertebral artery is a branch of the subclavian artery running through the vertebral foramina of C1 - C6). The internal carotid artery receives blood supply from the external carotid artery, the common carotid artery and in some species also from the vertebral artery via the occipital artery. The external carotid artery itself can also receive blood from the maxillary artery. In some species the maxillary artery is also directly able to supply the internal carotid artery, bypassing the external carotid artery via an anastomising ramus linking the internal carotid and maxillary arteries. This maxillary anastomising ramus allows blood to flow through the maxillary rete mirabile which is a network of vessels located within the cavernous sinus, facilitating the cooling of blood temperature and reducing fluctuations from pulsatile blood flows (see rete mirabile section below for further details on function). As mentioned above, the vertebral artery can also supply the internal carotid artery via the occipital artery but this too can be bypassed so that the vertebral artery can directly supply the internal carotid artery via a ramus to the internal carotid directly from the vertebral artery.
<br />

==Rete Mirable==
[[Image:Carotidretesheep.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Carotid Rete of the Sheep. Sophie Stenner, RVC 2008]]
The brain is particularly susceptible to increased blood temperature and to protect the brain from any potential heat stress a number of species have developed protective mechanisms with the ability to selectively cool the brain. This protective system is often referred to as the Rete Mirable.
<br />
<br />
The Rete Mirable is a complex network of arteries and veins lying very close to each other and depends on a countercurrent blood flow between the arterioles and venules (blood flowing in opposite directions). It exchanges heat, ions, or gases between vessel walls so that the two bloodstreams within the rete maintain a gradient. The image shows the countercurrent exchange in the carotid rete mirable (carotid rete) of a sheep controlling the temperature of blood supplied to the brain.
<br />
<br />

==Species Differences: Blood Supply==
The blood supply to the brain has major differences depending on species. Across all species, there are variations in four major potential channels to facilitate blood supply to the Circle of Willis. As mentioned above, these are;
*Internal carotid artery
*Basiliar artery
*The anastomosing ramus from the maxillary artery to the internal carotid artery
*The connection of the vertebral artery to the internal carotid artery

===Dog and Man (and many other species)===
[[Image:Calfvssheepblood.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Calf vs Sheep blood supply comparison. RVC 2008]]
The circle of Willis in the dog is supplied from three sources; paired internal carotid arteries laterally and the basilar artery caudally. The internal carotid artery is a terminal branch of the common carotid artery. The internal carotid artery blood reaches all of the cerebral hemisphere except for its most caudal part. Vertebral blood supplies the remainder of the cerebral hemisphere and the rest of the brain. Vertebral arteries are responsible for almost all supply to the occipital lobes of the cerebral hemisphere in the dog.
<br />

===Sheep and Cat===
Again the main supply to the brain in both species is via three main sources; paired internal carotid arteries and the basilar artery.
<br />
<br />
Where the vertebral artery supplies the occipital artery and this then supplies the internal carotid, this connection is missing so the occipital is only able to join the external carotid and the common carotid arteries. Similarly the vertebral artery ramus is also missing so there is no direct blood supply to the internal carotid from the vertebral artery and also no associated rete mirabile. The maxillary ramus supplying the internal carotid is still patent on the left side. Maxillary blood is distributed to all of the brain except the caudal part of medulla oblongata, which is supplied by vertebral blood.
<br />

===Ox===
As with the previous species, the blood supply to the circle of Willis is via three main routes; paired internal carotid arteries and a basilar artery. The ox is also missing a connection from the occipital artery/external carotid/common carotid to the internal cartoid in the same manner as the ovine/feline physiology. However, where the ovine/feline physiology included only a maxillary ramus, the ox has maxillary and vertebral rami, with associated rete mirabile. Therefore the ox has four functional rete mirabile involved in blood supply to the circle of Willis. A mixture of maxillary and vertebral blood reaches all parts of the brain.
<br />
In the Ox the maxillary rami containing the rete mirabile are associated with the cavity of the frontal sinus which helps to facilitate cooling of the blood.
<br />

==Species Differences: Regions of Blood Supply==
===Dog and Man===
In dog and man the internal carotid artery supplies approximately 3/4 of the cerebrum whilst the vertebral artery supplies the very caudal aspect of the cerebrum, the cerebellum, medulla oblongata and brain stem.
<br />
===Sheep and Cat===
Maxillary blood (via the maxillary rami) supplies the whole of the cerebrum, the cerebellum and the medulla oblongata. Vertebral blood supplies structures caudal to the cerebellum and the brain stem.
<br />
===Ox===
Due to the higher number of rami in the ox, maxillary and vertebral blood are able to supply the whole brain with no clear distinctions in supply area as seen in the species above.
<br />

{{review}}
{{OpenPages}}
[[Category:Nervous_System_-_Anatomy_&_Physiology]] [[Category:A&P Done]]

UK - School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, Nottingham

2012-10-04T12:27:37Z

Lizmossop:

{{Vetschool
|Introduction=Nottingham Vet School is the first brand new, purpose-built veterinary school in the UK for over 50 years and
it is our intent to make significant leading contributions to both veterinary research and teaching within the
context of valid relevance and application to the wider veterinary profession.
|History=Opened in 2006, the School of Veterinary Medicine and Science is set to become a UK leader in its field. The
School has a dynamic, vibrant and highly stimulating teaching and research environment which is achieved
through an international blend of students and researchers who are committed to innovative learning and
scientific discovery. It is the newest School addition to the University of Nottingham and is situated on the rural
Sutton Bonington Campus located 10 miles south of Nottingham city.

Needless to say, as a new School we have state-of-the-art purpose built facilities for both research and teaching.
A Teaching Building comprises a lecture theatre, large seminar room, teaching laboratories and a number of
small-group teaching rooms, together with staff offices and research facilities including generic laboratories
and specialist facilities such as anaerobic / microbiology, RNA and radioisotope laboratories. A Clinical Building
includes a large anatomy laboratory, surgery suite, teaching laboratories, seminar rooms, a large clinical skills
laboratory and other clinical skills rooms together with animal facilities.
|Education=At a time when the veterinary world is facing many new challenges, it is our aim to equip our undergraduate
students with the diagnostic, medical, surgical and other skills required to succeed in a changing world. We
offer three exciting and innovative undergraduate degree courses which are designed to provide our students
with the skills and experience they will need to become practising veterinary surgeons.

The curriculum combines a clinically-focused basic science programme, relevant clinical learning opportunities
with integrated research. We believe that the development of our innovative curriculum meets the industry
need for veterinary graduates with practical and problem-solving abilities, an understanding of the need for
lifelong learning and confidence and competence in their skills at graduation. Our undergraduate veterinary
course brings students into contact with animals and clinical case scenarios from the very beginning of the
course.

We also provide a diverse, vibrant and stimulating environment for research and consultancy, and are ranked
top for research in the UK.

[http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/ugstudy/courses/veterinarymedicineandscience/veterinary-medicine-surgery.aspx Prospective students]
|Research=The academic staff of the School work within 5 strategic research areas: Infection and Immunity; Population
Health and Welfare; Comparative Medicine; Reproductive Biology and Veterinary Educational Research. Our
research is closely aligned with that in the School of Biosciences with whom we share some research facilities
and equipment. The involvement of our Clinical Associates and other organisations within our research
programs enables the identification of clinical problems in the field and the rapid application of investigational
science to these problems in both production and companion animal species.

The diversity of research interests among academic members of staff, together with the collaborative nature
of our research, extensive state-of-the-art research facilities and excellent technical expertise provided by
skilled laboratory technicians and up to date information technology places us at the leading edge of veterinary
research and development. In the 2008 Research Assessment Exercise, the School of Veterinary Medicine and
Science joint submission with the School of Biosciences was ranked first in the country for the power of its
research with 95% of its activities classified at an international standard.
|Clinical=Clinical education and experience on the undergraduate programme is completed in the lecture free final year
through Clinical Practice Modules, in which students work alongside local clinical staff and university academic
staff placed in Clinical Associate Institutions. The Clinical Practice Modules provide experience of all domestic
species, livestock production systems and wildlife conservation, as well as pathology and public health.

Our approach to Clinical Practice Module teaching provides students with experience of first and second opinion
cases and will result in the completion of the acquisition of true 'Day One' competencies. Teaching and learning
is based upon observation, discussion and practical experience; at each institution, students are under the
supervision of university academic staff placed at, and working within, the institution.

Although the Clinical Associates will be primarily involved in Year 5 Clinical Practice Module rotations, some
are also involved in teaching delivery in earlier years. The School is also installing "teaching and learning
observatories" - videoconferencing facilities allowing the real-time delivery of clinical material into the school
from the Clinical Associates' premises.

The school's Clinical Associates are:

* [http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/AboutDefence/WhatWeDo/TrainingandExercises/DefenceAnimalCentre/ Defence Animal Centre (DAC)]
* [http://www.dickwhitereferrals.com/ Dick White Referrals]
* [http://www.dovecoteveterinaryhospital.co.uk/ Dovecote Veterinary Hospital]
* [http://www.minstervets.co.uk/index.html Minster Veterinary Practice]
* [http://www.oakhamvethospital.co.uk/ Oakham Veterinary Hospital]
* [http://www.pdsa.org.uk/ PDSA]
* [http://www.scarsdalevets.com/ Scarsdale Veterinary Group]
* [http://www.twycrosszoo.org/home.aspx Twycross Zoo]
* [http://vla.defra.gov.uk/ Veterinary Laboratories Agency (VLA)]
|Image2=Nottingham Vet School Front.jpg
|Image3=Nottingham Vet School Classroom.jpg
|MainImage=Nottingham Vet School logo.jpg
|School=University of Nottingham, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science
|Established=2006
|Location=Nottingham, United Kingdom
|Principal= Professor Gary England BVetMed, PhD, DVetMed, DVR, DVRep, DipECAR, DipACT, ILTM, FRCVS
|Students= 630
|Undergraduates= 540
|Postgraduates= 90
|Website=http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/vet/index.aspx
|Contact= Nottingham Vet School<br>
University of Nottingham<br>
Sutton Bonington Campus<br>
College Road<br>
Loughborough<br>
LE12 5RD<br>
UK
+44 (0)115 951 6116
{{!}}-
!align="left"{{!}}Follow us
{{!}}[http://twitter.com/NottinghamVets @NottinghamVets]

|GraduateCat=UK - Nottingham Graduates
}}

[[Category:Europe]]

UK - School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, Nottingham

2012-10-04T12:25:55Z

Lizmossop:

{{Vetschool
|Introduction=Nottingham Vet School is the first brand new, purpose-built veterinary school in the UK for over 50 years and
it is our intent to make significant leading contributions to both veterinary research and teaching within the
context of valid relevance and application to the wider veterinary profession.
|History=Opened in 2006, the School of Veterinary Medicine and Science is set to become a UK leader in its field. The
School has a dynamic, vibrant and highly stimulating teaching and research environment which is achieved
through an international blend of students and researchers who are committed to innovative learning and
scientific discovery. It is the newest School addition to the University of Nottingham and is situated on the rural
Sutton Bonington Campus located 10 miles south of Nottingham city.

Needless to say, as a new School we have state-of-the-art purpose built facilities for both research and teaching.
A Teaching Building comprises a lecture theatre, large seminar room, teaching laboratories and a number of
small-group teaching rooms, together with staff offices and research facilities including generic laboratories
and specialist facilities such as anaerobic / microbiology, RNA and radioisotope laboratories. A Clinical Building
includes a large anatomy laboratory, surgery suite, teaching laboratories, seminar rooms, a large clinical skills
laboratory and other clinical skills rooms together with animal facilities.
|Education=At a time when the veterinary world is facing many new challenges, it is our aim to equip our undergraduate
students with the diagnostic, medical, surgical and other skills required to succeed in a changing world. We
offer three exciting and innovative undergraduate degree courses which are designed to provide our students
with the skills and experience they will need to become practising veterinary surgeons.

The curriculum combines a clinically-focused basic science programme, relevant clinical learning opportunities
with integrated research. We believe that the development of our innovative curriculum meets the industry
need for veterinary graduates with practical and problem-solving abilities, an understanding of the need for
lifelong learning and confidence and competence in their skills at graduation. Our undergraduate veterinary
course brings students into contact with animals and clinical case scenarios from the very beginning of the
course.

We also provide a diverse, vibrant and stimulating environment for research and consultancy, and are ranked
top for research in the UK.

[http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/vet/prospectivestudents/prospectivestudents.aspx Prospective students]
|Research=The academic staff of the School work within 5 strategic research areas: Infection and Immunity; Population
Health and Welfare; Comparative Medicine; Reproductive Biology and Veterinary Educational Research. Our
research is closely aligned with that in the School of Biosciences with whom we share some research facilities
and equipment. The involvement of our Clinical Associates and other organisations within our research
programs enables the identification of clinical problems in the field and the rapid application of investigational
science to these problems in both production and companion animal species.

The diversity of research interests among academic members of staff, together with the collaborative nature
of our research, extensive state-of-the-art research facilities and excellent technical expertise provided by
skilled laboratory technicians and up to date information technology places us at the leading edge of veterinary
research and development. In the 2008 Research Assessment Exercise, the School of Veterinary Medicine and
Science joint submission with the School of Biosciences was ranked first in the country for the power of its
research with 95% of its activities classified at an international standard.
|Clinical=Clinical education and experience on the undergraduate programme is completed in the lecture free final year
through Clinical Practice Modules, in which students work alongside local clinical staff and university academic
staff placed in Clinical Associate Institutions. The Clinical Practice Modules provide experience of all domestic
species, livestock production systems and wildlife conservation, as well as pathology and public health.

Our approach to Clinical Practice Module teaching provides students with experience of first and second opinion
cases and will result in the completion of the acquisition of true 'Day One' competencies. Teaching and learning
is based upon observation, discussion and practical experience; at each institution, students are under the
supervision of university academic staff placed at, and working within, the institution.

Although the Clinical Associates will be primarily involved in Year 5 Clinical Practice Module rotations, some
are also involved in teaching delivery in earlier years. The School is also installing "teaching and learning
observatories" - videoconferencing facilities allowing the real-time delivery of clinical material into the school
from the Clinical Associates' premises.

The school's Clinical Associates are:

* [http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/AboutDefence/WhatWeDo/TrainingandExercises/DefenceAnimalCentre/ Defence Animal Centre (DAC)]
* [http://www.dickwhitereferrals.com/ Dick White Referrals]
* [http://www.dovecoteveterinaryhospital.co.uk/ Dovecote Veterinary Hospital]
* [http://www.minstervets.co.uk/index.html Minster Veterinary Practice]
* [http://www.oakhamvethospital.co.uk/ Oakham Veterinary Hospital]
* [http://www.pdsa.org.uk/ PDSA]
* [http://www.scarsdalevets.com/ Scarsdale Veterinary Group]
* [http://www.twycrosszoo.org/home.aspx Twycross Zoo]
* [http://vla.defra.gov.uk/ Veterinary Laboratories Agency (VLA)]
|Image2=Nottingham Vet School Front.jpg
|Image3=Nottingham Vet School Classroom.jpg
|MainImage=Nottingham Vet School logo.jpg
|School=University of Nottingham, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science
|Established=2006
|Location=Nottingham, United Kingdom
|Principal= Professor Gary England BVetMed, PhD, DVetMed, DVR, DVRep, DipECAR, DipACT, ILTM, FRCVS
|Students= 630
|Undergraduates= 540
|Postgraduates= 90
|Website=http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/vet/index.aspx
|Contact= Nottingham Vet School<br>
University of Nottingham<br>
Sutton Bonington Campus<br>
College Road<br>
Loughborough<br>
LE12 5RD<br>
UK
+44 (0)115 951 6116
{{!}}-
!align="left"{{!}}Follow us
{{!}}[http://twitter.com/NottinghamVets @NottinghamVets]

|GraduateCat=UK - Nottingham Graduates
}}

[[Category:Europe]]

Castration Complications - Horse

2012-08-01T09:00:54Z

Lizmossop: /* References */

{{OpenPagesTop}}
==Introduction==
Complications following [[Castration - Horse|equine castration]] are rare, however owners should be warned of all the possible complications before the procedure to allow them to make an informed decision about the operation. This also ensures that they are able to observe and recognise any potential complications post operatively. Complications can occur within hours or take many days to develop, and owners should be advised to monitor the patient closely over this period of time.
If presented with a patient post castration, a full history should be obtained both from the owner and the vet who undertook the surgery if it was not yourself.

==Incidence==
One UK practice reported complication rates of 22% with standing, open castration and 6% with recumbent, sterile surgery with primary scrotal wound closure (Mason et al 2010)

==Haemorrhage==
This is the most immediate and common complication and can be '''life-threatening''' depending on the '''extent''' and '''duration''' of bleeding.

===Prevention===
* Early morning surgery - to allow observation throughout the day
* Appropriate haemostatic technique for the animal - additional haemostasis in older animals
* Sterile technique
* High quality emasculator

===Treatment===
If pressure from '''sterile packing''' is not controlling the flow, the horse may need to be '''rapidly re-anaesthetised''' to '''locate the source''' of the haemorrhage. The blood may be from the '''large scrotal vessels''', '''external pudendal vessels''' or from the '''testicular artery'''. The scrotal wound must be '''cleaned''' and the cut ends of the testicular artery located and '''re-ligated''' if necessary. The risk of '''infection''' occurring after such an emergency is '''high''', and '''antibiotics''' will be needed. The horse must be assessed for '''blood loss''' and '''haemorrhagic shock''', and treated accordingly.

==Eventration==
===Omental Eventration===
Small pieces of '''omentum''', '''fat''' and '''fascia''' may prolapse out of the wound. Every effort should be made to '''trim''' the excessive omentum, fat and fascia away during surgery; if they are found hanging from the wound, they can act as a '''route of infection''' into the wound.

====Treatment====
'''Small''' pieces of tissue may be cut away under '''sedation''' if they are '''fresh'''; '''larger''' pieces may require removal under '''anaesthetic''' to ensure asepsis. In these cases the '''omentum''' and '''scrotum''' should be cleaned thoroughly and then the protruding omentum should be '''pulled further out of the wound''', then '''ligated''' and '''transected'''. Rectal manipulation can then be used to return the proximal stump into the abdomen.

====Prevention of recurrence====
'''Non-surgical''': the horse should be stood on a sloped plank, with the hind quarters raised higher than the front quarters for several days.

'''Surgical''': the edges of the incised vaginal tunic at the site of the scrotal wound are grasped using haemostatic forceps. Then, the vaginal tunic should be separated from the surrounding skin and dartos fascia, then crushed proximally and ligated and transected distally.

===Intestinal Eventration===
This complication is '''rare''' and generally only occurs following an '''open''' castration, however it is lifethreatening and immediate action is required. It may occur either as a result of '''straining post-operatively''' in the presence of '''large inguinal rings''', or '''secondary to a hernia''' present prior to castration. It will normally occur in the first 24 hours post-op, but can occur up to one week following surgery.

====Treatment====
'''1) If extended to the level of the thighs''':
* Wrap in a moist clean sheet and rubbish bag to prevent further contamination
* Wash the intestines with warm saline and antibiotic solution
* Identify the vaginal tunic and feed the intestines back through the inguinal ring with or without extending the inguinal ring cranially via a midline laparotomy
* Suture closed or pack the external inguinal ring
* If the bowel is compromised or damaged it may require resection.
* Systemic antibiotics, anti-endotoxins and fluids should be administered

'''2) If extended to ground and trodden''':
* Hopeless prognosis
* Euthanasia the only appropriate treatment

==Oedema==
This is clinically '''normal''' in uncomplicated cases. It can be marked and may extend to the '''front legs'''.

===Treatment===
* Cold hose the area for 10 minutes twice a day
* Walk the horse for 10 minutes three times a day
* Administration of anti-inflammatories
* Breakdown of the wound edges with sterile gloved hands if severe as this allows the fluid to drain.

==Infection==
Infection can be '''superficial''' and easily dealt with, or '''deeper''', leading to involvement of the '''vaginal tunic''' and '''scirrhous cord'''. Any suspicion of infection should be promptly investigated under sedation using a gloved hand. The owners may report a '''reduction in appetite''' and the horse have a '''stiff gait'''. The wound itself may be swollen and discharge may be present. Clinical signs include an '''increase heart rate''', '''respiratory rate''' and '''temperature''' if the infection is severe.

'''Champignon''' is a specific infection that is normally caused by ''[[Streptococcus zooepidemicus]]''. It produces mushroom-like growths of granulation tissue from the wound. It is associated with the use of ligatures. Drainage and surgical removal of diseased tissue is necessary to treat this condition.

===Treatment===
Local superficial infection is best dealt with by '''enlarging the incision''' sites to '''improve drainage''', '''cold hosing''' and '''walking''' as for oedema and a course of '''antibiotic''' treatment. If infection is within the vaginal tunic or spermatic cord ('''scirrhous cord'''), '''repeat surgery''' is required to '''resect all affected tissue''' and this may need to be combined with '''scrotal ablation''' if the scrotal tissue is also oedematous and infected.

==Hydrocoele==
This presents as a '''circumscribed''',''' painless swelling''' which is filled with a '''sterile''', '''clear''', '''straw-coloured fluid'''. Fluid gradually builds up, so may not be noticed until several weeks or months after castration. It is more common with open castration.

===Treatment===
'''Removal''' of the vaginal tunic under general anaesthesia

==Persistent Stallion-like Behavior==
This is a common problem but is rarely due to retained testicular tissue. Instead it is attributed to '''learned behaviour'''.

{{Learning
|flashcards = [[Equine Reproduction and Stud Medicine Q&A 10]]
}}

==References==
Pycock, JF (1997) '''Self-Assessment Colour Review Equine Reproduction and Stud Medicine''' ''Manson''

RVC staff (2009) '''Urogenital system''' RVC Intergrated BVetMed Course, ''Royal Veterinary College''

Railton, D (1999) '''Complications associated with castration in the horse''' ''In Practice 1999 21: 298-30''

Mason et al (2010) '''Costs and complications of equine castration: a UK practice based study comparing standing non sutured and recumbent sutured techniques''' ''Equine Veterinary Journal 2010 37(5) 468-472''

{{review}}

{{OpenPages}}

[[Category:Reproductive Diseases - Horse]]
[[Category:Expert Review - Horse]]

Castration Complications - Horse

2012-08-01T08:59:43Z

Lizmossop:

{{OpenPagesTop}}
==Introduction==
Complications following [[Castration - Horse|equine castration]] are rare, however owners should be warned of all the possible complications before the procedure to allow them to make an informed decision about the operation. This also ensures that they are able to observe and recognise any potential complications post operatively. Complications can occur within hours or take many days to develop, and owners should be advised to monitor the patient closely over this period of time.
If presented with a patient post castration, a full history should be obtained both from the owner and the vet who undertook the surgery if it was not yourself.

==Incidence==
One UK practice reported complication rates of 22% with standing, open castration and 6% with recumbent, sterile surgery with primary scrotal wound closure (Mason et al 2010)

==Haemorrhage==
This is the most immediate and common complication and can be '''life-threatening''' depending on the '''extent''' and '''duration''' of bleeding.

===Prevention===
* Early morning surgery - to allow observation throughout the day
* Appropriate haemostatic technique for the animal - additional haemostasis in older animals
* Sterile technique
* High quality emasculator

===Treatment===
If pressure from '''sterile packing''' is not controlling the flow, the horse may need to be '''rapidly re-anaesthetised''' to '''locate the source''' of the haemorrhage. The blood may be from the '''large scrotal vessels''', '''external pudendal vessels''' or from the '''testicular artery'''. The scrotal wound must be '''cleaned''' and the cut ends of the testicular artery located and '''re-ligated''' if necessary. The risk of '''infection''' occurring after such an emergency is '''high''', and '''antibiotics''' will be needed. The horse must be assessed for '''blood loss''' and '''haemorrhagic shock''', and treated accordingly.

==Eventration==
===Omental Eventration===
Small pieces of '''omentum''', '''fat''' and '''fascia''' may prolapse out of the wound. Every effort should be made to '''trim''' the excessive omentum, fat and fascia away during surgery; if they are found hanging from the wound, they can act as a '''route of infection''' into the wound.

====Treatment====
'''Small''' pieces of tissue may be cut away under '''sedation''' if they are '''fresh'''; '''larger''' pieces may require removal under '''anaesthetic''' to ensure asepsis. In these cases the '''omentum''' and '''scrotum''' should be cleaned thoroughly and then the protruding omentum should be '''pulled further out of the wound''', then '''ligated''' and '''transected'''. Rectal manipulation can then be used to return the proximal stump into the abdomen.

====Prevention of recurrence====
'''Non-surgical''': the horse should be stood on a sloped plank, with the hind quarters raised higher than the front quarters for several days.

'''Surgical''': the edges of the incised vaginal tunic at the site of the scrotal wound are grasped using haemostatic forceps. Then, the vaginal tunic should be separated from the surrounding skin and dartos fascia, then crushed proximally and ligated and transected distally.

===Intestinal Eventration===
This complication is '''rare''' and generally only occurs following an '''open''' castration, however it is lifethreatening and immediate action is required. It may occur either as a result of '''straining post-operatively''' in the presence of '''large inguinal rings''', or '''secondary to a hernia''' present prior to castration. It will normally occur in the first 24 hours post-op, but can occur up to one week following surgery.

====Treatment====
'''1) If extended to the level of the thighs''':
* Wrap in a moist clean sheet and rubbish bag to prevent further contamination
* Wash the intestines with warm saline and antibiotic solution
* Identify the vaginal tunic and feed the intestines back through the inguinal ring with or without extending the inguinal ring cranially via a midline laparotomy
* Suture closed or pack the external inguinal ring
* If the bowel is compromised or damaged it may require resection.
* Systemic antibiotics, anti-endotoxins and fluids should be administered

'''2) If extended to ground and trodden''':
* Hopeless prognosis
* Euthanasia the only appropriate treatment

==Oedema==
This is clinically '''normal''' in uncomplicated cases. It can be marked and may extend to the '''front legs'''.

===Treatment===
* Cold hose the area for 10 minutes twice a day
* Walk the horse for 10 minutes three times a day
* Administration of anti-inflammatories
* Breakdown of the wound edges with sterile gloved hands if severe as this allows the fluid to drain.

==Infection==
Infection can be '''superficial''' and easily dealt with, or '''deeper''', leading to involvement of the '''vaginal tunic''' and '''scirrhous cord'''. Any suspicion of infection should be promptly investigated under sedation using a gloved hand. The owners may report a '''reduction in appetite''' and the horse have a '''stiff gait'''. The wound itself may be swollen and discharge may be present. Clinical signs include an '''increase heart rate''', '''respiratory rate''' and '''temperature''' if the infection is severe.

'''Champignon''' is a specific infection that is normally caused by ''[[Streptococcus zooepidemicus]]''. It produces mushroom-like growths of granulation tissue from the wound. It is associated with the use of ligatures. Drainage and surgical removal of diseased tissue is necessary to treat this condition.

===Treatment===
Local superficial infection is best dealt with by '''enlarging the incision''' sites to '''improve drainage''', '''cold hosing''' and '''walking''' as for oedema and a course of '''antibiotic''' treatment. If infection is within the vaginal tunic or spermatic cord ('''scirrhous cord'''), '''repeat surgery''' is required to '''resect all affected tissue''' and this may need to be combined with '''scrotal ablation''' if the scrotal tissue is also oedematous and infected.

==Hydrocoele==
This presents as a '''circumscribed''',''' painless swelling''' which is filled with a '''sterile''', '''clear''', '''straw-coloured fluid'''. Fluid gradually builds up, so may not be noticed until several weeks or months after castration. It is more common with open castration.

===Treatment===
'''Removal''' of the vaginal tunic under general anaesthesia

==Persistent Stallion-like Behavior==
This is a common problem but is rarely due to retained testicular tissue. Instead it is attributed to '''learned behaviour'''.

{{Learning
|flashcards = [[Equine Reproduction and Stud Medicine Q&A 10]]
}}

==References==
Pycock, JF (1997) '''Self-Assessment Colour Review Equine Reproduction and Stud Medicine''' ''Manson''

RVC staff (2009) '''Urogenital system''' RVC Intergrated BVetMed Course, ''Royal Veterinary College''

Railton, D (1999) '''Complications associated with castration in the horse''' ''In Practice 1999 21: 298-30''

Mason et al (2010) '"Costs and complications of equine castration: a UK practice based study comparing standing non sutured and recumbent sutured techniques"" "Equine Veterinary Journal 2010 37(5) 468-472

{{review}}

{{OpenPages}}

[[Category:Reproductive Diseases - Horse]]
[[Category:Expert Review - Horse]]

Castration Complications - Horse

2012-08-01T08:50:42Z

Lizmossop: /* Introduction */

{{OpenPagesTop}}
==Introduction==
Complications following [[Castration - Horse|equine castration]] are rare, however owners should be warned of all the possible complications before the procedure to allow them to make an informed decision about the operation. This also ensures that they are able to observe and recognise any potential complications post operatively. Complications can occur within hours or take many days to develop, and owners should be advised to monitor the patient closely over this period of time.
If presented with a patient post castration, a full history should be obtained both from the owner and the vet who undertook the surgery if it was not yourself.

==Haemorrhage==
This is the most immediate and common complication and can be '''life-threatening''' depending on the '''extent''' and '''duration''' of bleeding.

===Prevention===
* Early morning surgery - to allow observation throughout the day
* Appropriate haemostatic technique for the animal - additional haemostasis in older animals
* Sterile technique
* High quality emasculator

===Treatment===
If pressure from '''sterile packing''' is not controlling the flow, the horse may need to be '''rapidly re-anaesthetised''' to '''locate the source''' of the haemorrhage. The blood may be from the '''large scrotal vessels''', '''external pudendal vessels''' or from the '''testicular artery'''. The scrotal wound must be '''cleaned''' and the cut ends of the testicular artery located and '''re-ligated''' if necessary. The risk of '''infection''' occurring after such an emergency is '''high''', and '''antibiotics''' will be needed. The horse must be assessed for '''blood loss''' and '''haemorrhagic shock''', and treated accordingly.

==Eventration==
===Omental Eventration===
Small pieces of '''omentum''', '''fat''' and '''fascia''' may prolapse out of the wound. Every effort should be made to '''trim''' the excessive omentum, fat and fascia away during surgery; if they are found hanging from the wound, they can act as a '''route of infection''' into the wound.

====Treatment====
'''Small''' pieces of tissue may be cut away under '''sedation''' if they are '''fresh'''; '''larger''' pieces may require removal under '''anaesthetic''' to ensure asepsis. In these cases the '''omentum''' and '''scrotum''' should be cleaned thoroughly and then the protruding omentum should be '''pulled further out of the wound''', then '''ligated''' and '''transected'''. Rectal manipulation can then be used to return the proximal stump into the abdomen.

====Prevention of recurrence====
'''Non-surgical''': the horse should be stood on a sloped plank, with the hind quarters raised higher than the front quarters for several days.

'''Surgical''': the edges of the incised vaginal tunic at the site of the scrotal wound are grasped using haemostatic forceps. Then, the vaginal tunic should be separated from the surrounding skin and dartos fascia, then crushed proximally and ligated and transected distally.

===Intestinal Eventration===
This complication is '''rare''' and generally only occurs following an '''open''' castration, however it is lifethreatening and immediate action is required. It may occur either as a result of '''straining post-operatively''' in the presence of '''large inguinal rings''', or '''secondary to a hernia''' present prior to castration. It will normally occur in the first 24 hours post-op, but can occur up to one week following surgery.

====Treatment====
'''1) If extended to the level of the thighs''':
* Wrap in a moist clean sheet and rubbish bag to prevent further contamination
* Wash the intestines with warm saline and antibiotic solution
* Identify the vaginal tunic and feed the intestines back through the inguinal ring with or without extending the inguinal ring cranially via a midline laparotomy
* Suture closed or pack the external inguinal ring
* If the bowel is compromised or damaged it may require resection.
* Systemic antibiotics, anti-endotoxins and fluids should be administered

'''2) If extended to ground and trodden''':
* Hopeless prognosis
* Euthanasia the only appropriate treatment

==Oedema==
This is clinically '''normal''' in uncomplicated cases. It can be marked and may extend to the '''front legs'''.

===Treatment===
* Cold hose the area for 10 minutes twice a day
* Walk the horse for 10 minutes three times a day
* Administration of anti-inflammatories
* Breakdown of the wound edges with sterile gloved hands if severe as this allows the fluid to drain.

==Infection==
Infection can be '''superficial''' and easily dealt with, or '''deeper''', leading to involvement of the '''vaginal tunic''' and '''scirrhous cord'''. Any suspicion of infection should be promptly investigated under sedation using a gloved hand. The owners may report a '''reduction in appetite''' and the horse have a '''stiff gait'''. The wound itself may be swollen and discharge may be present. Clinical signs include an '''increase heart rate''', '''respiratory rate''' and '''temperature''' if the infection is severe.

'''Champignon''' is a specific infection that is normally caused by ''[[Streptococcus zooepidemicus]]''. It produces mushroom-like growths of granulation tissue from the wound. It is associated with the use of ligatures. Drainage and surgical removal of diseased tissue is necessary to treat this condition.

===Treatment===
Local superficial infection is best dealt with by '''enlarging the incision''' sites to '''improve drainage''', '''cold hosing''' and '''walking''' as for oedema and a course of '''antibiotic''' treatment. If infection is within the vaginal tunic or spermatic cord ('''scirrhous cord'''), '''repeat surgery''' is required to '''resect all affected tissue''' and this may need to be combined with '''scrotal ablation''' if the scrotal tissue is also oedematous and infected.

==Hydrocoele==
This presents as a '''circumscribed''',''' painless swelling''' which is filled with a '''sterile''', '''clear''', '''straw-coloured fluid'''. Fluid gradually builds up, so may not be noticed until several weeks or months after castration. It is more common with open castration.

===Treatment===
'''Removal''' of the vaginal tunic under general anaesthesia

==Persistent Stallion-like Behavior==
This is a common problem but is rarely due to retained testicular tissue. Instead it is attributed to '''learned behaviour'''.

{{Learning
|flashcards = [[Equine Reproduction and Stud Medicine Q&A 10]]
}}

==References==
Pycock, JF (1997) '''Self-Assessment Colour Review Equine Reproduction and Stud Medicine''' ''Manson''

RVC staff (2009) '''Urogenital system''' RVC Intergrated BVetMed Course, ''Royal Veterinary College''

Railton, D (1999) '''Complications associated with castration in the horse''' ''In Practice 1999 21: 298-30''

{{review}}

{{OpenPages}}

[[Category:Reproductive Diseases - Horse]]
[[Category:Expert Review - Horse]]

Castration Complications - Horse

2012-08-01T08:41:59Z

Lizmossop: /* Introduction */

{{OpenPagesTop}}
==Introduction==
Complications following [[Castration - Horse|equine castration]] are rare, however owners should be warned of all the possible complications before the procedure to allow them to make an informed decision about the operation. This also ensures that they are able to observe and recognise any potential complications post operatively.

==Haemorrhage==
This is the most immediate and common complication and can be '''life-threatening''' depending on the '''extent''' and '''duration''' of bleeding.

===Prevention===
* Early morning surgery - to allow observation throughout the day
* Appropriate haemostatic technique for the animal - additional haemostasis in older animals
* Sterile technique
* High quality emasculator

===Treatment===
If pressure from '''sterile packing''' is not controlling the flow, the horse may need to be '''rapidly re-anaesthetised''' to '''locate the source''' of the haemorrhage. The blood may be from the '''large scrotal vessels''', '''external pudendal vessels''' or from the '''testicular artery'''. The scrotal wound must be '''cleaned''' and the cut ends of the testicular artery located and '''re-ligated''' if necessary. The risk of '''infection''' occurring after such an emergency is '''high''', and '''antibiotics''' will be needed. The horse must be assessed for '''blood loss''' and '''haemorrhagic shock''', and treated accordingly.

==Eventration==
===Omental Eventration===
Small pieces of '''omentum''', '''fat''' and '''fascia''' may prolapse out of the wound. Every effort should be made to '''trim''' the excessive omentum, fat and fascia away during surgery; if they are found hanging from the wound, they can act as a '''route of infection''' into the wound.

====Treatment====
'''Small''' pieces of tissue may be cut away under '''sedation''' if they are '''fresh'''; '''larger''' pieces may require removal under '''anaesthetic''' to ensure asepsis. In these cases the '''omentum''' and '''scrotum''' should be cleaned thoroughly and then the protruding omentum should be '''pulled further out of the wound''', then '''ligated''' and '''transected'''. Rectal manipulation can then be used to return the proximal stump into the abdomen.

====Prevention of recurrence====
'''Non-surgical''': the horse should be stood on a sloped plank, with the hind quarters raised higher than the front quarters for several days.

'''Surgical''': the edges of the incised vaginal tunic at the site of the scrotal wound are grasped using haemostatic forceps. Then, the vaginal tunic should be separated from the surrounding skin and dartos fascia, then crushed proximally and ligated and transected distally.

===Intestinal Eventration===
This complication is '''rare''' and generally only occurs following an '''open''' castration, however it is lifethreatening and immediate action is required. It may occur either as a result of '''straining post-operatively''' in the presence of '''large inguinal rings''', or '''secondary to a hernia''' present prior to castration. It will normally occur in the first 24 hours post-op, but can occur up to one week following surgery.

====Treatment====
'''1) If extended to the level of the thighs''':
* Wrap in a moist clean sheet and rubbish bag to prevent further contamination
* Wash the intestines with warm saline and antibiotic solution
* Identify the vaginal tunic and feed the intestines back through the inguinal ring with or without extending the inguinal ring cranially via a midline laparotomy
* Suture closed or pack the external inguinal ring
* If the bowel is compromised or damaged it may require resection.
* Systemic antibiotics, anti-endotoxins and fluids should be administered

'''2) If extended to ground and trodden''':
* Hopeless prognosis
* Euthanasia the only appropriate treatment

==Oedema==
This is clinically '''normal''' in uncomplicated cases. It can be marked and may extend to the '''front legs'''.

===Treatment===
* Cold hose the area for 10 minutes twice a day
* Walk the horse for 10 minutes three times a day
* Administration of anti-inflammatories
* Breakdown of the wound edges with sterile gloved hands if severe as this allows the fluid to drain.

==Infection==
Infection can be '''superficial''' and easily dealt with, or '''deeper''', leading to involvement of the '''vaginal tunic''' and '''scirrhous cord'''. Any suspicion of infection should be promptly investigated under sedation using a gloved hand. The owners may report a '''reduction in appetite''' and the horse have a '''stiff gait'''. The wound itself may be swollen and discharge may be present. Clinical signs include an '''increase heart rate''', '''respiratory rate''' and '''temperature''' if the infection is severe.

'''Champignon''' is a specific infection that is normally caused by ''[[Streptococcus zooepidemicus]]''. It produces mushroom-like growths of granulation tissue from the wound. It is associated with the use of ligatures. Drainage and surgical removal of diseased tissue is necessary to treat this condition.

===Treatment===
Local superficial infection is best dealt with by '''enlarging the incision''' sites to '''improve drainage''', '''cold hosing''' and '''walking''' as for oedema and a course of '''antibiotic''' treatment. If infection is within the vaginal tunic or spermatic cord ('''scirrhous cord'''), '''repeat surgery''' is required to '''resect all affected tissue''' and this may need to be combined with '''scrotal ablation''' if the scrotal tissue is also oedematous and infected.

==Hydrocoele==
This presents as a '''circumscribed''',''' painless swelling''' which is filled with a '''sterile''', '''clear''', '''straw-coloured fluid'''. Fluid gradually builds up, so may not be noticed until several weeks or months after castration. It is more common with open castration.

===Treatment===
'''Removal''' of the vaginal tunic under general anaesthesia

==Persistent Stallion-like Behavior==
This is a common problem but is rarely due to retained testicular tissue. Instead it is attributed to '''learned behaviour'''.

{{Learning
|flashcards = [[Equine Reproduction and Stud Medicine Q&A 10]]
}}

==References==
Pycock, JF (1997) '''Self-Assessment Colour Review Equine Reproduction and Stud Medicine''' ''Manson''

RVC staff (2009) '''Urogenital system''' RVC Intergrated BVetMed Course, ''Royal Veterinary College''

Railton, D (1999) '''Complications associated with castration in the horse''' ''In Practice 1999 21: 298-30''

{{review}}

{{OpenPages}}

[[Category:Reproductive Diseases - Horse]]
[[Category:Expert Review - Horse]]

VVH:Collapsing greyhound

2012-05-21T14:55:20Z

Lizmossop: Created page with "{{xerte |level1=small |level2=Canine Cases |case=play_6014 |section=Small Animal Haematology Cases }}"

{{xerte
|level1=small
|level2=Canine Cases
|case=play_6014
|section=Small Animal Haematology Cases
}}

VVH:Ian the skinny cat

2012-05-21T14:52:20Z

Lizmossop: Created page with "{{xerte |level1=small |level2=Feline Cases |case=play_6101 |section=Small Animal Endocrine Cases }}"

{{xerte
|level1=small
|level2=Feline Cases
|case=play_6101
|section=Small Animal Endocrine Cases
}}

VVH:New kitten

2012-05-21T14:41:13Z

Lizmossop: Created page with "{{xerte |level1=small |level2=Feline Cases |case=play_6102 |section=Small Animal Dermatology Cases }}"

{{xerte
|level1=small
|level2=Feline Cases
|case=play_6102
|section=Small Animal Dermatology Cases
}}

Farm Animal Practice

2012-04-24T14:33:16Z

Lizmossop:

<p> </p>
<div id="MainImage">[[File:Farm-Alt-logo.jpg|link=]]</div>


<div id="Cattle" class="myopac">[[File:Cattle-Alt-Overlay.jpg|link=VVH:Cattle Cases]]</div>
<div id="Sheep" class="myopac">[[File:Sheep-Alt-Overlay.jpg|link=VVH:Sheep Cases]]</div>
<div class="myopac">
<div id="DefenT" class="myopac">[[File:Defender-FarmT-Alt-Overlay.jpg|link=Virtual Veterinary Hospital]]</div>
<div id="DefenB">[[File:Defender-FarmB-Alt-Overlay-logo.jpg|link=Virtual Veterinary Hospital]]</div></div>
[[Category:VVH]]

VVH:George Smith

2012-04-15T17:40:34Z

Lizmossop:

{{xerte
|level1=small
|level2=Exotic Cases
|case=play_5912
|section=Small Animal Musculoskeletal Cases
}}

VVH:Freddie

2012-04-15T17:36:24Z

Lizmossop: Created page with "{{xerte |level1=small |level2=Canine Cases |case=play_6471 |section=Small Animal Cardiorespiratory Cases }}"

{{xerte
|level1=small
|level2=Canine Cases
|case=play_6471
|section=Small Animal Cardiorespiratory Cases
}}

VVH:Rufus - a new acquisition

2012-04-15T17:31:07Z

Lizmossop:

{{xerte
|level1=equine
|level2=Equine gastrointestinal cases
|case=play_5828
|section=Equine Gastrointestinal Cases
}}

VVH:George - a lame horse

2012-04-15T17:30:33Z

Lizmossop:

{{xerte
|level1=equine
|level2=Equine Musculoskeletal Cases
|case=play_3082
|section=Equine Musculoskeletal Cases
}}

VVH:George - a lame horse

2012-04-15T17:28:57Z

Lizmossop: Created page with "{{xerte |level1=equine |level2=Equine Musculoskeletal Cases |case=play_3082 |section= }}"

{{xerte
|level1=equine
|level2=Equine Musculoskeletal Cases
|case=play_3082
|section=
}}

VVH:Rufus - a new acquisition

2012-04-15T17:22:17Z

Lizmossop:

{{xerte
|level1=equine
|level2=Equine gastrointestinal cases
|case=play_5828
|section=
}}

VVH:Rufus - a new acquisition

2012-04-15T17:21:41Z

Lizmossop:

{{xerte
|level1=equine
|level2=Equine gastrointestinal cases
|case=play_6710
|section=
}}

VVH:Rufus - a new acquisition

2012-04-15T17:21:00Z

Lizmossop: Created page with "{{xerte |level1=equine |level2=Equine gastrointestinal cases |case=play_6709 |section= }}"

{{xerte
|level1=equine
|level2=Equine gastrointestinal cases
|case=play_6709
|section=
}}

VVH:George Smith

2012-04-15T17:18:33Z

Lizmossop:

{{xerte
|level1=small
|level2=exotic cases
|case=play_5912
|section=Small Animal Musculoskeletal Cases
}}

VVH:George Smith

2012-04-15T17:16:41Z

Lizmossop:

{{xerte
|level1=small
|level2=Exotic cases
|case=play_5912
|section=Small Animal Musculoskeletal Cases
}}

VVH:George Smith

2012-04-15T17:15:29Z

Lizmossop: Created page with "{{xerte |level1=small |level2=exotic cases |case=play_5912 |section=Small Animal Musculoskeletal Cases }}"

{{xerte
|level1=small
|level2=exotic cases
|case=play_5912
|section=Small Animal Musculoskeletal Cases
}}

VVH:Hooch

2012-04-15T16:59:06Z

Lizmossop:

{{xerte
|level1=small
|level2=Canine Cases
|case=play_4921
|section=Small Animal Haematology Cases
}}

VVH:Tigger

2012-04-15T16:58:10Z

Lizmossop:

{{xerte
|level1=small
|level2=Canine Cases
|case=play_4943
|section=Small Animal Reproductive Cases
}}

VVH:Butch

2012-04-15T16:57:03Z

Lizmossop:

{{xerte
|level1=small
|level2=Canine Cases
|case=play_2792
|section=Small Animal Oncology Cases
}}

VVH:Butch part two

2012-04-15T16:56:30Z

Lizmossop:

{{xerte
|level1=small
|level2=Canine Cases
|case=play_4903
|section=Small Animal Oncology Cases
}}

VVH:Two balding pups

2012-04-15T16:55:18Z

Lizmossop:

{{xerte
|level1=small
|level2=Canine Cases
|case=play_6335
|section=Small Animal Dermatology Cases
}}

VVH:Bonzo

2012-04-15T16:54:28Z

Lizmossop:

{{xerte
|level1=small
|level2=Canine Cases
|case=play_6552
|section=Small Animal Cardiorespiratory Cases
}}

VVH:Bonzo

2012-03-04T17:17:05Z

Lizmossop: Created page with "{{xerte |level1=small |level2=Canine Cases |case=play_6552 }}"

VVH:The down cow

2012-03-04T17:15:06Z

Lizmossop: Created page with "{{xerte |level1=farm |level2=Cattle Cases |case=play_6391 }}"

VVH:Elsie a dog with flank alopecia

2012-03-04T17:11:50Z

Lizmossop: Created page with "{{xerte |level1=small |level2=Canine Cases |case=play_6339 }}"

VVH:Two balding pups

2012-03-04T17:07:49Z

Lizmossop: Created page with "{{xerte |level1=small |level2=Canine Cases |case=play_6335 }}"

VVH:Loss of condition in tups

2012-03-04T17:04:07Z

Lizmossop: Created page with "{{xerte |level1=farm |level2=Sheep Cases |case=play_3111 }}"

VVH:Butch part two

2012-03-04T16:59:54Z

Lizmossop: Created page with "{{xerte |level1=small |level2=Canine Cases |case=play_4903 }}"

VVH:Butch

2012-03-04T16:57:29Z

Lizmossop: Created page with "{{xerte |level1=small |level2=Canine Cases |case=play_2792 }}"

VVH:Tigger

2012-03-04T16:52:29Z

Lizmossop: Created page with "{{xerte |level1=small |level2=Canine Cases |case=play_4943 }}"

VVH:Hooch

2012-03-04T16:50:00Z

Lizmossop:

VVH:Hooch

2012-03-04T16:49:04Z

Lizmossop:

{{xerte
|level1=small
|level2= VVH Canine Cases
|case=play_4921
}}

VVH:Hooch

2012-03-04T16:48:12Z

Lizmossop:

VVH:Hooch

2012-03-04T16:46:04Z

Lizmossop: Created page with "{{xerte |level1=small |level2=canine |case=play_4921 }}"

VVH:Equine skin disease

2012-02-19T18:57:41Z

Lizmossop:

{{xerte
|level1=equine
|level2=Equine Dermatology Cases
|case=play_2793
}}

VVH:Equine skin disease

2012-02-19T18:51:10Z

Lizmossop: Created page with "{{xerte |level1=equine |level2=equine dermatology cases |case=play_2793 }}"

{{xerte
|level1=equine
|level2=equine dermatology cases
|case=play_2793
}}

Sandpit

2012-02-03T15:57:02Z

Lizmossop: Replaced content with "{{#widget:Xerte|case=play_4904}}"