https://en.wikivet.net/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=Nabrown 2026-05-02T02:33:15Z User contributions MediaWiki 1.35.0 https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=File:Sporotrichosis_cigar_cells.jpg&diff=44451 2009-06-04T19:48:28Z

<p>Nabrown: Sporotrichosis showing cigar shaped cells Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</p> <hr /> <div>Sporotrichosis showing cigar shaped cells<br /> <br /> Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</div>

Nabrown https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=File:Sporotrichosis_horse.jpg&diff=44450 2009-06-04T19:47:28Z

<p>Nabrown: Sporotrichosis in a horse Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</p> <hr /> <div>Sporotrichosis in a horse<br /> <br /> Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</div>

Nabrown https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Subcutaneous_Mycoses&diff=44449 2009-06-04T19:46:58Z

<p>Nabrown: /* Sporotrichosis */</p> <hr /> <div>{{unfinished}}<br /> <br /> {{toplink<br /> |backcolour =<br /> |linkpage =Fungi<br /> |linktext =FUNGI<br /> |pagetype=Bugs<br /> }}<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Chromoblastomycosis==<br /> <br /> *Occurs in horses, dogs, cats and himans<br /> <br /> *Caused by [[Dermatophytosis|dematiaceous fungi]]:<br /> **''Exophilia jeanselmeri, Phialophora, Cladosporium carrionii, Fonsecaea pedrosoi''<br /> <br /> *Enters tissue through wounds or sites of tissue trauma<br /> **Limited to subcutaneous and cutaneous tissues<br /> <br /> *Causes hyperplasia and formation of verrucoid, warty nodules<br /> **Warts are irregular, vegetative and pedunculated<br /> <br /> *Spread is via the [[Lymphatic System - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lymphatic system]]<br /> **Dissemination to other tissues and organs can occur<br /> <br /> *Chronic condition which will progress if not treated<br /> <br /> *Treatment includes [[Antifungal Drugs#The Azoles|Ketoconazole]], [[Antifungal Drugs#Flucytosine|5-fluorocytosine]] and [[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|amphotericin B]]<br /> <br /> ==Chromomycosis==<br /> <br /> *Also called Phaeohyphomycosis<br /> <br /> *Opportunistic<br /> <br /> *Infects horses, dogs and humans<br /> **Found in wounds and abrasions<br /> <br /> *Caused by [[Dermatophytosis|dematiaceous fungi]]<br /> **''Dactylaria gallopava, Exophiala pisciphila, E. salmonis, Scolecobasidium humicola, S. tshawytschae, Drechslera, Exophilia jeanselmeri, E. verrucosa, Fonsecaea pelrosoi''<br /> <br /> *Nodular and ulcerating lesions of the skin on the feet, legs and occasionally eyes (in turkeys)<br /> **Regional granulomatous lymphadenitis<br /> <br /> *Single cells or clusters, spherical and thick-walled<br /> *Brown pigmented fungal elements <br /> <br /> *Multiply by cross-wall formation or splitting (not budding)<br /> <br /> *Grows on Sabauraud's Dextrose agar ar room temperature<br /> **Slow growth<br /> **Takes one month<br /> <br /> *For further information, see [[Dermatophytosis|dematiaceous fungi]]<br /> <br /> ==Epizootic Lymphangitis==<br /> <br /> *''Histoplasma capsulatum'' var. ''farciminosum''<br /> **Similar to ''H. capsulatum''<br /> <br /> *Occurs in horses, donkeys and mules<br /> *90% occurs in horses<br /> <br /> *Occurs in Europe, Africa and Asia<br /> **Eradicated from the UK but is still under the notifiable Diseases of Animals Act<br /> <br /> *Chronic disease<br /> <br /> *Highly contageous<br /> **Spread by direct contact or indirect, e.g. through infected grooming equipment, [[Biting Flies|biting flies]]<br /> <br /> *Once established in a population it is very difficult to eradicate<br /> **Long incubation peroid<br /> **New cases can develop weeks or months after the infection appears to have been eradicated<br /> <br /> *Affects the [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lymph nodes]], [[Lymphatic Vessels - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lymph vessels]] and [[Skin - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|skin]]<br /> **Mostly of the [[Musculoskeletal System - Anatomy &amp; Physiology#The Head and Neck|neck]] and [[Musculoskeletal System - Anatomy &amp; Physiology#Limbs of the Domestic Species|limbs]]<br /> <br /> *Causes ulcerative, nodular lesions<br /> **Dissemination occurs<br /> **Pulmonary disease can occur<br /> **Ulcers rupture, discharging blood-stained pus for several weeks<br /> <br /> *Oval or pear shaped cells<br /> **Double contoured<br /> **Dimorphic<br /> ***Grows in the yeast phase at 37°C and in the mycelial phase at room temperature<br /> **Growth is slow, taking up to 8 weeks<br /> **At room temperature, thick-walled chlamydospores can be seen<br /> **Orgnaisms can usually be seen in swollen [[Leukocytes - WikiBlood|leucocytes]]<br /> <br /> *Can be stained using Gram, Giemsa, H &amp; E and 10% Methylene Blue followed by Carbol Fuchsin<br /> <br /> *Enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay can be used to detect the fungi<br /> <br /> *Life-long immunity follows recovery from infection<br /> <br /> *Treatment included potassium iodide, [[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|hamycin]] and [[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Amphotericin B]]<br /> **Vaccination has also proven to be effective<br /> **Injection of hyperimmune serum around skin lesions has been proven to be effective<br /> <br /> ==Eumycotic Mycetoma==<br /> <br /> *''Pseudoallescheria boydii, Curvularia geniculata, Cochliobolus spicifer, Helminthosporium'' spp.<br /> <br /> *Lives in soil<br /> <br /> *Enters the body via wounds<br /> <br /> *Granulomatous abscesses<br /> <br /> *Microcolonies can be seen grossly in exudate or lesions<br /> **Grains or granules<br /> **Brown or black embedded in granulation tissue<br /> **Small, irregularly shaped<br /> <br /> *Infrequent infections of dogs, cats, cattle and horses<br /> <br /> *Usually affect the extremities<br /> **Can infect the [[Nasal cavity - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|nasal mucosa]]<br /> ***E.g. Bovine nasal granuloma<br /> **Can also infect the peritoneum and [[Skin - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|skin]]<br /> <br /> *Microscopically:<br /> **Grains of maduromycosis with wide mycelia (compared to actinomycotic granules)<br /> **Chlamydospores present<br /> <br /> *Grows on Sabauraud's Dextrose agar<br /> **Slow<br /> **Takes 2-3 weeks<br /> <br /> *Treatment includes [[Antifungal Drugs#The Azoles|Ketoconazole]], [[Antifungal Drugs#Flucytosine|5-fluorocytosine]] and [[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|amphotericin B]]<br /> <br /> ==Hyphomycosis==<br /> <br /> *''Hyphomyces destruens''<br /> <br /> *Opportunistic infection<br /> **Associated with trauma<br /> <br /> *Rare<br /> <br /> *Caused by ''Penicillium, Beauveria, Acremonium, Fusarium, Paecilomyces''<br /> <br /> *Infects both animals and humans<br /> **Mainly affects horses<br /> <br /> *Tropical and semi-tropical countries<br /> <br /> *Progressive disease causing granulating and ulcerating lesions on the legs and lower body<br /> **Lesions grow rapidly<br /> **Cause extreme debility<br /> <br /> *Occurs in water<br /> **Most often seen in ponies with access to ponds<br /> <br /> *Chemotactically attracted to horse hair<br /> <br /> *Does not respond well to treatment<br /> **Radical surgical excision the best method<br /> **Experiemental vaccination treatment is currently underway and has shown promising results<br /> <br /> ==Pythiosis==<br /> <br /> *Causes Mycotic Swamp Fever<br /> <br /> *Also called phycomycosis<br /> <br /> *Occurs in the USA, Australia, New Guinea, India, Brazil, Colombia, Japan, Costa Rica and Indonesia<br /> <br /> *''Pythium insidiosum''<br /> <br /> *Enters via wounds<br /> **[[Lips - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|Lips]], [[Musculoskeletal System - Anatomy &amp; Physiology#The Head and Neck|head]], [[Musculoskeletal System - Anatomy &amp; Physiology#The Head and Neck|neck]], fetlock, hock and [[Hoof - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|hoof]]<br /> <br /> *Granulomatous infection<br /> **Necrosis and fistulous tracts<br /> **Yellow lesions<br /> <br /> *Branching, separated fungi<br /> <br /> *Progressive (rather than systemic) disease<br /> <br /> *Surgery is needed<br /> <br /> ==Rhinosporidiosis==<br /> <br /> *''Rhinosporidium seeberi''<br /> <br /> *Lives in water<br /> <br /> *Causes a chronic, benign disease<br /> <br /> *Affects cattle, mules, horses, dogs and humans<br /> <br /> *Causes polyps on the [[Nasal cavity - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|nasal]] and [[Special Senses - Visual - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|ocular]] mucous membranes<br /> **Over 90% of cases affecting the [[Nasal cavity - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|nasal]] mucous membranes affects male animals<br /> <br /> *Occurs most frequently in tropical countries<br /> **Also common in the USA<br /> <br /> *Large sporangia can be seen on wet mounts<br /> **Endospores visible<br /> **Sporangia develop into small, globose spores<br /> <br /> *Treatment is by surgical excision<br /> <br /> ==Sporotrichosis==<br /> [[Image:Sporotrichosis horse.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Sporotrichosis in a horse -Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath]]<br /> [[Image:Sporotrichosis cigar cells.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Sporotrichosis cigar shaped cells -Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath]]<br /> *''Sporothrix schenckii''<br /> <br /> *Occurs in soil, wood and vegetation<br /> **Saprophyte of both decaying and healthy vegetation<br /> <br /> *Worldwide<br /> <br /> *Exogenous infections through wounds<br /> <br /> *Sporadic infections<br /> <br /> *Non-contageous<br /> <br /> *Causes subcutaneous nodules or granulomas<br /> **Nodules ulcerate discharging pus<br /> <br /> *Spread via the [[Lymphatic System - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lymphatics]]<br /> <br /> *The [[Bones and Cartilage - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|bones]] and viscera can be involved which terminates in mortality<br /> **This is rare<br /> **Reported in dogs and horses<br /> <br /> *Affects dogs, horses, cats, monkeys, mules, camels, donkeys, cattle, fowl and rodents<br /> **Most commonly seen in horses as an ascending lymphocutaneous infection of the legs<br /> **Can be confused with [[Subcutaneous Mycoses#Epizootic Lymphangitis|epizootic lymphangitis]] in horses<br /> <br /> *Single cell, cigar shaped<br /> **Usually found within [[Neutrophils - WikiBlood|neutrophils]]<br /> **Yeast cell clusters with peripheral eosinophilic rays can be seen in tissue sections<br /> <br /> *Stained using PAS, Gram stain (positive), fluorescent antibody and Calcofluor White<br /> <br /> *Latex agglutination and immunodiffusion serology can be performed<br /> <br /> *Grows on Blood agar and Sabouraud's Dextrose agar in one to three weeks<br /> **At 37°C:<br /> ***Colonies are smooth, cream to tan coloured and soft<br /> ***No mycelium can be seen<br /> **At 25°C to 27°C:<br /> ***Colonies turn from white and soft to tan to brown to black<br /> ***Leathery, wrinkled and coarse<br /> ***Mycelium can be seen as branching septate hyphae<br /> ***Conidiospores can also be seen<br /> <br /> *Potassium iodide treatment orally<br /> **[[Antifungal Drugs#Flucytosine|5-fluorocytosine]] and [[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|amphotericin B]] can also be used<br /> <br /> ==Further Links==<br /> *Pathology of [[Mycotic skin infections - Pathology#Subcutaneous mycoses|subcutaneous mycoses]]<br /> <br /> *[[Antifungal Drugs]]</div>

Nabrown https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Dermatophytosis&diff=44448 2009-06-04T19:45:08Z

<p>Nabrown: /* Image Gallery */</p> <hr /> <div>{{unfinished}}<br /> <br /> {{toplink<br /> |backcolour =<br /> |linkpage =Fungi<br /> |linktext =FUNGI<br /> |pagetype=Bugs<br /> }}<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> ==General==<br /> <br /> *Pigmented, saprophytic organisms called '''Phaeohyphomycetes'''<br /> **Previously called 'Fungi Imperfecti'<br /> <br /> *The two main species of veterinary interest are ''Microsporum'' and ''Trichophton''<br /> <br /> *Worldwide<br /> <br /> *They are usually secondary invaders<br /> <br /> *Able to penetrate all layers of [[Skin - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|skin]], but are generally restricted to the keratin layer and its appendages<br /> **Therefore, most often seen in subcuticular or cutaneous sites <br /> **Lack of tolerance to body temperature and antifungal activity in serum and body fluids prevent the fungi invading subcutaneously<br /> <br /> *Transmitted by direct or indirect contact<br /> <br /> *Immunuocompromised hosts may develop systemic infections<br /> <br /> *''Microsporum'' - zoophilic<br /> **Parasites of animals<br /> <br /> *''Trichophyton'' - geophilic<br /> **Inhabits soil<br /> <br /> *''Epidermophyton'' - anthropophilic<br /> **Parasites of people<br /> <br /> *Common in many species, especially cats<br /> <br /> *Hot, humid environment predisposes to infection<br /> <br /> *More common in young animals<br /> <br /> *Produce proteolytic enzymes to penetrate surface lipid<br /> <br /> *Fungal hyphae invade keratin -&gt; break into arthrospores<br /> <br /> *Phaeohyphomycosis:<br /> **Occurs sporadically in cats, horses, cattle, fish, reptiles, amphibians, birds, and rarely in dogs <br /> **Examples include: ''Exophiala'' sp., ''Phialophora'' sp., ''Pseudomicrodochium'' sp., ''Bipolaris'' sp., ''Moniella'' sp., ''Cladosporium'' sp., ''Wangiella'' sp., ''Curvularia'' spp., ''Exserohilum'' sp., ''Alternaria'' sp., ''Staphylotrichum'' sp., and ''Xylohypha'' sp <br /> **Culture is necessary for definitive diagnosis<br /> <br /> ==Pathogenesis==<br /> <br /> *Epidermal hyperplasia ([[Skin Glossary - Pathology|hyperkeratosis, parakeratosis, acanthosis]]) and [[Inflammation - WikiBlood|inflammation]]<br /> <br /> *Superficial perivascular dermatitis -&gt; exocytosis (migration through epidermal layers) -&gt; intracorneal microabscesses<br /> <br /> *Exocytosis -&gt; folliculitis -&gt; furunculosis<br /> <br /> *Highly variable lesions<br /> <br /> *Normal -&gt; eruptive nodular -&gt; pseudomycetoma -&gt; onychomycosis<br /> <br /> *Secondary invasion by [[Staphylococcus spp.|''Staphylococcus aureus'']] and [[Staphylococcus spp.|''Staphylococcus intermedius'']] are common and cause pustules in the hair follicles<br /> <br /> *Grossly:<br /> **Circular or irregular lesion, may coalesce<br /> **Scaly to crusty patches<br /> **Alopecia due to broken hair shafts and hairs lost from inflammed follicles<br /> **Follicular papules and pustules<br /> **Peripheral red ring ('''ringworm''') due to dead fungi in areas of [[Inflammation - WikiBlood|inflammation]] at centre of lesions and viable fungi peripherally<br /> <br /> *More common in housed animals, rather than animals turned out to pasture<br /> <br /> *Highest incidence of disease during the winter<br /> **May resolve spontaneously in the spring and summer<br /> <br /> ==Histology==<br /> <br /> *Perifolliculitis, folliculitis or furunculosis<br /> <br /> *Epidermal hyperplasia<br /> <br /> *Intracorneal microabscesses<br /> <br /> *Septate hyphae or spores may be found in stratum corneum and keratin of hair follicles<br /> <br /> ==Diagnosis==<br /> <br /> *Wood's Lamp<br /> **UV light<br /> **Florourescence if fungi present<br /> <br /> *Samples can be examined in 10-20% KOH for the presence of hyphae or arthrospores<br /> **Lactophenol Cotton Blue enhances visualisation<br /> <br /> *Sabouraud's Dextrose agar containing cyclohexamide and [[Chloramphenicol|chloramphenicol]] at room temperature for a month for culture<br /> <br /> *Dermatophyte Test Medium<br /> **Saubouraud's Dextrose agar with phenol red indicator<br /> **Medium changes from yellow to red if fungi present<br /> <br /> ==Treatment==<br /> <br /> *Isolation of infected animal<br /> <br /> *Precautions should be taken to prevent human infection<br /> <br /> *[[Antifungal Drugs#Griseofluvin|Griseofulvin]] best method of treatment<br /> **Expensive<br /> **Oral dosage<br /> **Prolonged treatment required<br /> <br /> *Whitfield's ointment<br /> **Salicylic and benzoic acid<br /> <br /> *Other treatments:<br /> **Aqueous lime sulphur topically for dogs<br /> **Iodine<br /> **[[Antibiotics|Antibiotics]]<br /> **[[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Natamycin]] antifungal<br /> **[[Antifungal Drugs#The Azoles|Imidiazole]] derivatives<br /> <br /> ==Further Links==<br /> <br /> *Pathology of [[Mycotic skin infections - Pathology#Dermatophytoses|dermatophytosis]]<br /> <br /> *[[Antifungal Drugs]]<br /> <br /> ==Image Gallery==<br /> <br /> {| align=&quot;center&quot;<br /> |&lt;gallery&gt;Image:Dermatophyte arthrospore hair root.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Dermatophyte arthrospores on a hair root'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Dermatophyte mycelium in skin.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Dermatophytosis mycelium in skin'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Dermatophyte skin KOH.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Dermatophyte in skin using a KOH mount'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Dermatophytosis Wood's Lamp.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Dermatophytosis lesion in a cat diagnosed using a Wood's Lamp'''|&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Ringworm on human arm.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Ringworm on a human arm'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Wikimedia Commons&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Dermatophytosis in a dog.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Dermatophytosis in a dog'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Dermatophytosis in a cow.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Dermatophytosis in a cow'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Dermatophytosis in a chicken.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Dermatophytosis in a chicken'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Dermatophytosis dog foot.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Dermatophytosis lesion on a dog's leg'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Dermatophytosis in a horse.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Dermatophytosis in a horse'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Microsporum canis.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Microsporum canis'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Microsporum canis macroconidium.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Microsporum canis macroconidium'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:T.mentagrophytes.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''T.mentagrophytes'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Microsporum canis dysgonic.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Microsporum canis dysgonic at 3 weeks'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Microsporum equinum.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Microsporum equinum'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> |}</div>

Nabrown https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=File:T.mentagrophytes.jpg&diff=44447 2009-06-04T19:44:49Z

<p>Nabrown: T.menatgrophytes Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</p> <hr /> <div>T.menatgrophytes <br /> <br /> Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</div>

Nabrown https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Dermatophytosis&diff=44446 2009-06-04T19:44:17Z

<p>Nabrown: /* Image Gallery */</p> <hr /> <div>{{unfinished}}<br /> <br /> {{toplink<br /> |backcolour =<br /> |linkpage =Fungi<br /> |linktext =FUNGI<br /> |pagetype=Bugs<br /> }}<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> ==General==<br /> <br /> *Pigmented, saprophytic organisms called '''Phaeohyphomycetes'''<br /> **Previously called 'Fungi Imperfecti'<br /> <br /> *The two main species of veterinary interest are ''Microsporum'' and ''Trichophton''<br /> <br /> *Worldwide<br /> <br /> *They are usually secondary invaders<br /> <br /> *Able to penetrate all layers of [[Skin - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|skin]], but are generally restricted to the keratin layer and its appendages<br /> **Therefore, most often seen in subcuticular or cutaneous sites <br /> **Lack of tolerance to body temperature and antifungal activity in serum and body fluids prevent the fungi invading subcutaneously<br /> <br /> *Transmitted by direct or indirect contact<br /> <br /> *Immunuocompromised hosts may develop systemic infections<br /> <br /> *''Microsporum'' - zoophilic<br /> **Parasites of animals<br /> <br /> *''Trichophyton'' - geophilic<br /> **Inhabits soil<br /> <br /> *''Epidermophyton'' - anthropophilic<br /> **Parasites of people<br /> <br /> *Common in many species, especially cats<br /> <br /> *Hot, humid environment predisposes to infection<br /> <br /> *More common in young animals<br /> <br /> *Produce proteolytic enzymes to penetrate surface lipid<br /> <br /> *Fungal hyphae invade keratin -&gt; break into arthrospores<br /> <br /> *Phaeohyphomycosis:<br /> **Occurs sporadically in cats, horses, cattle, fish, reptiles, amphibians, birds, and rarely in dogs <br /> **Examples include: ''Exophiala'' sp., ''Phialophora'' sp., ''Pseudomicrodochium'' sp., ''Bipolaris'' sp., ''Moniella'' sp., ''Cladosporium'' sp., ''Wangiella'' sp., ''Curvularia'' spp., ''Exserohilum'' sp., ''Alternaria'' sp., ''Staphylotrichum'' sp., and ''Xylohypha'' sp <br /> **Culture is necessary for definitive diagnosis<br /> <br /> ==Pathogenesis==<br /> <br /> *Epidermal hyperplasia ([[Skin Glossary - Pathology|hyperkeratosis, parakeratosis, acanthosis]]) and [[Inflammation - WikiBlood|inflammation]]<br /> <br /> *Superficial perivascular dermatitis -&gt; exocytosis (migration through epidermal layers) -&gt; intracorneal microabscesses<br /> <br /> *Exocytosis -&gt; folliculitis -&gt; furunculosis<br /> <br /> *Highly variable lesions<br /> <br /> *Normal -&gt; eruptive nodular -&gt; pseudomycetoma -&gt; onychomycosis<br /> <br /> *Secondary invasion by [[Staphylococcus spp.|''Staphylococcus aureus'']] and [[Staphylococcus spp.|''Staphylococcus intermedius'']] are common and cause pustules in the hair follicles<br /> <br /> *Grossly:<br /> **Circular or irregular lesion, may coalesce<br /> **Scaly to crusty patches<br /> **Alopecia due to broken hair shafts and hairs lost from inflammed follicles<br /> **Follicular papules and pustules<br /> **Peripheral red ring ('''ringworm''') due to dead fungi in areas of [[Inflammation - WikiBlood|inflammation]] at centre of lesions and viable fungi peripherally<br /> <br /> *More common in housed animals, rather than animals turned out to pasture<br /> <br /> *Highest incidence of disease during the winter<br /> **May resolve spontaneously in the spring and summer<br /> <br /> ==Histology==<br /> <br /> *Perifolliculitis, folliculitis or furunculosis<br /> <br /> *Epidermal hyperplasia<br /> <br /> *Intracorneal microabscesses<br /> <br /> *Septate hyphae or spores may be found in stratum corneum and keratin of hair follicles<br /> <br /> ==Diagnosis==<br /> <br /> *Wood's Lamp<br /> **UV light<br /> **Florourescence if fungi present<br /> <br /> *Samples can be examined in 10-20% KOH for the presence of hyphae or arthrospores<br /> **Lactophenol Cotton Blue enhances visualisation<br /> <br /> *Sabouraud's Dextrose agar containing cyclohexamide and [[Chloramphenicol|chloramphenicol]] at room temperature for a month for culture<br /> <br /> *Dermatophyte Test Medium<br /> **Saubouraud's Dextrose agar with phenol red indicator<br /> **Medium changes from yellow to red if fungi present<br /> <br /> ==Treatment==<br /> <br /> *Isolation of infected animal<br /> <br /> *Precautions should be taken to prevent human infection<br /> <br /> *[[Antifungal Drugs#Griseofluvin|Griseofulvin]] best method of treatment<br /> **Expensive<br /> **Oral dosage<br /> **Prolonged treatment required<br /> <br /> *Whitfield's ointment<br /> **Salicylic and benzoic acid<br /> <br /> *Other treatments:<br /> **Aqueous lime sulphur topically for dogs<br /> **Iodine<br /> **[[Antibiotics|Antibiotics]]<br /> **[[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Natamycin]] antifungal<br /> **[[Antifungal Drugs#The Azoles|Imidiazole]] derivatives<br /> <br /> ==Further Links==<br /> <br /> *Pathology of [[Mycotic skin infections - Pathology#Dermatophytoses|dermatophytosis]]<br /> <br /> *[[Antifungal Drugs]]<br /> <br /> ==Image Gallery==<br /> <br /> {| align=&quot;center&quot;<br /> |&lt;gallery&gt;Image:Dermatophyte arthrospore hair root.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Dermatophyte arthrospores on a hair root'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Dermatophyte mycelium in skin.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Dermatophytosis mycelium in skin'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Dermatophyte skin KOH.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Dermatophyte in skin using a KOH mount'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Dermatophytosis Wood's Lamp.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Dermatophytosis lesion in a cat diagnosed using a Wood's Lamp'''|&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Ringworm on human arm.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Ringworm on a human arm'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Wikimedia Commons&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Dermatophytosis in a dog.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Dermatophytosis in a dog'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Dermatophytosis in a cow.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Dermatophytosis in a cow'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Dermatophytosis in a chicken.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Dermatophytosis in a chicken'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Dermatophytosis dog foot.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Dermatophytosis lesion on a dog's leg'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Dermatophytosis in a horse.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Dermatophytosis in a horse'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Microsporum canis.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Microsporum canis'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Microsporum canis macroconidium.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Microsporum canis macroconidium'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:T.mentagrophytes.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''T.mentagrophytes'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Microsporum canis dysgonic.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Microsporum canis dysgonic at 3 weeks'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Microsporum equinum.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Microsporum equinum'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> [[Image:T.mentagrophytes.jpg|T.mentagrophytes - Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath]]</div>

Nabrown https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Systemic_Mycoses&diff=44445 2009-06-04T19:41:51Z

<p>Nabrown: /* Aspergillosis */</p> <hr /> <div>{{unfinished}}<br /> <br /> {{toplink<br /> |backcolour =<br /> |linkpage =Fungi<br /> |linktext =FUNGI<br /> |pagetype=Bugs<br /> }}<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Adiaspiromycosis==<br /> <br /> *Haplomycosis<br /> <br /> *''Emmonsia crescens''<br /> **Does not proliferate within the animal body<br /> **Each spore develops into a thick-walled spherule called an '''adiaspore'''<br /> <br /> *''Chrysosporium parvum, C. crescens''<br /> <br /> *Non-contageous, pulmonary mycosis<br /> <br /> *Worldwide<br /> <br /> *Found in soil<br /> <br /> *Affects burrowing rodents and small animals<br /> <br /> *Respiratory infection<br /> <br /> *Spetate hyphae with large numbers of small, round conidia either singly or in groups on the ends of the short conidiospores can be seen<br /> <br /> *Dimorphic<br /> <br /> *Grows on Sabauraud's Dextrose agar and Blood agar<br /> ==Aspergillosis==<br /> <br /> *Worldwide<br /> <br /> *Common laboratory contaminants<br /> {| align=&quot;right&quot;<br /> |&lt;gallery&gt;Image:Aspergillus cleistothecia.jpg|&lt;p&gt;&lt;center&gt;'''Aspergillus cleistothecia'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> |}<br /> *Widely found in nature<br /> **Colonise a wide range of substrates under different environmental conditions<br /> **Abundant in hay, straw and grain which have heated during storage<br /> <br /> *Pathogenic species include ''Aspergillus fumigatus, A. flavus, A. nidulans, A.niger'' and ''A. terreus''<br /> <br /> *May cause primary or secondary disease<br /> **Infection may be acute, chronic or benign<br /> <br /> *Avians:<br /> **Diffuse infection of the [[Avian Respiration - Anatomy &amp; Physiology#Air Sacs|air sacs]]<br /> **Diffuse pneumonic form<br /> **Nodular form involving the [[Avian Respiration - Anatomy &amp; Physiology#Avian Lungs|lungs]]<br /> **Spores are inhaled<br /> **Yellow nodules in the [[Avian Respiration - Anatomy &amp; Physiology#Avian Lungs|lungs]] and [[Avian Respiration - Anatomy &amp; Physiology#Air Sacs|air sacs]]<br /> **The acute form usually affects young birds and is rapidly fatal (within 24-48 hours)<br /> ***Signs include [[Intestine Diarrhoea - Pathology|diarrhoea]], listlessness, pyrexia, loss of appetite and loss of condition<br /> ***Sometimes convulsions may occur<br /> ***Resembles Pullorum disease<br /> **The chronic form usually occurs in adult birds and is sporadic, presenting with milder clinical signs<br /> {| align=&quot;right&quot;<br /> |&lt;gallery&gt;Image:Aspergillus swan.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Aspergillus in a swan'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> |}<br /> *Cattle:<br /> **Infection can cause abortion and ocular infections<br /> **Infections involve the [[Female Reproductive Tract -The Uterus - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|uterus]], [[Foetal Membranes - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|fetal membranes]] and fetal skin<br /> **Lesions are usually up to 2mm in diameter and contain asteroid bodies with a germinated spore in the centre<br /> ***Acute infection causes miliary lesions<br /> ***Chronic infections causes granulomatous and calcified lesions<br /> <br /> *Horses:<br /> **[[Guttural Pouches Inflammatory - Pathology|Guttural pouch mycosis]] common<br /> **Infection can cause abortion<br /> **May cause [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)|COPD]]<br /> <br /> *Dogs, cats and sheep:<br /> **Infections occur, but infrequently<br /> **[[Lungs - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lungs]] and [[Nasal cavity - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|nasal cavity]] most usually affected<br /> **Disseminated form with granulomas and infarcts can occur in dogs<br /> **Pulmonary and intersitital forms can occur in cats<br /> {| align=&quot;right&quot;<br /> |&lt;gallery&gt;Image:Aspergillus in vivo.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Aspergillus in vivo'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> |}<br /> *Humans:<br /> **Primary and secondary infections<br /> **[[Lungs - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lungs]], [[Skin - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|skin]], [[Nasal cavity - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|nasal sinuses]], [[Special Senses - Auditory - Anatomy &amp; Physiology#Outer Ear|external ear]], [[Bronchi and bronchioles - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|bronchi]], [[Bones and Cartilage - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|bones]] and meninges all affected<br /> **Infection occurs most frequently in immunocompromised patients<br /> <br /> *Grows on Sabauraud's Dextrose and Blood agar<br /> **White colonies intitially which turn green, then dark green, flat and velvety<br /> **Colony colour varies with species<br /> <br /> *Also grows on Czapek-Dox agar and 2% malt extract agar supplemented with antibacterial antibiotics<br /> <br /> *Microscopically:<br /> **Conidiophores with large terminal vesicles (only visible in the [[Lungs - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lungs]] and air sacs where there is access to oxygen)<br /> ***Vesicle shape varies depending on the species<br /> **Is a common contaminant so repeated tests should be done for a definitive diagnosis<br /> <br /> *Serology:<br /> **Gel immunodiffusion for canine nasal asper<br /> <br /> *Treatment:<br /> **Surgery<br /> **Antifungal drugs<br /> ***[[Antifungal Drugs#The Azoles|Ketoconazole]], [[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Nystatin]], [[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Amphotericin B]], [[Antifungal Drugs#Flucytosine|5-fluorocytosine]], [[Antifungal Drugs#The Azoles|Thiabendazole]]<br /> <br /> *Pathology:<br /> **''Aspergillus fumigatus'' causes [[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of rhinitis|rhinitis]], [[Respiratory Fungal Infections - Pathology#|respiratory tract inflammation]] and [[Paranasal Sinuses Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of sinusitis|sinusitis]]<br /> **Sometimes appears on [[Nasal Cavity Hyperplastic and Neoplastic - Pathology#Progressive ethmoidal haematoma|lesions of ethmoidal haematoma]]<br /> <br /> {| align=&quot;center&quot;<br /> |&lt;gallery&gt;Image:Aspergillus sporing heads.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Aspergillus sporing heads'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Mycelium aspergillus quink.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Aspergillus mycelium stained with blue/black Quink'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Mycotic abortion asper 1.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Mycotic Abortion caused by Aspergillus'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Mycotic abortion asper 2.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Mycotic Abortion caused by Aspergillus'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Mycotic abortion asper 3.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Mycotic Abortion caused by Aspergillus'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Nasal Aspergillus.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Nasal Aspergillus'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Canine nasal asper radiograph.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Canine nasal aspergillus radiograph'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Blastomycosis==<br /> <br /> *North America<br /> **Most common in the North-Central and South-Eastern states<br /> <br /> *Caused by ''Blastomyces dermatitidis''<br /> <br /> *Widespread in soil<br /> <br /> *Respiratory infection<br /> <br /> *Lesions start in the [[Lungs - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lungs]] <br /> **Haematogenous dissemination<br /> **Can be found in lesions in the eyes, brain, bones and genitalia<br /> **Fatal if not treated<br /> <br /> *Lesions are also found on the skin<br /> *These may ulcerate<br /> <br /> *Granulomatous nodules<br /> <br /> *Affects mainly dogs (and humans)<br /> **Can affect cats, horses, dolphins, ferrets and sealions but is rare in these species<br /> <br /> *Microscopically:<br /> **Large, spherical, thick-walled cells<br /> **Single buds connected to a mother cell by a wide base<br /> **Double contoured effect of cells<br /> <br /> *Grows on Sabauraud's Dextrose and Blood agar<br /> **On Sabauraud's Dextrose colonies appear moist and grey with a white cotton-like mycelium which turns tan, brown and then black<br /> ***Septate hyphae<br /> ***Small, oval/pyriform conidia<br /> ***Older cultures have thickened walls<br /> **On Blood agar colonies are creamy in colour, waxy and wrinkled<br /> ***Thick-walled budding yeast cells can be seen<br /> <br /> *Diagnosis:<br /> **Complement fixation test<br /> **Falling antibody titres indicate a poor prognosis<br /> **ELISA and counterimmunoelectrophoresis can also be used<br /> <br /> *Treatment:<br /> **[[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Amphotericin B]]<br /> **[[Antifungal Drugs#The Azoles|Imidazoles]]<br /> <br /> ==Coccidioidomycosis==<br /> [[Image:Coccidioidomycosis.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Coccidioidomycosis spherule histopathology - Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath]]<br /> *''Coccidioides immitis''<br /> <br /> *Ocurs in the soil<br /> **Respiratory infections<br /> **Most commonly seen following dust storms<br /> <br /> *Occurs in arid regions<br /> **E.g. South West USA and Mexico<br /> <br /> *Non-contageous, systemic mycosis<br /> <br /> *Affects dogs, cattle, sheep and humans<br /> <br /> *Mainly affects the [[Lungs - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lungs]]<br /> **Dissemination can occur to other organs<br /> <br /> *Causes nodule or granuloma formation<br /> **Localised<br /> **Gross lesions resemble [[Mycobacteria spp.#Bovine tuberculosis|Tb]] in cattle as are usually seen in the bronchial and mediastinal [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lymph nodes]] and occasionally [[Lungs - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lungs]]<br /> **Dissemination can occur, especially in primates and dogs, to the [[Lungs - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lungs]], [[Liver - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|liver]], [[Spleen - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|spleen]], [[Nervous System - CNS - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|brain]] and [[Bones and Cartilage - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|bones]]<br /> <br /> *Thick-walled spherules in tissue<br /> **Large sporangia burst leaving 'ghost' spherules<br /> <br /> *Saprophytic phase consists of coarse, septate, branching hyphae which fragment into thick-walled, barrel-shaped arthrospores which alternate with empty cells<br /> **Stained by Lactose Phenol Cotton Blue<br /> <br /> *Grows on Sabouraud's Dextrose agar and Blood agar<br /> **Flat, moist colonies which develop a coarse, cotton-like aerial mycelium which varies from white to brown in colour<br /> <br /> *Complement fixation test, latex agglutination and immunodiffusion tests can all be used<br /> **A positive skin test indicates exposure<br /> <br /> ==Entomophthoromycisus==<br /> <br /> *Basidiobolmycosis<br /> <br /> *Caused by ''Basidiobolus'' and ''Conidiobulus'' fungi<br /> <br /> *Causes ulcerative granulomas in subcutaneous tissue<br /> <br /> *Affects the oral and nasal mucous membranes<br /> <br /> *''Basidiobolus'' causes large lesions which may involve skin on the head, neck and chest<br /> **Fistulous tracts<br /> **Extends to [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lymph nodes]]<br /> <br /> *Produce flat, waxy colonies which become white and fizzy over time<br /> <br /> *Microscopically:<br /> **Septate hyphae<br /> <br /> *Treatment:<br /> **Surgical excision<br /> **[[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Amphotericin B]] or [[Antifungal Drugs#The Azoles|Ketoconazole]]<br /> <br /> ==Histoplasmosis==<br /> {| align=&quot;right&quot;<br /> |&lt;gallery&gt;Image:Histoplasmosis canine spleen.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Histoplasmosis in a canine spleen'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> *''Histoplasma capsulatum''<br /> <br /> *Non-contageous, systemic mycosis<br /> <br /> *Commonly pulmonary infections occur<br /> **Other organs can be involved<br /> **Involves the reticuloendothelial system<br /> **Intestinal form can also occur<br /> <br /> *Acute and chronic disease can occur<br /> <br /> *Endemic to the USA<br /> **Isolated cases have been reported in Europe<br /> <br /> *Respiratory infection<br /> **Infection via ingestion can also occur<br /> <br /> *Affects dogs, cats, cattle, horses and humans<br /> <br /> *Found in soil contaminated by bird droppings, decaying vegetation and in caves inhabited by bats<br /> {| align=&quot;right&quot;<br /> |&lt;gallery&gt;Image:Histoplasmosis lung.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Histoplasmosis lesions in lungs'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> |}<br /> *Fine, branching, septate hyphae with smooth-walled pyriform to spherical microconidia and large, thick-walled tuberculate macroconidia on simple conidiophores<br /> <br /> *Dimorphic fungi<br /> <br /> *Hard to demonstrate in smears as the organisms is very small<br /> **Stain with Giemsa or Wright and examine under oil immersion lens<br /> <br /> *Present intracellularly in [[Macrophages - WikiBlood|macrophages]] as oval yeast cells with few buds<br /> **Clear halo is seen around the darker staining central material<br /> <br /> *Grows on Sabouraud's Dextrose agar<br /> **Creamy white colonies, turning tan coloured and then brown<br /> <br /> *Also grows on Blood agar<br /> **Small, white yeast-like colonies<br /> <br /> *Test using immunodiffusion, complement fixation and counterimmunoelectrophoresis<br /> **Skin test of little value as it only indicates exposure<br /> <br /> *Treatment with [[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Amphotericin B]]<br /> **If [[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Amphotericin B]] is contra-indicated, [[Antifungal Drugs#Imidazoles|imidazoles]] can be given orally<br /> <br /> *The prognosis is poor in acute and disseminated cases<br /> <br /> <br /> {| align=&quot;center&quot;<br /> |&lt;gallery&gt;Image:Histoplasmosis canine spleen silver stain.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Histoplasmosis in a canine spleen using silver stain'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Histoplasmosis phagocyte.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Histoplasmosis phagocyte'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Histoplasmosis tuberculate chlamydospores.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Histoplasmosis tuberculate chlamydospores'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Zygomycosis==<br /> {| align=&quot;right&quot;<br /> |&lt;gallery&gt;Image:Mucor liver.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Mucor liver'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> *Also known as mucormycosis, hyphomycosis and phycomycosis<br /> <br /> *Caused by strains of ''Mucor, Absidia, Rhizopus'' and ''Mortierella''<br /> **''Mucor circinelloides''(rare), ''Rhizomucor pusillus'' and ''R. meihi''<br /> **''Absidia corymbifera'' often causes zygomycosis in cattle and pigs<br /> **''Rhizopus arrhizus, R. microsporus'' and ''R. rhizopodormis''<br /> **''Mortierella wolfi'' implicated in bovine abortion (mycotic placentitis), ''M. hygrophila'' in fowl and ''M.polycephala'' in cattle<br /> <br /> *Occurs widely in nature<br /> <br /> *Infection is by inhalation and ingestion<br /> <br /> *Infects [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lymph nodes]] of the [[Cardiorespiratory System - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|respiratory]] and [[Alimentary - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|alimentary tract]]<br /> **[[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|Lymph nodes]] enlarge and become caseous<br /> **Can cause [[Alimentary - Anatomy &amp; Physiology#Stomach|stomach]] and [[Small Intestine - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|intestinal]] ulcers<br /> <br /> <br /> *Granulomatous lesions which can ulcerate<br /> {| align=&quot;right&quot;<br /> |&lt;gallery&gt;Image:Mucor rumen.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Mucor mould on the ruminal surface'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup?&lt;/center&gt;&lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> |}<br /> *Mostly localised lesions but can be generalised<br /> *Pigs<br /> **Mediastinal and submandibular [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lymph nodes]] lesions<br /> **Embolic tumours in the [[Liver - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|liver]] and [[Lungs - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lungs]]<br /> **Can also be present in gastric ulcers<br /> <br /> *Cattle<br /> **Bronchial, mesenteric and mediastinal [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lymph nodes]] lesions<br /> **Ulcers of the [[Nasal cavity - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|nasal cavity]] and [[The Abomasum - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|abomasum]] also occur<br /> **Often contaminate the [[Gestation -Placenta - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|placenta]]<br /> <br /> *Horses, dogs, cats, sheep, mink, guinea-pigs and mice can also be infected<br /> <br /> *Microscopically:<br /> **Fragments of non-septate hyphae which are branched and coarse<br /> **''Rhizomucor'' produce a thick, grey mycelium and have short, black, spherical sporangia<br /> **''Mucor'' produce thick, colourless mycelium with no rhizoids. Globose spoangia with small spores are present and sporagiospores are simple or branched.<br /> **''Absidia'' resemble ''Rhizopus'' grossly<br /> **''Mortierella'' produce white, velvet colonies on Sabouraud's Dextrose and Blood agar<br /> <br /> *Grows on Sabauraud's Dextrose agar<br /> **Common contaminants<br /> <br /> *Treatment is with [[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Amphotericin B]]<br /> **Surgery is also an option in treatment<br /> {| align=&quot;center&quot;<br /> |&lt;gallery&gt;Image:Saprolegnia salmon.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Saprolegnia salmon'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Saprolegnia.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Saprolegnia'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Sporangiospores.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Sporangiospores'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Further Links==<br /> <br /> *[[Antifungal Drugs]]</div>

Nabrown https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=File:Mycelium_aspergillus_quink.jpg&diff=44444 2009-06-04T19:40:43Z

<p>Nabrown: Aspergillus mycelium stained with Blue/Black Quink Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</p> <hr /> <div>Aspergillus mycelium stained with Blue/Black Quink<br /> <br /> Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</div>

Nabrown https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Systemic_Mycoses&diff=44443 2009-06-04T19:40:07Z

<p>Nabrown: /* Aspergillosis */</p> <hr /> <div>{{unfinished}}<br /> <br /> {{toplink<br /> |backcolour =<br /> |linkpage =Fungi<br /> |linktext =FUNGI<br /> |pagetype=Bugs<br /> }}<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Adiaspiromycosis==<br /> <br /> *Haplomycosis<br /> <br /> *''Emmonsia crescens''<br /> **Does not proliferate within the animal body<br /> **Each spore develops into a thick-walled spherule called an '''adiaspore'''<br /> <br /> *''Chrysosporium parvum, C. crescens''<br /> <br /> *Non-contageous, pulmonary mycosis<br /> <br /> *Worldwide<br /> <br /> *Found in soil<br /> <br /> *Affects burrowing rodents and small animals<br /> <br /> *Respiratory infection<br /> <br /> *Spetate hyphae with large numbers of small, round conidia either singly or in groups on the ends of the short conidiospores can be seen<br /> <br /> *Dimorphic<br /> <br /> *Grows on Sabauraud's Dextrose agar and Blood agar<br /> ==Aspergillosis==<br /> <br /> [[Image:Mycelium aspergillus quink.jpg|Aspergillus mycelium stained with blue/black Quink - Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath]]<br /> <br /> *Worldwide<br /> <br /> *Common laboratory contaminants<br /> {| align=&quot;right&quot;<br /> |&lt;gallery&gt;Image:Aspergillus cleistothecia.jpg|&lt;p&gt;&lt;center&gt;'''Aspergillus cleistothecia'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> |}<br /> *Widely found in nature<br /> **Colonise a wide range of substrates under different environmental conditions<br /> **Abundant in hay, straw and grain which have heated during storage<br /> <br /> *Pathogenic species include ''Aspergillus fumigatus, A. flavus, A. nidulans, A.niger'' and ''A. terreus''<br /> <br /> *May cause primary or secondary disease<br /> **Infection may be acute, chronic or benign<br /> <br /> *Avians:<br /> **Diffuse infection of the [[Avian Respiration - Anatomy &amp; Physiology#Air Sacs|air sacs]]<br /> **Diffuse pneumonic form<br /> **Nodular form involving the [[Avian Respiration - Anatomy &amp; Physiology#Avian Lungs|lungs]]<br /> **Spores are inhaled<br /> **Yellow nodules in the [[Avian Respiration - Anatomy &amp; Physiology#Avian Lungs|lungs]] and [[Avian Respiration - Anatomy &amp; Physiology#Air Sacs|air sacs]]<br /> **The acute form usually affects young birds and is rapidly fatal (within 24-48 hours)<br /> ***Signs include [[Intestine Diarrhoea - Pathology|diarrhoea]], listlessness, pyrexia, loss of appetite and loss of condition<br /> ***Sometimes convulsions may occur<br /> ***Resembles Pullorum disease<br /> **The chronic form usually occurs in adult birds and is sporadic, presenting with milder clinical signs<br /> {| align=&quot;right&quot;<br /> |&lt;gallery&gt;Image:Aspergillus swan.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Aspergillus in a swan'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> |}<br /> *Cattle:<br /> **Infection can cause abortion and ocular infections<br /> **Infections involve the [[Female Reproductive Tract -The Uterus - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|uterus]], [[Foetal Membranes - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|fetal membranes]] and fetal skin<br /> **Lesions are usually up to 2mm in diameter and contain asteroid bodies with a germinated spore in the centre<br /> ***Acute infection causes miliary lesions<br /> ***Chronic infections causes granulomatous and calcified lesions<br /> <br /> *Horses:<br /> **[[Guttural Pouches Inflammatory - Pathology|Guttural pouch mycosis]] common<br /> **Infection can cause abortion<br /> **May cause [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)|COPD]]<br /> <br /> *Dogs, cats and sheep:<br /> **Infections occur, but infrequently<br /> **[[Lungs - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lungs]] and [[Nasal cavity - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|nasal cavity]] most usually affected<br /> **Disseminated form with granulomas and infarcts can occur in dogs<br /> **Pulmonary and intersitital forms can occur in cats<br /> {| align=&quot;right&quot;<br /> |&lt;gallery&gt;Image:Aspergillus in vivo.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Aspergillus in vivo'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> |}<br /> *Humans:<br /> **Primary and secondary infections<br /> **[[Lungs - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lungs]], [[Skin - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|skin]], [[Nasal cavity - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|nasal sinuses]], [[Special Senses - Auditory - Anatomy &amp; Physiology#Outer Ear|external ear]], [[Bronchi and bronchioles - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|bronchi]], [[Bones and Cartilage - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|bones]] and meninges all affected<br /> **Infection occurs most frequently in immunocompromised patients<br /> <br /> *Grows on Sabauraud's Dextrose and Blood agar<br /> **White colonies intitially which turn green, then dark green, flat and velvety<br /> **Colony colour varies with species<br /> <br /> *Also grows on Czapek-Dox agar and 2% malt extract agar supplemented with antibacterial antibiotics<br /> <br /> *Microscopically:<br /> **Conidiophores with large terminal vesicles (only visible in the [[Lungs - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lungs]] and air sacs where there is access to oxygen)<br /> ***Vesicle shape varies depending on the species<br /> **Is a common contaminant so repeated tests should be done for a definitive diagnosis<br /> <br /> *Serology:<br /> **Gel immunodiffusion for canine nasal asper<br /> <br /> *Treatment:<br /> **Surgery<br /> **Antifungal drugs<br /> ***[[Antifungal Drugs#The Azoles|Ketoconazole]], [[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Nystatin]], [[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Amphotericin B]], [[Antifungal Drugs#Flucytosine|5-fluorocytosine]], [[Antifungal Drugs#The Azoles|Thiabendazole]]<br /> <br /> *Pathology:<br /> **''Aspergillus fumigatus'' causes [[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of rhinitis|rhinitis]], [[Respiratory Fungal Infections - Pathology#|respiratory tract inflammation]] and [[Paranasal Sinuses Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of sinusitis|sinusitis]]<br /> **Sometimes appears on [[Nasal Cavity Hyperplastic and Neoplastic - Pathology#Progressive ethmoidal haematoma|lesions of ethmoidal haematoma]]<br /> <br /> {| align=&quot;center&quot;<br /> |&lt;gallery&gt;Image:Aspergillus sporing heads.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Aspergillus sporing heads'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Mycotic abortion asper 1.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Mycotic Abortion caused by Aspergillus'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Mycotic abortion asper 2.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Mycotic Abortion caused by Aspergillus'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Mycotic abortion asper 3.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Mycotic Abortion caused by Aspergillus'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Nasal Aspergillus.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Nasal Aspergillus'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Canine nasal asper radiograph.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Canine nasal aspergillus radiograph'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Blastomycosis==<br /> <br /> *North America<br /> **Most common in the North-Central and South-Eastern states<br /> <br /> *Caused by ''Blastomyces dermatitidis''<br /> <br /> *Widespread in soil<br /> <br /> *Respiratory infection<br /> <br /> *Lesions start in the [[Lungs - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lungs]] <br /> **Haematogenous dissemination<br /> **Can be found in lesions in the eyes, brain, bones and genitalia<br /> **Fatal if not treated<br /> <br /> *Lesions are also found on the skin<br /> *These may ulcerate<br /> <br /> *Granulomatous nodules<br /> <br /> *Affects mainly dogs (and humans)<br /> **Can affect cats, horses, dolphins, ferrets and sealions but is rare in these species<br /> <br /> *Microscopically:<br /> **Large, spherical, thick-walled cells<br /> **Single buds connected to a mother cell by a wide base<br /> **Double contoured effect of cells<br /> <br /> *Grows on Sabauraud's Dextrose and Blood agar<br /> **On Sabauraud's Dextrose colonies appear moist and grey with a white cotton-like mycelium which turns tan, brown and then black<br /> ***Septate hyphae<br /> ***Small, oval/pyriform conidia<br /> ***Older cultures have thickened walls<br /> **On Blood agar colonies are creamy in colour, waxy and wrinkled<br /> ***Thick-walled budding yeast cells can be seen<br /> <br /> *Diagnosis:<br /> **Complement fixation test<br /> **Falling antibody titres indicate a poor prognosis<br /> **ELISA and counterimmunoelectrophoresis can also be used<br /> <br /> *Treatment:<br /> **[[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Amphotericin B]]<br /> **[[Antifungal Drugs#The Azoles|Imidazoles]]<br /> <br /> ==Coccidioidomycosis==<br /> [[Image:Coccidioidomycosis.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Coccidioidomycosis spherule histopathology - Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath]]<br /> *''Coccidioides immitis''<br /> <br /> *Ocurs in the soil<br /> **Respiratory infections<br /> **Most commonly seen following dust storms<br /> <br /> *Occurs in arid regions<br /> **E.g. South West USA and Mexico<br /> <br /> *Non-contageous, systemic mycosis<br /> <br /> *Affects dogs, cattle, sheep and humans<br /> <br /> *Mainly affects the [[Lungs - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lungs]]<br /> **Dissemination can occur to other organs<br /> <br /> *Causes nodule or granuloma formation<br /> **Localised<br /> **Gross lesions resemble [[Mycobacteria spp.#Bovine tuberculosis|Tb]] in cattle as are usually seen in the bronchial and mediastinal [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lymph nodes]] and occasionally [[Lungs - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lungs]]<br /> **Dissemination can occur, especially in primates and dogs, to the [[Lungs - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lungs]], [[Liver - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|liver]], [[Spleen - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|spleen]], [[Nervous System - CNS - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|brain]] and [[Bones and Cartilage - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|bones]]<br /> <br /> *Thick-walled spherules in tissue<br /> **Large sporangia burst leaving 'ghost' spherules<br /> <br /> *Saprophytic phase consists of coarse, septate, branching hyphae which fragment into thick-walled, barrel-shaped arthrospores which alternate with empty cells<br /> **Stained by Lactose Phenol Cotton Blue<br /> <br /> *Grows on Sabouraud's Dextrose agar and Blood agar<br /> **Flat, moist colonies which develop a coarse, cotton-like aerial mycelium which varies from white to brown in colour<br /> <br /> *Complement fixation test, latex agglutination and immunodiffusion tests can all be used<br /> **A positive skin test indicates exposure<br /> <br /> ==Entomophthoromycisus==<br /> <br /> *Basidiobolmycosis<br /> <br /> *Caused by ''Basidiobolus'' and ''Conidiobulus'' fungi<br /> <br /> *Causes ulcerative granulomas in subcutaneous tissue<br /> <br /> *Affects the oral and nasal mucous membranes<br /> <br /> *''Basidiobolus'' causes large lesions which may involve skin on the head, neck and chest<br /> **Fistulous tracts<br /> **Extends to [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lymph nodes]]<br /> <br /> *Produce flat, waxy colonies which become white and fizzy over time<br /> <br /> *Microscopically:<br /> **Septate hyphae<br /> <br /> *Treatment:<br /> **Surgical excision<br /> **[[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Amphotericin B]] or [[Antifungal Drugs#The Azoles|Ketoconazole]]<br /> <br /> ==Histoplasmosis==<br /> {| align=&quot;right&quot;<br /> |&lt;gallery&gt;Image:Histoplasmosis canine spleen.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Histoplasmosis in a canine spleen'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> *''Histoplasma capsulatum''<br /> <br /> *Non-contageous, systemic mycosis<br /> <br /> *Commonly pulmonary infections occur<br /> **Other organs can be involved<br /> **Involves the reticuloendothelial system<br /> **Intestinal form can also occur<br /> <br /> *Acute and chronic disease can occur<br /> <br /> *Endemic to the USA<br /> **Isolated cases have been reported in Europe<br /> <br /> *Respiratory infection<br /> **Infection via ingestion can also occur<br /> <br /> *Affects dogs, cats, cattle, horses and humans<br /> <br /> *Found in soil contaminated by bird droppings, decaying vegetation and in caves inhabited by bats<br /> {| align=&quot;right&quot;<br /> |&lt;gallery&gt;Image:Histoplasmosis lung.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Histoplasmosis lesions in lungs'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> |}<br /> *Fine, branching, septate hyphae with smooth-walled pyriform to spherical microconidia and large, thick-walled tuberculate macroconidia on simple conidiophores<br /> <br /> *Dimorphic fungi<br /> <br /> *Hard to demonstrate in smears as the organisms is very small<br /> **Stain with Giemsa or Wright and examine under oil immersion lens<br /> <br /> *Present intracellularly in [[Macrophages - WikiBlood|macrophages]] as oval yeast cells with few buds<br /> **Clear halo is seen around the darker staining central material<br /> <br /> *Grows on Sabouraud's Dextrose agar<br /> **Creamy white colonies, turning tan coloured and then brown<br /> <br /> *Also grows on Blood agar<br /> **Small, white yeast-like colonies<br /> <br /> *Test using immunodiffusion, complement fixation and counterimmunoelectrophoresis<br /> **Skin test of little value as it only indicates exposure<br /> <br /> *Treatment with [[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Amphotericin B]]<br /> **If [[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Amphotericin B]] is contra-indicated, [[Antifungal Drugs#Imidazoles|imidazoles]] can be given orally<br /> <br /> *The prognosis is poor in acute and disseminated cases<br /> <br /> <br /> {| align=&quot;center&quot;<br /> |&lt;gallery&gt;Image:Histoplasmosis canine spleen silver stain.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Histoplasmosis in a canine spleen using silver stain'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Histoplasmosis phagocyte.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Histoplasmosis phagocyte'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Histoplasmosis tuberculate chlamydospores.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Histoplasmosis tuberculate chlamydospores'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Zygomycosis==<br /> {| align=&quot;right&quot;<br /> |&lt;gallery&gt;Image:Mucor liver.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Mucor liver'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> *Also known as mucormycosis, hyphomycosis and phycomycosis<br /> <br /> *Caused by strains of ''Mucor, Absidia, Rhizopus'' and ''Mortierella''<br /> **''Mucor circinelloides''(rare), ''Rhizomucor pusillus'' and ''R. meihi''<br /> **''Absidia corymbifera'' often causes zygomycosis in cattle and pigs<br /> **''Rhizopus arrhizus, R. microsporus'' and ''R. rhizopodormis''<br /> **''Mortierella wolfi'' implicated in bovine abortion (mycotic placentitis), ''M. hygrophila'' in fowl and ''M.polycephala'' in cattle<br /> <br /> *Occurs widely in nature<br /> <br /> *Infection is by inhalation and ingestion<br /> <br /> *Infects [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lymph nodes]] of the [[Cardiorespiratory System - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|respiratory]] and [[Alimentary - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|alimentary tract]]<br /> **[[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|Lymph nodes]] enlarge and become caseous<br /> **Can cause [[Alimentary - Anatomy &amp; Physiology#Stomach|stomach]] and [[Small Intestine - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|intestinal]] ulcers<br /> <br /> <br /> *Granulomatous lesions which can ulcerate<br /> {| align=&quot;right&quot;<br /> |&lt;gallery&gt;Image:Mucor rumen.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Mucor mould on the ruminal surface'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup?&lt;/center&gt;&lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> |}<br /> *Mostly localised lesions but can be generalised<br /> *Pigs<br /> **Mediastinal and submandibular [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lymph nodes]] lesions<br /> **Embolic tumours in the [[Liver - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|liver]] and [[Lungs - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lungs]]<br /> **Can also be present in gastric ulcers<br /> <br /> *Cattle<br /> **Bronchial, mesenteric and mediastinal [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lymph nodes]] lesions<br /> **Ulcers of the [[Nasal cavity - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|nasal cavity]] and [[The Abomasum - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|abomasum]] also occur<br /> **Often contaminate the [[Gestation -Placenta - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|placenta]]<br /> <br /> *Horses, dogs, cats, sheep, mink, guinea-pigs and mice can also be infected<br /> <br /> *Microscopically:<br /> **Fragments of non-septate hyphae which are branched and coarse<br /> **''Rhizomucor'' produce a thick, grey mycelium and have short, black, spherical sporangia<br /> **''Mucor'' produce thick, colourless mycelium with no rhizoids. Globose spoangia with small spores are present and sporagiospores are simple or branched.<br /> **''Absidia'' resemble ''Rhizopus'' grossly<br /> **''Mortierella'' produce white, velvet colonies on Sabouraud's Dextrose and Blood agar<br /> <br /> *Grows on Sabauraud's Dextrose agar<br /> **Common contaminants<br /> <br /> *Treatment is with [[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Amphotericin B]]<br /> **Surgery is also an option in treatment<br /> {| align=&quot;center&quot;<br /> |&lt;gallery&gt;Image:Saprolegnia salmon.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Saprolegnia salmon'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Saprolegnia.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Saprolegnia'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Sporangiospores.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Sporangiospores'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Further Links==<br /> <br /> *[[Antifungal Drugs]]</div>

Nabrown https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Systemic_Mycoses&diff=44442 2009-06-04T19:37:35Z

<p>Nabrown: /* Aspergillosis */</p> <hr /> <div>{{unfinished}}<br /> <br /> {{toplink<br /> |backcolour =<br /> |linkpage =Fungi<br /> |linktext =FUNGI<br /> |pagetype=Bugs<br /> }}<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Adiaspiromycosis==<br /> <br /> *Haplomycosis<br /> <br /> *''Emmonsia crescens''<br /> **Does not proliferate within the animal body<br /> **Each spore develops into a thick-walled spherule called an '''adiaspore'''<br /> <br /> *''Chrysosporium parvum, C. crescens''<br /> <br /> *Non-contageous, pulmonary mycosis<br /> <br /> *Worldwide<br /> <br /> *Found in soil<br /> <br /> *Affects burrowing rodents and small animals<br /> <br /> *Respiratory infection<br /> <br /> *Spetate hyphae with large numbers of small, round conidia either singly or in groups on the ends of the short conidiospores can be seen<br /> <br /> *Dimorphic<br /> <br /> *Grows on Sabauraud's Dextrose agar and Blood agar<br /> ==Aspergillosis==<br /> *Worldwide<br /> <br /> *Common laboratory contaminants<br /> {| align=&quot;right&quot;<br /> |&lt;gallery&gt;Image:Aspergillus cleistothecia.jpg|&lt;p&gt;&lt;center&gt;'''Aspergillus cleistothecia'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> |}<br /> *Widely found in nature<br /> **Colonise a wide range of substrates under different environmental conditions<br /> **Abundant in hay, straw and grain which have heated during storage<br /> <br /> *Pathogenic species include ''Aspergillus fumigatus, A. flavus, A. nidulans, A.niger'' and ''A. terreus''<br /> <br /> *May cause primary or secondary disease<br /> **Infection may be acute, chronic or benign<br /> <br /> *Avians:<br /> **Diffuse infection of the [[Avian Respiration - Anatomy &amp; Physiology#Air Sacs|air sacs]]<br /> **Diffuse pneumonic form<br /> **Nodular form involving the [[Avian Respiration - Anatomy &amp; Physiology#Avian Lungs|lungs]]<br /> **Spores are inhaled<br /> **Yellow nodules in the [[Avian Respiration - Anatomy &amp; Physiology#Avian Lungs|lungs]] and [[Avian Respiration - Anatomy &amp; Physiology#Air Sacs|air sacs]]<br /> **The acute form usually affects young birds and is rapidly fatal (within 24-48 hours)<br /> ***Signs include [[Intestine Diarrhoea - Pathology|diarrhoea]], listlessness, pyrexia, loss of appetite and loss of condition<br /> ***Sometimes convulsions may occur<br /> ***Resembles Pullorum disease<br /> **The chronic form usually occurs in adult birds and is sporadic, presenting with milder clinical signs<br /> {| align=&quot;right&quot;<br /> |&lt;gallery&gt;Image:Aspergillus swan.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Aspergillus in a swan'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> |}<br /> *Cattle:<br /> **Infection can cause abortion and ocular infections<br /> **Infections involve the [[Female Reproductive Tract -The Uterus - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|uterus]], [[Foetal Membranes - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|fetal membranes]] and fetal skin<br /> **Lesions are usually up to 2mm in diameter and contain asteroid bodies with a germinated spore in the centre<br /> ***Acute infection causes miliary lesions<br /> ***Chronic infections causes granulomatous and calcified lesions<br /> <br /> *Horses:<br /> **[[Guttural Pouches Inflammatory - Pathology|Guttural pouch mycosis]] common<br /> **Infection can cause abortion<br /> **May cause [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)|COPD]]<br /> <br /> *Dogs, cats and sheep:<br /> **Infections occur, but infrequently<br /> **[[Lungs - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lungs]] and [[Nasal cavity - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|nasal cavity]] most usually affected<br /> **Disseminated form with granulomas and infarcts can occur in dogs<br /> **Pulmonary and intersitital forms can occur in cats<br /> {| align=&quot;right&quot;<br /> |&lt;gallery&gt;Image:Aspergillus in vivo.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Aspergillus in vivo'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> |}<br /> *Humans:<br /> **Primary and secondary infections<br /> **[[Lungs - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lungs]], [[Skin - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|skin]], [[Nasal cavity - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|nasal sinuses]], [[Special Senses - Auditory - Anatomy &amp; Physiology#Outer Ear|external ear]], [[Bronchi and bronchioles - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|bronchi]], [[Bones and Cartilage - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|bones]] and meninges all affected<br /> **Infection occurs most frequently in immunocompromised patients<br /> <br /> *Grows on Sabauraud's Dextrose and Blood agar<br /> **White colonies intitially which turn green, then dark green, flat and velvety<br /> **Colony colour varies with species<br /> <br /> *Also grows on Czapek-Dox agar and 2% malt extract agar supplemented with antibacterial antibiotics<br /> <br /> *Microscopically:<br /> **Conidiophores with large terminal vesicles (only visible in the [[Lungs - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lungs]] and air sacs where there is access to oxygen)<br /> ***Vesicle shape varies depending on the species<br /> **Is a common contaminant so repeated tests should be done for a definitive diagnosis<br /> <br /> *Serology:<br /> **Gel immunodiffusion for canine nasal asper<br /> <br /> *Treatment:<br /> **Surgery<br /> **Antifungal drugs<br /> ***[[Antifungal Drugs#The Azoles|Ketoconazole]], [[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Nystatin]], [[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Amphotericin B]], [[Antifungal Drugs#Flucytosine|5-fluorocytosine]], [[Antifungal Drugs#The Azoles|Thiabendazole]]<br /> <br /> *Pathology:<br /> **''Aspergillus fumigatus'' causes [[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of rhinitis|rhinitis]], [[Respiratory Fungal Infections - Pathology#|respiratory tract inflammation]] and [[Paranasal Sinuses Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of sinusitis|sinusitis]]<br /> **Sometimes appears on [[Nasal Cavity Hyperplastic and Neoplastic - Pathology#Progressive ethmoidal haematoma|lesions of ethmoidal haematoma]]<br /> <br /> {| align=&quot;center&quot;<br /> |&lt;gallery&gt;Image:Aspergillus sporing heads.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Aspergillus sporing heads'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Mycotic abortion asper 1.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Mycotic Abortion caused by Aspergillus'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Mycotic abortion asper 2.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Mycotic Abortion caused by Aspergillus'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Mycotic abortion asper 3.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Mycotic Abortion caused by Aspergillus'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Nasal Aspergillus.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Nasal Aspergillus'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Canine nasal asper radiograph.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Canine nasal aspergillus radiograph'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Blastomycosis==<br /> <br /> *North America<br /> **Most common in the North-Central and South-Eastern states<br /> <br /> *Caused by ''Blastomyces dermatitidis''<br /> <br /> *Widespread in soil<br /> <br /> *Respiratory infection<br /> <br /> *Lesions start in the [[Lungs - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lungs]] <br /> **Haematogenous dissemination<br /> **Can be found in lesions in the eyes, brain, bones and genitalia<br /> **Fatal if not treated<br /> <br /> *Lesions are also found on the skin<br /> *These may ulcerate<br /> <br /> *Granulomatous nodules<br /> <br /> *Affects mainly dogs (and humans)<br /> **Can affect cats, horses, dolphins, ferrets and sealions but is rare in these species<br /> <br /> *Microscopically:<br /> **Large, spherical, thick-walled cells<br /> **Single buds connected to a mother cell by a wide base<br /> **Double contoured effect of cells<br /> <br /> *Grows on Sabauraud's Dextrose and Blood agar<br /> **On Sabauraud's Dextrose colonies appear moist and grey with a white cotton-like mycelium which turns tan, brown and then black<br /> ***Septate hyphae<br /> ***Small, oval/pyriform conidia<br /> ***Older cultures have thickened walls<br /> **On Blood agar colonies are creamy in colour, waxy and wrinkled<br /> ***Thick-walled budding yeast cells can be seen<br /> <br /> *Diagnosis:<br /> **Complement fixation test<br /> **Falling antibody titres indicate a poor prognosis<br /> **ELISA and counterimmunoelectrophoresis can also be used<br /> <br /> *Treatment:<br /> **[[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Amphotericin B]]<br /> **[[Antifungal Drugs#The Azoles|Imidazoles]]<br /> <br /> ==Coccidioidomycosis==<br /> [[Image:Coccidioidomycosis.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Coccidioidomycosis spherule histopathology - Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath]]<br /> *''Coccidioides immitis''<br /> <br /> *Ocurs in the soil<br /> **Respiratory infections<br /> **Most commonly seen following dust storms<br /> <br /> *Occurs in arid regions<br /> **E.g. South West USA and Mexico<br /> <br /> *Non-contageous, systemic mycosis<br /> <br /> *Affects dogs, cattle, sheep and humans<br /> <br /> *Mainly affects the [[Lungs - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lungs]]<br /> **Dissemination can occur to other organs<br /> <br /> *Causes nodule or granuloma formation<br /> **Localised<br /> **Gross lesions resemble [[Mycobacteria spp.#Bovine tuberculosis|Tb]] in cattle as are usually seen in the bronchial and mediastinal [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lymph nodes]] and occasionally [[Lungs - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lungs]]<br /> **Dissemination can occur, especially in primates and dogs, to the [[Lungs - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lungs]], [[Liver - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|liver]], [[Spleen - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|spleen]], [[Nervous System - CNS - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|brain]] and [[Bones and Cartilage - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|bones]]<br /> <br /> *Thick-walled spherules in tissue<br /> **Large sporangia burst leaving 'ghost' spherules<br /> <br /> *Saprophytic phase consists of coarse, septate, branching hyphae which fragment into thick-walled, barrel-shaped arthrospores which alternate with empty cells<br /> **Stained by Lactose Phenol Cotton Blue<br /> <br /> *Grows on Sabouraud's Dextrose agar and Blood agar<br /> **Flat, moist colonies which develop a coarse, cotton-like aerial mycelium which varies from white to brown in colour<br /> <br /> *Complement fixation test, latex agglutination and immunodiffusion tests can all be used<br /> **A positive skin test indicates exposure<br /> <br /> ==Entomophthoromycisus==<br /> <br /> *Basidiobolmycosis<br /> <br /> *Caused by ''Basidiobolus'' and ''Conidiobulus'' fungi<br /> <br /> *Causes ulcerative granulomas in subcutaneous tissue<br /> <br /> *Affects the oral and nasal mucous membranes<br /> <br /> *''Basidiobolus'' causes large lesions which may involve skin on the head, neck and chest<br /> **Fistulous tracts<br /> **Extends to [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lymph nodes]]<br /> <br /> *Produce flat, waxy colonies which become white and fizzy over time<br /> <br /> *Microscopically:<br /> **Septate hyphae<br /> <br /> *Treatment:<br /> **Surgical excision<br /> **[[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Amphotericin B]] or [[Antifungal Drugs#The Azoles|Ketoconazole]]<br /> <br /> ==Histoplasmosis==<br /> {| align=&quot;right&quot;<br /> |&lt;gallery&gt;Image:Histoplasmosis canine spleen.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Histoplasmosis in a canine spleen'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> *''Histoplasma capsulatum''<br /> <br /> *Non-contageous, systemic mycosis<br /> <br /> *Commonly pulmonary infections occur<br /> **Other organs can be involved<br /> **Involves the reticuloendothelial system<br /> **Intestinal form can also occur<br /> <br /> *Acute and chronic disease can occur<br /> <br /> *Endemic to the USA<br /> **Isolated cases have been reported in Europe<br /> <br /> *Respiratory infection<br /> **Infection via ingestion can also occur<br /> <br /> *Affects dogs, cats, cattle, horses and humans<br /> <br /> *Found in soil contaminated by bird droppings, decaying vegetation and in caves inhabited by bats<br /> {| align=&quot;right&quot;<br /> |&lt;gallery&gt;Image:Histoplasmosis lung.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Histoplasmosis lesions in lungs'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> |}<br /> *Fine, branching, septate hyphae with smooth-walled pyriform to spherical microconidia and large, thick-walled tuberculate macroconidia on simple conidiophores<br /> <br /> *Dimorphic fungi<br /> <br /> *Hard to demonstrate in smears as the organisms is very small<br /> **Stain with Giemsa or Wright and examine under oil immersion lens<br /> <br /> *Present intracellularly in [[Macrophages - WikiBlood|macrophages]] as oval yeast cells with few buds<br /> **Clear halo is seen around the darker staining central material<br /> <br /> *Grows on Sabouraud's Dextrose agar<br /> **Creamy white colonies, turning tan coloured and then brown<br /> <br /> *Also grows on Blood agar<br /> **Small, white yeast-like colonies<br /> <br /> *Test using immunodiffusion, complement fixation and counterimmunoelectrophoresis<br /> **Skin test of little value as it only indicates exposure<br /> <br /> *Treatment with [[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Amphotericin B]]<br /> **If [[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Amphotericin B]] is contra-indicated, [[Antifungal Drugs#Imidazoles|imidazoles]] can be given orally<br /> <br /> *The prognosis is poor in acute and disseminated cases<br /> <br /> <br /> {| align=&quot;center&quot;<br /> |&lt;gallery&gt;Image:Histoplasmosis canine spleen silver stain.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Histoplasmosis in a canine spleen using silver stain'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Histoplasmosis phagocyte.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Histoplasmosis phagocyte'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Histoplasmosis tuberculate chlamydospores.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Histoplasmosis tuberculate chlamydospores'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Zygomycosis==<br /> {| align=&quot;right&quot;<br /> |&lt;gallery&gt;Image:Mucor liver.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Mucor liver'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> *Also known as mucormycosis, hyphomycosis and phycomycosis<br /> <br /> *Caused by strains of ''Mucor, Absidia, Rhizopus'' and ''Mortierella''<br /> **''Mucor circinelloides''(rare), ''Rhizomucor pusillus'' and ''R. meihi''<br /> **''Absidia corymbifera'' often causes zygomycosis in cattle and pigs<br /> **''Rhizopus arrhizus, R. microsporus'' and ''R. rhizopodormis''<br /> **''Mortierella wolfi'' implicated in bovine abortion (mycotic placentitis), ''M. hygrophila'' in fowl and ''M.polycephala'' in cattle<br /> <br /> *Occurs widely in nature<br /> <br /> *Infection is by inhalation and ingestion<br /> <br /> *Infects [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lymph nodes]] of the [[Cardiorespiratory System - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|respiratory]] and [[Alimentary - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|alimentary tract]]<br /> **[[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|Lymph nodes]] enlarge and become caseous<br /> **Can cause [[Alimentary - Anatomy &amp; Physiology#Stomach|stomach]] and [[Small Intestine - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|intestinal]] ulcers<br /> <br /> <br /> *Granulomatous lesions which can ulcerate<br /> {| align=&quot;right&quot;<br /> |&lt;gallery&gt;Image:Mucor rumen.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Mucor mould on the ruminal surface'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup?&lt;/center&gt;&lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> |}<br /> *Mostly localised lesions but can be generalised<br /> *Pigs<br /> **Mediastinal and submandibular [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lymph nodes]] lesions<br /> **Embolic tumours in the [[Liver - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|liver]] and [[Lungs - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lungs]]<br /> **Can also be present in gastric ulcers<br /> <br /> *Cattle<br /> **Bronchial, mesenteric and mediastinal [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lymph nodes]] lesions<br /> **Ulcers of the [[Nasal cavity - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|nasal cavity]] and [[The Abomasum - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|abomasum]] also occur<br /> **Often contaminate the [[Gestation -Placenta - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|placenta]]<br /> <br /> *Horses, dogs, cats, sheep, mink, guinea-pigs and mice can also be infected<br /> <br /> *Microscopically:<br /> **Fragments of non-septate hyphae which are branched and coarse<br /> **''Rhizomucor'' produce a thick, grey mycelium and have short, black, spherical sporangia<br /> **''Mucor'' produce thick, colourless mycelium with no rhizoids. Globose spoangia with small spores are present and sporagiospores are simple or branched.<br /> **''Absidia'' resemble ''Rhizopus'' grossly<br /> **''Mortierella'' produce white, velvet colonies on Sabouraud's Dextrose and Blood agar<br /> <br /> *Grows on Sabauraud's Dextrose agar<br /> **Common contaminants<br /> <br /> *Treatment is with [[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Amphotericin B]]<br /> **Surgery is also an option in treatment<br /> {| align=&quot;center&quot;<br /> |&lt;gallery&gt;Image:Saprolegnia salmon.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Saprolegnia salmon'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Saprolegnia.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Saprolegnia'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Sporangiospores.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Sporangiospores'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Further Links==<br /> <br /> *[[Antifungal Drugs]]</div>

Nabrown https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=File:Nasal_Aspergillus.jpg&diff=44441 2009-06-04T19:35:05Z

<p>Nabrown: Nasal Aspergillus Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</p> <hr /> <div>Nasal Aspergillus<br /> <br /> Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</div>

Nabrown https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=File:Mycotic_abortion_asper_3.jpg&diff=44440 2009-06-04T19:34:31Z

<p>Nabrown: Mycotic Abortion caused by Aspergillus Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</p> <hr /> <div>Mycotic Abortion caused by Aspergillus<br /> <br /> Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</div>

Nabrown https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=File:Mycotic_abortion_asper_2.jpg&diff=44439 2009-06-04T19:33:49Z

<p>Nabrown: Mycotic Abortion caused by Aspergillus Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</p> <hr /> <div>Mycotic Abortion caused by Aspergillus<br /> <br /> Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</div>

Nabrown https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=File:Mycotic_abortion_asper_1.jpg&diff=44438 2009-06-04T19:33:13Z

<p>Nabrown: </p> <hr /> <div>Mycotic Abortion caused by Aspergillus<br /> <br /> Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</div>

Nabrown https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=File:Mycotic_abortion_asper_1.jpg&diff=44437 2009-06-04T19:32:51Z

<p>Nabrown: Mycotic abortion asper 1.jpg|Mycotic Abortion caused by Aspergillus Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</p> <hr /> <div>Mycotic abortion asper 1.jpg|Mycotic Abortion caused by Aspergillus<br /> <br /> Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</div>

Nabrown https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Systemic_Mycoses&diff=44436 2009-06-04T19:31:45Z

<p>Nabrown: /* Aspergillosis */</p> <hr /> <div>{{unfinished}}<br /> <br /> {{toplink<br /> |backcolour =<br /> |linkpage =Fungi<br /> |linktext =FUNGI<br /> |pagetype=Bugs<br /> }}<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Adiaspiromycosis==<br /> <br /> *Haplomycosis<br /> <br /> *''Emmonsia crescens''<br /> **Does not proliferate within the animal body<br /> **Each spore develops into a thick-walled spherule called an '''adiaspore'''<br /> <br /> *''Chrysosporium parvum, C. crescens''<br /> <br /> *Non-contageous, pulmonary mycosis<br /> <br /> *Worldwide<br /> <br /> *Found in soil<br /> <br /> *Affects burrowing rodents and small animals<br /> <br /> *Respiratory infection<br /> <br /> *Spetate hyphae with large numbers of small, round conidia either singly or in groups on the ends of the short conidiospores can be seen<br /> <br /> *Dimorphic<br /> <br /> *Grows on Sabauraud's Dextrose agar and Blood agar<br /> ==Aspergillosis==<br /> *Worldwide<br /> <br /> *Common laboratory contaminants<br /> {| align=&quot;right&quot;<br /> |&lt;gallery&gt;Image:Aspergillus cleistothecia.jpg|&lt;p&gt;&lt;center&gt;'''Aspergillus cleistothecia'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> |}<br /> *Widely found in nature<br /> **Colonise a wide range of substrates under different environmental conditions<br /> **Abundant in hay, straw and grain which have heated during storage<br /> <br /> *Pathogenic species include ''Aspergillus fumigatus, A. flavus, A. nidulans, A.niger'' and ''A. terreus''<br /> <br /> *May cause primary or secondary disease<br /> **Infection may be acute, chronic or benign<br /> <br /> *Avians:<br /> **Diffuse infection of the [[Avian Respiration - Anatomy &amp; Physiology#Air Sacs|air sacs]]<br /> **Diffuse pneumonic form<br /> **Nodular form involving the [[Avian Respiration - Anatomy &amp; Physiology#Avian Lungs|lungs]]<br /> **Spores are inhaled<br /> **Yellow nodules in the [[Avian Respiration - Anatomy &amp; Physiology#Avian Lungs|lungs]] and [[Avian Respiration - Anatomy &amp; Physiology#Air Sacs|air sacs]]<br /> **The acute form usually affects young birds and is rapidly fatal (within 24-48 hours)<br /> ***Signs include [[Intestine Diarrhoea - Pathology|diarrhoea]], listlessness, pyrexia, loss of appetite and loss of condition<br /> ***Sometimes convulsions may occur<br /> ***Resembles Pullorum disease<br /> **The chronic form usually occurs in adult birds and is sporadic, presenting with milder clinical signs<br /> {| align=&quot;right&quot;<br /> |&lt;gallery&gt;Image:Aspergillus swan.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Aspergillus in a swan'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> |}<br /> *Cattle:<br /> **Infection can cause abortion and ocular infections<br /> **Infections involve the [[Female Reproductive Tract -The Uterus - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|uterus]], [[Foetal Membranes - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|fetal membranes]] and fetal skin<br /> **Lesions are usually up to 2mm in diameter and contain asteroid bodies with a germinated spore in the centre<br /> ***Acute infection causes miliary lesions<br /> ***Chronic infections causes granulomatous and calcified lesions<br /> <br /> *Horses:<br /> **[[Guttural Pouches Inflammatory - Pathology|Guttural pouch mycosis]] common<br /> **Infection can cause abortion<br /> **May cause [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)|COPD]]<br /> <br /> *Dogs, cats and sheep:<br /> **Infections occur, but infrequently<br /> **[[Lungs - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lungs]] and [[Nasal cavity - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|nasal cavity]] most usually affected<br /> **Disseminated form with granulomas and infarcts can occur in dogs<br /> **Pulmonary and intersitital forms can occur in cats<br /> {| align=&quot;right&quot;<br /> |&lt;gallery&gt;Image:Aspergillus in vivo.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Aspergillus in vivo'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> |}<br /> *Humans:<br /> **Primary and secondary infections<br /> **[[Lungs - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lungs]], [[Skin - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|skin]], [[Nasal cavity - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|nasal sinuses]], [[Special Senses - Auditory - Anatomy &amp; Physiology#Outer Ear|external ear]], [[Bronchi and bronchioles - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|bronchi]], [[Bones and Cartilage - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|bones]] and meninges all affected<br /> **Infection occurs most frequently in immunocompromised patients<br /> <br /> *Grows on Sabauraud's Dextrose and Blood agar<br /> **White colonies intitially which turn green, then dark green, flat and velvety<br /> **Colony colour varies with species<br /> <br /> *Also grows on Czapek-Dox agar and 2% malt extract agar supplemented with antibacterial antibiotics<br /> <br /> *Microscopically:<br /> **Conidiophores with large terminal vesicles (only visible in the [[Lungs - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lungs]] and air sacs where there is access to oxygen)<br /> ***Vesicle shape varies depending on the species<br /> **Is a common contaminant so repeated tests should be done for a definitive diagnosis<br /> <br /> *Serology:<br /> **Gel immunodiffusion for canine nasal asper<br /> <br /> *Treatment:<br /> **Surgery<br /> **Antifungal drugs<br /> ***[[Antifungal Drugs#The Azoles|Ketoconazole]], [[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Nystatin]], [[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Amphotericin B]], [[Antifungal Drugs#Flucytosine|5-fluorocytosine]], [[Antifungal Drugs#The Azoles|Thiabendazole]]<br /> <br /> *Pathology:<br /> **''Aspergillus fumigatus'' causes [[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of rhinitis|rhinitis]], [[Respiratory Fungal Infections - Pathology#|respiratory tract inflammation]] and [[Paranasal Sinuses Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of sinusitis|sinusitis]]<br /> **Sometimes appears on [[Nasal Cavity Hyperplastic and Neoplastic - Pathology#Progressive ethmoidal haematoma|lesions of ethmoidal haematoma]]<br /> <br /> {| align=&quot;center&quot;<br /> |&lt;gallery&gt;Image:Aspergillus sporing heads.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Aspergillus sporing heads'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Canine nasal asper radiograph.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Canine nasal aspergillus radiograph'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> [[Image:Mycotic abortion asper 1.jpg|Mycotic Abortion caused by Aspergillus - Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath]]<br /> [[Image:Mycotic abortion asper 2.jpg|Mycotic Abortion caused by Aspergillus - Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath]]<br /> [[Image:Mycotic abortion asper 3.jpg|Mycotic Abortion caused by Aspergillus - Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath]]<br /> [[Image:Nasal Aspergillus.jpg|Nasal Aspergillus - Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath]]<br /> <br /> ==Blastomycosis==<br /> <br /> *North America<br /> **Most common in the North-Central and South-Eastern states<br /> <br /> *Caused by ''Blastomyces dermatitidis''<br /> <br /> *Widespread in soil<br /> <br /> *Respiratory infection<br /> <br /> *Lesions start in the [[Lungs - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lungs]] <br /> **Haematogenous dissemination<br /> **Can be found in lesions in the eyes, brain, bones and genitalia<br /> **Fatal if not treated<br /> <br /> *Lesions are also found on the skin<br /> *These may ulcerate<br /> <br /> *Granulomatous nodules<br /> <br /> *Affects mainly dogs (and humans)<br /> **Can affect cats, horses, dolphins, ferrets and sealions but is rare in these species<br /> <br /> *Microscopically:<br /> **Large, spherical, thick-walled cells<br /> **Single buds connected to a mother cell by a wide base<br /> **Double contoured effect of cells<br /> <br /> *Grows on Sabauraud's Dextrose and Blood agar<br /> **On Sabauraud's Dextrose colonies appear moist and grey with a white cotton-like mycelium which turns tan, brown and then black<br /> ***Septate hyphae<br /> ***Small, oval/pyriform conidia<br /> ***Older cultures have thickened walls<br /> **On Blood agar colonies are creamy in colour, waxy and wrinkled<br /> ***Thick-walled budding yeast cells can be seen<br /> <br /> *Diagnosis:<br /> **Complement fixation test<br /> **Falling antibody titres indicate a poor prognosis<br /> **ELISA and counterimmunoelectrophoresis can also be used<br /> <br /> *Treatment:<br /> **[[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Amphotericin B]]<br /> **[[Antifungal Drugs#The Azoles|Imidazoles]]<br /> <br /> ==Coccidioidomycosis==<br /> [[Image:Coccidioidomycosis.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Coccidioidomycosis spherule histopathology - Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath]]<br /> *''Coccidioides immitis''<br /> <br /> *Ocurs in the soil<br /> **Respiratory infections<br /> **Most commonly seen following dust storms<br /> <br /> *Occurs in arid regions<br /> **E.g. South West USA and Mexico<br /> <br /> *Non-contageous, systemic mycosis<br /> <br /> *Affects dogs, cattle, sheep and humans<br /> <br /> *Mainly affects the [[Lungs - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lungs]]<br /> **Dissemination can occur to other organs<br /> <br /> *Causes nodule or granuloma formation<br /> **Localised<br /> **Gross lesions resemble [[Mycobacteria spp.#Bovine tuberculosis|Tb]] in cattle as are usually seen in the bronchial and mediastinal [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lymph nodes]] and occasionally [[Lungs - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lungs]]<br /> **Dissemination can occur, especially in primates and dogs, to the [[Lungs - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lungs]], [[Liver - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|liver]], [[Spleen - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|spleen]], [[Nervous System - CNS - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|brain]] and [[Bones and Cartilage - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|bones]]<br /> <br /> *Thick-walled spherules in tissue<br /> **Large sporangia burst leaving 'ghost' spherules<br /> <br /> *Saprophytic phase consists of coarse, septate, branching hyphae which fragment into thick-walled, barrel-shaped arthrospores which alternate with empty cells<br /> **Stained by Lactose Phenol Cotton Blue<br /> <br /> *Grows on Sabouraud's Dextrose agar and Blood agar<br /> **Flat, moist colonies which develop a coarse, cotton-like aerial mycelium which varies from white to brown in colour<br /> <br /> *Complement fixation test, latex agglutination and immunodiffusion tests can all be used<br /> **A positive skin test indicates exposure<br /> <br /> ==Entomophthoromycisus==<br /> <br /> *Basidiobolmycosis<br /> <br /> *Caused by ''Basidiobolus'' and ''Conidiobulus'' fungi<br /> <br /> *Causes ulcerative granulomas in subcutaneous tissue<br /> <br /> *Affects the oral and nasal mucous membranes<br /> <br /> *''Basidiobolus'' causes large lesions which may involve skin on the head, neck and chest<br /> **Fistulous tracts<br /> **Extends to [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lymph nodes]]<br /> <br /> *Produce flat, waxy colonies which become white and fizzy over time<br /> <br /> *Microscopically:<br /> **Septate hyphae<br /> <br /> *Treatment:<br /> **Surgical excision<br /> **[[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Amphotericin B]] or [[Antifungal Drugs#The Azoles|Ketoconazole]]<br /> <br /> ==Histoplasmosis==<br /> {| align=&quot;right&quot;<br /> |&lt;gallery&gt;Image:Histoplasmosis canine spleen.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Histoplasmosis in a canine spleen'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> *''Histoplasma capsulatum''<br /> <br /> *Non-contageous, systemic mycosis<br /> <br /> *Commonly pulmonary infections occur<br /> **Other organs can be involved<br /> **Involves the reticuloendothelial system<br /> **Intestinal form can also occur<br /> <br /> *Acute and chronic disease can occur<br /> <br /> *Endemic to the USA<br /> **Isolated cases have been reported in Europe<br /> <br /> *Respiratory infection<br /> **Infection via ingestion can also occur<br /> <br /> *Affects dogs, cats, cattle, horses and humans<br /> <br /> *Found in soil contaminated by bird droppings, decaying vegetation and in caves inhabited by bats<br /> {| align=&quot;right&quot;<br /> |&lt;gallery&gt;Image:Histoplasmosis lung.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Histoplasmosis lesions in lungs'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> |}<br /> *Fine, branching, septate hyphae with smooth-walled pyriform to spherical microconidia and large, thick-walled tuberculate macroconidia on simple conidiophores<br /> <br /> *Dimorphic fungi<br /> <br /> *Hard to demonstrate in smears as the organisms is very small<br /> **Stain with Giemsa or Wright and examine under oil immersion lens<br /> <br /> *Present intracellularly in [[Macrophages - WikiBlood|macrophages]] as oval yeast cells with few buds<br /> **Clear halo is seen around the darker staining central material<br /> <br /> *Grows on Sabouraud's Dextrose agar<br /> **Creamy white colonies, turning tan coloured and then brown<br /> <br /> *Also grows on Blood agar<br /> **Small, white yeast-like colonies<br /> <br /> *Test using immunodiffusion, complement fixation and counterimmunoelectrophoresis<br /> **Skin test of little value as it only indicates exposure<br /> <br /> *Treatment with [[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Amphotericin B]]<br /> **If [[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Amphotericin B]] is contra-indicated, [[Antifungal Drugs#Imidazoles|imidazoles]] can be given orally<br /> <br /> *The prognosis is poor in acute and disseminated cases<br /> <br /> <br /> {| align=&quot;center&quot;<br /> |&lt;gallery&gt;Image:Histoplasmosis canine spleen silver stain.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Histoplasmosis in a canine spleen using silver stain'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Histoplasmosis phagocyte.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Histoplasmosis phagocyte'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Histoplasmosis tuberculate chlamydospores.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Histoplasmosis tuberculate chlamydospores'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Zygomycosis==<br /> {| align=&quot;right&quot;<br /> |&lt;gallery&gt;Image:Mucor liver.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Mucor liver'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> *Also known as mucormycosis, hyphomycosis and phycomycosis<br /> <br /> *Caused by strains of ''Mucor, Absidia, Rhizopus'' and ''Mortierella''<br /> **''Mucor circinelloides''(rare), ''Rhizomucor pusillus'' and ''R. meihi''<br /> **''Absidia corymbifera'' often causes zygomycosis in cattle and pigs<br /> **''Rhizopus arrhizus, R. microsporus'' and ''R. rhizopodormis''<br /> **''Mortierella wolfi'' implicated in bovine abortion (mycotic placentitis), ''M. hygrophila'' in fowl and ''M.polycephala'' in cattle<br /> <br /> *Occurs widely in nature<br /> <br /> *Infection is by inhalation and ingestion<br /> <br /> *Infects [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lymph nodes]] of the [[Cardiorespiratory System - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|respiratory]] and [[Alimentary - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|alimentary tract]]<br /> **[[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|Lymph nodes]] enlarge and become caseous<br /> **Can cause [[Alimentary - Anatomy &amp; Physiology#Stomach|stomach]] and [[Small Intestine - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|intestinal]] ulcers<br /> <br /> <br /> *Granulomatous lesions which can ulcerate<br /> {| align=&quot;right&quot;<br /> |&lt;gallery&gt;Image:Mucor rumen.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Mucor mould on the ruminal surface'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup?&lt;/center&gt;&lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> |}<br /> *Mostly localised lesions but can be generalised<br /> *Pigs<br /> **Mediastinal and submandibular [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lymph nodes]] lesions<br /> **Embolic tumours in the [[Liver - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|liver]] and [[Lungs - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lungs]]<br /> **Can also be present in gastric ulcers<br /> <br /> *Cattle<br /> **Bronchial, mesenteric and mediastinal [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lymph nodes]] lesions<br /> **Ulcers of the [[Nasal cavity - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|nasal cavity]] and [[The Abomasum - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|abomasum]] also occur<br /> **Often contaminate the [[Gestation -Placenta - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|placenta]]<br /> <br /> *Horses, dogs, cats, sheep, mink, guinea-pigs and mice can also be infected<br /> <br /> *Microscopically:<br /> **Fragments of non-septate hyphae which are branched and coarse<br /> **''Rhizomucor'' produce a thick, grey mycelium and have short, black, spherical sporangia<br /> **''Mucor'' produce thick, colourless mycelium with no rhizoids. Globose spoangia with small spores are present and sporagiospores are simple or branched.<br /> **''Absidia'' resemble ''Rhizopus'' grossly<br /> **''Mortierella'' produce white, velvet colonies on Sabouraud's Dextrose and Blood agar<br /> <br /> *Grows on Sabauraud's Dextrose agar<br /> **Common contaminants<br /> <br /> *Treatment is with [[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Amphotericin B]]<br /> **Surgery is also an option in treatment<br /> {| align=&quot;center&quot;<br /> |&lt;gallery&gt;Image:Saprolegnia salmon.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Saprolegnia salmon'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Saprolegnia.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Saprolegnia'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Sporangiospores.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Sporangiospores'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Further Links==<br /> <br /> *[[Antifungal Drugs]]</div>

Nabrown https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Systemic_Mycoses&diff=44435 2009-06-04T19:29:52Z

<p>Nabrown: /* Aspergillosis */</p> <hr /> <div>{{unfinished}}<br /> <br /> {{toplink<br /> |backcolour =<br /> |linkpage =Fungi<br /> |linktext =FUNGI<br /> |pagetype=Bugs<br /> }}<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Adiaspiromycosis==<br /> <br /> *Haplomycosis<br /> <br /> *''Emmonsia crescens''<br /> **Does not proliferate within the animal body<br /> **Each spore develops into a thick-walled spherule called an '''adiaspore'''<br /> <br /> *''Chrysosporium parvum, C. crescens''<br /> <br /> *Non-contageous, pulmonary mycosis<br /> <br /> *Worldwide<br /> <br /> *Found in soil<br /> <br /> *Affects burrowing rodents and small animals<br /> <br /> *Respiratory infection<br /> <br /> *Spetate hyphae with large numbers of small, round conidia either singly or in groups on the ends of the short conidiospores can be seen<br /> <br /> *Dimorphic<br /> <br /> *Grows on Sabauraud's Dextrose agar and Blood agar<br /> ==Aspergillosis==<br /> *Worldwide<br /> <br /> *Common laboratory contaminants<br /> {| align=&quot;right&quot;<br /> |&lt;gallery&gt;Image:Aspergillus cleistothecia.jpg|&lt;p&gt;&lt;center&gt;'''Aspergillus cleistothecia'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> |}<br /> *Widely found in nature<br /> **Colonise a wide range of substrates under different environmental conditions<br /> **Abundant in hay, straw and grain which have heated during storage<br /> <br /> *Pathogenic species include ''Aspergillus fumigatus, A. flavus, A. nidulans, A.niger'' and ''A. terreus''<br /> <br /> *May cause primary or secondary disease<br /> **Infection may be acute, chronic or benign<br /> <br /> *Avians:<br /> **Diffuse infection of the [[Avian Respiration - Anatomy &amp; Physiology#Air Sacs|air sacs]]<br /> **Diffuse pneumonic form<br /> **Nodular form involving the [[Avian Respiration - Anatomy &amp; Physiology#Avian Lungs|lungs]]<br /> **Spores are inhaled<br /> **Yellow nodules in the [[Avian Respiration - Anatomy &amp; Physiology#Avian Lungs|lungs]] and [[Avian Respiration - Anatomy &amp; Physiology#Air Sacs|air sacs]]<br /> **The acute form usually affects young birds and is rapidly fatal (within 24-48 hours)<br /> ***Signs include [[Intestine Diarrhoea - Pathology|diarrhoea]], listlessness, pyrexia, loss of appetite and loss of condition<br /> ***Sometimes convulsions may occur<br /> ***Resembles Pullorum disease<br /> **The chronic form usually occurs in adult birds and is sporadic, presenting with milder clinical signs<br /> {| align=&quot;right&quot;<br /> |&lt;gallery&gt;Image:Aspergillus swan.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Aspergillus in a swan'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> |}<br /> *Cattle:<br /> **Infection can cause abortion and ocular infections<br /> **Infections involve the [[Female Reproductive Tract -The Uterus - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|uterus]], [[Foetal Membranes - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|fetal membranes]] and fetal skin<br /> **Lesions are usually up to 2mm in diameter and contain asteroid bodies with a germinated spore in the centre<br /> ***Acute infection causes miliary lesions<br /> ***Chronic infections causes granulomatous and calcified lesions<br /> <br /> *Horses:<br /> **[[Guttural Pouches Inflammatory - Pathology|Guttural pouch mycosis]] common<br /> **Infection can cause abortion<br /> **May cause [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)|COPD]]<br /> <br /> *Dogs, cats and sheep:<br /> **Infections occur, but infrequently<br /> **[[Lungs - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lungs]] and [[Nasal cavity - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|nasal cavity]] most usually affected<br /> **Disseminated form with granulomas and infarcts can occur in dogs<br /> **Pulmonary and intersitital forms can occur in cats<br /> {| align=&quot;right&quot;<br /> |&lt;gallery&gt;Image:Aspergillus in vivo.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Aspergillus in vivo'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> |}<br /> *Humans:<br /> **Primary and secondary infections<br /> **[[Lungs - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lungs]], [[Skin - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|skin]], [[Nasal cavity - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|nasal sinuses]], [[Special Senses - Auditory - Anatomy &amp; Physiology#Outer Ear|external ear]], [[Bronchi and bronchioles - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|bronchi]], [[Bones and Cartilage - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|bones]] and meninges all affected<br /> **Infection occurs most frequently in immunocompromised patients<br /> <br /> *Grows on Sabauraud's Dextrose and Blood agar<br /> **White colonies intitially which turn green, then dark green, flat and velvety<br /> **Colony colour varies with species<br /> <br /> *Also grows on Czapek-Dox agar and 2% malt extract agar supplemented with antibacterial antibiotics<br /> <br /> *Microscopically:<br /> **Conidiophores with large terminal vesicles (only visible in the [[Lungs - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lungs]] and air sacs where there is access to oxygen)<br /> ***Vesicle shape varies depending on the species<br /> **Is a common contaminant so repeated tests should be done for a definitive diagnosis<br /> <br /> *Serology:<br /> **Gel immunodiffusion for canine nasal asper<br /> <br /> *Treatment:<br /> **Surgery<br /> **Antifungal drugs<br /> ***[[Antifungal Drugs#The Azoles|Ketoconazole]], [[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Nystatin]], [[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Amphotericin B]], [[Antifungal Drugs#Flucytosine|5-fluorocytosine]], [[Antifungal Drugs#The Azoles|Thiabendazole]]<br /> <br /> *Pathology:<br /> **''Aspergillus fumigatus'' causes [[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of rhinitis|rhinitis]], [[Respiratory Fungal Infections - Pathology#|respiratory tract inflammation]] and [[Paranasal Sinuses Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of sinusitis|sinusitis]]<br /> **Sometimes appears on [[Nasal Cavity Hyperplastic and Neoplastic - Pathology#Progressive ethmoidal haematoma|lesions of ethmoidal haematoma]]<br /> <br /> {| align=&quot;center&quot;<br /> |&lt;gallery&gt;Image:Aspergillus sporing heads.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Aspergillus sporing heads'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Canine nasal asper radiograph.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Canine nasal aspergillus radiograph'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Blastomycosis==<br /> <br /> *North America<br /> **Most common in the North-Central and South-Eastern states<br /> <br /> *Caused by ''Blastomyces dermatitidis''<br /> <br /> *Widespread in soil<br /> <br /> *Respiratory infection<br /> <br /> *Lesions start in the [[Lungs - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lungs]] <br /> **Haematogenous dissemination<br /> **Can be found in lesions in the eyes, brain, bones and genitalia<br /> **Fatal if not treated<br /> <br /> *Lesions are also found on the skin<br /> *These may ulcerate<br /> <br /> *Granulomatous nodules<br /> <br /> *Affects mainly dogs (and humans)<br /> **Can affect cats, horses, dolphins, ferrets and sealions but is rare in these species<br /> <br /> *Microscopically:<br /> **Large, spherical, thick-walled cells<br /> **Single buds connected to a mother cell by a wide base<br /> **Double contoured effect of cells<br /> <br /> *Grows on Sabauraud's Dextrose and Blood agar<br /> **On Sabauraud's Dextrose colonies appear moist and grey with a white cotton-like mycelium which turns tan, brown and then black<br /> ***Septate hyphae<br /> ***Small, oval/pyriform conidia<br /> ***Older cultures have thickened walls<br /> **On Blood agar colonies are creamy in colour, waxy and wrinkled<br /> ***Thick-walled budding yeast cells can be seen<br /> <br /> *Diagnosis:<br /> **Complement fixation test<br /> **Falling antibody titres indicate a poor prognosis<br /> **ELISA and counterimmunoelectrophoresis can also be used<br /> <br /> *Treatment:<br /> **[[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Amphotericin B]]<br /> **[[Antifungal Drugs#The Azoles|Imidazoles]]<br /> <br /> ==Coccidioidomycosis==<br /> [[Image:Coccidioidomycosis.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Coccidioidomycosis spherule histopathology - Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath]]<br /> *''Coccidioides immitis''<br /> <br /> *Ocurs in the soil<br /> **Respiratory infections<br /> **Most commonly seen following dust storms<br /> <br /> *Occurs in arid regions<br /> **E.g. South West USA and Mexico<br /> <br /> *Non-contageous, systemic mycosis<br /> <br /> *Affects dogs, cattle, sheep and humans<br /> <br /> *Mainly affects the [[Lungs - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lungs]]<br /> **Dissemination can occur to other organs<br /> <br /> *Causes nodule or granuloma formation<br /> **Localised<br /> **Gross lesions resemble [[Mycobacteria spp.#Bovine tuberculosis|Tb]] in cattle as are usually seen in the bronchial and mediastinal [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lymph nodes]] and occasionally [[Lungs - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lungs]]<br /> **Dissemination can occur, especially in primates and dogs, to the [[Lungs - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lungs]], [[Liver - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|liver]], [[Spleen - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|spleen]], [[Nervous System - CNS - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|brain]] and [[Bones and Cartilage - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|bones]]<br /> <br /> *Thick-walled spherules in tissue<br /> **Large sporangia burst leaving 'ghost' spherules<br /> <br /> *Saprophytic phase consists of coarse, septate, branching hyphae which fragment into thick-walled, barrel-shaped arthrospores which alternate with empty cells<br /> **Stained by Lactose Phenol Cotton Blue<br /> <br /> *Grows on Sabouraud's Dextrose agar and Blood agar<br /> **Flat, moist colonies which develop a coarse, cotton-like aerial mycelium which varies from white to brown in colour<br /> <br /> *Complement fixation test, latex agglutination and immunodiffusion tests can all be used<br /> **A positive skin test indicates exposure<br /> <br /> ==Entomophthoromycisus==<br /> <br /> *Basidiobolmycosis<br /> <br /> *Caused by ''Basidiobolus'' and ''Conidiobulus'' fungi<br /> <br /> *Causes ulcerative granulomas in subcutaneous tissue<br /> <br /> *Affects the oral and nasal mucous membranes<br /> <br /> *''Basidiobolus'' causes large lesions which may involve skin on the head, neck and chest<br /> **Fistulous tracts<br /> **Extends to [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lymph nodes]]<br /> <br /> *Produce flat, waxy colonies which become white and fizzy over time<br /> <br /> *Microscopically:<br /> **Septate hyphae<br /> <br /> *Treatment:<br /> **Surgical excision<br /> **[[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Amphotericin B]] or [[Antifungal Drugs#The Azoles|Ketoconazole]]<br /> <br /> ==Histoplasmosis==<br /> {| align=&quot;right&quot;<br /> |&lt;gallery&gt;Image:Histoplasmosis canine spleen.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Histoplasmosis in a canine spleen'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> *''Histoplasma capsulatum''<br /> <br /> *Non-contageous, systemic mycosis<br /> <br /> *Commonly pulmonary infections occur<br /> **Other organs can be involved<br /> **Involves the reticuloendothelial system<br /> **Intestinal form can also occur<br /> <br /> *Acute and chronic disease can occur<br /> <br /> *Endemic to the USA<br /> **Isolated cases have been reported in Europe<br /> <br /> *Respiratory infection<br /> **Infection via ingestion can also occur<br /> <br /> *Affects dogs, cats, cattle, horses and humans<br /> <br /> *Found in soil contaminated by bird droppings, decaying vegetation and in caves inhabited by bats<br /> {| align=&quot;right&quot;<br /> |&lt;gallery&gt;Image:Histoplasmosis lung.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Histoplasmosis lesions in lungs'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> |}<br /> *Fine, branching, septate hyphae with smooth-walled pyriform to spherical microconidia and large, thick-walled tuberculate macroconidia on simple conidiophores<br /> <br /> *Dimorphic fungi<br /> <br /> *Hard to demonstrate in smears as the organisms is very small<br /> **Stain with Giemsa or Wright and examine under oil immersion lens<br /> <br /> *Present intracellularly in [[Macrophages - WikiBlood|macrophages]] as oval yeast cells with few buds<br /> **Clear halo is seen around the darker staining central material<br /> <br /> *Grows on Sabouraud's Dextrose agar<br /> **Creamy white colonies, turning tan coloured and then brown<br /> <br /> *Also grows on Blood agar<br /> **Small, white yeast-like colonies<br /> <br /> *Test using immunodiffusion, complement fixation and counterimmunoelectrophoresis<br /> **Skin test of little value as it only indicates exposure<br /> <br /> *Treatment with [[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Amphotericin B]]<br /> **If [[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Amphotericin B]] is contra-indicated, [[Antifungal Drugs#Imidazoles|imidazoles]] can be given orally<br /> <br /> *The prognosis is poor in acute and disseminated cases<br /> <br /> <br /> {| align=&quot;center&quot;<br /> |&lt;gallery&gt;Image:Histoplasmosis canine spleen silver stain.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Histoplasmosis in a canine spleen using silver stain'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Histoplasmosis phagocyte.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Histoplasmosis phagocyte'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Histoplasmosis tuberculate chlamydospores.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Histoplasmosis tuberculate chlamydospores'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Zygomycosis==<br /> {| align=&quot;right&quot;<br /> |&lt;gallery&gt;Image:Mucor liver.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Mucor liver'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> *Also known as mucormycosis, hyphomycosis and phycomycosis<br /> <br /> *Caused by strains of ''Mucor, Absidia, Rhizopus'' and ''Mortierella''<br /> **''Mucor circinelloides''(rare), ''Rhizomucor pusillus'' and ''R. meihi''<br /> **''Absidia corymbifera'' often causes zygomycosis in cattle and pigs<br /> **''Rhizopus arrhizus, R. microsporus'' and ''R. rhizopodormis''<br /> **''Mortierella wolfi'' implicated in bovine abortion (mycotic placentitis), ''M. hygrophila'' in fowl and ''M.polycephala'' in cattle<br /> <br /> *Occurs widely in nature<br /> <br /> *Infection is by inhalation and ingestion<br /> <br /> *Infects [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lymph nodes]] of the [[Cardiorespiratory System - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|respiratory]] and [[Alimentary - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|alimentary tract]]<br /> **[[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|Lymph nodes]] enlarge and become caseous<br /> **Can cause [[Alimentary - Anatomy &amp; Physiology#Stomach|stomach]] and [[Small Intestine - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|intestinal]] ulcers<br /> <br /> <br /> *Granulomatous lesions which can ulcerate<br /> {| align=&quot;right&quot;<br /> |&lt;gallery&gt;Image:Mucor rumen.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Mucor mould on the ruminal surface'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup?&lt;/center&gt;&lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> |}<br /> *Mostly localised lesions but can be generalised<br /> *Pigs<br /> **Mediastinal and submandibular [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lymph nodes]] lesions<br /> **Embolic tumours in the [[Liver - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|liver]] and [[Lungs - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lungs]]<br /> **Can also be present in gastric ulcers<br /> <br /> *Cattle<br /> **Bronchial, mesenteric and mediastinal [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lymph nodes]] lesions<br /> **Ulcers of the [[Nasal cavity - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|nasal cavity]] and [[The Abomasum - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|abomasum]] also occur<br /> **Often contaminate the [[Gestation -Placenta - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|placenta]]<br /> <br /> *Horses, dogs, cats, sheep, mink, guinea-pigs and mice can also be infected<br /> <br /> *Microscopically:<br /> **Fragments of non-septate hyphae which are branched and coarse<br /> **''Rhizomucor'' produce a thick, grey mycelium and have short, black, spherical sporangia<br /> **''Mucor'' produce thick, colourless mycelium with no rhizoids. Globose spoangia with small spores are present and sporagiospores are simple or branched.<br /> **''Absidia'' resemble ''Rhizopus'' grossly<br /> **''Mortierella'' produce white, velvet colonies on Sabouraud's Dextrose and Blood agar<br /> <br /> *Grows on Sabauraud's Dextrose agar<br /> **Common contaminants<br /> <br /> *Treatment is with [[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Amphotericin B]]<br /> **Surgery is also an option in treatment<br /> {| align=&quot;center&quot;<br /> |&lt;gallery&gt;Image:Saprolegnia salmon.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Saprolegnia salmon'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Saprolegnia.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Saprolegnia'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Sporangiospores.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Sporangiospores'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Further Links==<br /> <br /> *[[Antifungal Drugs]]</div>

Nabrown https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Systemic_Mycoses&diff=44434 2009-06-04T19:29:27Z

<p>Nabrown: /* Aspergillosis */</p> <hr /> <div>{{unfinished}}<br /> <br /> {{toplink<br /> |backcolour =<br /> |linkpage =Fungi<br /> |linktext =FUNGI<br /> |pagetype=Bugs<br /> }}<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Adiaspiromycosis==<br /> <br /> *Haplomycosis<br /> <br /> *''Emmonsia crescens''<br /> **Does not proliferate within the animal body<br /> **Each spore develops into a thick-walled spherule called an '''adiaspore'''<br /> <br /> *''Chrysosporium parvum, C. crescens''<br /> <br /> *Non-contageous, pulmonary mycosis<br /> <br /> *Worldwide<br /> <br /> *Found in soil<br /> <br /> *Affects burrowing rodents and small animals<br /> <br /> *Respiratory infection<br /> <br /> *Spetate hyphae with large numbers of small, round conidia either singly or in groups on the ends of the short conidiospores can be seen<br /> <br /> *Dimorphic<br /> <br /> *Grows on Sabauraud's Dextrose agar and Blood agar<br /> ==Aspergillosis==<br /> *Worldwide<br /> <br /> *Common laboratory contaminants<br /> {| align=&quot;right&quot;<br /> |&lt;gallery&gt;Image:Aspergillus cleistothecia.jpg|&lt;p&gt;&lt;center&gt;'''Aspergillus cleistothecia'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> |}<br /> *Widely found in nature<br /> **Colonise a wide range of substrates under different environmental conditions<br /> **Abundant in hay, straw and grain which have heated during storage<br /> <br /> *Pathogenic species include ''Aspergillus fumigatus, A. flavus, A. nidulans, A.niger'' and ''A. terreus''<br /> <br /> *May cause primary or secondary disease<br /> **Infection may be acute, chronic or benign<br /> <br /> *Avians:<br /> **Diffuse infection of the [[Avian Respiration - Anatomy &amp; Physiology#Air Sacs|air sacs]]<br /> **Diffuse pneumonic form<br /> **Nodular form involving the [[Avian Respiration - Anatomy &amp; Physiology#Avian Lungs|lungs]]<br /> **Spores are inhaled<br /> **Yellow nodules in the [[Avian Respiration - Anatomy &amp; Physiology#Avian Lungs|lungs]] and [[Avian Respiration - Anatomy &amp; Physiology#Air Sacs|air sacs]]<br /> **The acute form usually affects young birds and is rapidly fatal (within 24-48 hours)<br /> ***Signs include [[Intestine Diarrhoea - Pathology|diarrhoea]], listlessness, pyrexia, loss of appetite and loss of condition<br /> ***Sometimes convulsions may occur<br /> ***Resembles Pullorum disease<br /> **The chronic form usually occurs in adult birds and is sporadic, presenting with milder clinical signs<br /> {| align=&quot;right&quot;<br /> |&lt;gallery&gt;Image:Aspergillus swan.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Aspergillus in a swan'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> |}<br /> *Cattle:<br /> **Infection can cause abortion and ocular infections<br /> **Infections involve the [[Female Reproductive Tract -The Uterus - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|uterus]], [[Foetal Membranes - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|fetal membranes]] and fetal skin<br /> **Lesions are usually up to 2mm in diameter and contain asteroid bodies with a germinated spore in the centre<br /> ***Acute infection causes miliary lesions<br /> ***Chronic infections causes granulomatous and calcified lesions<br /> <br /> *Horses:<br /> **[[Guttural Pouches Inflammatory - Pathology|Guttural pouch mycosis]] common<br /> **Infection can cause abortion<br /> **May cause [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)|COPD]]<br /> <br /> *Dogs, cats and sheep:<br /> **Infections occur, but infrequently<br /> **[[Lungs - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lungs]] and [[Nasal cavity - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|nasal cavity]] most usually affected<br /> **Disseminated form with granulomas and infarcts can occur in dogs<br /> **Pulmonary and intersitital forms can occur in cats<br /> {| align=&quot;right&quot;<br /> |&lt;gallery&gt;Image:Aspergillus in vivo.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Aspergillus in vivo'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> |}<br /> *Humans:<br /> **Primary and secondary infections<br /> **[[Lungs - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lungs]], [[Skin - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|skin]], [[Nasal cavity - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|nasal sinuses]], [[Special Senses - Auditory - Anatomy &amp; Physiology#Outer Ear|external ear]], [[Bronchi and bronchioles - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|bronchi]], [[Bones and Cartilage - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|bones]] and meninges all affected<br /> **Infection occurs most frequently in immunocompromised patients<br /> <br /> *Grows on Sabauraud's Dextrose and Blood agar<br /> **White colonies intitially which turn green, then dark green, flat and velvety<br /> **Colony colour varies with species<br /> <br /> *Also grows on Czapek-Dox agar and 2% malt extract agar supplemented with antibacterial antibiotics<br /> <br /> *Microscopically:<br /> **Conidiophores with large terminal vesicles (only visible in the [[Lungs - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lungs]] and air sacs where there is access to oxygen)<br /> ***Vesicle shape varies depending on the species<br /> **Is a common contaminant so repeated tests should be done for a definitive diagnosis<br /> <br /> *Serology:<br /> **Gel immunodiffusion for canine nasal asper<br /> <br /> *Treatment:<br /> **Surgery<br /> **Antifungal drugs<br /> ***[[Antifungal Drugs#The Azoles|Ketoconazole]], [[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Nystatin]], [[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Amphotericin B]], [[Antifungal Drugs#Flucytosine|5-fluorocytosine]], [[Antifungal Drugs#The Azoles|Thiabendazole]]<br /> <br /> *Pathology:<br /> **''Aspergillus fumigatus'' causes [[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of rhinitis|rhinitis]], [[Respiratory Fungal Infections - Pathology#|respiratory tract inflammation]] and [[Paranasal Sinuses Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of sinusitis|sinusitis]]<br /> **Sometimes appears on [[Nasal Cavity Hyperplastic and Neoplastic - Pathology#Progressive ethmoidal haematoma|lesions of ethmoidal haematoma]]<br /> <br /> {| align=&quot;right&quot;<br /> |&lt;gallery&gt;Image:Aspergillus sporing heads.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Aspergillus sporing heads'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Canine nasal asper radiograph.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Canine nasal aspergillus radiograph'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Blastomycosis==<br /> <br /> *North America<br /> **Most common in the North-Central and South-Eastern states<br /> <br /> *Caused by ''Blastomyces dermatitidis''<br /> <br /> *Widespread in soil<br /> <br /> *Respiratory infection<br /> <br /> *Lesions start in the [[Lungs - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lungs]] <br /> **Haematogenous dissemination<br /> **Can be found in lesions in the eyes, brain, bones and genitalia<br /> **Fatal if not treated<br /> <br /> *Lesions are also found on the skin<br /> *These may ulcerate<br /> <br /> *Granulomatous nodules<br /> <br /> *Affects mainly dogs (and humans)<br /> **Can affect cats, horses, dolphins, ferrets and sealions but is rare in these species<br /> <br /> *Microscopically:<br /> **Large, spherical, thick-walled cells<br /> **Single buds connected to a mother cell by a wide base<br /> **Double contoured effect of cells<br /> <br /> *Grows on Sabauraud's Dextrose and Blood agar<br /> **On Sabauraud's Dextrose colonies appear moist and grey with a white cotton-like mycelium which turns tan, brown and then black<br /> ***Septate hyphae<br /> ***Small, oval/pyriform conidia<br /> ***Older cultures have thickened walls<br /> **On Blood agar colonies are creamy in colour, waxy and wrinkled<br /> ***Thick-walled budding yeast cells can be seen<br /> <br /> *Diagnosis:<br /> **Complement fixation test<br /> **Falling antibody titres indicate a poor prognosis<br /> **ELISA and counterimmunoelectrophoresis can also be used<br /> <br /> *Treatment:<br /> **[[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Amphotericin B]]<br /> **[[Antifungal Drugs#The Azoles|Imidazoles]]<br /> <br /> ==Coccidioidomycosis==<br /> [[Image:Coccidioidomycosis.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Coccidioidomycosis spherule histopathology - Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath]]<br /> *''Coccidioides immitis''<br /> <br /> *Ocurs in the soil<br /> **Respiratory infections<br /> **Most commonly seen following dust storms<br /> <br /> *Occurs in arid regions<br /> **E.g. South West USA and Mexico<br /> <br /> *Non-contageous, systemic mycosis<br /> <br /> *Affects dogs, cattle, sheep and humans<br /> <br /> *Mainly affects the [[Lungs - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lungs]]<br /> **Dissemination can occur to other organs<br /> <br /> *Causes nodule or granuloma formation<br /> **Localised<br /> **Gross lesions resemble [[Mycobacteria spp.#Bovine tuberculosis|Tb]] in cattle as are usually seen in the bronchial and mediastinal [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lymph nodes]] and occasionally [[Lungs - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lungs]]<br /> **Dissemination can occur, especially in primates and dogs, to the [[Lungs - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lungs]], [[Liver - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|liver]], [[Spleen - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|spleen]], [[Nervous System - CNS - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|brain]] and [[Bones and Cartilage - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|bones]]<br /> <br /> *Thick-walled spherules in tissue<br /> **Large sporangia burst leaving 'ghost' spherules<br /> <br /> *Saprophytic phase consists of coarse, septate, branching hyphae which fragment into thick-walled, barrel-shaped arthrospores which alternate with empty cells<br /> **Stained by Lactose Phenol Cotton Blue<br /> <br /> *Grows on Sabouraud's Dextrose agar and Blood agar<br /> **Flat, moist colonies which develop a coarse, cotton-like aerial mycelium which varies from white to brown in colour<br /> <br /> *Complement fixation test, latex agglutination and immunodiffusion tests can all be used<br /> **A positive skin test indicates exposure<br /> <br /> ==Entomophthoromycisus==<br /> <br /> *Basidiobolmycosis<br /> <br /> *Caused by ''Basidiobolus'' and ''Conidiobulus'' fungi<br /> <br /> *Causes ulcerative granulomas in subcutaneous tissue<br /> <br /> *Affects the oral and nasal mucous membranes<br /> <br /> *''Basidiobolus'' causes large lesions which may involve skin on the head, neck and chest<br /> **Fistulous tracts<br /> **Extends to [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lymph nodes]]<br /> <br /> *Produce flat, waxy colonies which become white and fizzy over time<br /> <br /> *Microscopically:<br /> **Septate hyphae<br /> <br /> *Treatment:<br /> **Surgical excision<br /> **[[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Amphotericin B]] or [[Antifungal Drugs#The Azoles|Ketoconazole]]<br /> <br /> ==Histoplasmosis==<br /> {| align=&quot;right&quot;<br /> |&lt;gallery&gt;Image:Histoplasmosis canine spleen.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Histoplasmosis in a canine spleen'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> *''Histoplasma capsulatum''<br /> <br /> *Non-contageous, systemic mycosis<br /> <br /> *Commonly pulmonary infections occur<br /> **Other organs can be involved<br /> **Involves the reticuloendothelial system<br /> **Intestinal form can also occur<br /> <br /> *Acute and chronic disease can occur<br /> <br /> *Endemic to the USA<br /> **Isolated cases have been reported in Europe<br /> <br /> *Respiratory infection<br /> **Infection via ingestion can also occur<br /> <br /> *Affects dogs, cats, cattle, horses and humans<br /> <br /> *Found in soil contaminated by bird droppings, decaying vegetation and in caves inhabited by bats<br /> {| align=&quot;right&quot;<br /> |&lt;gallery&gt;Image:Histoplasmosis lung.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Histoplasmosis lesions in lungs'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> |}<br /> *Fine, branching, septate hyphae with smooth-walled pyriform to spherical microconidia and large, thick-walled tuberculate macroconidia on simple conidiophores<br /> <br /> *Dimorphic fungi<br /> <br /> *Hard to demonstrate in smears as the organisms is very small<br /> **Stain with Giemsa or Wright and examine under oil immersion lens<br /> <br /> *Present intracellularly in [[Macrophages - WikiBlood|macrophages]] as oval yeast cells with few buds<br /> **Clear halo is seen around the darker staining central material<br /> <br /> *Grows on Sabouraud's Dextrose agar<br /> **Creamy white colonies, turning tan coloured and then brown<br /> <br /> *Also grows on Blood agar<br /> **Small, white yeast-like colonies<br /> <br /> *Test using immunodiffusion, complement fixation and counterimmunoelectrophoresis<br /> **Skin test of little value as it only indicates exposure<br /> <br /> *Treatment with [[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Amphotericin B]]<br /> **If [[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Amphotericin B]] is contra-indicated, [[Antifungal Drugs#Imidazoles|imidazoles]] can be given orally<br /> <br /> *The prognosis is poor in acute and disseminated cases<br /> <br /> <br /> {| align=&quot;center&quot;<br /> |&lt;gallery&gt;Image:Histoplasmosis canine spleen silver stain.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Histoplasmosis in a canine spleen using silver stain'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Histoplasmosis phagocyte.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Histoplasmosis phagocyte'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Histoplasmosis tuberculate chlamydospores.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Histoplasmosis tuberculate chlamydospores'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Zygomycosis==<br /> {| align=&quot;right&quot;<br /> |&lt;gallery&gt;Image:Mucor liver.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Mucor liver'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> *Also known as mucormycosis, hyphomycosis and phycomycosis<br /> <br /> *Caused by strains of ''Mucor, Absidia, Rhizopus'' and ''Mortierella''<br /> **''Mucor circinelloides''(rare), ''Rhizomucor pusillus'' and ''R. meihi''<br /> **''Absidia corymbifera'' often causes zygomycosis in cattle and pigs<br /> **''Rhizopus arrhizus, R. microsporus'' and ''R. rhizopodormis''<br /> **''Mortierella wolfi'' implicated in bovine abortion (mycotic placentitis), ''M. hygrophila'' in fowl and ''M.polycephala'' in cattle<br /> <br /> *Occurs widely in nature<br /> <br /> *Infection is by inhalation and ingestion<br /> <br /> *Infects [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lymph nodes]] of the [[Cardiorespiratory System - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|respiratory]] and [[Alimentary - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|alimentary tract]]<br /> **[[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|Lymph nodes]] enlarge and become caseous<br /> **Can cause [[Alimentary - Anatomy &amp; Physiology#Stomach|stomach]] and [[Small Intestine - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|intestinal]] ulcers<br /> <br /> <br /> *Granulomatous lesions which can ulcerate<br /> {| align=&quot;right&quot;<br /> |&lt;gallery&gt;Image:Mucor rumen.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Mucor mould on the ruminal surface'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup?&lt;/center&gt;&lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> |}<br /> *Mostly localised lesions but can be generalised<br /> *Pigs<br /> **Mediastinal and submandibular [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lymph nodes]] lesions<br /> **Embolic tumours in the [[Liver - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|liver]] and [[Lungs - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lungs]]<br /> **Can also be present in gastric ulcers<br /> <br /> *Cattle<br /> **Bronchial, mesenteric and mediastinal [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lymph nodes]] lesions<br /> **Ulcers of the [[Nasal cavity - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|nasal cavity]] and [[The Abomasum - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|abomasum]] also occur<br /> **Often contaminate the [[Gestation -Placenta - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|placenta]]<br /> <br /> *Horses, dogs, cats, sheep, mink, guinea-pigs and mice can also be infected<br /> <br /> *Microscopically:<br /> **Fragments of non-septate hyphae which are branched and coarse<br /> **''Rhizomucor'' produce a thick, grey mycelium and have short, black, spherical sporangia<br /> **''Mucor'' produce thick, colourless mycelium with no rhizoids. Globose spoangia with small spores are present and sporagiospores are simple or branched.<br /> **''Absidia'' resemble ''Rhizopus'' grossly<br /> **''Mortierella'' produce white, velvet colonies on Sabouraud's Dextrose and Blood agar<br /> <br /> *Grows on Sabauraud's Dextrose agar<br /> **Common contaminants<br /> <br /> *Treatment is with [[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Amphotericin B]]<br /> **Surgery is also an option in treatment<br /> {| align=&quot;center&quot;<br /> |&lt;gallery&gt;Image:Saprolegnia salmon.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Saprolegnia salmon'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Saprolegnia.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Saprolegnia'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Sporangiospores.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Sporangiospores'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Further Links==<br /> <br /> *[[Antifungal Drugs]]</div>

Nabrown https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Systemic_Mycoses&diff=44433 2009-06-04T19:20:41Z

<p>Nabrown: /* Zygomycosis */</p> <hr /> <div>{{unfinished}}<br /> <br /> {{toplink<br /> |backcolour =<br /> |linkpage =Fungi<br /> |linktext =FUNGI<br /> |pagetype=Bugs<br /> }}<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Adiaspiromycosis==<br /> <br /> *Haplomycosis<br /> <br /> *''Emmonsia crescens''<br /> **Does not proliferate within the animal body<br /> **Each spore develops into a thick-walled spherule called an '''adiaspore'''<br /> <br /> *''Chrysosporium parvum, C. crescens''<br /> <br /> *Non-contageous, pulmonary mycosis<br /> <br /> *Worldwide<br /> <br /> *Found in soil<br /> <br /> *Affects burrowing rodents and small animals<br /> <br /> *Respiratory infection<br /> <br /> *Spetate hyphae with large numbers of small, round conidia either singly or in groups on the ends of the short conidiospores can be seen<br /> <br /> *Dimorphic<br /> <br /> *Grows on Sabauraud's Dextrose agar and Blood agar<br /> ==Aspergillosis==<br /> [[Image:Aspergillus cleistothecia.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Aspergillus cleistothecia - Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath]]<br /> [[Image:Aspergillus swan.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Aspergillus in a swan - Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath]]<br /> [[Image:Aspergillus in vivo.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Aspergillus in vivo - Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath]]<br /> [[Image:Aspergillus sporing heads.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Aspergillus sporing heads - Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath]]<br /> [[Image:Canine nasal asper radiograph.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Canine nasal aspergillus radiograph - Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath]]<br /> *Worldwide<br /> <br /> *Widely found in nature<br /> **Colonise a wide range of substrates under different environmental conditions<br /> **Abundant in hay, straw and grain which have heated during storage<br /> <br /> *Common laboratory contaminants<br /> <br /> *Pathogenic species include ''Aspergillus fumigatus, A. flavus, A. nidulans, A.niger'' and ''A. terreus''<br /> <br /> *May cause primary or secondary disease<br /> **Infection may be acute, chronic or benign<br /> <br /> *Avians:<br /> **Diffuse infection of the [[Avian Respiration - Anatomy &amp; Physiology#Air Sacs|air sacs]]<br /> **Diffuse pneumonic form<br /> **Nodular form involving the [[Avian Respiration - Anatomy &amp; Physiology#Avian Lungs|lungs]]<br /> **Spores are inhaled<br /> **Yellow nodules in the [[Avian Respiration - Anatomy &amp; Physiology#Avian Lungs|lungs]] and [[Avian Respiration - Anatomy &amp; Physiology#Air Sacs|air sacs]]<br /> **The acute form usually affects young birds and is rapidly fatal (within 24-48 hours)<br /> ***Signs include [[Intestine Diarrhoea - Pathology|diarrhoea]], listlessness, pyrexia, loss of appetite and loss of condition<br /> ***Sometimes convulsions may occur<br /> ***Resembles Pullorum disease<br /> **The chronic form usually occurs in adult birds and is sporadic, presenting with milder clinical signs<br /> <br /> *Cattle:<br /> **Infection can cause abortion and ocular infections<br /> **Infections involve the [[Female Reproductive Tract -The Uterus - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|uterus]], [[Foetal Membranes - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|fetal membranes]] and fetal skin<br /> **Lesions are usually up to 2mm in diameter and contain asteroid bodies with a germinated spore in the centre<br /> ***Acute infection causes miliary lesions<br /> ***Chronic infections causes granulomatous and calcified lesions<br /> <br /> *Horses:<br /> **[[Guttural Pouches Inflammatory - Pathology|Guttural pouch mycosis]] common<br /> **Infection can cause abortion<br /> **May cause [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)|COPD]]<br /> <br /> *Dogs, cats and sheep:<br /> **Infections occur, but infrequently<br /> **[[Lungs - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lungs]] and [[Nasal cavity - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|nasal cavity]] most usually affected<br /> **Disseminated form with granulomas and infarcts can occur in dogs<br /> **Pulmonary and intersitital forms can occur in cats<br /> <br /> *Humans:<br /> **Primary and secondary infections<br /> **[[Lungs - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lungs]], [[Skin - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|skin]], [[Nasal cavity - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|nasal sinuses]], [[Special Senses - Auditory - Anatomy &amp; Physiology#Outer Ear|external ear]], [[Bronchi and bronchioles - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|bronchi]], [[Bones and Cartilage - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|bones]] and meninges all affected<br /> **Infection occurs most frequently in immunocompromised patients<br /> <br /> *Grows on Sabauraud's Dextrose and Blood agar<br /> **White colonies intitially which turn green, then dark green, flat and velvety<br /> **Colony colour varies with species<br /> <br /> *Also grows on Czapek-Dox agar and 2% malt extract agar supplemented with antibacterial antibiotics<br /> <br /> *Microscopically:<br /> **Conidiophores with large terminal vesicles (only visible in the [[Lungs - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lungs]] and air sacs where there is access to oxygen)<br /> ***Vesicle shape varies depending on the species<br /> **Is a common contaminant so repeated tests should be done for a definitive diagnosis<br /> <br /> *Serology:<br /> **Gel immunodiffusion for canine nasal asper<br /> <br /> *Treatment:<br /> **Surgery<br /> **Antifungal drugs<br /> ***[[Antifungal Drugs#The Azoles|Ketoconazole]], [[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Nystatin]], [[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Amphotericin B]], [[Antifungal Drugs#Flucytosine|5-fluorocytosine]], [[Antifungal Drugs#The Azoles|Thiabendazole]]<br /> <br /> *Pathology:<br /> **''Aspergillus fumigatus'' causes [[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of rhinitis|rhinitis]], [[Respiratory Fungal Infections - Pathology#|respiratory tract inflammation]] and [[Paranasal Sinuses Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of sinusitis|sinusitis]]<br /> **Sometimes appears on [[Nasal Cavity Hyperplastic and Neoplastic - Pathology#Progressive ethmoidal haematoma|lesions of ethmoidal haematoma]]<br /> <br /> ==Blastomycosis==<br /> <br /> *North America<br /> **Most common in the North-Central and South-Eastern states<br /> <br /> *Caused by ''Blastomyces dermatitidis''<br /> <br /> *Widespread in soil<br /> <br /> *Respiratory infection<br /> <br /> *Lesions start in the [[Lungs - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lungs]] <br /> **Haematogenous dissemination<br /> **Can be found in lesions in the eyes, brain, bones and genitalia<br /> **Fatal if not treated<br /> <br /> *Lesions are also found on the skin<br /> *These may ulcerate<br /> <br /> *Granulomatous nodules<br /> <br /> *Affects mainly dogs (and humans)<br /> **Can affect cats, horses, dolphins, ferrets and sealions but is rare in these species<br /> <br /> *Microscopically:<br /> **Large, spherical, thick-walled cells<br /> **Single buds connected to a mother cell by a wide base<br /> **Double contoured effect of cells<br /> <br /> *Grows on Sabauraud's Dextrose and Blood agar<br /> **On Sabauraud's Dextrose colonies appear moist and grey with a white cotton-like mycelium which turns tan, brown and then black<br /> ***Septate hyphae<br /> ***Small, oval/pyriform conidia<br /> ***Older cultures have thickened walls<br /> **On Blood agar colonies are creamy in colour, waxy and wrinkled<br /> ***Thick-walled budding yeast cells can be seen<br /> <br /> *Diagnosis:<br /> **Complement fixation test<br /> **Falling antibody titres indicate a poor prognosis<br /> **ELISA and counterimmunoelectrophoresis can also be used<br /> <br /> *Treatment:<br /> **[[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Amphotericin B]]<br /> **[[Antifungal Drugs#The Azoles|Imidazoles]]<br /> <br /> ==Coccidioidomycosis==<br /> [[Image:Coccidioidomycosis.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Coccidioidomycosis spherule histopathology - Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath]]<br /> *''Coccidioides immitis''<br /> <br /> *Ocurs in the soil<br /> **Respiratory infections<br /> **Most commonly seen following dust storms<br /> <br /> *Occurs in arid regions<br /> **E.g. South West USA and Mexico<br /> <br /> *Non-contageous, systemic mycosis<br /> <br /> *Affects dogs, cattle, sheep and humans<br /> <br /> *Mainly affects the [[Lungs - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lungs]]<br /> **Dissemination can occur to other organs<br /> <br /> *Causes nodule or granuloma formation<br /> **Localised<br /> **Gross lesions resemble [[Mycobacteria spp.#Bovine tuberculosis|Tb]] in cattle as are usually seen in the bronchial and mediastinal [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lymph nodes]] and occasionally [[Lungs - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lungs]]<br /> **Dissemination can occur, especially in primates and dogs, to the [[Lungs - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lungs]], [[Liver - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|liver]], [[Spleen - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|spleen]], [[Nervous System - CNS - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|brain]] and [[Bones and Cartilage - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|bones]]<br /> <br /> *Thick-walled spherules in tissue<br /> **Large sporangia burst leaving 'ghost' spherules<br /> <br /> *Saprophytic phase consists of coarse, septate, branching hyphae which fragment into thick-walled, barrel-shaped arthrospores which alternate with empty cells<br /> **Stained by Lactose Phenol Cotton Blue<br /> <br /> *Grows on Sabouraud's Dextrose agar and Blood agar<br /> **Flat, moist colonies which develop a coarse, cotton-like aerial mycelium which varies from white to brown in colour<br /> <br /> *Complement fixation test, latex agglutination and immunodiffusion tests can all be used<br /> **A positive skin test indicates exposure<br /> <br /> ==Entomophthoromycisus==<br /> <br /> *Basidiobolmycosis<br /> <br /> *Caused by ''Basidiobolus'' and ''Conidiobulus'' fungi<br /> <br /> *Causes ulcerative granulomas in subcutaneous tissue<br /> <br /> *Affects the oral and nasal mucous membranes<br /> <br /> *''Basidiobolus'' causes large lesions which may involve skin on the head, neck and chest<br /> **Fistulous tracts<br /> **Extends to [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lymph nodes]]<br /> <br /> *Produce flat, waxy colonies which become white and fizzy over time<br /> <br /> *Microscopically:<br /> **Septate hyphae<br /> <br /> *Treatment:<br /> **Surgical excision<br /> **[[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Amphotericin B]] or [[Antifungal Drugs#The Azoles|Ketoconazole]]<br /> <br /> ==Histoplasmosis==<br /> {| align=&quot;right&quot;<br /> |&lt;gallery&gt;Image:Histoplasmosis canine spleen.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Histoplasmosis in a canine spleen'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> *''Histoplasma capsulatum''<br /> <br /> *Non-contageous, systemic mycosis<br /> <br /> *Commonly pulmonary infections occur<br /> **Other organs can be involved<br /> **Involves the reticuloendothelial system<br /> **Intestinal form can also occur<br /> <br /> *Acute and chronic disease can occur<br /> <br /> *Endemic to the USA<br /> **Isolated cases have been reported in Europe<br /> <br /> *Respiratory infection<br /> **Infection via ingestion can also occur<br /> <br /> *Affects dogs, cats, cattle, horses and humans<br /> <br /> *Found in soil contaminated by bird droppings, decaying vegetation and in caves inhabited by bats<br /> {| align=&quot;right&quot;<br /> |&lt;gallery&gt;Image:Histoplasmosis lung.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Histoplasmosis lesions in lungs'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> |}<br /> *Fine, branching, septate hyphae with smooth-walled pyriform to spherical microconidia and large, thick-walled tuberculate macroconidia on simple conidiophores<br /> <br /> *Dimorphic fungi<br /> <br /> *Hard to demonstrate in smears as the organisms is very small<br /> **Stain with Giemsa or Wright and examine under oil immersion lens<br /> <br /> *Present intracellularly in [[Macrophages - WikiBlood|macrophages]] as oval yeast cells with few buds<br /> **Clear halo is seen around the darker staining central material<br /> <br /> *Grows on Sabouraud's Dextrose agar<br /> **Creamy white colonies, turning tan coloured and then brown<br /> <br /> *Also grows on Blood agar<br /> **Small, white yeast-like colonies<br /> <br /> *Test using immunodiffusion, complement fixation and counterimmunoelectrophoresis<br /> **Skin test of little value as it only indicates exposure<br /> <br /> *Treatment with [[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Amphotericin B]]<br /> **If [[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Amphotericin B]] is contra-indicated, [[Antifungal Drugs#Imidazoles|imidazoles]] can be given orally<br /> <br /> *The prognosis is poor in acute and disseminated cases<br /> <br /> <br /> {| align=&quot;center&quot;<br /> |&lt;gallery&gt;Image:Histoplasmosis canine spleen silver stain.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Histoplasmosis in a canine spleen using silver stain'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Histoplasmosis phagocyte.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Histoplasmosis phagocyte'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Histoplasmosis tuberculate chlamydospores.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Histoplasmosis tuberculate chlamydospores'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Zygomycosis==<br /> {| align=&quot;right&quot;<br /> |&lt;gallery&gt;Image:Mucor liver.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Mucor liver'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> *Also known as mucormycosis, hyphomycosis and phycomycosis<br /> <br /> *Caused by strains of ''Mucor, Absidia, Rhizopus'' and ''Mortierella''<br /> **''Mucor circinelloides''(rare), ''Rhizomucor pusillus'' and ''R. meihi''<br /> **''Absidia corymbifera'' often causes zygomycosis in cattle and pigs<br /> **''Rhizopus arrhizus, R. microsporus'' and ''R. rhizopodormis''<br /> **''Mortierella wolfi'' implicated in bovine abortion (mycotic placentitis), ''M. hygrophila'' in fowl and ''M.polycephala'' in cattle<br /> <br /> *Occurs widely in nature<br /> <br /> *Infection is by inhalation and ingestion<br /> <br /> *Infects [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lymph nodes]] of the [[Cardiorespiratory System - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|respiratory]] and [[Alimentary - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|alimentary tract]]<br /> **[[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|Lymph nodes]] enlarge and become caseous<br /> **Can cause [[Alimentary - Anatomy &amp; Physiology#Stomach|stomach]] and [[Small Intestine - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|intestinal]] ulcers<br /> <br /> <br /> *Granulomatous lesions which can ulcerate<br /> {| align=&quot;right&quot;<br /> |&lt;gallery&gt;Image:Mucor rumen.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Mucor mould on the ruminal surface'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup?&lt;/center&gt;&lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> |}<br /> *Mostly localised lesions but can be generalised<br /> *Pigs<br /> **Mediastinal and submandibular [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lymph nodes]] lesions<br /> **Embolic tumours in the [[Liver - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|liver]] and [[Lungs - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lungs]]<br /> **Can also be present in gastric ulcers<br /> <br /> *Cattle<br /> **Bronchial, mesenteric and mediastinal [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lymph nodes]] lesions<br /> **Ulcers of the [[Nasal cavity - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|nasal cavity]] and [[The Abomasum - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|abomasum]] also occur<br /> **Often contaminate the [[Gestation -Placenta - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|placenta]]<br /> <br /> *Horses, dogs, cats, sheep, mink, guinea-pigs and mice can also be infected<br /> <br /> *Microscopically:<br /> **Fragments of non-septate hyphae which are branched and coarse<br /> **''Rhizomucor'' produce a thick, grey mycelium and have short, black, spherical sporangia<br /> **''Mucor'' produce thick, colourless mycelium with no rhizoids. Globose spoangia with small spores are present and sporagiospores are simple or branched.<br /> **''Absidia'' resemble ''Rhizopus'' grossly<br /> **''Mortierella'' produce white, velvet colonies on Sabouraud's Dextrose and Blood agar<br /> <br /> *Grows on Sabauraud's Dextrose agar<br /> **Common contaminants<br /> <br /> *Treatment is with [[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Amphotericin B]]<br /> **Surgery is also an option in treatment<br /> {| align=&quot;center&quot;<br /> |&lt;gallery&gt;Image:Saprolegnia salmon.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Saprolegnia salmon'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Saprolegnia.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Saprolegnia'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Sporangiospores.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Sporangiospores'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Further Links==<br /> <br /> *[[Antifungal Drugs]]</div>

Nabrown https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Systemic_Mycoses&diff=44432 2009-06-04T19:12:24Z

<p>Nabrown: /* Histoplasmosis */</p> <hr /> <div>{{unfinished}}<br /> <br /> {{toplink<br /> |backcolour =<br /> |linkpage =Fungi<br /> |linktext =FUNGI<br /> |pagetype=Bugs<br /> }}<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Adiaspiromycosis==<br /> <br /> *Haplomycosis<br /> <br /> *''Emmonsia crescens''<br /> **Does not proliferate within the animal body<br /> **Each spore develops into a thick-walled spherule called an '''adiaspore'''<br /> <br /> *''Chrysosporium parvum, C. crescens''<br /> <br /> *Non-contageous, pulmonary mycosis<br /> <br /> *Worldwide<br /> <br /> *Found in soil<br /> <br /> *Affects burrowing rodents and small animals<br /> <br /> *Respiratory infection<br /> <br /> *Spetate hyphae with large numbers of small, round conidia either singly or in groups on the ends of the short conidiospores can be seen<br /> <br /> *Dimorphic<br /> <br /> *Grows on Sabauraud's Dextrose agar and Blood agar<br /> ==Aspergillosis==<br /> [[Image:Aspergillus cleistothecia.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Aspergillus cleistothecia - Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath]]<br /> [[Image:Aspergillus swan.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Aspergillus in a swan - Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath]]<br /> [[Image:Aspergillus in vivo.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Aspergillus in vivo - Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath]]<br /> [[Image:Aspergillus sporing heads.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Aspergillus sporing heads - Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath]]<br /> [[Image:Canine nasal asper radiograph.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Canine nasal aspergillus radiograph - Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath]]<br /> *Worldwide<br /> <br /> *Widely found in nature<br /> **Colonise a wide range of substrates under different environmental conditions<br /> **Abundant in hay, straw and grain which have heated during storage<br /> <br /> *Common laboratory contaminants<br /> <br /> *Pathogenic species include ''Aspergillus fumigatus, A. flavus, A. nidulans, A.niger'' and ''A. terreus''<br /> <br /> *May cause primary or secondary disease<br /> **Infection may be acute, chronic or benign<br /> <br /> *Avians:<br /> **Diffuse infection of the [[Avian Respiration - Anatomy &amp; Physiology#Air Sacs|air sacs]]<br /> **Diffuse pneumonic form<br /> **Nodular form involving the [[Avian Respiration - Anatomy &amp; Physiology#Avian Lungs|lungs]]<br /> **Spores are inhaled<br /> **Yellow nodules in the [[Avian Respiration - Anatomy &amp; Physiology#Avian Lungs|lungs]] and [[Avian Respiration - Anatomy &amp; Physiology#Air Sacs|air sacs]]<br /> **The acute form usually affects young birds and is rapidly fatal (within 24-48 hours)<br /> ***Signs include [[Intestine Diarrhoea - Pathology|diarrhoea]], listlessness, pyrexia, loss of appetite and loss of condition<br /> ***Sometimes convulsions may occur<br /> ***Resembles Pullorum disease<br /> **The chronic form usually occurs in adult birds and is sporadic, presenting with milder clinical signs<br /> <br /> *Cattle:<br /> **Infection can cause abortion and ocular infections<br /> **Infections involve the [[Female Reproductive Tract -The Uterus - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|uterus]], [[Foetal Membranes - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|fetal membranes]] and fetal skin<br /> **Lesions are usually up to 2mm in diameter and contain asteroid bodies with a germinated spore in the centre<br /> ***Acute infection causes miliary lesions<br /> ***Chronic infections causes granulomatous and calcified lesions<br /> <br /> *Horses:<br /> **[[Guttural Pouches Inflammatory - Pathology|Guttural pouch mycosis]] common<br /> **Infection can cause abortion<br /> **May cause [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)|COPD]]<br /> <br /> *Dogs, cats and sheep:<br /> **Infections occur, but infrequently<br /> **[[Lungs - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lungs]] and [[Nasal cavity - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|nasal cavity]] most usually affected<br /> **Disseminated form with granulomas and infarcts can occur in dogs<br /> **Pulmonary and intersitital forms can occur in cats<br /> <br /> *Humans:<br /> **Primary and secondary infections<br /> **[[Lungs - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lungs]], [[Skin - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|skin]], [[Nasal cavity - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|nasal sinuses]], [[Special Senses - Auditory - Anatomy &amp; Physiology#Outer Ear|external ear]], [[Bronchi and bronchioles - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|bronchi]], [[Bones and Cartilage - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|bones]] and meninges all affected<br /> **Infection occurs most frequently in immunocompromised patients<br /> <br /> *Grows on Sabauraud's Dextrose and Blood agar<br /> **White colonies intitially which turn green, then dark green, flat and velvety<br /> **Colony colour varies with species<br /> <br /> *Also grows on Czapek-Dox agar and 2% malt extract agar supplemented with antibacterial antibiotics<br /> <br /> *Microscopically:<br /> **Conidiophores with large terminal vesicles (only visible in the [[Lungs - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lungs]] and air sacs where there is access to oxygen)<br /> ***Vesicle shape varies depending on the species<br /> **Is a common contaminant so repeated tests should be done for a definitive diagnosis<br /> <br /> *Serology:<br /> **Gel immunodiffusion for canine nasal asper<br /> <br /> *Treatment:<br /> **Surgery<br /> **Antifungal drugs<br /> ***[[Antifungal Drugs#The Azoles|Ketoconazole]], [[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Nystatin]], [[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Amphotericin B]], [[Antifungal Drugs#Flucytosine|5-fluorocytosine]], [[Antifungal Drugs#The Azoles|Thiabendazole]]<br /> <br /> *Pathology:<br /> **''Aspergillus fumigatus'' causes [[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of rhinitis|rhinitis]], [[Respiratory Fungal Infections - Pathology#|respiratory tract inflammation]] and [[Paranasal Sinuses Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of sinusitis|sinusitis]]<br /> **Sometimes appears on [[Nasal Cavity Hyperplastic and Neoplastic - Pathology#Progressive ethmoidal haematoma|lesions of ethmoidal haematoma]]<br /> <br /> ==Blastomycosis==<br /> <br /> *North America<br /> **Most common in the North-Central and South-Eastern states<br /> <br /> *Caused by ''Blastomyces dermatitidis''<br /> <br /> *Widespread in soil<br /> <br /> *Respiratory infection<br /> <br /> *Lesions start in the [[Lungs - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lungs]] <br /> **Haematogenous dissemination<br /> **Can be found in lesions in the eyes, brain, bones and genitalia<br /> **Fatal if not treated<br /> <br /> *Lesions are also found on the skin<br /> *These may ulcerate<br /> <br /> *Granulomatous nodules<br /> <br /> *Affects mainly dogs (and humans)<br /> **Can affect cats, horses, dolphins, ferrets and sealions but is rare in these species<br /> <br /> *Microscopically:<br /> **Large, spherical, thick-walled cells<br /> **Single buds connected to a mother cell by a wide base<br /> **Double contoured effect of cells<br /> <br /> *Grows on Sabauraud's Dextrose and Blood agar<br /> **On Sabauraud's Dextrose colonies appear moist and grey with a white cotton-like mycelium which turns tan, brown and then black<br /> ***Septate hyphae<br /> ***Small, oval/pyriform conidia<br /> ***Older cultures have thickened walls<br /> **On Blood agar colonies are creamy in colour, waxy and wrinkled<br /> ***Thick-walled budding yeast cells can be seen<br /> <br /> *Diagnosis:<br /> **Complement fixation test<br /> **Falling antibody titres indicate a poor prognosis<br /> **ELISA and counterimmunoelectrophoresis can also be used<br /> <br /> *Treatment:<br /> **[[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Amphotericin B]]<br /> **[[Antifungal Drugs#The Azoles|Imidazoles]]<br /> <br /> ==Coccidioidomycosis==<br /> [[Image:Coccidioidomycosis.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Coccidioidomycosis spherule histopathology - Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath]]<br /> *''Coccidioides immitis''<br /> <br /> *Ocurs in the soil<br /> **Respiratory infections<br /> **Most commonly seen following dust storms<br /> <br /> *Occurs in arid regions<br /> **E.g. South West USA and Mexico<br /> <br /> *Non-contageous, systemic mycosis<br /> <br /> *Affects dogs, cattle, sheep and humans<br /> <br /> *Mainly affects the [[Lungs - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lungs]]<br /> **Dissemination can occur to other organs<br /> <br /> *Causes nodule or granuloma formation<br /> **Localised<br /> **Gross lesions resemble [[Mycobacteria spp.#Bovine tuberculosis|Tb]] in cattle as are usually seen in the bronchial and mediastinal [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lymph nodes]] and occasionally [[Lungs - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lungs]]<br /> **Dissemination can occur, especially in primates and dogs, to the [[Lungs - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lungs]], [[Liver - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|liver]], [[Spleen - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|spleen]], [[Nervous System - CNS - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|brain]] and [[Bones and Cartilage - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|bones]]<br /> <br /> *Thick-walled spherules in tissue<br /> **Large sporangia burst leaving 'ghost' spherules<br /> <br /> *Saprophytic phase consists of coarse, septate, branching hyphae which fragment into thick-walled, barrel-shaped arthrospores which alternate with empty cells<br /> **Stained by Lactose Phenol Cotton Blue<br /> <br /> *Grows on Sabouraud's Dextrose agar and Blood agar<br /> **Flat, moist colonies which develop a coarse, cotton-like aerial mycelium which varies from white to brown in colour<br /> <br /> *Complement fixation test, latex agglutination and immunodiffusion tests can all be used<br /> **A positive skin test indicates exposure<br /> <br /> ==Entomophthoromycisus==<br /> <br /> *Basidiobolmycosis<br /> <br /> *Caused by ''Basidiobolus'' and ''Conidiobulus'' fungi<br /> <br /> *Causes ulcerative granulomas in subcutaneous tissue<br /> <br /> *Affects the oral and nasal mucous membranes<br /> <br /> *''Basidiobolus'' causes large lesions which may involve skin on the head, neck and chest<br /> **Fistulous tracts<br /> **Extends to [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lymph nodes]]<br /> <br /> *Produce flat, waxy colonies which become white and fizzy over time<br /> <br /> *Microscopically:<br /> **Septate hyphae<br /> <br /> *Treatment:<br /> **Surgical excision<br /> **[[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Amphotericin B]] or [[Antifungal Drugs#The Azoles|Ketoconazole]]<br /> <br /> ==Histoplasmosis==<br /> {| align=&quot;right&quot;<br /> |&lt;gallery&gt;Image:Histoplasmosis canine spleen.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Histoplasmosis in a canine spleen'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> *''Histoplasma capsulatum''<br /> <br /> *Non-contageous, systemic mycosis<br /> <br /> *Commonly pulmonary infections occur<br /> **Other organs can be involved<br /> **Involves the reticuloendothelial system<br /> **Intestinal form can also occur<br /> <br /> *Acute and chronic disease can occur<br /> <br /> *Endemic to the USA<br /> **Isolated cases have been reported in Europe<br /> <br /> *Respiratory infection<br /> **Infection via ingestion can also occur<br /> <br /> *Affects dogs, cats, cattle, horses and humans<br /> <br /> *Found in soil contaminated by bird droppings, decaying vegetation and in caves inhabited by bats<br /> {| align=&quot;right&quot;<br /> |&lt;gallery&gt;Image:Histoplasmosis lung.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Histoplasmosis lesions in lungs'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> |}<br /> *Fine, branching, septate hyphae with smooth-walled pyriform to spherical microconidia and large, thick-walled tuberculate macroconidia on simple conidiophores<br /> <br /> *Dimorphic fungi<br /> <br /> *Hard to demonstrate in smears as the organisms is very small<br /> **Stain with Giemsa or Wright and examine under oil immersion lens<br /> <br /> *Present intracellularly in [[Macrophages - WikiBlood|macrophages]] as oval yeast cells with few buds<br /> **Clear halo is seen around the darker staining central material<br /> <br /> *Grows on Sabouraud's Dextrose agar<br /> **Creamy white colonies, turning tan coloured and then brown<br /> <br /> *Also grows on Blood agar<br /> **Small, white yeast-like colonies<br /> <br /> *Test using immunodiffusion, complement fixation and counterimmunoelectrophoresis<br /> **Skin test of little value as it only indicates exposure<br /> <br /> *Treatment with [[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Amphotericin B]]<br /> **If [[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Amphotericin B]] is contra-indicated, [[Antifungal Drugs#Imidazoles|imidazoles]] can be given orally<br /> <br /> *The prognosis is poor in acute and disseminated cases<br /> <br /> <br /> {| align=&quot;center&quot;<br /> |&lt;gallery&gt;Image:Histoplasmosis canine spleen silver stain.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Histoplasmosis in a canine spleen using silver stain'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Histoplasmosis phagocyte.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Histoplasmosis phagocyte'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Histoplasmosis tuberculate chlamydospores.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Histoplasmosis tuberculate chlamydospores'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Zygomycosis==<br /> [[Image:Mucor liver.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Mucor liver - Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath]]<br /> [[Image:Mucor rumen.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Mucor mould on the ruminal surface- Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath]]<br /> [[Image:Saprolegnia salmon.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Saprolegnia salmon - Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath]]<br /> [[Image:Saprolegnia.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Saprolegnia - Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath]]<br /> [[Image:Sporangiospores.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Sporangiospores - Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath]]<br /> *Also known as mucormycosis, hyphomycosis and phycomycosis<br /> <br /> *Caused by strains of ''Mucor, Absidia, Rhizopus'' and ''Mortierella''<br /> **''Mucor circinelloides''(rare), ''Rhizomucor pusillus'' and ''R. meihi''<br /> **''Absidia corymbifera'' often causes zygomycosis in cattle and pigs<br /> **''Rhizopus arrhizus, R. microsporus'' and ''R. rhizopodormis''<br /> **''Mortierella wolfi'' implicated in bovine abortion (mycotic placentitis), ''M. hygrophila'' in fowl and ''M.polycephala'' in cattle<br /> <br /> *Occurs widely in nature<br /> <br /> *Infection is by inhalation and ingestion<br /> <br /> *Infects [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lymph nodes]] of the [[Cardiorespiratory System - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|respiratory]] and [[Alimentary - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|alimentary tract]]<br /> **[[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|Lymph nodes]] enlarge and become caseous<br /> **Can cause [[Alimentary - Anatomy &amp; Physiology#Stomach|stomach]] and [[Small Intestine - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|intestinal]] ulcers<br /> <br /> *Granulomatous lesions which can ulcerate<br /> <br /> *Mostly localised lesions but can be generalised<br /> <br /> *Pigs<br /> **Mediastinal and submandibular [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lymph nodes]] lesions<br /> **Embolic tumours in the [[Liver - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|liver]] and [[Lungs - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lungs]]<br /> **Can also be present in gastric ulcers<br /> <br /> *Cattle<br /> **Bronchial, mesenteric and mediastinal [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lymph nodes]] lesions<br /> **Ulcers of the [[Nasal cavity - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|nasal cavity]] and [[The Abomasum - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|abomasum]] also occur<br /> **Often contaminate the [[Gestation -Placenta - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|placenta]]<br /> <br /> *Horses, dogs, cats, sheep, mink, guinea-pigs and mice can also be infected<br /> <br /> *Microscopically:<br /> **Fragments of non-septate hyphae which are branched and coarse<br /> **''Rhizomucor'' produce a thick, grey mycelium and have short, black, spherical sporangia<br /> **''Mucor'' produce thick, colourless mycelium with no rhizoids. Globose spoangia with small spores are present and sporagiospores are simple or branched.<br /> **''Absidia'' resemble ''Rhizopus'' grossly<br /> **''Mortierella'' produce white, velvet colonies on Sabouraud's Dextrose and Blood agar<br /> <br /> *Grows on Sabauraud's Dextrose agar<br /> **Common contaminants<br /> <br /> *Treatment is with [[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Amphotericin B]]<br /> **Surgery is also an option in treatment<br /> <br /> ==Further Links==<br /> <br /> *[[Antifungal Drugs]]</div>

Nabrown https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=File:Sporangiospores.jpg&diff=44431 2009-06-04T19:09:27Z

<p>Nabrown: Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</p> <hr /> <div>Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</div>

Nabrown https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=File:Saprolegnia.jpg&diff=44430 2009-06-04T19:09:00Z

<p>Nabrown: Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</p> <hr /> <div>Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</div>

Nabrown https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=File:Saprolegnia_salmon.jpg&diff=44429 2009-06-04T19:08:39Z

<p>Nabrown: Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</p> <hr /> <div>Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</div>

Nabrown https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=File:Mucor_rumen.jpg&diff=44428 2009-06-04T19:08:11Z

<p>Nabrown: Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</p> <hr /> <div>Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</div>

Nabrown https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=File:Mucor_liver.jpg&diff=44427 2009-06-04T19:07:44Z

<p>Nabrown: Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</p> <hr /> <div>Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</div>

Nabrown https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Systemic_Mycoses&diff=44426 2009-06-04T19:07:29Z

<p>Nabrown: /* Zygomycosis */</p> <hr /> <div>{{unfinished}}<br /> <br /> {{toplink<br /> |backcolour =<br /> |linkpage =Fungi<br /> |linktext =FUNGI<br /> |pagetype=Bugs<br /> }}<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Adiaspiromycosis==<br /> <br /> *Haplomycosis<br /> <br /> *''Emmonsia crescens''<br /> **Does not proliferate within the animal body<br /> **Each spore develops into a thick-walled spherule called an '''adiaspore'''<br /> <br /> *''Chrysosporium parvum, C. crescens''<br /> <br /> *Non-contageous, pulmonary mycosis<br /> <br /> *Worldwide<br /> <br /> *Found in soil<br /> <br /> *Affects burrowing rodents and small animals<br /> <br /> *Respiratory infection<br /> <br /> *Spetate hyphae with large numbers of small, round conidia either singly or in groups on the ends of the short conidiospores can be seen<br /> <br /> *Dimorphic<br /> <br /> *Grows on Sabauraud's Dextrose agar and Blood agar<br /> ==Aspergillosis==<br /> [[Image:Aspergillus cleistothecia.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Aspergillus cleistothecia - Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath]]<br /> [[Image:Aspergillus swan.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Aspergillus in a swan - Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath]]<br /> [[Image:Aspergillus in vivo.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Aspergillus in vivo - Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath]]<br /> [[Image:Aspergillus sporing heads.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Aspergillus sporing heads - Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath]]<br /> [[Image:Canine nasal asper radiograph.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Canine nasal aspergillus radiograph - Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath]]<br /> *Worldwide<br /> <br /> *Widely found in nature<br /> **Colonise a wide range of substrates under different environmental conditions<br /> **Abundant in hay, straw and grain which have heated during storage<br /> <br /> *Common laboratory contaminants<br /> <br /> *Pathogenic species include ''Aspergillus fumigatus, A. flavus, A. nidulans, A.niger'' and ''A. terreus''<br /> <br /> *May cause primary or secondary disease<br /> **Infection may be acute, chronic or benign<br /> <br /> *Avians:<br /> **Diffuse infection of the [[Avian Respiration - Anatomy &amp; Physiology#Air Sacs|air sacs]]<br /> **Diffuse pneumonic form<br /> **Nodular form involving the [[Avian Respiration - Anatomy &amp; Physiology#Avian Lungs|lungs]]<br /> **Spores are inhaled<br /> **Yellow nodules in the [[Avian Respiration - Anatomy &amp; Physiology#Avian Lungs|lungs]] and [[Avian Respiration - Anatomy &amp; Physiology#Air Sacs|air sacs]]<br /> **The acute form usually affects young birds and is rapidly fatal (within 24-48 hours)<br /> ***Signs include [[Intestine Diarrhoea - Pathology|diarrhoea]], listlessness, pyrexia, loss of appetite and loss of condition<br /> ***Sometimes convulsions may occur<br /> ***Resembles Pullorum disease<br /> **The chronic form usually occurs in adult birds and is sporadic, presenting with milder clinical signs<br /> <br /> *Cattle:<br /> **Infection can cause abortion and ocular infections<br /> **Infections involve the [[Female Reproductive Tract -The Uterus - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|uterus]], [[Foetal Membranes - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|fetal membranes]] and fetal skin<br /> **Lesions are usually up to 2mm in diameter and contain asteroid bodies with a germinated spore in the centre<br /> ***Acute infection causes miliary lesions<br /> ***Chronic infections causes granulomatous and calcified lesions<br /> <br /> *Horses:<br /> **[[Guttural Pouches Inflammatory - Pathology|Guttural pouch mycosis]] common<br /> **Infection can cause abortion<br /> **May cause [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)|COPD]]<br /> <br /> *Dogs, cats and sheep:<br /> **Infections occur, but infrequently<br /> **[[Lungs - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lungs]] and [[Nasal cavity - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|nasal cavity]] most usually affected<br /> **Disseminated form with granulomas and infarcts can occur in dogs<br /> **Pulmonary and intersitital forms can occur in cats<br /> <br /> *Humans:<br /> **Primary and secondary infections<br /> **[[Lungs - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lungs]], [[Skin - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|skin]], [[Nasal cavity - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|nasal sinuses]], [[Special Senses - Auditory - Anatomy &amp; Physiology#Outer Ear|external ear]], [[Bronchi and bronchioles - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|bronchi]], [[Bones and Cartilage - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|bones]] and meninges all affected<br /> **Infection occurs most frequently in immunocompromised patients<br /> <br /> *Grows on Sabauraud's Dextrose and Blood agar<br /> **White colonies intitially which turn green, then dark green, flat and velvety<br /> **Colony colour varies with species<br /> <br /> *Also grows on Czapek-Dox agar and 2% malt extract agar supplemented with antibacterial antibiotics<br /> <br /> *Microscopically:<br /> **Conidiophores with large terminal vesicles (only visible in the [[Lungs - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lungs]] and air sacs where there is access to oxygen)<br /> ***Vesicle shape varies depending on the species<br /> **Is a common contaminant so repeated tests should be done for a definitive diagnosis<br /> <br /> *Serology:<br /> **Gel immunodiffusion for canine nasal asper<br /> <br /> *Treatment:<br /> **Surgery<br /> **Antifungal drugs<br /> ***[[Antifungal Drugs#The Azoles|Ketoconazole]], [[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Nystatin]], [[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Amphotericin B]], [[Antifungal Drugs#Flucytosine|5-fluorocytosine]], [[Antifungal Drugs#The Azoles|Thiabendazole]]<br /> <br /> *Pathology:<br /> **''Aspergillus fumigatus'' causes [[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of rhinitis|rhinitis]], [[Respiratory Fungal Infections - Pathology#|respiratory tract inflammation]] and [[Paranasal Sinuses Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of sinusitis|sinusitis]]<br /> **Sometimes appears on [[Nasal Cavity Hyperplastic and Neoplastic - Pathology#Progressive ethmoidal haematoma|lesions of ethmoidal haematoma]]<br /> <br /> ==Blastomycosis==<br /> <br /> *North America<br /> **Most common in the North-Central and South-Eastern states<br /> <br /> *Caused by ''Blastomyces dermatitidis''<br /> <br /> *Widespread in soil<br /> <br /> *Respiratory infection<br /> <br /> *Lesions start in the [[Lungs - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lungs]] <br /> **Haematogenous dissemination<br /> **Can be found in lesions in the eyes, brain, bones and genitalia<br /> **Fatal if not treated<br /> <br /> *Lesions are also found on the skin<br /> *These may ulcerate<br /> <br /> *Granulomatous nodules<br /> <br /> *Affects mainly dogs (and humans)<br /> **Can affect cats, horses, dolphins, ferrets and sealions but is rare in these species<br /> <br /> *Microscopically:<br /> **Large, spherical, thick-walled cells<br /> **Single buds connected to a mother cell by a wide base<br /> **Double contoured effect of cells<br /> <br /> *Grows on Sabauraud's Dextrose and Blood agar<br /> **On Sabauraud's Dextrose colonies appear moist and grey with a white cotton-like mycelium which turns tan, brown and then black<br /> ***Septate hyphae<br /> ***Small, oval/pyriform conidia<br /> ***Older cultures have thickened walls<br /> **On Blood agar colonies are creamy in colour, waxy and wrinkled<br /> ***Thick-walled budding yeast cells can be seen<br /> <br /> *Diagnosis:<br /> **Complement fixation test<br /> **Falling antibody titres indicate a poor prognosis<br /> **ELISA and counterimmunoelectrophoresis can also be used<br /> <br /> *Treatment:<br /> **[[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Amphotericin B]]<br /> **[[Antifungal Drugs#The Azoles|Imidazoles]]<br /> <br /> ==Coccidioidomycosis==<br /> [[Image:Coccidioidomycosis.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Coccidioidomycosis spherule histopathology - Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath]]<br /> *''Coccidioides immitis''<br /> <br /> *Ocurs in the soil<br /> **Respiratory infections<br /> **Most commonly seen following dust storms<br /> <br /> *Occurs in arid regions<br /> **E.g. South West USA and Mexico<br /> <br /> *Non-contageous, systemic mycosis<br /> <br /> *Affects dogs, cattle, sheep and humans<br /> <br /> *Mainly affects the [[Lungs - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lungs]]<br /> **Dissemination can occur to other organs<br /> <br /> *Causes nodule or granuloma formation<br /> **Localised<br /> **Gross lesions resemble [[Mycobacteria spp.#Bovine tuberculosis|Tb]] in cattle as are usually seen in the bronchial and mediastinal [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lymph nodes]] and occasionally [[Lungs - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lungs]]<br /> **Dissemination can occur, especially in primates and dogs, to the [[Lungs - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lungs]], [[Liver - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|liver]], [[Spleen - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|spleen]], [[Nervous System - CNS - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|brain]] and [[Bones and Cartilage - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|bones]]<br /> <br /> *Thick-walled spherules in tissue<br /> **Large sporangia burst leaving 'ghost' spherules<br /> <br /> *Saprophytic phase consists of coarse, septate, branching hyphae which fragment into thick-walled, barrel-shaped arthrospores which alternate with empty cells<br /> **Stained by Lactose Phenol Cotton Blue<br /> <br /> *Grows on Sabouraud's Dextrose agar and Blood agar<br /> **Flat, moist colonies which develop a coarse, cotton-like aerial mycelium which varies from white to brown in colour<br /> <br /> *Complement fixation test, latex agglutination and immunodiffusion tests can all be used<br /> **A positive skin test indicates exposure<br /> <br /> ==Entomophthoromycisus==<br /> <br /> *Basidiobolmycosis<br /> <br /> *Caused by ''Basidiobolus'' and ''Conidiobulus'' fungi<br /> <br /> *Causes ulcerative granulomas in subcutaneous tissue<br /> <br /> *Affects the oral and nasal mucous membranes<br /> <br /> *''Basidiobolus'' causes large lesions which may involve skin on the head, neck and chest<br /> **Fistulous tracts<br /> **Extends to [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lymph nodes]]<br /> <br /> *Produce flat, waxy colonies which become white and fizzy over time<br /> <br /> *Microscopically:<br /> **Septate hyphae<br /> <br /> *Treatment:<br /> **Surgical excision<br /> **[[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Amphotericin B]] or [[Antifungal Drugs#The Azoles|Ketoconazole]]<br /> <br /> ==Histoplasmosis==<br /> {| align=&quot;right&quot;<br /> |&lt;gallery&gt;Image:Histoplasmosis canine spleen.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Histoplasmosis in a canine spleen'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Histoplasmosis canine spleen silver stain.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Histoplasmosis in a canine spleen using silver stain'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> *''Histoplasma capsulatum''<br /> <br /> *Non-contageous, systemic mycosis<br /> <br /> *Commonly pulmonary infections occur<br /> **Other organs can be involved<br /> **Involves the reticuloendothelial system<br /> **Intestinal form can also occur<br /> <br /> *Acute and chronic disease can occur<br /> <br /> *Endemic to the USA<br /> **Isolated cases have been reported in Europe<br /> <br /> *Respiratory infection<br /> **Infection via ingestion can also occur<br /> <br /> *Affects dogs, cats, cattle, horses and humans<br /> <br /> *Found in soil contaminated by bird droppings, decaying vegetation and in caves inhabited by bats<br /> {| align=&quot;right&quot;<br /> |&lt;gallery&gt;Image:Histoplasmosis lung.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Histoplasmosis lesions in lungs'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Histoplasmosis phagocyte.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Histoplasmosis phagocyte'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> |}<br /> *Fine, branching, septate hyphae with smooth-walled pyriform to spherical microconidia and large, thick-walled tuberculate macroconidia on simple conidiophores<br /> <br /> *Dimorphic fungi<br /> <br /> *Hard to demonstrate in smears as the organisms is very small<br /> **Stain with Giemsa or Wright and examine under oil immersion lens<br /> <br /> *Present intracellularly in [[Macrophages - WikiBlood|macrophages]] as oval yeast cells with few buds<br /> **Clear halo is seen around the darker staining central material<br /> <br /> *Grows on Sabouraud's Dextrose agar<br /> **Creamy white colonies, turning tan coloured and then brown<br /> <br /> *Also grows on Blood agar<br /> **Small, white yeast-like colonies<br /> <br /> *Test using immunodiffusion, complement fixation and counterimmunoelectrophoresis<br /> **Skin test of little value as it only indicates exposure<br /> {| align=&quot;right&quot;<br /> |&lt;gallery&gt;Image:Histoplasmosis tuberculate chlamydospores.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Histoplasmosis tuberculate chlamydospores'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> |}<br /> *Treatment with [[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Amphotericin B]]<br /> **If [[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Amphotericin B]] is contra-indicated, [[Antifungal Drugs#Imidazoles|imidazoles]] can be given orally<br /> <br /> *The prognosis is poor in acute and disseminated cases<br /> <br /> ==Zygomycosis==<br /> [[Image:Mucor liver.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Mucor liver - Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath]]<br /> [[Image:Mucor rumen.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Mucor mould on the ruminal surface- Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath]]<br /> [[Image:Saprolegnia salmon.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Saprolegnia salmon - Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath]]<br /> [[Image:Saprolegnia.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Saprolegnia - Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath]]<br /> [[Image:Sporangiospores.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Sporangiospores - Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath]]<br /> *Also known as mucormycosis, hyphomycosis and phycomycosis<br /> <br /> *Caused by strains of ''Mucor, Absidia, Rhizopus'' and ''Mortierella''<br /> **''Mucor circinelloides''(rare), ''Rhizomucor pusillus'' and ''R. meihi''<br /> **''Absidia corymbifera'' often causes zygomycosis in cattle and pigs<br /> **''Rhizopus arrhizus, R. microsporus'' and ''R. rhizopodormis''<br /> **''Mortierella wolfi'' implicated in bovine abortion (mycotic placentitis), ''M. hygrophila'' in fowl and ''M.polycephala'' in cattle<br /> <br /> *Occurs widely in nature<br /> <br /> *Infection is by inhalation and ingestion<br /> <br /> *Infects [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lymph nodes]] of the [[Cardiorespiratory System - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|respiratory]] and [[Alimentary - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|alimentary tract]]<br /> **[[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|Lymph nodes]] enlarge and become caseous<br /> **Can cause [[Alimentary - Anatomy &amp; Physiology#Stomach|stomach]] and [[Small Intestine - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|intestinal]] ulcers<br /> <br /> *Granulomatous lesions which can ulcerate<br /> <br /> *Mostly localised lesions but can be generalised<br /> <br /> *Pigs<br /> **Mediastinal and submandibular [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lymph nodes]] lesions<br /> **Embolic tumours in the [[Liver - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|liver]] and [[Lungs - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lungs]]<br /> **Can also be present in gastric ulcers<br /> <br /> *Cattle<br /> **Bronchial, mesenteric and mediastinal [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lymph nodes]] lesions<br /> **Ulcers of the [[Nasal cavity - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|nasal cavity]] and [[The Abomasum - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|abomasum]] also occur<br /> **Often contaminate the [[Gestation -Placenta - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|placenta]]<br /> <br /> *Horses, dogs, cats, sheep, mink, guinea-pigs and mice can also be infected<br /> <br /> *Microscopically:<br /> **Fragments of non-septate hyphae which are branched and coarse<br /> **''Rhizomucor'' produce a thick, grey mycelium and have short, black, spherical sporangia<br /> **''Mucor'' produce thick, colourless mycelium with no rhizoids. Globose spoangia with small spores are present and sporagiospores are simple or branched.<br /> **''Absidia'' resemble ''Rhizopus'' grossly<br /> **''Mortierella'' produce white, velvet colonies on Sabouraud's Dextrose and Blood agar<br /> <br /> *Grows on Sabauraud's Dextrose agar<br /> **Common contaminants<br /> <br /> *Treatment is with [[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Amphotericin B]]<br /> **Surgery is also an option in treatment<br /> <br /> ==Further Links==<br /> <br /> *[[Antifungal Drugs]]</div>

Nabrown https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Systemic_Mycoses&diff=44425 2009-06-04T19:00:59Z

<p>Nabrown: /* Histoplasmosis */</p> <hr /> <div>{{unfinished}}<br /> <br /> {{toplink<br /> |backcolour =<br /> |linkpage =Fungi<br /> |linktext =FUNGI<br /> |pagetype=Bugs<br /> }}<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Adiaspiromycosis==<br /> <br /> *Haplomycosis<br /> <br /> *''Emmonsia crescens''<br /> **Does not proliferate within the animal body<br /> **Each spore develops into a thick-walled spherule called an '''adiaspore'''<br /> <br /> *''Chrysosporium parvum, C. crescens''<br /> <br /> *Non-contageous, pulmonary mycosis<br /> <br /> *Worldwide<br /> <br /> *Found in soil<br /> <br /> *Affects burrowing rodents and small animals<br /> <br /> *Respiratory infection<br /> <br /> *Spetate hyphae with large numbers of small, round conidia either singly or in groups on the ends of the short conidiospores can be seen<br /> <br /> *Dimorphic<br /> <br /> *Grows on Sabauraud's Dextrose agar and Blood agar<br /> ==Aspergillosis==<br /> [[Image:Aspergillus cleistothecia.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Aspergillus cleistothecia - Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath]]<br /> [[Image:Aspergillus swan.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Aspergillus in a swan - Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath]]<br /> [[Image:Aspergillus in vivo.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Aspergillus in vivo - Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath]]<br /> [[Image:Aspergillus sporing heads.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Aspergillus sporing heads - Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath]]<br /> [[Image:Canine nasal asper radiograph.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Canine nasal aspergillus radiograph - Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath]]<br /> *Worldwide<br /> <br /> *Widely found in nature<br /> **Colonise a wide range of substrates under different environmental conditions<br /> **Abundant in hay, straw and grain which have heated during storage<br /> <br /> *Common laboratory contaminants<br /> <br /> *Pathogenic species include ''Aspergillus fumigatus, A. flavus, A. nidulans, A.niger'' and ''A. terreus''<br /> <br /> *May cause primary or secondary disease<br /> **Infection may be acute, chronic or benign<br /> <br /> *Avians:<br /> **Diffuse infection of the [[Avian Respiration - Anatomy &amp; Physiology#Air Sacs|air sacs]]<br /> **Diffuse pneumonic form<br /> **Nodular form involving the [[Avian Respiration - Anatomy &amp; Physiology#Avian Lungs|lungs]]<br /> **Spores are inhaled<br /> **Yellow nodules in the [[Avian Respiration - Anatomy &amp; Physiology#Avian Lungs|lungs]] and [[Avian Respiration - Anatomy &amp; Physiology#Air Sacs|air sacs]]<br /> **The acute form usually affects young birds and is rapidly fatal (within 24-48 hours)<br /> ***Signs include [[Intestine Diarrhoea - Pathology|diarrhoea]], listlessness, pyrexia, loss of appetite and loss of condition<br /> ***Sometimes convulsions may occur<br /> ***Resembles Pullorum disease<br /> **The chronic form usually occurs in adult birds and is sporadic, presenting with milder clinical signs<br /> <br /> *Cattle:<br /> **Infection can cause abortion and ocular infections<br /> **Infections involve the [[Female Reproductive Tract -The Uterus - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|uterus]], [[Foetal Membranes - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|fetal membranes]] and fetal skin<br /> **Lesions are usually up to 2mm in diameter and contain asteroid bodies with a germinated spore in the centre<br /> ***Acute infection causes miliary lesions<br /> ***Chronic infections causes granulomatous and calcified lesions<br /> <br /> *Horses:<br /> **[[Guttural Pouches Inflammatory - Pathology|Guttural pouch mycosis]] common<br /> **Infection can cause abortion<br /> **May cause [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)|COPD]]<br /> <br /> *Dogs, cats and sheep:<br /> **Infections occur, but infrequently<br /> **[[Lungs - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lungs]] and [[Nasal cavity - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|nasal cavity]] most usually affected<br /> **Disseminated form with granulomas and infarcts can occur in dogs<br /> **Pulmonary and intersitital forms can occur in cats<br /> <br /> *Humans:<br /> **Primary and secondary infections<br /> **[[Lungs - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lungs]], [[Skin - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|skin]], [[Nasal cavity - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|nasal sinuses]], [[Special Senses - Auditory - Anatomy &amp; Physiology#Outer Ear|external ear]], [[Bronchi and bronchioles - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|bronchi]], [[Bones and Cartilage - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|bones]] and meninges all affected<br /> **Infection occurs most frequently in immunocompromised patients<br /> <br /> *Grows on Sabauraud's Dextrose and Blood agar<br /> **White colonies intitially which turn green, then dark green, flat and velvety<br /> **Colony colour varies with species<br /> <br /> *Also grows on Czapek-Dox agar and 2% malt extract agar supplemented with antibacterial antibiotics<br /> <br /> *Microscopically:<br /> **Conidiophores with large terminal vesicles (only visible in the [[Lungs - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lungs]] and air sacs where there is access to oxygen)<br /> ***Vesicle shape varies depending on the species<br /> **Is a common contaminant so repeated tests should be done for a definitive diagnosis<br /> <br /> *Serology:<br /> **Gel immunodiffusion for canine nasal asper<br /> <br /> *Treatment:<br /> **Surgery<br /> **Antifungal drugs<br /> ***[[Antifungal Drugs#The Azoles|Ketoconazole]], [[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Nystatin]], [[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Amphotericin B]], [[Antifungal Drugs#Flucytosine|5-fluorocytosine]], [[Antifungal Drugs#The Azoles|Thiabendazole]]<br /> <br /> *Pathology:<br /> **''Aspergillus fumigatus'' causes [[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of rhinitis|rhinitis]], [[Respiratory Fungal Infections - Pathology#|respiratory tract inflammation]] and [[Paranasal Sinuses Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of sinusitis|sinusitis]]<br /> **Sometimes appears on [[Nasal Cavity Hyperplastic and Neoplastic - Pathology#Progressive ethmoidal haematoma|lesions of ethmoidal haematoma]]<br /> <br /> ==Blastomycosis==<br /> <br /> *North America<br /> **Most common in the North-Central and South-Eastern states<br /> <br /> *Caused by ''Blastomyces dermatitidis''<br /> <br /> *Widespread in soil<br /> <br /> *Respiratory infection<br /> <br /> *Lesions start in the [[Lungs - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lungs]] <br /> **Haematogenous dissemination<br /> **Can be found in lesions in the eyes, brain, bones and genitalia<br /> **Fatal if not treated<br /> <br /> *Lesions are also found on the skin<br /> *These may ulcerate<br /> <br /> *Granulomatous nodules<br /> <br /> *Affects mainly dogs (and humans)<br /> **Can affect cats, horses, dolphins, ferrets and sealions but is rare in these species<br /> <br /> *Microscopically:<br /> **Large, spherical, thick-walled cells<br /> **Single buds connected to a mother cell by a wide base<br /> **Double contoured effect of cells<br /> <br /> *Grows on Sabauraud's Dextrose and Blood agar<br /> **On Sabauraud's Dextrose colonies appear moist and grey with a white cotton-like mycelium which turns tan, brown and then black<br /> ***Septate hyphae<br /> ***Small, oval/pyriform conidia<br /> ***Older cultures have thickened walls<br /> **On Blood agar colonies are creamy in colour, waxy and wrinkled<br /> ***Thick-walled budding yeast cells can be seen<br /> <br /> *Diagnosis:<br /> **Complement fixation test<br /> **Falling antibody titres indicate a poor prognosis<br /> **ELISA and counterimmunoelectrophoresis can also be used<br /> <br /> *Treatment:<br /> **[[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Amphotericin B]]<br /> **[[Antifungal Drugs#The Azoles|Imidazoles]]<br /> <br /> ==Coccidioidomycosis==<br /> [[Image:Coccidioidomycosis.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Coccidioidomycosis spherule histopathology - Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath]]<br /> *''Coccidioides immitis''<br /> <br /> *Ocurs in the soil<br /> **Respiratory infections<br /> **Most commonly seen following dust storms<br /> <br /> *Occurs in arid regions<br /> **E.g. South West USA and Mexico<br /> <br /> *Non-contageous, systemic mycosis<br /> <br /> *Affects dogs, cattle, sheep and humans<br /> <br /> *Mainly affects the [[Lungs - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lungs]]<br /> **Dissemination can occur to other organs<br /> <br /> *Causes nodule or granuloma formation<br /> **Localised<br /> **Gross lesions resemble [[Mycobacteria spp.#Bovine tuberculosis|Tb]] in cattle as are usually seen in the bronchial and mediastinal [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lymph nodes]] and occasionally [[Lungs - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lungs]]<br /> **Dissemination can occur, especially in primates and dogs, to the [[Lungs - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lungs]], [[Liver - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|liver]], [[Spleen - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|spleen]], [[Nervous System - CNS - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|brain]] and [[Bones and Cartilage - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|bones]]<br /> <br /> *Thick-walled spherules in tissue<br /> **Large sporangia burst leaving 'ghost' spherules<br /> <br /> *Saprophytic phase consists of coarse, septate, branching hyphae which fragment into thick-walled, barrel-shaped arthrospores which alternate with empty cells<br /> **Stained by Lactose Phenol Cotton Blue<br /> <br /> *Grows on Sabouraud's Dextrose agar and Blood agar<br /> **Flat, moist colonies which develop a coarse, cotton-like aerial mycelium which varies from white to brown in colour<br /> <br /> *Complement fixation test, latex agglutination and immunodiffusion tests can all be used<br /> **A positive skin test indicates exposure<br /> <br /> ==Entomophthoromycisus==<br /> <br /> *Basidiobolmycosis<br /> <br /> *Caused by ''Basidiobolus'' and ''Conidiobulus'' fungi<br /> <br /> *Causes ulcerative granulomas in subcutaneous tissue<br /> <br /> *Affects the oral and nasal mucous membranes<br /> <br /> *''Basidiobolus'' causes large lesions which may involve skin on the head, neck and chest<br /> **Fistulous tracts<br /> **Extends to [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lymph nodes]]<br /> <br /> *Produce flat, waxy colonies which become white and fizzy over time<br /> <br /> *Microscopically:<br /> **Septate hyphae<br /> <br /> *Treatment:<br /> **Surgical excision<br /> **[[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Amphotericin B]] or [[Antifungal Drugs#The Azoles|Ketoconazole]]<br /> <br /> ==Histoplasmosis==<br /> {| align=&quot;right&quot;<br /> |&lt;gallery&gt;Image:Histoplasmosis canine spleen.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Histoplasmosis in a canine spleen'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Histoplasmosis canine spleen silver stain.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Histoplasmosis in a canine spleen using silver stain'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> *''Histoplasma capsulatum''<br /> <br /> *Non-contageous, systemic mycosis<br /> <br /> *Commonly pulmonary infections occur<br /> **Other organs can be involved<br /> **Involves the reticuloendothelial system<br /> **Intestinal form can also occur<br /> <br /> *Acute and chronic disease can occur<br /> <br /> *Endemic to the USA<br /> **Isolated cases have been reported in Europe<br /> <br /> *Respiratory infection<br /> **Infection via ingestion can also occur<br /> <br /> *Affects dogs, cats, cattle, horses and humans<br /> <br /> *Found in soil contaminated by bird droppings, decaying vegetation and in caves inhabited by bats<br /> {| align=&quot;right&quot;<br /> |&lt;gallery&gt;Image:Histoplasmosis lung.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Histoplasmosis lesions in lungs'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Histoplasmosis phagocyte.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Histoplasmosis phagocyte'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> |}<br /> *Fine, branching, septate hyphae with smooth-walled pyriform to spherical microconidia and large, thick-walled tuberculate macroconidia on simple conidiophores<br /> <br /> *Dimorphic fungi<br /> <br /> *Hard to demonstrate in smears as the organisms is very small<br /> **Stain with Giemsa or Wright and examine under oil immersion lens<br /> <br /> *Present intracellularly in [[Macrophages - WikiBlood|macrophages]] as oval yeast cells with few buds<br /> **Clear halo is seen around the darker staining central material<br /> <br /> *Grows on Sabouraud's Dextrose agar<br /> **Creamy white colonies, turning tan coloured and then brown<br /> <br /> *Also grows on Blood agar<br /> **Small, white yeast-like colonies<br /> <br /> *Test using immunodiffusion, complement fixation and counterimmunoelectrophoresis<br /> **Skin test of little value as it only indicates exposure<br /> {| align=&quot;right&quot;<br /> |&lt;gallery&gt;Image:Histoplasmosis tuberculate chlamydospores.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Histoplasmosis tuberculate chlamydospores'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> |}<br /> *Treatment with [[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Amphotericin B]]<br /> **If [[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Amphotericin B]] is contra-indicated, [[Antifungal Drugs#Imidazoles|imidazoles]] can be given orally<br /> <br /> *The prognosis is poor in acute and disseminated cases<br /> <br /> ==Zygomycosis==<br /> <br /> *Also known as mucormycosis, hyphomycosis and phycomycosis<br /> <br /> *Caused by strains of ''Mucor, Absidia, Rhizopus'' and ''Mortierella''<br /> **''Mucor circinelloides''(rare), ''Rhizomucor pusillus'' and ''R. meihi''<br /> **''Absidia corymbifera'' often causes zygomycosis in cattle and pigs<br /> **''Rhizopus arrhizus, R. microsporus'' and ''R. rhizopodormis''<br /> **''Mortierella wolfi'' implicated in bovine abortion (mycotic placentitis), ''M. hygrophila'' in fowl and ''M.polycephala'' in cattle<br /> <br /> *Occurs widely in nature<br /> <br /> *Infection is by inhalation and ingestion<br /> <br /> *Infects [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lymph nodes]] of the [[Cardiorespiratory System - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|respiratory]] and [[Alimentary - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|alimentary tract]]<br /> **[[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|Lymph nodes]] enlarge and become caseous<br /> **Can cause [[Alimentary - Anatomy &amp; Physiology#Stomach|stomach]] and [[Small Intestine - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|intestinal]] ulcers<br /> <br /> *Granulomatous lesions which can ulcerate<br /> <br /> *Mostly localised lesions but can be generalised<br /> <br /> *Pigs<br /> **Mediastinal and submandibular [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lymph nodes]] lesions<br /> **Embolic tumours in the [[Liver - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|liver]] and [[Lungs - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lungs]]<br /> **Can also be present in gastric ulcers<br /> <br /> *Cattle<br /> **Bronchial, mesenteric and mediastinal [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lymph nodes]] lesions<br /> **Ulcers of the [[Nasal cavity - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|nasal cavity]] and [[The Abomasum - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|abomasum]] also occur<br /> **Often contaminate the [[Gestation -Placenta - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|placenta]]<br /> <br /> *Horses, dogs, cats, sheep, mink, guinea-pigs and mice can also be infected<br /> <br /> *Microscopically:<br /> **Fragments of non-septate hyphae which are branched and coarse<br /> **''Rhizomucor'' produce a thick, grey mycelium and have short, black, spherical sporangia<br /> **''Mucor'' produce thick, colourless mycelium with no rhizoids. Globose spoangia with small spores are present and sporagiospores are simple or branched.<br /> **''Absidia'' resemble ''Rhizopus'' grossly<br /> **''Mortierella'' produce white, velvet colonies on Sabouraud's Dextrose and Blood agar<br /> <br /> *Grows on Sabauraud's Dextrose agar<br /> **Common contaminants<br /> <br /> *Treatment is with [[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Amphotericin B]]<br /> **Surgery is also an option in treatment<br /> <br /> ==Further Links==<br /> <br /> *[[Antifungal Drugs]]</div>

Nabrown https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Systemic_Mycoses&diff=44424 2009-06-04T18:54:48Z

<p>Nabrown: /* Histoplasmosis */</p> <hr /> <div>{{unfinished}}<br /> <br /> {{toplink<br /> |backcolour =<br /> |linkpage =Fungi<br /> |linktext =FUNGI<br /> |pagetype=Bugs<br /> }}<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Adiaspiromycosis==<br /> <br /> *Haplomycosis<br /> <br /> *''Emmonsia crescens''<br /> **Does not proliferate within the animal body<br /> **Each spore develops into a thick-walled spherule called an '''adiaspore'''<br /> <br /> *''Chrysosporium parvum, C. crescens''<br /> <br /> *Non-contageous, pulmonary mycosis<br /> <br /> *Worldwide<br /> <br /> *Found in soil<br /> <br /> *Affects burrowing rodents and small animals<br /> <br /> *Respiratory infection<br /> <br /> *Spetate hyphae with large numbers of small, round conidia either singly or in groups on the ends of the short conidiospores can be seen<br /> <br /> *Dimorphic<br /> <br /> *Grows on Sabauraud's Dextrose agar and Blood agar<br /> ==Aspergillosis==<br /> [[Image:Aspergillus cleistothecia.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Aspergillus cleistothecia - Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath]]<br /> [[Image:Aspergillus swan.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Aspergillus in a swan - Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath]]<br /> [[Image:Aspergillus in vivo.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Aspergillus in vivo - Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath]]<br /> [[Image:Aspergillus sporing heads.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Aspergillus sporing heads - Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath]]<br /> [[Image:Canine nasal asper radiograph.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Canine nasal aspergillus radiograph - Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath]]<br /> *Worldwide<br /> <br /> *Widely found in nature<br /> **Colonise a wide range of substrates under different environmental conditions<br /> **Abundant in hay, straw and grain which have heated during storage<br /> <br /> *Common laboratory contaminants<br /> <br /> *Pathogenic species include ''Aspergillus fumigatus, A. flavus, A. nidulans, A.niger'' and ''A. terreus''<br /> <br /> *May cause primary or secondary disease<br /> **Infection may be acute, chronic or benign<br /> <br /> *Avians:<br /> **Diffuse infection of the [[Avian Respiration - Anatomy &amp; Physiology#Air Sacs|air sacs]]<br /> **Diffuse pneumonic form<br /> **Nodular form involving the [[Avian Respiration - Anatomy &amp; Physiology#Avian Lungs|lungs]]<br /> **Spores are inhaled<br /> **Yellow nodules in the [[Avian Respiration - Anatomy &amp; Physiology#Avian Lungs|lungs]] and [[Avian Respiration - Anatomy &amp; Physiology#Air Sacs|air sacs]]<br /> **The acute form usually affects young birds and is rapidly fatal (within 24-48 hours)<br /> ***Signs include [[Intestine Diarrhoea - Pathology|diarrhoea]], listlessness, pyrexia, loss of appetite and loss of condition<br /> ***Sometimes convulsions may occur<br /> ***Resembles Pullorum disease<br /> **The chronic form usually occurs in adult birds and is sporadic, presenting with milder clinical signs<br /> <br /> *Cattle:<br /> **Infection can cause abortion and ocular infections<br /> **Infections involve the [[Female Reproductive Tract -The Uterus - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|uterus]], [[Foetal Membranes - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|fetal membranes]] and fetal skin<br /> **Lesions are usually up to 2mm in diameter and contain asteroid bodies with a germinated spore in the centre<br /> ***Acute infection causes miliary lesions<br /> ***Chronic infections causes granulomatous and calcified lesions<br /> <br /> *Horses:<br /> **[[Guttural Pouches Inflammatory - Pathology|Guttural pouch mycosis]] common<br /> **Infection can cause abortion<br /> **May cause [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)|COPD]]<br /> <br /> *Dogs, cats and sheep:<br /> **Infections occur, but infrequently<br /> **[[Lungs - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lungs]] and [[Nasal cavity - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|nasal cavity]] most usually affected<br /> **Disseminated form with granulomas and infarcts can occur in dogs<br /> **Pulmonary and intersitital forms can occur in cats<br /> <br /> *Humans:<br /> **Primary and secondary infections<br /> **[[Lungs - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lungs]], [[Skin - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|skin]], [[Nasal cavity - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|nasal sinuses]], [[Special Senses - Auditory - Anatomy &amp; Physiology#Outer Ear|external ear]], [[Bronchi and bronchioles - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|bronchi]], [[Bones and Cartilage - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|bones]] and meninges all affected<br /> **Infection occurs most frequently in immunocompromised patients<br /> <br /> *Grows on Sabauraud's Dextrose and Blood agar<br /> **White colonies intitially which turn green, then dark green, flat and velvety<br /> **Colony colour varies with species<br /> <br /> *Also grows on Czapek-Dox agar and 2% malt extract agar supplemented with antibacterial antibiotics<br /> <br /> *Microscopically:<br /> **Conidiophores with large terminal vesicles (only visible in the [[Lungs - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lungs]] and air sacs where there is access to oxygen)<br /> ***Vesicle shape varies depending on the species<br /> **Is a common contaminant so repeated tests should be done for a definitive diagnosis<br /> <br /> *Serology:<br /> **Gel immunodiffusion for canine nasal asper<br /> <br /> *Treatment:<br /> **Surgery<br /> **Antifungal drugs<br /> ***[[Antifungal Drugs#The Azoles|Ketoconazole]], [[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Nystatin]], [[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Amphotericin B]], [[Antifungal Drugs#Flucytosine|5-fluorocytosine]], [[Antifungal Drugs#The Azoles|Thiabendazole]]<br /> <br /> *Pathology:<br /> **''Aspergillus fumigatus'' causes [[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of rhinitis|rhinitis]], [[Respiratory Fungal Infections - Pathology#|respiratory tract inflammation]] and [[Paranasal Sinuses Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of sinusitis|sinusitis]]<br /> **Sometimes appears on [[Nasal Cavity Hyperplastic and Neoplastic - Pathology#Progressive ethmoidal haematoma|lesions of ethmoidal haematoma]]<br /> <br /> ==Blastomycosis==<br /> <br /> *North America<br /> **Most common in the North-Central and South-Eastern states<br /> <br /> *Caused by ''Blastomyces dermatitidis''<br /> <br /> *Widespread in soil<br /> <br /> *Respiratory infection<br /> <br /> *Lesions start in the [[Lungs - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lungs]] <br /> **Haematogenous dissemination<br /> **Can be found in lesions in the eyes, brain, bones and genitalia<br /> **Fatal if not treated<br /> <br /> *Lesions are also found on the skin<br /> *These may ulcerate<br /> <br /> *Granulomatous nodules<br /> <br /> *Affects mainly dogs (and humans)<br /> **Can affect cats, horses, dolphins, ferrets and sealions but is rare in these species<br /> <br /> *Microscopically:<br /> **Large, spherical, thick-walled cells<br /> **Single buds connected to a mother cell by a wide base<br /> **Double contoured effect of cells<br /> <br /> *Grows on Sabauraud's Dextrose and Blood agar<br /> **On Sabauraud's Dextrose colonies appear moist and grey with a white cotton-like mycelium which turns tan, brown and then black<br /> ***Septate hyphae<br /> ***Small, oval/pyriform conidia<br /> ***Older cultures have thickened walls<br /> **On Blood agar colonies are creamy in colour, waxy and wrinkled<br /> ***Thick-walled budding yeast cells can be seen<br /> <br /> *Diagnosis:<br /> **Complement fixation test<br /> **Falling antibody titres indicate a poor prognosis<br /> **ELISA and counterimmunoelectrophoresis can also be used<br /> <br /> *Treatment:<br /> **[[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Amphotericin B]]<br /> **[[Antifungal Drugs#The Azoles|Imidazoles]]<br /> <br /> ==Coccidioidomycosis==<br /> [[Image:Coccidioidomycosis.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Coccidioidomycosis spherule histopathology - Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath]]<br /> *''Coccidioides immitis''<br /> <br /> *Ocurs in the soil<br /> **Respiratory infections<br /> **Most commonly seen following dust storms<br /> <br /> *Occurs in arid regions<br /> **E.g. South West USA and Mexico<br /> <br /> *Non-contageous, systemic mycosis<br /> <br /> *Affects dogs, cattle, sheep and humans<br /> <br /> *Mainly affects the [[Lungs - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lungs]]<br /> **Dissemination can occur to other organs<br /> <br /> *Causes nodule or granuloma formation<br /> **Localised<br /> **Gross lesions resemble [[Mycobacteria spp.#Bovine tuberculosis|Tb]] in cattle as are usually seen in the bronchial and mediastinal [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lymph nodes]] and occasionally [[Lungs - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lungs]]<br /> **Dissemination can occur, especially in primates and dogs, to the [[Lungs - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lungs]], [[Liver - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|liver]], [[Spleen - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|spleen]], [[Nervous System - CNS - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|brain]] and [[Bones and Cartilage - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|bones]]<br /> <br /> *Thick-walled spherules in tissue<br /> **Large sporangia burst leaving 'ghost' spherules<br /> <br /> *Saprophytic phase consists of coarse, septate, branching hyphae which fragment into thick-walled, barrel-shaped arthrospores which alternate with empty cells<br /> **Stained by Lactose Phenol Cotton Blue<br /> <br /> *Grows on Sabouraud's Dextrose agar and Blood agar<br /> **Flat, moist colonies which develop a coarse, cotton-like aerial mycelium which varies from white to brown in colour<br /> <br /> *Complement fixation test, latex agglutination and immunodiffusion tests can all be used<br /> **A positive skin test indicates exposure<br /> <br /> ==Entomophthoromycisus==<br /> <br /> *Basidiobolmycosis<br /> <br /> *Caused by ''Basidiobolus'' and ''Conidiobulus'' fungi<br /> <br /> *Causes ulcerative granulomas in subcutaneous tissue<br /> <br /> *Affects the oral and nasal mucous membranes<br /> <br /> *''Basidiobolus'' causes large lesions which may involve skin on the head, neck and chest<br /> **Fistulous tracts<br /> **Extends to [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lymph nodes]]<br /> <br /> *Produce flat, waxy colonies which become white and fizzy over time<br /> <br /> *Microscopically:<br /> **Septate hyphae<br /> <br /> *Treatment:<br /> **Surgical excision<br /> **[[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Amphotericin B]] or [[Antifungal Drugs#The Azoles|Ketoconazole]]<br /> <br /> ==Histoplasmosis==<br /> *''Histoplasma capsulatum''<br /> <br /> *Non-contageous, systemic mycosis<br /> <br /> *Commonly pulmonary infections occur<br /> **Other organs can be involved<br /> **Involves the reticuloendothelial system<br /> **Intestinal form can also occur<br /> <br /> *Acute and chronic disease can occur<br /> <br /> *Endemic to the USA<br /> **Isolated cases have been reported in Europe<br /> <br /> *Respiratory infection<br /> **Infection via ingestion can also occur<br /> <br /> *Affects dogs, cats, cattle, horses and humans<br /> <br /> *Found in soil contaminated by bird droppings, decaying vegetation and in caves inhabited by bats<br /> <br /> *Fine, branching, septate hyphae with smooth-walled pyriform to spherical microconidia and large, thick-walled tuberculate macroconidia on simple conidiophores<br /> <br /> *Dimorphic fungi<br /> <br /> *Hard to demonstrate in smears as the organisms is very small<br /> **Stain with Giemsa or Wright and examine under oil immersion lens<br /> <br /> *Present intracellularly in [[Macrophages - WikiBlood|macrophages]] as oval yeast cells with few buds<br /> **Clear halo is seen around the darker staining central material<br /> <br /> *Grows on Sabouraud's Dextrose agar<br /> **Creamy white colonies, turning tan coloured and then brown<br /> <br /> *Also grows on Blood agar<br /> **Small, white yeast-like colonies<br /> <br /> *Test using immunodiffusion, complement fixation and counterimmunoelectrophoresis<br /> **Skin test of little value as it only indicates exposure<br /> <br /> *Treatment with [[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Amphotericin B]]<br /> **If [[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Amphotericin B]] is contra-indicated, [[Antifungal Drugs#Imidazoles|imidazoles]] can be given orally<br /> <br /> *The prognosis is poor in acute and disseminated cases<br /> <br /> {| align=&quot;center&quot;<br /> |&lt;gallery&gt;Image:Histoplasmosis canine spleen.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Histoplasmosis in a canine spleen'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Histoplasmosis canine spleen silver stain.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Histoplasmosis in a canine spleen using silver stain'''&lt;sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Histoplasmosis lung.jpg|&lt;p&gt;&lt;center&gt;'''Histoplasmosis lesions in lungs'''&lt;sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Histoplasmosis phagocyte.jpg|&lt;p&gt;&lt;center&gt;'''Histoplasmosis phagocyte'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Histoplasmosis tuberculate chlamydospores.jpg|&lt;p&gt;&lt;center&gt;'''Histoplasmosis tuberculate chlamydospores'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Zygomycosis==<br /> <br /> *Also known as mucormycosis, hyphomycosis and phycomycosis<br /> <br /> *Caused by strains of ''Mucor, Absidia, Rhizopus'' and ''Mortierella''<br /> **''Mucor circinelloides''(rare), ''Rhizomucor pusillus'' and ''R. meihi''<br /> **''Absidia corymbifera'' often causes zygomycosis in cattle and pigs<br /> **''Rhizopus arrhizus, R. microsporus'' and ''R. rhizopodormis''<br /> **''Mortierella wolfi'' implicated in bovine abortion (mycotic placentitis), ''M. hygrophila'' in fowl and ''M.polycephala'' in cattle<br /> <br /> *Occurs widely in nature<br /> <br /> *Infection is by inhalation and ingestion<br /> <br /> *Infects [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lymph nodes]] of the [[Cardiorespiratory System - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|respiratory]] and [[Alimentary - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|alimentary tract]]<br /> **[[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|Lymph nodes]] enlarge and become caseous<br /> **Can cause [[Alimentary - Anatomy &amp; Physiology#Stomach|stomach]] and [[Small Intestine - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|intestinal]] ulcers<br /> <br /> *Granulomatous lesions which can ulcerate<br /> <br /> *Mostly localised lesions but can be generalised<br /> <br /> *Pigs<br /> **Mediastinal and submandibular [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lymph nodes]] lesions<br /> **Embolic tumours in the [[Liver - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|liver]] and [[Lungs - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lungs]]<br /> **Can also be present in gastric ulcers<br /> <br /> *Cattle<br /> **Bronchial, mesenteric and mediastinal [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lymph nodes]] lesions<br /> **Ulcers of the [[Nasal cavity - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|nasal cavity]] and [[The Abomasum - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|abomasum]] also occur<br /> **Often contaminate the [[Gestation -Placenta - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|placenta]]<br /> <br /> *Horses, dogs, cats, sheep, mink, guinea-pigs and mice can also be infected<br /> <br /> *Microscopically:<br /> **Fragments of non-septate hyphae which are branched and coarse<br /> **''Rhizomucor'' produce a thick, grey mycelium and have short, black, spherical sporangia<br /> **''Mucor'' produce thick, colourless mycelium with no rhizoids. Globose spoangia with small spores are present and sporagiospores are simple or branched.<br /> **''Absidia'' resemble ''Rhizopus'' grossly<br /> **''Mortierella'' produce white, velvet colonies on Sabouraud's Dextrose and Blood agar<br /> <br /> *Grows on Sabauraud's Dextrose agar<br /> **Common contaminants<br /> <br /> *Treatment is with [[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Amphotericin B]]<br /> **Surgery is also an option in treatment<br /> <br /> ==Further Links==<br /> <br /> *[[Antifungal Drugs]]</div>

Nabrown https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Dermatophytosis&diff=44423 2009-06-04T17:41:18Z

<p>Nabrown: /* Images */</p> <hr /> <div>{{unfinished}}<br /> <br /> {{toplink<br /> |backcolour =<br /> |linkpage =Fungi<br /> |linktext =FUNGI<br /> |pagetype=Bugs<br /> }}<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> ==General==<br /> <br /> *Pigmented, saprophytic organisms called '''Phaeohyphomycetes'''<br /> **Previously called 'Fungi Imperfecti'<br /> <br /> *The two main species of veterinary interest are ''Microsporum'' and ''Trichophton''<br /> <br /> *Worldwide<br /> <br /> *They are usually secondary invaders<br /> <br /> *Able to penetrate all layers of [[Skin - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|skin]], but are generally restricted to the keratin layer and its appendages<br /> **Therefore, most often seen in subcuticular or cutaneous sites <br /> **Lack of tolerance to body temperature and antifungal activity in serum and body fluids prevent the fungi invading subcutaneously<br /> <br /> *Transmitted by direct or indirect contact<br /> <br /> *Immunuocompromised hosts may develop systemic infections<br /> <br /> *''Microsporum'' - zoophilic<br /> **Parasites of animals<br /> <br /> *''Trichophyton'' - geophilic<br /> **Inhabits soil<br /> <br /> *''Epidermophyton'' - anthropophilic<br /> **Parasites of people<br /> <br /> *Common in many species, especially cats<br /> <br /> *Hot, humid environment predisposes to infection<br /> <br /> *More common in young animals<br /> <br /> *Produce proteolytic enzymes to penetrate surface lipid<br /> <br /> *Fungal hyphae invade keratin -&gt; break into arthrospores<br /> <br /> *Phaeohyphomycosis:<br /> **Occurs sporadically in cats, horses, cattle, fish, reptiles, amphibians, birds, and rarely in dogs <br /> **Examples include: ''Exophiala'' sp., ''Phialophora'' sp., ''Pseudomicrodochium'' sp., ''Bipolaris'' sp., ''Moniella'' sp., ''Cladosporium'' sp., ''Wangiella'' sp., ''Curvularia'' spp., ''Exserohilum'' sp., ''Alternaria'' sp., ''Staphylotrichum'' sp., and ''Xylohypha'' sp <br /> **Culture is necessary for definitive diagnosis<br /> <br /> ==Pathogenesis==<br /> <br /> *Epidermal hyperplasia ([[Skin Glossary - Pathology|hyperkeratosis, parakeratosis, acanthosis]]) and [[Inflammation - WikiBlood|inflammation]]<br /> <br /> *Superficial perivascular dermatitis -&gt; exocytosis (migration through epidermal layers) -&gt; intracorneal microabscesses<br /> <br /> *Exocytosis -&gt; folliculitis -&gt; furunculosis<br /> <br /> *Highly variable lesions<br /> <br /> *Normal -&gt; eruptive nodular -&gt; pseudomycetoma -&gt; onychomycosis<br /> <br /> *Secondary invasion by [[Staphylococcus spp.|''Staphylococcus aureus'']] and [[Staphylococcus spp.|''Staphylococcus intermedius'']] are common and cause pustules in the hair follicles<br /> <br /> *Grossly:<br /> **Circular or irregular lesion, may coalesce<br /> **Scaly to crusty patches<br /> **Alopecia due to broken hair shafts and hairs lost from inflammed follicles<br /> **Follicular papules and pustules<br /> **Peripheral red ring ('''ringworm''') due to dead fungi in areas of [[Inflammation - WikiBlood|inflammation]] at centre of lesions and viable fungi peripherally<br /> <br /> *More common in housed animals, rather than animals turned out to pasture<br /> <br /> *Highest incidence of disease during the winter<br /> **May resolve spontaneously in the spring and summer<br /> <br /> ==Histology==<br /> <br /> *Perifolliculitis, folliculitis or furunculosis<br /> <br /> *Epidermal hyperplasia<br /> <br /> *Intracorneal microabscesses<br /> <br /> *Septate hyphae or spores may be found in stratum corneum and keratin of hair follicles<br /> <br /> ==Diagnosis==<br /> <br /> *Wood's Lamp<br /> **UV light<br /> **Florourescence if fungi present<br /> <br /> *Samples can be examined in 10-20% KOH for the presence of hyphae or arthrospores<br /> **Lactophenol Cotton Blue enhances visualisation<br /> <br /> *Sabouraud's Dextrose agar containing cyclohexamide and [[Chloramphenicol|chloramphenicol]] at room temperature for a month for culture<br /> <br /> *Dermatophyte Test Medium<br /> **Saubouraud's Dextrose agar with phenol red indicator<br /> **Medium changes from yellow to red if fungi present<br /> <br /> ==Treatment==<br /> <br /> *Isolation of infected animal<br /> <br /> *Precautions should be taken to prevent human infection<br /> <br /> *[[Antifungal Drugs#Griseofluvin|Griseofulvin]] best method of treatment<br /> **Expensive<br /> **Oral dosage<br /> **Prolonged treatment required<br /> <br /> *Whitfield's ointment<br /> **Salicylic and benzoic acid<br /> <br /> *Other treatments:<br /> **Aqueous lime sulphur topically for dogs<br /> **Iodine<br /> **[[Antibiotics|Antibiotics]]<br /> **[[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Natamycin]] antifungal<br /> **[[Antifungal Drugs#The Azoles|Imidiazole]] derivatives<br /> <br /> ==Further Links==<br /> <br /> *Pathology of [[Mycotic skin infections - Pathology#Dermatophytoses|dermatophytosis]]<br /> <br /> *[[Antifungal Drugs]]<br /> <br /> ==Image Gallery==<br /> <br /> {| align=&quot;center&quot;<br /> |&lt;gallery&gt;Image:Dermatophyte arthrospore hair root.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Dermatophyte arthrospores on a hair root'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Dermatophyte mycelium in skin.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Dermatophytosis mycelium in skin'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Dermatophyte skin KOH.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Dermatophyte in skin using a KOH mount'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Dermatophytosis Wood's Lamp.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Dermatophytosis lesion in a cat diagnosed using a Wood's Lamp'''|&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Ringworm on human arm.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Ringworm on a human arm'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Wikimedia Commons&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Dermatophytosis in a dog.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Dermatophytosis in a dog'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Dermatophytosis in a cow.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Dermatophytosis in a cow'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Dermatophytosis in a chicken.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Dermatophytosis in a chicken'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Dermatophytosis dog foot.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Dermatophytosis lesion on a dog's leg'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Dermatophytosis in a horse.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Dermatophytosis in a horse'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Microsporum canis.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Microsporum canis'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Microsporum canis macroconidium.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Microsporum canis macroconidium'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Microsporum canis dysgonic.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Microsporum canis dysgonic at 3 weeks'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Microsporum equinum.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Microsporum equinum'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> |}</div>

Nabrown https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Dermatophytosis&diff=44422 2009-06-04T17:40:50Z

<p>Nabrown: /* Images */</p> <hr /> <div>{{unfinished}}<br /> <br /> {{toplink<br /> |backcolour =<br /> |linkpage =Fungi<br /> |linktext =FUNGI<br /> |pagetype=Bugs<br /> }}<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> ==General==<br /> <br /> *Pigmented, saprophytic organisms called '''Phaeohyphomycetes'''<br /> **Previously called 'Fungi Imperfecti'<br /> <br /> *The two main species of veterinary interest are ''Microsporum'' and ''Trichophton''<br /> <br /> *Worldwide<br /> <br /> *They are usually secondary invaders<br /> <br /> *Able to penetrate all layers of [[Skin - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|skin]], but are generally restricted to the keratin layer and its appendages<br /> **Therefore, most often seen in subcuticular or cutaneous sites <br /> **Lack of tolerance to body temperature and antifungal activity in serum and body fluids prevent the fungi invading subcutaneously<br /> <br /> *Transmitted by direct or indirect contact<br /> <br /> *Immunuocompromised hosts may develop systemic infections<br /> <br /> *''Microsporum'' - zoophilic<br /> **Parasites of animals<br /> <br /> *''Trichophyton'' - geophilic<br /> **Inhabits soil<br /> <br /> *''Epidermophyton'' - anthropophilic<br /> **Parasites of people<br /> <br /> *Common in many species, especially cats<br /> <br /> *Hot, humid environment predisposes to infection<br /> <br /> *More common in young animals<br /> <br /> *Produce proteolytic enzymes to penetrate surface lipid<br /> <br /> *Fungal hyphae invade keratin -&gt; break into arthrospores<br /> <br /> *Phaeohyphomycosis:<br /> **Occurs sporadically in cats, horses, cattle, fish, reptiles, amphibians, birds, and rarely in dogs <br /> **Examples include: ''Exophiala'' sp., ''Phialophora'' sp., ''Pseudomicrodochium'' sp., ''Bipolaris'' sp., ''Moniella'' sp., ''Cladosporium'' sp., ''Wangiella'' sp., ''Curvularia'' spp., ''Exserohilum'' sp., ''Alternaria'' sp., ''Staphylotrichum'' sp., and ''Xylohypha'' sp <br /> **Culture is necessary for definitive diagnosis<br /> <br /> ==Pathogenesis==<br /> <br /> *Epidermal hyperplasia ([[Skin Glossary - Pathology|hyperkeratosis, parakeratosis, acanthosis]]) and [[Inflammation - WikiBlood|inflammation]]<br /> <br /> *Superficial perivascular dermatitis -&gt; exocytosis (migration through epidermal layers) -&gt; intracorneal microabscesses<br /> <br /> *Exocytosis -&gt; folliculitis -&gt; furunculosis<br /> <br /> *Highly variable lesions<br /> <br /> *Normal -&gt; eruptive nodular -&gt; pseudomycetoma -&gt; onychomycosis<br /> <br /> *Secondary invasion by [[Staphylococcus spp.|''Staphylococcus aureus'']] and [[Staphylococcus spp.|''Staphylococcus intermedius'']] are common and cause pustules in the hair follicles<br /> <br /> *Grossly:<br /> **Circular or irregular lesion, may coalesce<br /> **Scaly to crusty patches<br /> **Alopecia due to broken hair shafts and hairs lost from inflammed follicles<br /> **Follicular papules and pustules<br /> **Peripheral red ring ('''ringworm''') due to dead fungi in areas of [[Inflammation - WikiBlood|inflammation]] at centre of lesions and viable fungi peripherally<br /> <br /> *More common in housed animals, rather than animals turned out to pasture<br /> <br /> *Highest incidence of disease during the winter<br /> **May resolve spontaneously in the spring and summer<br /> <br /> ==Histology==<br /> <br /> *Perifolliculitis, folliculitis or furunculosis<br /> <br /> *Epidermal hyperplasia<br /> <br /> *Intracorneal microabscesses<br /> <br /> *Septate hyphae or spores may be found in stratum corneum and keratin of hair follicles<br /> <br /> ==Diagnosis==<br /> <br /> *Wood's Lamp<br /> **UV light<br /> **Florourescence if fungi present<br /> <br /> *Samples can be examined in 10-20% KOH for the presence of hyphae or arthrospores<br /> **Lactophenol Cotton Blue enhances visualisation<br /> <br /> *Sabouraud's Dextrose agar containing cyclohexamide and [[Chloramphenicol|chloramphenicol]] at room temperature for a month for culture<br /> <br /> *Dermatophyte Test Medium<br /> **Saubouraud's Dextrose agar with phenol red indicator<br /> **Medium changes from yellow to red if fungi present<br /> <br /> ==Treatment==<br /> <br /> *Isolation of infected animal<br /> <br /> *Precautions should be taken to prevent human infection<br /> <br /> *[[Antifungal Drugs#Griseofluvin|Griseofulvin]] best method of treatment<br /> **Expensive<br /> **Oral dosage<br /> **Prolonged treatment required<br /> <br /> *Whitfield's ointment<br /> **Salicylic and benzoic acid<br /> <br /> *Other treatments:<br /> **Aqueous lime sulphur topically for dogs<br /> **Iodine<br /> **[[Antibiotics|Antibiotics]]<br /> **[[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Natamycin]] antifungal<br /> **[[Antifungal Drugs#The Azoles|Imidiazole]] derivatives<br /> <br /> ==Further Links==<br /> <br /> *Pathology of [[Mycotic skin infections - Pathology#Dermatophytoses|dermatophytosis]]<br /> <br /> *[[Antifungal Drugs]]<br /> <br /> ==Images==<br /> <br /> {| align=&quot;center&quot;<br /> |&lt;gallery&gt;Image:Dermatophyte arthrospore hair root.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Dermatophyte arthrospores on a hair root'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Dermatophyte mycelium in skin.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Dermatophytosis mycelium in skin'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Dermatophyte skin KOH.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Dermatophyte in skin using a KOH mount'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Dermatophytosis Wood's Lamp.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Dermatophytosis lesion in a cat diagnosed using a Wood's Lamp'''|&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Ringworm on human arm.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Ringworm on a human arm'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Wikimedia Commons&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Dermatophytosis in a dog.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Dermatophytosis in a dog'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Dermatophytosis in a cow.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Dermatophytosis in a cow'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Dermatophytosis in a chicken.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Dermatophytosis in a chicken'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Dermatophytosis dog foot.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Dermatophytosis lesion on a dog's leg'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Dermatophytosis in a horse.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Dermatophytosis in a horse'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Microsporum canis.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Microsporum canis'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Microsporum canis macroconidium.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Microsporum canis macroconidium'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Microsporum canis dysgonic.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Microsporum canis dysgonic at 3 weeks'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Microsporum equinum.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Microsporum equinum'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> |}</div>

Nabrown https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=File:Microsporum_equinum.jpg&diff=44421 2009-06-04T17:40:27Z

<p>Nabrown: Microsporum equinum Copyright - Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol.,</p> <hr /> <div>Microsporum equinum<br /> <br /> Copyright - Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol.,</div>

Nabrown https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=File:Microsporum_canis_dysgonic.jpg&diff=44420 2009-06-04T17:39:46Z

<p>Nabrown: Microsporum canis dysgonic (at 3 weeks) Copyright - Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol.,</p> <hr /> <div>Microsporum canis dysgonic (at 3 weeks)<br /> <br /> Copyright - Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol.,</div>

Nabrown https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=File:Microsporum_canis_macroconidium.jpg&diff=44419 2009-06-04T17:39:01Z

<p>Nabrown: Microsporum canis macroconidium Copyright - Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol.,</p> <hr /> <div>Microsporum canis macroconidium<br /> <br /> Copyright - Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol.,</div>

Nabrown https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=File:Microsporum_canis.jpg&diff=44418 2009-06-04T17:38:28Z

<p>Nabrown: Microsporum canis Copyright - Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol.,</p> <hr /> <div>Microsporum canis<br /> <br /> Copyright - Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol.,</div>

Nabrown https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Dermatophytosis&diff=44417 2009-06-04T17:37:40Z

<p>Nabrown: /* Images */</p> <hr /> <div>{{unfinished}}<br /> <br /> {{toplink<br /> |backcolour =<br /> |linkpage =Fungi<br /> |linktext =FUNGI<br /> |pagetype=Bugs<br /> }}<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> ==General==<br /> <br /> *Pigmented, saprophytic organisms called '''Phaeohyphomycetes'''<br /> **Previously called 'Fungi Imperfecti'<br /> <br /> *The two main species of veterinary interest are ''Microsporum'' and ''Trichophton''<br /> <br /> *Worldwide<br /> <br /> *They are usually secondary invaders<br /> <br /> *Able to penetrate all layers of [[Skin - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|skin]], but are generally restricted to the keratin layer and its appendages<br /> **Therefore, most often seen in subcuticular or cutaneous sites <br /> **Lack of tolerance to body temperature and antifungal activity in serum and body fluids prevent the fungi invading subcutaneously<br /> <br /> *Transmitted by direct or indirect contact<br /> <br /> *Immunuocompromised hosts may develop systemic infections<br /> <br /> *''Microsporum'' - zoophilic<br /> **Parasites of animals<br /> <br /> *''Trichophyton'' - geophilic<br /> **Inhabits soil<br /> <br /> *''Epidermophyton'' - anthropophilic<br /> **Parasites of people<br /> <br /> *Common in many species, especially cats<br /> <br /> *Hot, humid environment predisposes to infection<br /> <br /> *More common in young animals<br /> <br /> *Produce proteolytic enzymes to penetrate surface lipid<br /> <br /> *Fungal hyphae invade keratin -&gt; break into arthrospores<br /> <br /> *Phaeohyphomycosis:<br /> **Occurs sporadically in cats, horses, cattle, fish, reptiles, amphibians, birds, and rarely in dogs <br /> **Examples include: ''Exophiala'' sp., ''Phialophora'' sp., ''Pseudomicrodochium'' sp., ''Bipolaris'' sp., ''Moniella'' sp., ''Cladosporium'' sp., ''Wangiella'' sp., ''Curvularia'' spp., ''Exserohilum'' sp., ''Alternaria'' sp., ''Staphylotrichum'' sp., and ''Xylohypha'' sp <br /> **Culture is necessary for definitive diagnosis<br /> <br /> ==Pathogenesis==<br /> <br /> *Epidermal hyperplasia ([[Skin Glossary - Pathology|hyperkeratosis, parakeratosis, acanthosis]]) and [[Inflammation - WikiBlood|inflammation]]<br /> <br /> *Superficial perivascular dermatitis -&gt; exocytosis (migration through epidermal layers) -&gt; intracorneal microabscesses<br /> <br /> *Exocytosis -&gt; folliculitis -&gt; furunculosis<br /> <br /> *Highly variable lesions<br /> <br /> *Normal -&gt; eruptive nodular -&gt; pseudomycetoma -&gt; onychomycosis<br /> <br /> *Secondary invasion by [[Staphylococcus spp.|''Staphylococcus aureus'']] and [[Staphylococcus spp.|''Staphylococcus intermedius'']] are common and cause pustules in the hair follicles<br /> <br /> *Grossly:<br /> **Circular or irregular lesion, may coalesce<br /> **Scaly to crusty patches<br /> **Alopecia due to broken hair shafts and hairs lost from inflammed follicles<br /> **Follicular papules and pustules<br /> **Peripheral red ring ('''ringworm''') due to dead fungi in areas of [[Inflammation - WikiBlood|inflammation]] at centre of lesions and viable fungi peripherally<br /> <br /> *More common in housed animals, rather than animals turned out to pasture<br /> <br /> *Highest incidence of disease during the winter<br /> **May resolve spontaneously in the spring and summer<br /> <br /> ==Histology==<br /> <br /> *Perifolliculitis, folliculitis or furunculosis<br /> <br /> *Epidermal hyperplasia<br /> <br /> *Intracorneal microabscesses<br /> <br /> *Septate hyphae or spores may be found in stratum corneum and keratin of hair follicles<br /> <br /> ==Diagnosis==<br /> <br /> *Wood's Lamp<br /> **UV light<br /> **Florourescence if fungi present<br /> <br /> *Samples can be examined in 10-20% KOH for the presence of hyphae or arthrospores<br /> **Lactophenol Cotton Blue enhances visualisation<br /> <br /> *Sabouraud's Dextrose agar containing cyclohexamide and [[Chloramphenicol|chloramphenicol]] at room temperature for a month for culture<br /> <br /> *Dermatophyte Test Medium<br /> **Saubouraud's Dextrose agar with phenol red indicator<br /> **Medium changes from yellow to red if fungi present<br /> <br /> ==Treatment==<br /> <br /> *Isolation of infected animal<br /> <br /> *Precautions should be taken to prevent human infection<br /> <br /> *[[Antifungal Drugs#Griseofluvin|Griseofulvin]] best method of treatment<br /> **Expensive<br /> **Oral dosage<br /> **Prolonged treatment required<br /> <br /> *Whitfield's ointment<br /> **Salicylic and benzoic acid<br /> <br /> *Other treatments:<br /> **Aqueous lime sulphur topically for dogs<br /> **Iodine<br /> **[[Antibiotics|Antibiotics]]<br /> **[[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Natamycin]] antifungal<br /> **[[Antifungal Drugs#The Azoles|Imidiazole]] derivatives<br /> <br /> ==Further Links==<br /> <br /> *Pathology of [[Mycotic skin infections - Pathology#Dermatophytoses|dermatophytosis]]<br /> <br /> *[[Antifungal Drugs]]<br /> <br /> ==Images==<br /> <br /> {| align=&quot;center&quot;<br /> |&lt;gallery&gt;Image:Dermatophyte arthrospore hair root.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Dermatophyte arthrospores on a hair root'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Dermatophyte mycelium in skin.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Dermatophytosis mycelium in skin'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Dermatophyte skin KOH.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Dermatophyte in skin using a KOH mount'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Dermatophytosis Wood's Lamp.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Dermatophytosis lesion in a cat diagnosed using a Wood's Lamp'''|&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Ringworm on human arm.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Ringworm on a human arm'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Wikimedia Commons&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Dermatophytosis in a dog.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Dermatophytosis in a dog'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Dermatophytosis in a cow.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Dermatophytosis in a cow'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Dermatophytosis in a chicken.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Dermatophytosis in a chicken'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Dermatophytosis dog foot.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Dermatophytosis lesion on a dog's leg'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Dermatophytosis in a horse.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Dermatophytosis in a horse'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Microsporum canis.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Microsporum canis'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Microsporum canis macroconidium.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Microsporum canis macroconidium'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Microsporum canis dysgonic.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Microsporum canis dysgonic at 3 weeks'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Microsporum equinum.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Microsporum equinum'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> [[Image:Microsporum canis.jpg|'''Microsporum canis'''Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath]]<br /> [[Image:Microsporum canis macroconidium.jpg|'''Microsporum canis macroconidium'''Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath]]<br /> [[Image:Microsporum canis dysgonic.jpg|'''Microsporum canis dysgonic at 3 weeks'''Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath]]<br /> [[Image:Microsporum equinum.jpg|'''Microsporum equinum''' Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath]]</div>

Nabrown https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Dermatophytosis&diff=44416 2009-06-04T17:35:58Z

<p>Nabrown: /* Images */</p> <hr /> <div>{{unfinished}}<br /> <br /> {{toplink<br /> |backcolour =<br /> |linkpage =Fungi<br /> |linktext =FUNGI<br /> |pagetype=Bugs<br /> }}<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> ==General==<br /> <br /> *Pigmented, saprophytic organisms called '''Phaeohyphomycetes'''<br /> **Previously called 'Fungi Imperfecti'<br /> <br /> *The two main species of veterinary interest are ''Microsporum'' and ''Trichophton''<br /> <br /> *Worldwide<br /> <br /> *They are usually secondary invaders<br /> <br /> *Able to penetrate all layers of [[Skin - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|skin]], but are generally restricted to the keratin layer and its appendages<br /> **Therefore, most often seen in subcuticular or cutaneous sites <br /> **Lack of tolerance to body temperature and antifungal activity in serum and body fluids prevent the fungi invading subcutaneously<br /> <br /> *Transmitted by direct or indirect contact<br /> <br /> *Immunuocompromised hosts may develop systemic infections<br /> <br /> *''Microsporum'' - zoophilic<br /> **Parasites of animals<br /> <br /> *''Trichophyton'' - geophilic<br /> **Inhabits soil<br /> <br /> *''Epidermophyton'' - anthropophilic<br /> **Parasites of people<br /> <br /> *Common in many species, especially cats<br /> <br /> *Hot, humid environment predisposes to infection<br /> <br /> *More common in young animals<br /> <br /> *Produce proteolytic enzymes to penetrate surface lipid<br /> <br /> *Fungal hyphae invade keratin -&gt; break into arthrospores<br /> <br /> *Phaeohyphomycosis:<br /> **Occurs sporadically in cats, horses, cattle, fish, reptiles, amphibians, birds, and rarely in dogs <br /> **Examples include: ''Exophiala'' sp., ''Phialophora'' sp., ''Pseudomicrodochium'' sp., ''Bipolaris'' sp., ''Moniella'' sp., ''Cladosporium'' sp., ''Wangiella'' sp., ''Curvularia'' spp., ''Exserohilum'' sp., ''Alternaria'' sp., ''Staphylotrichum'' sp., and ''Xylohypha'' sp <br /> **Culture is necessary for definitive diagnosis<br /> <br /> ==Pathogenesis==<br /> <br /> *Epidermal hyperplasia ([[Skin Glossary - Pathology|hyperkeratosis, parakeratosis, acanthosis]]) and [[Inflammation - WikiBlood|inflammation]]<br /> <br /> *Superficial perivascular dermatitis -&gt; exocytosis (migration through epidermal layers) -&gt; intracorneal microabscesses<br /> <br /> *Exocytosis -&gt; folliculitis -&gt; furunculosis<br /> <br /> *Highly variable lesions<br /> <br /> *Normal -&gt; eruptive nodular -&gt; pseudomycetoma -&gt; onychomycosis<br /> <br /> *Secondary invasion by [[Staphylococcus spp.|''Staphylococcus aureus'']] and [[Staphylococcus spp.|''Staphylococcus intermedius'']] are common and cause pustules in the hair follicles<br /> <br /> *Grossly:<br /> **Circular or irregular lesion, may coalesce<br /> **Scaly to crusty patches<br /> **Alopecia due to broken hair shafts and hairs lost from inflammed follicles<br /> **Follicular papules and pustules<br /> **Peripheral red ring ('''ringworm''') due to dead fungi in areas of [[Inflammation - WikiBlood|inflammation]] at centre of lesions and viable fungi peripherally<br /> <br /> *More common in housed animals, rather than animals turned out to pasture<br /> <br /> *Highest incidence of disease during the winter<br /> **May resolve spontaneously in the spring and summer<br /> <br /> ==Histology==<br /> <br /> *Perifolliculitis, folliculitis or furunculosis<br /> <br /> *Epidermal hyperplasia<br /> <br /> *Intracorneal microabscesses<br /> <br /> *Septate hyphae or spores may be found in stratum corneum and keratin of hair follicles<br /> <br /> ==Diagnosis==<br /> <br /> *Wood's Lamp<br /> **UV light<br /> **Florourescence if fungi present<br /> <br /> *Samples can be examined in 10-20% KOH for the presence of hyphae or arthrospores<br /> **Lactophenol Cotton Blue enhances visualisation<br /> <br /> *Sabouraud's Dextrose agar containing cyclohexamide and [[Chloramphenicol|chloramphenicol]] at room temperature for a month for culture<br /> <br /> *Dermatophyte Test Medium<br /> **Saubouraud's Dextrose agar with phenol red indicator<br /> **Medium changes from yellow to red if fungi present<br /> <br /> ==Treatment==<br /> <br /> *Isolation of infected animal<br /> <br /> *Precautions should be taken to prevent human infection<br /> <br /> *[[Antifungal Drugs#Griseofluvin|Griseofulvin]] best method of treatment<br /> **Expensive<br /> **Oral dosage<br /> **Prolonged treatment required<br /> <br /> *Whitfield's ointment<br /> **Salicylic and benzoic acid<br /> <br /> *Other treatments:<br /> **Aqueous lime sulphur topically for dogs<br /> **Iodine<br /> **[[Antibiotics|Antibiotics]]<br /> **[[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Natamycin]] antifungal<br /> **[[Antifungal Drugs#The Azoles|Imidiazole]] derivatives<br /> <br /> ==Further Links==<br /> <br /> *Pathology of [[Mycotic skin infections - Pathology#Dermatophytoses|dermatophytosis]]<br /> <br /> *[[Antifungal Drugs]]<br /> <br /> ==Images==<br /> <br /> {| align=&quot;center&quot;<br /> |&lt;gallery&gt;Image:Dermatophyte arthrospore hair root.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Dermatophyte arthrospores on a hair root'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Dermatophyte mycelium in skin.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Dermatophytosis mycelium in skin'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Dermatophyte skin KOH.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Dermatophyte in skin using a KOH mount'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Dermatophytosis Wood's Lamp.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Dermatophytosis lesion in a cat diagnosed using a Wood's Lamp'''|&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Ringworm on human arm.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Ringworm on a human arm'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Wikimedia Commons&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Dermatophytosis in a dog.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Dermatophytosis in a dog'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Dermatophytosis in a cow.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Dermatophytosis in a cow'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Dermatophytosis in a chicken.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Dermatophytosis in a chicken'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Dermatophytosis dog foot.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Dermatophytosis lesion on a dog's leg'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Dermatophytosis in a horse.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Dermatophytosis in a horse'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Microsporum canis.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Microsporum canis'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Microsporum canis macroconidium.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Microsporum canis macroconidium'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Microsporum canis dysgonic.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Microsporum canis dysgonic at 3 weeks'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Microsporum equinum.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Microsporum equinum'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> |}</div>

Nabrown https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Dermatophytosis&diff=44415 2009-06-04T17:30:41Z

<p>Nabrown: /* Further Links */</p> <hr /> <div>{{unfinished}}<br /> <br /> {{toplink<br /> |backcolour =<br /> |linkpage =Fungi<br /> |linktext =FUNGI<br /> |pagetype=Bugs<br /> }}<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> ==General==<br /> <br /> *Pigmented, saprophytic organisms called '''Phaeohyphomycetes'''<br /> **Previously called 'Fungi Imperfecti'<br /> <br /> *The two main species of veterinary interest are ''Microsporum'' and ''Trichophton''<br /> <br /> *Worldwide<br /> <br /> *They are usually secondary invaders<br /> <br /> *Able to penetrate all layers of [[Skin - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|skin]], but are generally restricted to the keratin layer and its appendages<br /> **Therefore, most often seen in subcuticular or cutaneous sites <br /> **Lack of tolerance to body temperature and antifungal activity in serum and body fluids prevent the fungi invading subcutaneously<br /> <br /> *Transmitted by direct or indirect contact<br /> <br /> *Immunuocompromised hosts may develop systemic infections<br /> <br /> *''Microsporum'' - zoophilic<br /> **Parasites of animals<br /> <br /> *''Trichophyton'' - geophilic<br /> **Inhabits soil<br /> <br /> *''Epidermophyton'' - anthropophilic<br /> **Parasites of people<br /> <br /> *Common in many species, especially cats<br /> <br /> *Hot, humid environment predisposes to infection<br /> <br /> *More common in young animals<br /> <br /> *Produce proteolytic enzymes to penetrate surface lipid<br /> <br /> *Fungal hyphae invade keratin -&gt; break into arthrospores<br /> <br /> *Phaeohyphomycosis:<br /> **Occurs sporadically in cats, horses, cattle, fish, reptiles, amphibians, birds, and rarely in dogs <br /> **Examples include: ''Exophiala'' sp., ''Phialophora'' sp., ''Pseudomicrodochium'' sp., ''Bipolaris'' sp., ''Moniella'' sp., ''Cladosporium'' sp., ''Wangiella'' sp., ''Curvularia'' spp., ''Exserohilum'' sp., ''Alternaria'' sp., ''Staphylotrichum'' sp., and ''Xylohypha'' sp <br /> **Culture is necessary for definitive diagnosis<br /> <br /> ==Pathogenesis==<br /> <br /> *Epidermal hyperplasia ([[Skin Glossary - Pathology|hyperkeratosis, parakeratosis, acanthosis]]) and [[Inflammation - WikiBlood|inflammation]]<br /> <br /> *Superficial perivascular dermatitis -&gt; exocytosis (migration through epidermal layers) -&gt; intracorneal microabscesses<br /> <br /> *Exocytosis -&gt; folliculitis -&gt; furunculosis<br /> <br /> *Highly variable lesions<br /> <br /> *Normal -&gt; eruptive nodular -&gt; pseudomycetoma -&gt; onychomycosis<br /> <br /> *Secondary invasion by [[Staphylococcus spp.|''Staphylococcus aureus'']] and [[Staphylococcus spp.|''Staphylococcus intermedius'']] are common and cause pustules in the hair follicles<br /> <br /> *Grossly:<br /> **Circular or irregular lesion, may coalesce<br /> **Scaly to crusty patches<br /> **Alopecia due to broken hair shafts and hairs lost from inflammed follicles<br /> **Follicular papules and pustules<br /> **Peripheral red ring ('''ringworm''') due to dead fungi in areas of [[Inflammation - WikiBlood|inflammation]] at centre of lesions and viable fungi peripherally<br /> <br /> *More common in housed animals, rather than animals turned out to pasture<br /> <br /> *Highest incidence of disease during the winter<br /> **May resolve spontaneously in the spring and summer<br /> <br /> ==Histology==<br /> <br /> *Perifolliculitis, folliculitis or furunculosis<br /> <br /> *Epidermal hyperplasia<br /> <br /> *Intracorneal microabscesses<br /> <br /> *Septate hyphae or spores may be found in stratum corneum and keratin of hair follicles<br /> <br /> ==Diagnosis==<br /> <br /> *Wood's Lamp<br /> **UV light<br /> **Florourescence if fungi present<br /> <br /> *Samples can be examined in 10-20% KOH for the presence of hyphae or arthrospores<br /> **Lactophenol Cotton Blue enhances visualisation<br /> <br /> *Sabouraud's Dextrose agar containing cyclohexamide and [[Chloramphenicol|chloramphenicol]] at room temperature for a month for culture<br /> <br /> *Dermatophyte Test Medium<br /> **Saubouraud's Dextrose agar with phenol red indicator<br /> **Medium changes from yellow to red if fungi present<br /> <br /> ==Treatment==<br /> <br /> *Isolation of infected animal<br /> <br /> *Precautions should be taken to prevent human infection<br /> <br /> *[[Antifungal Drugs#Griseofluvin|Griseofulvin]] best method of treatment<br /> **Expensive<br /> **Oral dosage<br /> **Prolonged treatment required<br /> <br /> *Whitfield's ointment<br /> **Salicylic and benzoic acid<br /> <br /> *Other treatments:<br /> **Aqueous lime sulphur topically for dogs<br /> **Iodine<br /> **[[Antibiotics|Antibiotics]]<br /> **[[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Natamycin]] antifungal<br /> **[[Antifungal Drugs#The Azoles|Imidiazole]] derivatives<br /> <br /> ==Further Links==<br /> <br /> *Pathology of [[Mycotic skin infections - Pathology#Dermatophytoses|dermatophytosis]]<br /> <br /> *[[Antifungal Drugs]]<br /> <br /> ==Images==<br /> <br /> {| align=&quot;center&quot;<br /> |&lt;gallery&gt;Image:Dermatophyte arthrospore hair root.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Dermatophyte arthrospores on a hair root'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Dermatophyte mycelium in skin.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Dermatophytosis mycelium in skin'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Dermatophyte skin KOH.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Dermatophyte in skin using a KOH mount'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Dermatophytosis Wood's Lamp.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Dermatophytosis lesion in a cat diagnosed using a Wood's Lamp'''|&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Ringworm on human arm.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Ringworm on a human arm'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Wikimedia Commons&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Dermatophytosis in a dog.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Dermatophytosis in a dog'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Dermatophytosis in a cow.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Dermatophytosis in a cow'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Dermatophytosis in a chicken.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Dermatophytosis in a chicken'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Dermatophytosis dog foot.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Dermatophytosis lesion on a dog's leg'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Dermatophytosis in a horse.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;'''Dermatophytosis in a horse'''&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> |}</div>

Nabrown https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Dermatophytosis&diff=44414 2009-06-04T17:28:00Z

<p>Nabrown: /* Further Links */</p> <hr /> <div>{{unfinished}}<br /> <br /> {{toplink<br /> |backcolour =<br /> |linkpage =Fungi<br /> |linktext =FUNGI<br /> |pagetype=Bugs<br /> }}<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> ==General==<br /> <br /> *Pigmented, saprophytic organisms called '''Phaeohyphomycetes'''<br /> **Previously called 'Fungi Imperfecti'<br /> <br /> *The two main species of veterinary interest are ''Microsporum'' and ''Trichophton''<br /> <br /> *Worldwide<br /> <br /> *They are usually secondary invaders<br /> <br /> *Able to penetrate all layers of [[Skin - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|skin]], but are generally restricted to the keratin layer and its appendages<br /> **Therefore, most often seen in subcuticular or cutaneous sites <br /> **Lack of tolerance to body temperature and antifungal activity in serum and body fluids prevent the fungi invading subcutaneously<br /> <br /> *Transmitted by direct or indirect contact<br /> <br /> *Immunuocompromised hosts may develop systemic infections<br /> <br /> *''Microsporum'' - zoophilic<br /> **Parasites of animals<br /> <br /> *''Trichophyton'' - geophilic<br /> **Inhabits soil<br /> <br /> *''Epidermophyton'' - anthropophilic<br /> **Parasites of people<br /> <br /> *Common in many species, especially cats<br /> <br /> *Hot, humid environment predisposes to infection<br /> <br /> *More common in young animals<br /> <br /> *Produce proteolytic enzymes to penetrate surface lipid<br /> <br /> *Fungal hyphae invade keratin -&gt; break into arthrospores<br /> <br /> *Phaeohyphomycosis:<br /> **Occurs sporadically in cats, horses, cattle, fish, reptiles, amphibians, birds, and rarely in dogs <br /> **Examples include: ''Exophiala'' sp., ''Phialophora'' sp., ''Pseudomicrodochium'' sp., ''Bipolaris'' sp., ''Moniella'' sp., ''Cladosporium'' sp., ''Wangiella'' sp., ''Curvularia'' spp., ''Exserohilum'' sp., ''Alternaria'' sp., ''Staphylotrichum'' sp., and ''Xylohypha'' sp <br /> **Culture is necessary for definitive diagnosis<br /> <br /> ==Pathogenesis==<br /> <br /> *Epidermal hyperplasia ([[Skin Glossary - Pathology|hyperkeratosis, parakeratosis, acanthosis]]) and [[Inflammation - WikiBlood|inflammation]]<br /> <br /> *Superficial perivascular dermatitis -&gt; exocytosis (migration through epidermal layers) -&gt; intracorneal microabscesses<br /> <br /> *Exocytosis -&gt; folliculitis -&gt; furunculosis<br /> <br /> *Highly variable lesions<br /> <br /> *Normal -&gt; eruptive nodular -&gt; pseudomycetoma -&gt; onychomycosis<br /> <br /> *Secondary invasion by [[Staphylococcus spp.|''Staphylococcus aureus'']] and [[Staphylococcus spp.|''Staphylococcus intermedius'']] are common and cause pustules in the hair follicles<br /> <br /> *Grossly:<br /> **Circular or irregular lesion, may coalesce<br /> **Scaly to crusty patches<br /> **Alopecia due to broken hair shafts and hairs lost from inflammed follicles<br /> **Follicular papules and pustules<br /> **Peripheral red ring ('''ringworm''') due to dead fungi in areas of [[Inflammation - WikiBlood|inflammation]] at centre of lesions and viable fungi peripherally<br /> <br /> *More common in housed animals, rather than animals turned out to pasture<br /> <br /> *Highest incidence of disease during the winter<br /> **May resolve spontaneously in the spring and summer<br /> <br /> ==Histology==<br /> <br /> *Perifolliculitis, folliculitis or furunculosis<br /> <br /> *Epidermal hyperplasia<br /> <br /> *Intracorneal microabscesses<br /> <br /> *Septate hyphae or spores may be found in stratum corneum and keratin of hair follicles<br /> <br /> ==Diagnosis==<br /> <br /> *Wood's Lamp<br /> **UV light<br /> **Florourescence if fungi present<br /> <br /> *Samples can be examined in 10-20% KOH for the presence of hyphae or arthrospores<br /> **Lactophenol Cotton Blue enhances visualisation<br /> <br /> *Sabouraud's Dextrose agar containing cyclohexamide and [[Chloramphenicol|chloramphenicol]] at room temperature for a month for culture<br /> <br /> *Dermatophyte Test Medium<br /> **Saubouraud's Dextrose agar with phenol red indicator<br /> **Medium changes from yellow to red if fungi present<br /> <br /> ==Treatment==<br /> <br /> *Isolation of infected animal<br /> <br /> *Precautions should be taken to prevent human infection<br /> <br /> *[[Antifungal Drugs#Griseofluvin|Griseofulvin]] best method of treatment<br /> **Expensive<br /> **Oral dosage<br /> **Prolonged treatment required<br /> <br /> *Whitfield's ointment<br /> **Salicylic and benzoic acid<br /> <br /> *Other treatments:<br /> **Aqueous lime sulphur topically for dogs<br /> **Iodine<br /> **[[Antibiotics|Antibiotics]]<br /> **[[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Natamycin]] antifungal<br /> **[[Antifungal Drugs#The Azoles|Imidiazole]] derivatives<br /> <br /> ==Further Links==<br /> <br /> *Pathology of [[Mycotic skin infections - Pathology#Dermatophytoses|dermatophytosis]]<br /> <br /> *[[Antifungal Drugs]]<br /> <br /> {| align=&quot;center&quot;<br /> |&lt;gallery&gt;Image:Dermatophyte arthrospore hair root.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;Dermatophyte arthrospores on a hair root&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Dermatophyte mycelium in skin.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;Dermatophytosis mycelium in skin&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Dermatophyte skin KOH.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;Dermatophyte in skin using a KOH mount&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Dermatophytosis Wood's Lamp.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;Dermatophytosis lesion in a cat diagnosed using a Wood's Lamp|&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Ringworm on human arm.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;Ringworm on a human arm&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Wikimedia Commons&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Dermatophytosis in a dog.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;Dermatophytosis in a dog&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Dermatophytosis in a cow.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;Dermatophytosis in a cow&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Dermatophytosis in a chicken.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;Dermatophytosis in a chicken&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Dermatophytosis dog foot.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;Dermatophytosis lesion on a dog's leg&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Dermatophytosis in a horse.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;Dermatophytosis in a horse&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> |}</div>

Nabrown https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Dermatophytosis&diff=44413 2009-06-04T17:27:08Z

<p>Nabrown: </p> <hr /> <div>{{unfinished}}<br /> <br /> {{toplink<br /> |backcolour =<br /> |linkpage =Fungi<br /> |linktext =FUNGI<br /> |pagetype=Bugs<br /> }}<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> ==General==<br /> <br /> *Pigmented, saprophytic organisms called '''Phaeohyphomycetes'''<br /> **Previously called 'Fungi Imperfecti'<br /> <br /> *The two main species of veterinary interest are ''Microsporum'' and ''Trichophton''<br /> <br /> *Worldwide<br /> <br /> *They are usually secondary invaders<br /> <br /> *Able to penetrate all layers of [[Skin - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|skin]], but are generally restricted to the keratin layer and its appendages<br /> **Therefore, most often seen in subcuticular or cutaneous sites <br /> **Lack of tolerance to body temperature and antifungal activity in serum and body fluids prevent the fungi invading subcutaneously<br /> <br /> *Transmitted by direct or indirect contact<br /> <br /> *Immunuocompromised hosts may develop systemic infections<br /> <br /> *''Microsporum'' - zoophilic<br /> **Parasites of animals<br /> <br /> *''Trichophyton'' - geophilic<br /> **Inhabits soil<br /> <br /> *''Epidermophyton'' - anthropophilic<br /> **Parasites of people<br /> <br /> *Common in many species, especially cats<br /> <br /> *Hot, humid environment predisposes to infection<br /> <br /> *More common in young animals<br /> <br /> *Produce proteolytic enzymes to penetrate surface lipid<br /> <br /> *Fungal hyphae invade keratin -&gt; break into arthrospores<br /> <br /> *Phaeohyphomycosis:<br /> **Occurs sporadically in cats, horses, cattle, fish, reptiles, amphibians, birds, and rarely in dogs <br /> **Examples include: ''Exophiala'' sp., ''Phialophora'' sp., ''Pseudomicrodochium'' sp., ''Bipolaris'' sp., ''Moniella'' sp., ''Cladosporium'' sp., ''Wangiella'' sp., ''Curvularia'' spp., ''Exserohilum'' sp., ''Alternaria'' sp., ''Staphylotrichum'' sp., and ''Xylohypha'' sp <br /> **Culture is necessary for definitive diagnosis<br /> <br /> ==Pathogenesis==<br /> <br /> *Epidermal hyperplasia ([[Skin Glossary - Pathology|hyperkeratosis, parakeratosis, acanthosis]]) and [[Inflammation - WikiBlood|inflammation]]<br /> <br /> *Superficial perivascular dermatitis -&gt; exocytosis (migration through epidermal layers) -&gt; intracorneal microabscesses<br /> <br /> *Exocytosis -&gt; folliculitis -&gt; furunculosis<br /> <br /> *Highly variable lesions<br /> <br /> *Normal -&gt; eruptive nodular -&gt; pseudomycetoma -&gt; onychomycosis<br /> <br /> *Secondary invasion by [[Staphylococcus spp.|''Staphylococcus aureus'']] and [[Staphylococcus spp.|''Staphylococcus intermedius'']] are common and cause pustules in the hair follicles<br /> <br /> *Grossly:<br /> **Circular or irregular lesion, may coalesce<br /> **Scaly to crusty patches<br /> **Alopecia due to broken hair shafts and hairs lost from inflammed follicles<br /> **Follicular papules and pustules<br /> **Peripheral red ring ('''ringworm''') due to dead fungi in areas of [[Inflammation - WikiBlood|inflammation]] at centre of lesions and viable fungi peripherally<br /> <br /> *More common in housed animals, rather than animals turned out to pasture<br /> <br /> *Highest incidence of disease during the winter<br /> **May resolve spontaneously in the spring and summer<br /> <br /> ==Histology==<br /> <br /> *Perifolliculitis, folliculitis or furunculosis<br /> <br /> *Epidermal hyperplasia<br /> <br /> *Intracorneal microabscesses<br /> <br /> *Septate hyphae or spores may be found in stratum corneum and keratin of hair follicles<br /> <br /> ==Diagnosis==<br /> <br /> *Wood's Lamp<br /> **UV light<br /> **Florourescence if fungi present<br /> <br /> *Samples can be examined in 10-20% KOH for the presence of hyphae or arthrospores<br /> **Lactophenol Cotton Blue enhances visualisation<br /> <br /> *Sabouraud's Dextrose agar containing cyclohexamide and [[Chloramphenicol|chloramphenicol]] at room temperature for a month for culture<br /> <br /> *Dermatophyte Test Medium<br /> **Saubouraud's Dextrose agar with phenol red indicator<br /> **Medium changes from yellow to red if fungi present<br /> <br /> ==Treatment==<br /> <br /> *Isolation of infected animal<br /> <br /> *Precautions should be taken to prevent human infection<br /> <br /> *[[Antifungal Drugs#Griseofluvin|Griseofulvin]] best method of treatment<br /> **Expensive<br /> **Oral dosage<br /> **Prolonged treatment required<br /> <br /> *Whitfield's ointment<br /> **Salicylic and benzoic acid<br /> <br /> *Other treatments:<br /> **Aqueous lime sulphur topically for dogs<br /> **Iodine<br /> **[[Antibiotics|Antibiotics]]<br /> **[[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Natamycin]] antifungal<br /> **[[Antifungal Drugs#The Azoles|Imidiazole]] derivatives<br /> <br /> ==Further Links==<br /> <br /> *Pathology of [[Mycotic skin infections - Pathology#Dermatophytoses|dermatophytosis]]<br /> <br /> *[[Antifungal Drugs]]<br /> <br /> {{| align=&quot;center&quot;<br /> |&lt;gallery&gt;Image:Dermatophyte arthrospore hair root.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;Dermatophyte arthrospores on a hair root&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Dermatophyte mycelium in skin.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;Dermatophytosis mycelium in skin&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Dermatophyte skin KOH.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;Dermatophyte in skin using a KOH mount&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Dermatophytosis Wood's Lamp.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;Dermatophytosis lesion in a cat diagnosed using a Wood's Lamp|&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Ringworm on human arm.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;Ringworm on a human arm&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Wikimedia Commons&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Dermatophytosis in a dog.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;Dermatophytosis in a dog&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Dermatophytosis in a cow.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;Dermatophytosis in a cow&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Dermatophytosis in a chicken.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;Dermatophytosis in a chicken&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Dermatophytosis dog foot.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;Dermatophytosis lesion on a dog's leg&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> Image:Dermatophytosis in a horse.jpg|&lt;center&gt;&lt;p&gt;Dermatophytosis in a horse&lt;/p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> |}</div>

Nabrown https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=File:Histoplasmosis_tuberculate_chlamydospores.jpg&diff=44412 2009-06-04T17:08:41Z

<p>Nabrown: Copyright - Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</p> <hr /> <div>Copyright - Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</div>

Nabrown https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=File:Histoplasmosis_phagocyte.jpg&diff=44411 2009-06-04T17:08:17Z

<p>Nabrown: Copyright - Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</p> <hr /> <div>Copyright - Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</div>

Nabrown https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=File:Histoplasmosis_lung.jpg&diff=44410 2009-06-04T17:07:53Z

<p>Nabrown: Copyright - Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</p> <hr /> <div>Copyright - Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</div>

Nabrown https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=File:Histoplasmosis_canine_spleen_silver_stain.jpg&diff=44409 2009-06-04T17:07:19Z

<p>Nabrown: Copyright - Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</p> <hr /> <div>Copyright - Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</div>

Nabrown https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=File:Histoplasmosis_canine_spleen.jpg&diff=44408 2009-06-04T17:06:51Z

<p>Nabrown: Copyright - Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</p> <hr /> <div>Copyright - Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</div>

Nabrown https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Systemic_Mycoses&diff=44407 2009-06-04T17:06:27Z

<p>Nabrown: /* Histoplasmosis */</p> <hr /> <div>{{unfinished}}<br /> <br /> {{toplink<br /> |backcolour =<br /> |linkpage =Fungi<br /> |linktext =FUNGI<br /> |pagetype=Bugs<br /> }}<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Adiaspiromycosis==<br /> <br /> *Haplomycosis<br /> <br /> *''Emmonsia crescens''<br /> **Does not proliferate within the animal body<br /> **Each spore develops into a thick-walled spherule called an '''adiaspore'''<br /> <br /> *''Chrysosporium parvum, C. crescens''<br /> <br /> *Non-contageous, pulmonary mycosis<br /> <br /> *Worldwide<br /> <br /> *Found in soil<br /> <br /> *Affects burrowing rodents and small animals<br /> <br /> *Respiratory infection<br /> <br /> *Spetate hyphae with large numbers of small, round conidia either singly or in groups on the ends of the short conidiospores can be seen<br /> <br /> *Dimorphic<br /> <br /> *Grows on Sabauraud's Dextrose agar and Blood agar<br /> ==Aspergillosis==<br /> [[Image:Aspergillus cleistothecia.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Aspergillus cleistothecia - Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath]]<br /> [[Image:Aspergillus swan.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Aspergillus in a swan - Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath]]<br /> [[Image:Aspergillus in vivo.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Aspergillus in vivo - Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath]]<br /> [[Image:Aspergillus sporing heads.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Aspergillus sporing heads - Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath]]<br /> [[Image:Canine nasal asper radiograph.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Canine nasal aspergillus radiograph - Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath]]<br /> *Worldwide<br /> <br /> *Widely found in nature<br /> **Colonise a wide range of substrates under different environmental conditions<br /> **Abundant in hay, straw and grain which have heated during storage<br /> <br /> *Common laboratory contaminants<br /> <br /> *Pathogenic species include ''Aspergillus fumigatus, A. flavus, A. nidulans, A.niger'' and ''A. terreus''<br /> <br /> *May cause primary or secondary disease<br /> **Infection may be acute, chronic or benign<br /> <br /> *Avians:<br /> **Diffuse infection of the [[Avian Respiration - Anatomy &amp; Physiology#Air Sacs|air sacs]]<br /> **Diffuse pneumonic form<br /> **Nodular form involving the [[Avian Respiration - Anatomy &amp; Physiology#Avian Lungs|lungs]]<br /> **Spores are inhaled<br /> **Yellow nodules in the [[Avian Respiration - Anatomy &amp; Physiology#Avian Lungs|lungs]] and [[Avian Respiration - Anatomy &amp; Physiology#Air Sacs|air sacs]]<br /> **The acute form usually affects young birds and is rapidly fatal (within 24-48 hours)<br /> ***Signs include [[Intestine Diarrhoea - Pathology|diarrhoea]], listlessness, pyrexia, loss of appetite and loss of condition<br /> ***Sometimes convulsions may occur<br /> ***Resembles Pullorum disease<br /> **The chronic form usually occurs in adult birds and is sporadic, presenting with milder clinical signs<br /> <br /> *Cattle:<br /> **Infection can cause abortion and ocular infections<br /> **Infections involve the [[Female Reproductive Tract -The Uterus - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|uterus]], [[Foetal Membranes - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|fetal membranes]] and fetal skin<br /> **Lesions are usually up to 2mm in diameter and contain asteroid bodies with a germinated spore in the centre<br /> ***Acute infection causes miliary lesions<br /> ***Chronic infections causes granulomatous and calcified lesions<br /> <br /> *Horses:<br /> **[[Guttural Pouches Inflammatory - Pathology|Guttural pouch mycosis]] common<br /> **Infection can cause abortion<br /> **May cause [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)|COPD]]<br /> <br /> *Dogs, cats and sheep:<br /> **Infections occur, but infrequently<br /> **[[Lungs - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lungs]] and [[Nasal cavity - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|nasal cavity]] most usually affected<br /> **Disseminated form with granulomas and infarcts can occur in dogs<br /> **Pulmonary and intersitital forms can occur in cats<br /> <br /> *Humans:<br /> **Primary and secondary infections<br /> **[[Lungs - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lungs]], [[Skin - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|skin]], [[Nasal cavity - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|nasal sinuses]], [[Special Senses - Auditory - Anatomy &amp; Physiology#Outer Ear|external ear]], [[Bronchi and bronchioles - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|bronchi]], [[Bones and Cartilage - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|bones]] and meninges all affected<br /> **Infection occurs most frequently in immunocompromised patients<br /> <br /> *Grows on Sabauraud's Dextrose and Blood agar<br /> **White colonies intitially which turn green, then dark green, flat and velvety<br /> **Colony colour varies with species<br /> <br /> *Also grows on Czapek-Dox agar and 2% malt extract agar supplemented with antibacterial antibiotics<br /> <br /> *Microscopically:<br /> **Conidiophores with large terminal vesicles (only visible in the [[Lungs - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lungs]] and air sacs where there is access to oxygen)<br /> ***Vesicle shape varies depending on the species<br /> **Is a common contaminant so repeated tests should be done for a definitive diagnosis<br /> <br /> *Serology:<br /> **Gel immunodiffusion for canine nasal asper<br /> <br /> *Treatment:<br /> **Surgery<br /> **Antifungal drugs<br /> ***[[Antifungal Drugs#The Azoles|Ketoconazole]], [[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Nystatin]], [[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Amphotericin B]], [[Antifungal Drugs#Flucytosine|5-fluorocytosine]], [[Antifungal Drugs#The Azoles|Thiabendazole]]<br /> <br /> *Pathology:<br /> **''Aspergillus fumigatus'' causes [[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of rhinitis|rhinitis]], [[Respiratory Fungal Infections - Pathology#|respiratory tract inflammation]] and [[Paranasal Sinuses Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of sinusitis|sinusitis]]<br /> **Sometimes appears on [[Nasal Cavity Hyperplastic and Neoplastic - Pathology#Progressive ethmoidal haematoma|lesions of ethmoidal haematoma]]<br /> <br /> ==Blastomycosis==<br /> <br /> *North America<br /> **Most common in the North-Central and South-Eastern states<br /> <br /> *Caused by ''Blastomyces dermatitidis''<br /> <br /> *Widespread in soil<br /> <br /> *Respiratory infection<br /> <br /> *Lesions start in the [[Lungs - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lungs]] <br /> **Haematogenous dissemination<br /> **Can be found in lesions in the eyes, brain, bones and genitalia<br /> **Fatal if not treated<br /> <br /> *Lesions are also found on the skin<br /> *These may ulcerate<br /> <br /> *Granulomatous nodules<br /> <br /> *Affects mainly dogs (and humans)<br /> **Can affect cats, horses, dolphins, ferrets and sealions but is rare in these species<br /> <br /> *Microscopically:<br /> **Large, spherical, thick-walled cells<br /> **Single buds connected to a mother cell by a wide base<br /> **Double contoured effect of cells<br /> <br /> *Grows on Sabauraud's Dextrose and Blood agar<br /> **On Sabauraud's Dextrose colonies appear moist and grey with a white cotton-like mycelium which turns tan, brown and then black<br /> ***Septate hyphae<br /> ***Small, oval/pyriform conidia<br /> ***Older cultures have thickened walls<br /> **On Blood agar colonies are creamy in colour, waxy and wrinkled<br /> ***Thick-walled budding yeast cells can be seen<br /> <br /> *Diagnosis:<br /> **Complement fixation test<br /> **Falling antibody titres indicate a poor prognosis<br /> **ELISA and counterimmunoelectrophoresis can also be used<br /> <br /> *Treatment:<br /> **[[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Amphotericin B]]<br /> **[[Antifungal Drugs#The Azoles|Imidazoles]]<br /> <br /> ==Coccidioidomycosis==<br /> [[Image:Coccidioidomycosis.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Coccidioidomycosis spherule histopathology - Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath]]<br /> *''Coccidioides immitis''<br /> <br /> *Ocurs in the soil<br /> **Respiratory infections<br /> **Most commonly seen following dust storms<br /> <br /> *Occurs in arid regions<br /> **E.g. South West USA and Mexico<br /> <br /> *Non-contageous, systemic mycosis<br /> <br /> *Affects dogs, cattle, sheep and humans<br /> <br /> *Mainly affects the [[Lungs - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lungs]]<br /> **Dissemination can occur to other organs<br /> <br /> *Causes nodule or granuloma formation<br /> **Localised<br /> **Gross lesions resemble [[Mycobacteria spp.#Bovine tuberculosis|Tb]] in cattle as are usually seen in the bronchial and mediastinal [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lymph nodes]] and occasionally [[Lungs - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lungs]]<br /> **Dissemination can occur, especially in primates and dogs, to the [[Lungs - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lungs]], [[Liver - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|liver]], [[Spleen - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|spleen]], [[Nervous System - CNS - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|brain]] and [[Bones and Cartilage - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|bones]]<br /> <br /> *Thick-walled spherules in tissue<br /> **Large sporangia burst leaving 'ghost' spherules<br /> <br /> *Saprophytic phase consists of coarse, septate, branching hyphae which fragment into thick-walled, barrel-shaped arthrospores which alternate with empty cells<br /> **Stained by Lactose Phenol Cotton Blue<br /> <br /> *Grows on Sabouraud's Dextrose agar and Blood agar<br /> **Flat, moist colonies which develop a coarse, cotton-like aerial mycelium which varies from white to brown in colour<br /> <br /> *Complement fixation test, latex agglutination and immunodiffusion tests can all be used<br /> **A positive skin test indicates exposure<br /> <br /> ==Entomophthoromycisus==<br /> <br /> *Basidiobolmycosis<br /> <br /> *Caused by ''Basidiobolus'' and ''Conidiobulus'' fungi<br /> <br /> *Causes ulcerative granulomas in subcutaneous tissue<br /> <br /> *Affects the oral and nasal mucous membranes<br /> <br /> *''Basidiobolus'' causes large lesions which may involve skin on the head, neck and chest<br /> **Fistulous tracts<br /> **Extends to [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lymph nodes]]<br /> <br /> *Produce flat, waxy colonies which become white and fizzy over time<br /> <br /> *Microscopically:<br /> **Septate hyphae<br /> <br /> *Treatment:<br /> **Surgical excision<br /> **[[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Amphotericin B]] or [[Antifungal Drugs#The Azoles|Ketoconazole]]<br /> <br /> ==Histoplasmosis==<br /> [[Image:Histoplasmosis canine spleen.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Histoplasmosis in a canine spleen - Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath]]<br /> [[Image:Histoplasmosis canine spleen silver stain.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Histoplasmosis in a canine spleen using silver stain - Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath]]<br /> [[Image:Histoplasmosis lung.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Histoplasmosis lesions in lungs - Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath]]<br /> [[Image:Histoplasmosis phagocyte.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Histoplasmosis phagocyte - Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath]]<br /> [[Image:Histoplasmosis tuberculate chlamydospores.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Histoplasmosis tuberculate chlamydospores - Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath]]<br /> *''Histoplasma capsulatum''<br /> <br /> *Non-contageous, systemic mycosis<br /> <br /> *Commonly pulmonary infections occur<br /> **Other organs can be involved<br /> **Involves the reticuloendothelial system<br /> **Intestinal form can also occur<br /> <br /> *Acute and chronic disease can occur<br /> <br /> *Endemic to the USA<br /> **Isolated cases have been reported in Europe<br /> <br /> *Respiratory infection<br /> **Infection via ingestion can also occur<br /> <br /> *Affects dogs, cats, cattle, horses and humans<br /> <br /> *Found in soil contaminated by bird droppings, decaying vegetation and in caves inhabited by bats<br /> <br /> *Fine, branching, septate hyphae with smooth-walled pyriform to spherical microconidia and large, thick-walled tuberculate macroconidia on simple conidiophores<br /> <br /> *Dimorphic fungi<br /> <br /> *Hard to demonstrate in smears as the organisms is very small<br /> **Stain with Giemsa or Wright and examine under oil immersion lens<br /> <br /> *Present intracellularly in [[Macrophages - WikiBlood|macrophages]] as oval yeast cells with few buds<br /> **Clear halo is seen around the darker staining central material<br /> <br /> *Grows on Sabouraud's Dextrose agar<br /> **Creamy white colonies, turning tan coloured and then brown<br /> <br /> *Also grows on Blood agar<br /> **Small, white yeast-like colonies<br /> <br /> *Test using immunodiffusion, complement fixation and counterimmunoelectrophoresis<br /> **Skin test of little value as it only indicates exposure<br /> <br /> *Treatment with [[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Amphotericin B]]<br /> **If [[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Amphotericin B]] is contra-indicated, [[Antifungal Drugs#Imidazoles|imidazoles]] can be given orally<br /> <br /> *The prognosis is poor in acute and disseminated cases<br /> <br /> ==Zygomycosis==<br /> <br /> *Also known as mucormycosis, hyphomycosis and phycomycosis<br /> <br /> *Caused by strains of ''Mucor, Absidia, Rhizopus'' and ''Mortierella''<br /> **''Mucor circinelloides''(rare), ''Rhizomucor pusillus'' and ''R. meihi''<br /> **''Absidia corymbifera'' often causes zygomycosis in cattle and pigs<br /> **''Rhizopus arrhizus, R. microsporus'' and ''R. rhizopodormis''<br /> **''Mortierella wolfi'' implicated in bovine abortion (mycotic placentitis), ''M. hygrophila'' in fowl and ''M.polycephala'' in cattle<br /> <br /> *Occurs widely in nature<br /> <br /> *Infection is by inhalation and ingestion<br /> <br /> *Infects [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lymph nodes]] of the [[Cardiorespiratory System - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|respiratory]] and [[Alimentary - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|alimentary tract]]<br /> **[[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|Lymph nodes]] enlarge and become caseous<br /> **Can cause [[Alimentary - Anatomy &amp; Physiology#Stomach|stomach]] and [[Small Intestine - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|intestinal]] ulcers<br /> <br /> *Granulomatous lesions which can ulcerate<br /> <br /> *Mostly localised lesions but can be generalised<br /> <br /> *Pigs<br /> **Mediastinal and submandibular [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lymph nodes]] lesions<br /> **Embolic tumours in the [[Liver - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|liver]] and [[Lungs - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lungs]]<br /> **Can also be present in gastric ulcers<br /> <br /> *Cattle<br /> **Bronchial, mesenteric and mediastinal [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|lymph nodes]] lesions<br /> **Ulcers of the [[Nasal cavity - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|nasal cavity]] and [[The Abomasum - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|abomasum]] also occur<br /> **Often contaminate the [[Gestation -Placenta - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|placenta]]<br /> <br /> *Horses, dogs, cats, sheep, mink, guinea-pigs and mice can also be infected<br /> <br /> *Microscopically:<br /> **Fragments of non-septate hyphae which are branched and coarse<br /> **''Rhizomucor'' produce a thick, grey mycelium and have short, black, spherical sporangia<br /> **''Mucor'' produce thick, colourless mycelium with no rhizoids. Globose spoangia with small spores are present and sporagiospores are simple or branched.<br /> **''Absidia'' resemble ''Rhizopus'' grossly<br /> **''Mortierella'' produce white, velvet colonies on Sabouraud's Dextrose and Blood agar<br /> <br /> *Grows on Sabauraud's Dextrose agar<br /> **Common contaminants<br /> <br /> *Treatment is with [[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Amphotericin B]]<br /> **Surgery is also an option in treatment<br /> <br /> ==Further Links==<br /> <br /> *[[Antifungal Drugs]]</div>

Nabrown https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=File:Dermatophytosis_Wood%27s_Lamp.jpg&diff=44406 2009-06-04T17:00:59Z

<p>Nabrown: Dermatophytosis lesion in a cat diagnosed using a Wood's Lamp Copyright - Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</p> <hr /> <div>Dermatophytosis lesion in a cat diagnosed using a Wood's Lamp <br /> <br /> Copyright - Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</div>

Nabrown https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Dermatophytosis&diff=44405 2009-06-04T17:00:36Z

<p>Nabrown: </p> <hr /> <div>{{unfinished}}<br /> <br /> {{toplink<br /> |backcolour =<br /> |linkpage =Fungi<br /> |linktext =FUNGI<br /> |pagetype=Bugs<br /> }}<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> [[Image:Dermatophyte arthrospore hair root.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Dermatophyte arthrospores on a hair root - Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath]]<br /> [[Image:Dermatophyte mycelium in skin.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Dermatophytosis mycelium in skin - Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath]]<br /> [[Image:Dermatophyte skin KOH.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Dermatophyte in skin using a KOH mount - Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath]]<br /> [[Image:Dermatophytosis Wood's Lamp.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Dermatophytosis lesion in a cat diagnosed using a Wood's Lamp - Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath]]<br /> [[Image:Ringworm on human arm.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Ringworm on a human arm - Wikimedia Commons]]<br /> [[Image:Dermatophytosis in a dog.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Dermatophytosis in a dog - Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath]]<br /> [[Image:Dermatophytosis in a cow.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Dermatophytosis in a cow - Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath]]<br /> [[Image:Dermatophytosis in a chicken.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Dermatophytosis in a chicken - Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath]]<br /> [[Image:Dermatophytosis dog foot.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Dermatophytosis lesion on a dog's leg - Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath]]<br /> [[Image:Dermatophytosis in a horse.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Dermatophytosis in a horse - Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath]]<br /> <br /> ==General==<br /> <br /> *Pigmented, saprophytic organisms called '''Phaeohyphomycetes'''<br /> **Previously called 'Fungi Imperfecti'<br /> <br /> *The two main species of veterinary interest are ''Microsporum'' and ''Trichophton''<br /> <br /> *Worldwide<br /> <br /> *They are usually secondary invaders<br /> <br /> *Able to penetrate all layers of [[Skin - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|skin]], but are generally restricted to the keratin layer and its appendages<br /> **Therefore, most often seen in subcuticular or cutaneous sites <br /> **Lack of tolerance to body temperature and antifungal activity in serum and body fluids prevent the fungi invading subcutaneously<br /> <br /> *Transmitted by direct or indirect contact<br /> <br /> *Immunuocompromised hosts may develop systemic infections<br /> <br /> *''Microsporum'' - zoophilic<br /> **Parasites of animals<br /> <br /> *''Trichophyton'' - geophilic<br /> **Inhabits soil<br /> <br /> *''Epidermophyton'' - anthropophilic<br /> **Parasites of people<br /> <br /> *Common in many species, especially cats<br /> <br /> *Hot, humid environment predisposes to infection<br /> <br /> *More common in young animals<br /> <br /> *Produce proteolytic enzymes to penetrate surface lipid<br /> <br /> *Fungal hyphae invade keratin -&gt; break into arthrospores<br /> <br /> *Phaeohyphomycosis:<br /> **Occurs sporadically in cats, horses, cattle, fish, reptiles, amphibians, birds, and rarely in dogs <br /> **Examples include: ''Exophiala'' sp., ''Phialophora'' sp., ''Pseudomicrodochium'' sp., ''Bipolaris'' sp., ''Moniella'' sp., ''Cladosporium'' sp., ''Wangiella'' sp., ''Curvularia'' spp., ''Exserohilum'' sp., ''Alternaria'' sp., ''Staphylotrichum'' sp., and ''Xylohypha'' sp <br /> **Culture is necessary for definitive diagnosis<br /> <br /> ==Pathogenesis==<br /> <br /> *Epidermal hyperplasia ([[Skin Glossary - Pathology|hyperkeratosis, parakeratosis, acanthosis]]) and [[Inflammation - WikiBlood|inflammation]]<br /> <br /> *Superficial perivascular dermatitis -&gt; exocytosis (migration through epidermal layers) -&gt; intracorneal microabscesses<br /> <br /> *Exocytosis -&gt; folliculitis -&gt; furunculosis<br /> <br /> *Highly variable lesions<br /> <br /> *Normal -&gt; eruptive nodular -&gt; pseudomycetoma -&gt; onychomycosis<br /> <br /> *Secondary invasion by [[Staphylococcus spp.|''Staphylococcus aureus'']] and [[Staphylococcus spp.|''Staphylococcus intermedius'']] are common and cause pustules in the hair follicles<br /> <br /> *Grossly:<br /> **Circular or irregular lesion, may coalesce<br /> **Scaly to crusty patches<br /> **Alopecia due to broken hair shafts and hairs lost from inflammed follicles<br /> **Follicular papules and pustules<br /> **Peripheral red ring ('''ringworm''') due to dead fungi in areas of [[Inflammation - WikiBlood|inflammation]] at centre of lesions and viable fungi peripherally<br /> <br /> *More common in housed animals, rather than animals turned out to pasture<br /> <br /> *Highest incidence of disease during the winter<br /> **May resolve spontaneously in the spring and summer<br /> <br /> ==Histology==<br /> <br /> *Perifolliculitis, folliculitis or furunculosis<br /> <br /> *Epidermal hyperplasia<br /> <br /> *Intracorneal microabscesses<br /> <br /> *Septate hyphae or spores may be found in stratum corneum and keratin of hair follicles<br /> <br /> ==Diagnosis==<br /> <br /> *Wood's Lamp<br /> **UV light<br /> **Florourescence if fungi present<br /> <br /> *Samples can be examined in 10-20% KOH for the presence of hyphae or arthrospores<br /> **Lactophenol Cotton Blue enhances visualisation<br /> <br /> *Sabouraud's Dextrose agar containing cyclohexamide and [[Chloramphenicol|chloramphenicol]] at room temperature for a month for culture<br /> <br /> *Dermatophyte Test Medium<br /> **Saubouraud's Dextrose agar with phenol red indicator<br /> **Medium changes from yellow to red if fungi present<br /> <br /> ==Treatment==<br /> <br /> *Isolation of infected animal<br /> <br /> *Precautions should be taken to prevent human infection<br /> <br /> *[[Antifungal Drugs#Griseofluvin|Griseofulvin]] best method of treatment<br /> **Expensive<br /> **Oral dosage<br /> **Prolonged treatment required<br /> <br /> *Whitfield's ointment<br /> **Salicylic and benzoic acid<br /> <br /> *Other treatments:<br /> **Aqueous lime sulphur topically for dogs<br /> **Iodine<br /> **[[Antibiotics|Antibiotics]]<br /> **[[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Natamycin]] antifungal<br /> **[[Antifungal Drugs#The Azoles|Imidiazole]] derivatives<br /> <br /> ==Further Links==<br /> <br /> *Pathology of [[Mycotic skin infections - Pathology#Dermatophytoses|dermatophytosis]]<br /> <br /> *[[Antifungal Drugs]]</div>

Nabrown https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Dermatophytosis&diff=44404 2009-06-04T16:58:59Z

<p>Nabrown: </p> <hr /> <div>{{unfinished}}<br /> <br /> {{toplink<br /> |backcolour =<br /> |linkpage =Fungi<br /> |linktext =FUNGI<br /> |pagetype=Bugs<br /> }}<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> [[Image:Dermatophyte arthrospore hair root.jpg|thumb|right|100px|Dermatophyte arthrospores on a hair root - Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath]]<br /> [[Image:Dermatophyte mycelium in skin.jpg|thumb|right|100px|Dermatophytosis mycelium in skin - Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath]]<br /> [[Image:Dermatophyte skin KOH.jpg|thumb|right|100px|Dermatophyte in skin using a KOH mount - Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath]]<br /> [[Image:Ringworm on human arm.jpg|thumb|right|100px|Ringworm on a human arm - Wikimedia Commons]]<br /> [[Image:Dermatophytosis in a dog.jpg|thumb|right|100px|Dermatophytosis in a dog - Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath]]<br /> [[Image:Dermatophytosis in a cow.jpg|thumb|right|100px|Dermatophytosis in a cow - Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath]]<br /> [[Image:Dermatophytosis in a chicken.jpg|thumb|right|100px|Dermatophytosis in a chicken - Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath]]<br /> [[Image:Dermatophytosis dog foot.jpg|thumb|right|100px|Dermatophytosis lesion on a dog's leg - Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath]]<br /> [[Image:Dermatophytosis in a horse.jpg|thumb|right|100px|Dermatophytosis in a horse - Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath]]<br /> <br /> ==General==<br /> <br /> *Pigmented, saprophytic organisms called '''Phaeohyphomycetes'''<br /> **Previously called 'Fungi Imperfecti'<br /> <br /> *The two main species of veterinary interest are ''Microsporum'' and ''Trichophton''<br /> <br /> *Worldwide<br /> <br /> *They are usually secondary invaders<br /> <br /> *Able to penetrate all layers of [[Skin - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|skin]], but are generally restricted to the keratin layer and its appendages<br /> **Therefore, most often seen in subcuticular or cutaneous sites <br /> **Lack of tolerance to body temperature and antifungal activity in serum and body fluids prevent the fungi invading subcutaneously<br /> <br /> *Transmitted by direct or indirect contact<br /> <br /> *Immunuocompromised hosts may develop systemic infections<br /> <br /> *''Microsporum'' - zoophilic<br /> **Parasites of animals<br /> <br /> *''Trichophyton'' - geophilic<br /> **Inhabits soil<br /> <br /> *''Epidermophyton'' - anthropophilic<br /> **Parasites of people<br /> <br /> *Common in many species, especially cats<br /> <br /> *Hot, humid environment predisposes to infection<br /> <br /> *More common in young animals<br /> <br /> *Produce proteolytic enzymes to penetrate surface lipid<br /> <br /> *Fungal hyphae invade keratin -&gt; break into arthrospores<br /> <br /> *Phaeohyphomycosis:<br /> **Occurs sporadically in cats, horses, cattle, fish, reptiles, amphibians, birds, and rarely in dogs <br /> **Examples include: ''Exophiala'' sp., ''Phialophora'' sp., ''Pseudomicrodochium'' sp., ''Bipolaris'' sp., ''Moniella'' sp., ''Cladosporium'' sp., ''Wangiella'' sp., ''Curvularia'' spp., ''Exserohilum'' sp., ''Alternaria'' sp., ''Staphylotrichum'' sp., and ''Xylohypha'' sp <br /> **Culture is necessary for definitive diagnosis<br /> <br /> ==Pathogenesis==<br /> <br /> *Epidermal hyperplasia ([[Skin Glossary - Pathology|hyperkeratosis, parakeratosis, acanthosis]]) and [[Inflammation - WikiBlood|inflammation]]<br /> <br /> *Superficial perivascular dermatitis -&gt; exocytosis (migration through epidermal layers) -&gt; intracorneal microabscesses<br /> <br /> *Exocytosis -&gt; folliculitis -&gt; furunculosis<br /> <br /> *Highly variable lesions<br /> <br /> *Normal -&gt; eruptive nodular -&gt; pseudomycetoma -&gt; onychomycosis<br /> <br /> *Secondary invasion by [[Staphylococcus spp.|''Staphylococcus aureus'']] and [[Staphylococcus spp.|''Staphylococcus intermedius'']] are common and cause pustules in the hair follicles<br /> <br /> *Grossly:<br /> **Circular or irregular lesion, may coalesce<br /> **Scaly to crusty patches<br /> **Alopecia due to broken hair shafts and hairs lost from inflammed follicles<br /> **Follicular papules and pustules<br /> **Peripheral red ring ('''ringworm''') due to dead fungi in areas of [[Inflammation - WikiBlood|inflammation]] at centre of lesions and viable fungi peripherally<br /> <br /> *More common in housed animals, rather than animals turned out to pasture<br /> <br /> *Highest incidence of disease during the winter<br /> **May resolve spontaneously in the spring and summer<br /> <br /> ==Histology==<br /> <br /> *Perifolliculitis, folliculitis or furunculosis<br /> <br /> *Epidermal hyperplasia<br /> <br /> *Intracorneal microabscesses<br /> <br /> *Septate hyphae or spores may be found in stratum corneum and keratin of hair follicles<br /> <br /> ==Diagnosis==<br /> <br /> *Wood's Lamp<br /> **UV light<br /> **Florourescence if fungi present<br /> <br /> *Samples can be examined in 10-20% KOH for the presence of hyphae or arthrospores<br /> **Lactophenol Cotton Blue enhances visualisation<br /> <br /> *Sabouraud's Dextrose agar containing cyclohexamide and [[Chloramphenicol|chloramphenicol]] at room temperature for a month for culture<br /> <br /> *Dermatophyte Test Medium<br /> **Saubouraud's Dextrose agar with phenol red indicator<br /> **Medium changes from yellow to red if fungi present<br /> <br /> ==Treatment==<br /> <br /> *Isolation of infected animal<br /> <br /> *Precautions should be taken to prevent human infection<br /> <br /> *[[Antifungal Drugs#Griseofluvin|Griseofulvin]] best method of treatment<br /> **Expensive<br /> **Oral dosage<br /> **Prolonged treatment required<br /> <br /> *Whitfield's ointment<br /> **Salicylic and benzoic acid<br /> <br /> *Other treatments:<br /> **Aqueous lime sulphur topically for dogs<br /> **Iodine<br /> **[[Antibiotics|Antibiotics]]<br /> **[[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Natamycin]] antifungal<br /> **[[Antifungal Drugs#The Azoles|Imidiazole]] derivatives<br /> <br /> ==Further Links==<br /> <br /> *Pathology of [[Mycotic skin infections - Pathology#Dermatophytoses|dermatophytosis]]<br /> <br /> *[[Antifungal Drugs]]</div>

Nabrown https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=File:Dermatophytosis_in_a_horse.jpg&diff=44403 2009-06-04T16:58:09Z

<p>Nabrown: Dermatophytosis in a horse Copyright - Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</p> <hr /> <div>Dermatophytosis in a horse<br /> <br /> Copyright - Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</div>

Nabrown https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Dermatophytosis&diff=44402 2009-06-04T16:57:25Z

<p>Nabrown: </p> <hr /> <div>{{unfinished}}<br /> <br /> {{toplink<br /> |backcolour =<br /> |linkpage =Fungi<br /> |linktext =FUNGI<br /> |pagetype=Bugs<br /> }}<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> [[Image:Dermatophyte arthrospore hair root.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Dermatophyte arthrospores on a hair root - Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath]]<br /> [[Image:Dermatophyte mycelium in skin.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Dermatophytosis mycelium in skin - Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath]]<br /> [[Image:Dermatophyte skin KOH.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Dermatophyte in skin using a KOH mount - Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath]]<br /> [[Image:Ringworm on human arm.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Ringworm on a human arm - Wikimedia Commons]]<br /> [[Image:Dermatophytosis in a dog.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Dermatophytosis in a dog - Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath]]<br /> [[Image:Dermatophytosis in a cow.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Dermatophytosis in a cow - Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath]]<br /> [[Image:Dermatophytosis in a chicken.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Dermatophytosis in a chicken - Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath]]<br /> [[Image:Dermatophytosis dog foot.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Dermatophytosis lesion on a dog's leg - Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath]]<br /> [[Image:Dermatophytosis in a horse.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Dermatophytosis in a horse - Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath]]<br /> <br /> ==General==<br /> <br /> *Pigmented, saprophytic organisms called '''Phaeohyphomycetes'''<br /> **Previously called 'Fungi Imperfecti'<br /> <br /> *The two main species of veterinary interest are ''Microsporum'' and ''Trichophton''<br /> <br /> *Worldwide<br /> <br /> *They are usually secondary invaders<br /> <br /> *Able to penetrate all layers of [[Skin - Anatomy &amp; Physiology|skin]], but are generally restricted to the keratin layer and its appendages<br /> **Therefore, most often seen in subcuticular or cutaneous sites <br /> **Lack of tolerance to body temperature and antifungal activity in serum and body fluids prevent the fungi invading subcutaneously<br /> <br /> *Transmitted by direct or indirect contact<br /> <br /> *Immunuocompromised hosts may develop systemic infections<br /> <br /> *''Microsporum'' - zoophilic<br /> **Parasites of animals<br /> <br /> *''Trichophyton'' - geophilic<br /> **Inhabits soil<br /> <br /> *''Epidermophyton'' - anthropophilic<br /> **Parasites of people<br /> <br /> *Common in many species, especially cats<br /> <br /> *Hot, humid environment predisposes to infection<br /> <br /> *More common in young animals<br /> <br /> *Produce proteolytic enzymes to penetrate surface lipid<br /> <br /> *Fungal hyphae invade keratin -&gt; break into arthrospores<br /> <br /> *Phaeohyphomycosis:<br /> **Occurs sporadically in cats, horses, cattle, fish, reptiles, amphibians, birds, and rarely in dogs <br /> **Examples include: ''Exophiala'' sp., ''Phialophora'' sp., ''Pseudomicrodochium'' sp., ''Bipolaris'' sp., ''Moniella'' sp., ''Cladosporium'' sp., ''Wangiella'' sp., ''Curvularia'' spp., ''Exserohilum'' sp., ''Alternaria'' sp., ''Staphylotrichum'' sp., and ''Xylohypha'' sp <br /> **Culture is necessary for definitive diagnosis<br /> <br /> ==Pathogenesis==<br /> <br /> *Epidermal hyperplasia ([[Skin Glossary - Pathology|hyperkeratosis, parakeratosis, acanthosis]]) and [[Inflammation - WikiBlood|inflammation]]<br /> <br /> *Superficial perivascular dermatitis -&gt; exocytosis (migration through epidermal layers) -&gt; intracorneal microabscesses<br /> <br /> *Exocytosis -&gt; folliculitis -&gt; furunculosis<br /> <br /> *Highly variable lesions<br /> <br /> *Normal -&gt; eruptive nodular -&gt; pseudomycetoma -&gt; onychomycosis<br /> <br /> *Secondary invasion by [[Staphylococcus spp.|''Staphylococcus aureus'']] and [[Staphylococcus spp.|''Staphylococcus intermedius'']] are common and cause pustules in the hair follicles<br /> <br /> *Grossly:<br /> **Circular or irregular lesion, may coalesce<br /> **Scaly to crusty patches<br /> **Alopecia due to broken hair shafts and hairs lost from inflammed follicles<br /> **Follicular papules and pustules<br /> **Peripheral red ring ('''ringworm''') due to dead fungi in areas of [[Inflammation - WikiBlood|inflammation]] at centre of lesions and viable fungi peripherally<br /> <br /> *More common in housed animals, rather than animals turned out to pasture<br /> <br /> *Highest incidence of disease during the winter<br /> **May resolve spontaneously in the spring and summer<br /> <br /> ==Histology==<br /> <br /> *Perifolliculitis, folliculitis or furunculosis<br /> <br /> *Epidermal hyperplasia<br /> <br /> *Intracorneal microabscesses<br /> <br /> *Septate hyphae or spores may be found in stratum corneum and keratin of hair follicles<br /> <br /> ==Diagnosis==<br /> <br /> *Wood's Lamp<br /> **UV light<br /> **Florourescence if fungi present<br /> <br /> *Samples can be examined in 10-20% KOH for the presence of hyphae or arthrospores<br /> **Lactophenol Cotton Blue enhances visualisation<br /> <br /> *Sabouraud's Dextrose agar containing cyclohexamide and [[Chloramphenicol|chloramphenicol]] at room temperature for a month for culture<br /> <br /> *Dermatophyte Test Medium<br /> **Saubouraud's Dextrose agar with phenol red indicator<br /> **Medium changes from yellow to red if fungi present<br /> <br /> ==Treatment==<br /> <br /> *Isolation of infected animal<br /> <br /> *Precautions should be taken to prevent human infection<br /> <br /> *[[Antifungal Drugs#Griseofluvin|Griseofulvin]] best method of treatment<br /> **Expensive<br /> **Oral dosage<br /> **Prolonged treatment required<br /> <br /> *Whitfield's ointment<br /> **Salicylic and benzoic acid<br /> <br /> *Other treatments:<br /> **Aqueous lime sulphur topically for dogs<br /> **Iodine<br /> **[[Antibiotics|Antibiotics]]<br /> **[[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Natamycin]] antifungal<br /> **[[Antifungal Drugs#The Azoles|Imidiazole]] derivatives<br /> <br /> ==Further Links==<br /> <br /> *Pathology of [[Mycotic skin infections - Pathology#Dermatophytoses|dermatophytosis]]<br /> <br /> *[[Antifungal Drugs]]</div>

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