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Germany - Stiftung Tierârztliche Hochschule Hannover

2011-05-28T07:27:45Z

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[[File:TiHo1.jpg|http://en.wikivet.net/File:TiHo1.jpg]]
<br>[[File:TiHo2.jpg]]
<br>[[File:TiHo3.jpg]]

==Introduction== 

Since the foundation of the University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover in 1778 it is independent and therewith unique in Germany. When in 2003 the university became a foundation, more self-responsibility and liberties were granted.
The TiHo has got five interdiciplinary centres and joins six clinics, 20 institutes and three branches on two campuses in Hannover. Two remote stations in the south of Hannover in Ruthe and in Bakum near Vechta focus on research and education.

==History== 

1778 Foundation of the Royal Horse Medicine School on the order of Georg III., King of Greatbritain and Elector of Hannover First Teacher: Johann Adam Kersting
1887 Ennoblement to University
1899 Transfer of the University to the location of Braunschweiger Platz
1903 A levels become requirement for studying at the TiHo
1910 the TiHo recieves the right to award doctorates
1913 establishment of the headmaster constitution
1918 receipt of right of habilitation
1926 Expansion of the campus at Bischofsholer Damm
1926 Aquisation of the manor Adendorf near Lüneburg for educational purposes
1953 Purchase of the Westfalenhof at theBünteweg in Kirchrode
1961 Exchange of the manor Adendorf against the former domane Ruthe near Sarstedt as educational an research manor
1969 For the first time in Germany: establishment of a two-year post-graduation course
1974 EU-Referencylaboratorium at the TiHo
1974 Establishment of the WHO-Center "Veterinary Public Health"
1998 Establishment of the PhD path
2002 Establishment of the presidency constitution
2003 Transfer to Foundation
2003 225-year-celebration
2003 Establishment of the post-doctoral path "Systems Neuroscience"
2004 Establishment of the bachelor path biology
2006 Establishment of the master path "Animal Biology and Biomedical Sciences"
2009 New clinic centre at the Bünteweg
2010 Opening of the new canteen "Caballus" at the campus Bischofsholer Damm

==Education== 

Studying veterinary medicine in Hannover is very popular, so even if there are far more applications, each year about 250 places are granted to elementary students. Including the doctoral candidates and PhD-students over 2.400 students are matriculated to the TiHo. Also, the university educates biology students in coorporatioin with the Leibnitz University Hannover and the Hannover Medical School
Further academic qualification of post-graduated vets and scientists, in 2003 the Graduate School for Biomedical Sciences Hannover was founded. It offers two PhD-degree courses and a master path in biology. The PhD-Programm Veterinary Research and Animal Biology was founded in 1998 which made it the first PhD path in Germany.

==Research== 

Research at the TiHo stands for research on and for animals - and translational for men. The focus of research at the TiHo are:
- Infection medicine
- systemic neurosciences
- animal health and food quality
- clinical research

Many questions are dealt with in cooperatins and collaboration with universities and the industry. Next to successful participation in the initiative for excellecy and three special research projects that were supported by the German Research Association (DFG) there are to name the WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training in Veterinary Public Health as well as the EU-Referencylaboratory für European Swine Fewer and other pestilential viruses.

The TiHo has many international connections and contacts. At this point there are partnerships ans cooperations with 30 froreign universities and veterinary faculties in 23 countries.

==Clinical== 

==School name== 

University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover

(Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover)

==Established== 
1778

==Location== 

Hannover, capital of Lower Saxony in Germany

==Principal's name== 

Dr. Gerhard Greif, president since 2002

==Total number of Students== 

2.400

==Number of Undergraduates== 

==Number of Postgraduates== 

==Website address== 

www.tiho-hannover.de

==Contact details== 

University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation

Buenteweg 2

30559 Hannover

Postfach 71 11 80

30545 Hannover

Tel.: +49 511 953-60

Fax: +49 511 953-8050

File:TiHo1.jpg

2011-05-28T07:26:17Z

Multiermedia: {{Information |Description =Small animal clinics and clinics for horses at the Buenteweg |Source =www.tiho-hannover.de Official web page |Author =TiHo Hannover |Date = |Permission = |other_versions = }}

== Summary ==
{{Information
|Description =Small animal clinics and clinics for horses at the Buenteweg
|Source =www.tiho-hannover.de
Official web page
|Author =TiHo Hannover
|Date =
|Permission =
|other_versions =
}}

== Licensing ==
{{PD-self}}

Heart Murmurs

2011-04-19T12:00:00Z

Multiermedia: /* Heart Murmur Grading Scale */

===Description===

*On auscultation, heart murmurs are sounds that signify abnormal turbulent blood flow in the heart or surrounding blood vessels.

'''Murmurs can arise from any of the following conditions:'''

1. Increased Blood Volume

2. Increased Blood Flow Velocity

3. Valve Regurgitation

4. Decreased Blood Viscosity

===Types of Heart Murmurs===

====1. Systolic Heart Murmurs====

*Most common type of murmur among small animal patients

*Occur during systole

=====Functional Murmurs=====
(Occur without a pathological condition involved)

-Innocent Murmurs (e.g. young animals with temporary murmurs)

-Physiologic/Flow Murmurs (e.g. athletic animals especially thoroughbred horses; conditions such as anaemia, fever, peripheral arteriovenous fistula)

*Aortic flow murmurs are the most common in normal young fit thoroughbred horses

*Valve regurgitations in horses can be functional or pathological (Endocardiosis is the most common form of older equine valve pathology)

=====Pathological Murmurs=====

-Atrioventricular valve insufficiency

-Semilunar valve stenosis

-Cardiac shunting (e.g. PDA, VSD)

====2. Diastolic Heart Murmurs====

*Uncommon in small animals

*Occurs during diastole

=====Functional Murmurs=====
(Occur without a pathological condition involved)

-Physiologic/Flow Murmurs (e.g. athletic animals especially thoroughbred horses)

*Ventricular (mitral and tricuspid) flow murmurs are less common in young fit thoroughbred horses compared with aortic flow murmurs, but their presence can still be seen in normal horses.

=====Pathological Murmurs=====

-Atrioventricular valve stenosis

-Semilunar valve insufficiency

-Cardiac shunting (e.g. PDA)

====3. Continuous Heart Murmurs====

*Also called machinery murmurs

*Occur continuously throughout systole and diastole

=====Pathological Murmurs=====

-Cardiac shunting (e.g. PDA)

=====Description of Heart Murmurs=====

1. Timing/Duration (Systolic, Diastolic, Continuous)

2. Location (Point of Maximal Intensity; Left Side: Heart Base (Semilunar Valves), Heart Apex (Mitral Valve); Right Side: Tricuspid Valve)

3. Intensity (Grading of Heart Murmur is on a scale 1-6)

4. Shape (Description from phonocardiogram:e.g. Holosystolic, Crescendo-decrescendo, Systolic decrescendo, Diastolic decrescendo, Continuous aka Machinery)

5. Sound (Quality & Pitch: High Pitch usually indicates ejection murmurs; Low Pitch usually indicates regurgitant flow murmurs)

6. Radiation (Description based on how far the murmur sound spreads from its point of maximal intensity. e.g. Aortic murmurs=radiate up carotid arteries)

===Heart Murmur Grading Scale===

To listen to gradings and examples of canine cardiac murmurs visit [http://www.tiho-hannover.de/de/studium-lehre/el/lernmedien/heartsound-library/ the heartsound library].

{| style="width:75%; height:200px" border="1"

!'''Grade'''
!'''Description'''

|-
| I.
| Barely audible (Need ideal conditions to hear)

|-
|II.
| Clearly audible at point of maximal intensity

|-
|III.
| Clearly audible (As loud as S1 & S2; +/- Radiation)

|-
|IV.
| Loud (Louder than S1 & S2; - precordial thrill; Radiation over thorax)

|-
|V.
| Loud (Louder than S1 & S2; + precordial thrill)

|-
| VI.
| Very Loud (Audible with stethoscope lifted off chest; + precordial thrill)
|-
|}
[[Category:Cardiovascular_System_-_Pathology]][[Category:To_Do_-_Cardiovascular]]
[[Category:Cardiac Diseases - Dog]][[Category:Cardiac Diseases - Cat]][[Category:Cardiac Diseases - Horse]][[Category:Cardiac Diseases - Cattle]]
[[Category:Cardiac Diseases - Pig]]