WikiVet English - User contributions [en]

Sarah Hamilton

2011-03-15T17:41:48Z

Shamilton: /* Three weeks into the wikivet project (or thereabouts) */

'''Sarah Hamilton'''
[[Image:Sarah.jpg|right]]

===Sections I've been working on===

* [[Small Intestine Overview - Anatomy & Physiology|Small Intestine]]
* [[Large Intestine - Anatomy & Physiology|Large Intestine]]
* [[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology|Pancreas]]
* [[Peritoneal Cavity - Anatomy & Physiology|Peritoneal cavity]]
* [[Sensory Pathways - Anatomy & Physiology|Sensory pathways of the Nervous System]]
* [[Motor Pathways - Anatomy & Physiology|Motor pathways of the Nervous System]]

Sarah Hamilton

2011-03-15T17:41:10Z

Shamilton: /* What I hope to get out of this project */

'''Sarah Hamilton'''
[[Image:Sarah.jpg|right]]

==Three weeks into the wikivet project (or thereabouts)==

===Sections I've been working on===

* [[Small Intestine Overview - Anatomy & Physiology|Small Intestine]]
* [[Large Intestine - Anatomy & Physiology|Large Intestine]]
* [[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology|Pancreas]]
* [[Peritoneal Cavity - Anatomy & Physiology|Peritoneal cavity]]
* [[Sensory Pathways - Anatomy & Physiology|Sensory pathways of the Nervous System]]
* [[Motor Pathways - Anatomy & Physiology|Motor pathways of the Nervous System]]

===What I feel I've gained so far from being involved in the project===

* The ability to collate information from different sources and put it into an accessible format.
* I feel more knowledgeable in the areas I have been working on.
* Working in a professional context.

===Problems or issues that I've had or can forsee===

* The server being turned off, and not being able to work!
* A shortage of images.

===My suggestions for improving the way the project works for the future===

* Outline a format, and have everyone agree early on in the project.
* Name every page correctly, e.g. anatomy & physiology

===What involvement (if any!) I would like to have with the project in the future===

* I would be very happy to work on the project in the future. I would be interested in writing up more pages.

Sarah Hamilton

2011-03-15T17:41:02Z

Shamilton: /* Topics that are difficult */

'''Sarah Hamilton'''
[[Image:Sarah.jpg|right]]

==What I hope to get out of this project ==
A better understanding of the alimentary tract and getting to know the other people involved in the project.

==Three weeks into the wikivet project (or thereabouts)==

===Sections I've been working on===

* [[Small Intestine Overview - Anatomy & Physiology|Small Intestine]]
* [[Large Intestine - Anatomy & Physiology|Large Intestine]]
* [[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology|Pancreas]]
* [[Peritoneal Cavity - Anatomy & Physiology|Peritoneal cavity]]
* [[Sensory Pathways - Anatomy & Physiology|Sensory pathways of the Nervous System]]
* [[Motor Pathways - Anatomy & Physiology|Motor pathways of the Nervous System]]

===What I feel I've gained so far from being involved in the project===

* The ability to collate information from different sources and put it into an accessible format.
* I feel more knowledgeable in the areas I have been working on.
* Working in a professional context.

===Problems or issues that I've had or can forsee===

* The server being turned off, and not being able to work!
* A shortage of images.

===My suggestions for improving the way the project works for the future===

* Outline a format, and have everyone agree early on in the project.
* Name every page correctly, e.g. anatomy & physiology

===What involvement (if any!) I would like to have with the project in the future===

* I would be very happy to work on the project in the future. I would be interested in writing up more pages.

Sarah Hamilton

2011-03-15T17:40:47Z

Shamilton: /* Curriculum area that interests me */

'''Sarah Hamilton'''
[[Image:Sarah.jpg|right]]

==What I hope to get out of this project ==
A better understanding of the alimentary tract and getting to know the other people involved in the project.

== Topics that are difficult ==

Drugs - names, receptors, side effects.

==Three weeks into the wikivet project (or thereabouts)==

===Sections I've been working on===

* [[Small Intestine Overview - Anatomy & Physiology|Small Intestine]]
* [[Large Intestine - Anatomy & Physiology|Large Intestine]]
* [[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology|Pancreas]]
* [[Peritoneal Cavity - Anatomy & Physiology|Peritoneal cavity]]
* [[Sensory Pathways - Anatomy & Physiology|Sensory pathways of the Nervous System]]
* [[Motor Pathways - Anatomy & Physiology|Motor pathways of the Nervous System]]

===What I feel I've gained so far from being involved in the project===

* The ability to collate information from different sources and put it into an accessible format.
* I feel more knowledgeable in the areas I have been working on.
* Working in a professional context.

===Problems or issues that I've had or can forsee===

* The server being turned off, and not being able to work!
* A shortage of images.

===My suggestions for improving the way the project works for the future===

* Outline a format, and have everyone agree early on in the project.
* Name every page correctly, e.g. anatomy & physiology

===What involvement (if any!) I would like to have with the project in the future===

* I would be very happy to work on the project in the future. I would be interested in writing up more pages.

Sarah Hamilton

2011-03-15T17:40:34Z

Shamilton: /* My best learning experience in the past */

'''Sarah Hamilton'''
[[Image:Sarah.jpg|right]]

==What I hope to get out of this project ==
A better understanding of the alimentary tract and getting to know the other people involved in the project.

== Curriculum area that interests me ==

Animal husbandry, ruminant and horse digestion, reproduction physiology.

== Topics that are difficult ==

Drugs - names, receptors, side effects.

==Three weeks into the wikivet project (or thereabouts)==

===Sections I've been working on===

* [[Small Intestine Overview - Anatomy & Physiology|Small Intestine]]
* [[Large Intestine - Anatomy & Physiology|Large Intestine]]
* [[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology|Pancreas]]
* [[Peritoneal Cavity - Anatomy & Physiology|Peritoneal cavity]]
* [[Sensory Pathways - Anatomy & Physiology|Sensory pathways of the Nervous System]]
* [[Motor Pathways - Anatomy & Physiology|Motor pathways of the Nervous System]]

===What I feel I've gained so far from being involved in the project===

* The ability to collate information from different sources and put it into an accessible format.
* I feel more knowledgeable in the areas I have been working on.
* Working in a professional context.

===Problems or issues that I've had or can forsee===

* The server being turned off, and not being able to work!
* A shortage of images.

===My suggestions for improving the way the project works for the future===

* Outline a format, and have everyone agree early on in the project.
* Name every page correctly, e.g. anatomy & physiology

===What involvement (if any!) I would like to have with the project in the future===

* I would be very happy to work on the project in the future. I would be interested in writing up more pages.

Sarah Hamilton

2011-03-15T17:40:21Z

Shamilton: /* About me */

'''Sarah Hamilton'''
[[Image:Sarah.jpg|right]]

==What I hope to get out of this project ==
A better understanding of the alimentary tract and getting to know the other people involved in the project.

== My best learning experience in the past ==

I would have to say that my best learning experience has been going to university. I don't think I could have learned so much in such a short amount of time in any other way. I've learned to live on my own - meeting friends, managing money, cooking and scuba diving! I'm sure that the experiences and choices I've made I would have been unable to make had I not gone to uni.

== Curriculum area that interests me ==

Animal husbandry, ruminant and horse digestion, reproduction physiology.

== Topics that are difficult ==

Drugs - names, receptors, side effects.

==Three weeks into the wikivet project (or thereabouts)==

===Sections I've been working on===

* [[Small Intestine Overview - Anatomy & Physiology|Small Intestine]]
* [[Large Intestine - Anatomy & Physiology|Large Intestine]]
* [[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology|Pancreas]]
* [[Peritoneal Cavity - Anatomy & Physiology|Peritoneal cavity]]
* [[Sensory Pathways - Anatomy & Physiology|Sensory pathways of the Nervous System]]
* [[Motor Pathways - Anatomy & Physiology|Motor pathways of the Nervous System]]

===What I feel I've gained so far from being involved in the project===

* The ability to collate information from different sources and put it into an accessible format.
* I feel more knowledgeable in the areas I have been working on.
* Working in a professional context.

===Problems or issues that I've had or can forsee===

* The server being turned off, and not being able to work!
* A shortage of images.

===My suggestions for improving the way the project works for the future===

* Outline a format, and have everyone agree early on in the project.
* Name every page correctly, e.g. anatomy & physiology

===What involvement (if any!) I would like to have with the project in the future===

* I would be very happy to work on the project in the future. I would be interested in writing up more pages.

Sarah Hamilton

2011-03-15T17:40:08Z

Shamilton: /* Contact details */

'''Sarah Hamilton'''
[[Image:Sarah.jpg|right]]

== About me ==

I am about to enter the third year BVetMed at RVC, :D! I am from north london originally, but my family is now based in aylesbury, Bucks. I will be sharing a house in Potter's Bar next year, with three friends I've been living with the past year, plus two snakes, a scorpion, 20 odd scorpion babies and a hamster, oh and hopefully some chickens. In my spare time I like to play the guitar and have recently taken up scuba diving, which I'm really enjoying and I'm hoping to go diving with seals later this year.

==What I hope to get out of this project ==
A better understanding of the alimentary tract and getting to know the other people involved in the project.

== My best learning experience in the past ==

I would have to say that my best learning experience has been going to university. I don't think I could have learned so much in such a short amount of time in any other way. I've learned to live on my own - meeting friends, managing money, cooking and scuba diving! I'm sure that the experiences and choices I've made I would have been unable to make had I not gone to uni.

== Curriculum area that interests me ==

Animal husbandry, ruminant and horse digestion, reproduction physiology.

== Topics that are difficult ==

Drugs - names, receptors, side effects.

==Three weeks into the wikivet project (or thereabouts)==

===Sections I've been working on===

* [[Small Intestine Overview - Anatomy & Physiology|Small Intestine]]
* [[Large Intestine - Anatomy & Physiology|Large Intestine]]
* [[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology|Pancreas]]
* [[Peritoneal Cavity - Anatomy & Physiology|Peritoneal cavity]]
* [[Sensory Pathways - Anatomy & Physiology|Sensory pathways of the Nervous System]]
* [[Motor Pathways - Anatomy & Physiology|Motor pathways of the Nervous System]]

===What I feel I've gained so far from being involved in the project===

* The ability to collate information from different sources and put it into an accessible format.
* I feel more knowledgeable in the areas I have been working on.
* Working in a professional context.

===Problems or issues that I've had or can forsee===

* The server being turned off, and not being able to work!
* A shortage of images.

===My suggestions for improving the way the project works for the future===

* Outline a format, and have everyone agree early on in the project.
* Name every page correctly, e.g. anatomy & physiology

===What involvement (if any!) I would like to have with the project in the future===

* I would be very happy to work on the project in the future. I would be interested in writing up more pages.

Developmental Biology Overview - Anatomy & Physiology

2008-08-31T16:04:45Z

Shamilton: /* References */

{{toplink
|backcolour =
|linkpage =Anatomy and Physiology
|linktext =ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
|normallink = Developmental Biology - Anatomy & Physiology
|maplink = Developmental Biology (Concept Map)- Anatomy & Physiology
}}

==Introduction==

'''Embryo''', when applied to mammals, is the term given to the developing organism from fertilisation to birth. Developmental biology, or embryology, is the study of the embryo as it transforms from a unicellular zygote to a multicellular, mulitsystemed organism which in some cases, is ready to function autonomously. Developmental biology is of interest to vets in understanding why organs and systems are the way they are, but also in understanding genetic disease and applying cell based therapy to treat loss or damage to tissue.

Perhaps quite remarkably, all animals follow the same developmental "plan". Until the latter stages of development, it is difficult to tell a human embryo from a chicken embryo. This suggests an evolutionary programme for cells.

*Embryogenesis is driven by three cellular process:
#'''Cell division and growth'''
#*Fertilisation produces a unicellular zygote which undergoes a series of mitotic divisions to eventually become a multicellular organism. Mitosis produces (i) growth by hyperplasia (ii) an increased number of cells for greater diversity of function, and thus more complex organism.
#'''Cell differentiation'''
#*As embryogenesis progresses, cells become specialised in structure and function. Regulation of gene expression allows different proteins to be expressed in some cells, allowing different tissues to exists despite all cells containing the same DNA. At the blastomere stage (16 cells) cells are '''totipotent''', meaning they have the capacity to form every adult cell type. As the embryo progresses and enters gastrulation cells become '''pluripotent''', meaning they can form several but not all cell types. Eventually, most cells terminally differentiate and can no longer form any other cell type.
#'''Morphogenesis'''
#*During embryogenesis two cell types exist; mesenchymal and epithelial. Mesenchymal cells are single or loosely linked to other cells and irregularly shaped. Epithelial cells are tightly attached to each other or a membrane and have a regular shape (cuboidal or columnar).

==[[Fertilisation, Implantation and Early Embryonic Development -Embryonic Development of the Blastocyst- Anatomy & Physiology|Early Embryonic Development]]==

==[[Developmental Biology - Implantation - Anatomy & Physiology|Implantation]]==

==[[Developmental Biology - Gastrulation - Anatomy & Physiology|Gastrulation]]==

==[[Developmental Biology - Neurogenesis - Anatomy & Physiology|Neurogenesis]]==

==[[Developmental Biology - Somite Development - Anatomy & Physiology|Somite Development]]==

==[[Developmental Biology - Limb Development - Anatomy & Physiology|Limb Development]]==

==[[Developmental Biology - Muscle Development - Anatomy & Physiology|Muscle Development]]==

==[[Developmental Biology - Bone & Joint Development - Anatomy & Physiology|Bone & Joint Development]]==

==[[Developmental Biology - Intermediate Mesoderm Development - Anatomy & Physiology|Intermediate Mesoderm Development]]==

==[[Developmental Biology - Gut Development - Anatomy & Physiology|Endoderm Development]]==

==Links==

===Alimentary===
*[[Oral Cavity - Teeth & Gingiva - Anatomy & Physiology#Tooth Development|Tooth Development]]
*[[Forestomach - Anatomy & Physiology#Development|Stomach Development]]
*[[Small Intestine - Anatomy & Physiology#Development|Small Intestine Development]]
*[[Large Intestine - Anatomy & Physiology#Development|Large Intestine Development]]
*[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Development|Pancreas Development]]
*[[Peritoneal cavity - Anatomy & Physiology#Development|Peritoneal Cavity Development]]

===Cardiorespiratory===
*[[Developmental Anatomy of the Heart - Anatomy & Physiology|Heart Development]]
*[[Vascular Development - Anatomy & Physiology|Vascular Development]]

===Endocrine===
*[[Endocrine System - Pituitary Gland - Anatomy & Physiology#Anatomy|Pituitary Gland Development]]
*[[Endocrine System - Thyroid Gland - Anatomy & Physiology#Embryological Origin|Thyroid Gland Development]]
*[[Endocrine System - Parathyroid Gland - Anatomy & Physiology#Embryology|Parathyroid Gland Development]]
*[[Endocrine System - Adrenal Glands - Anatomy & Physiology#Embryological Origin|Adrenal Gland Development]]

===Integumentary===
*[[Skin - Anatomy & Physiology#Origin of the epidermis|Skin Development]]
*[[Hair - Anatomy & Physiology#Development|Hair Development]]

===Lymphoreticular===
*[[Lymphatic Vessels - Anatomy & Physiology#Development|Lymphatic Vessel Development]]
*[[Bone Marrow - Anatomy & Physiology#Development|Bone Marrow Development]]
*[[Bursa of Fabricius - Anatomy & Physiology#Development|Bursa of Farbricus Development]]
*[[Thymus - Anatomy & Physiology#Embryology|Thymus Development]]
*[[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy & Physiology#Development|Lymph Node Development]]
*[[Spleen - Anatomy & Physiology#Development|Spleen Development]]
*[[Regional Lymphoid Tissue - Anatomy & Physiology#Development|MALT Development]]
*[[Appendix - Anatomy & Physiology#Development|Appendix Development]]
*[[Peyer's Patches - Anatomy & Physiology#Development|Peyer's Patches Development]]

===Musculoskeletal===
*[[Bones and Cartilage - Anatomy & Physiology|Bone and Cartilage Development]]

===Reproductive===
*[[Male Reproductive Tract -The Testes and Epididymis - Anatomy & Physiology#Testicular Descent|Testicular Descent]]
*[[Fertilisation, Implantation and Early Embryonic Development -Fertilisation- Anatomy & Physiology|Fertilisation]]
*[[Fertilisation, Implantation and Early Embryonic Development -Embryonic Development of the Blastocyst- Anatomy & Physiology|Blastocyst Development]]
*[[Fertilisation, Implantation and Early Embryonic Development -Implantation- Anatomy & Physiology|Implantation]]
*[[Fertilisation, Implantation and Early Embryonic Development -Sexual Differentiation- Anatomy & Physiology|Sexual Differentiation]]
*[[Lactation - The Mammary Gland - Anatomy & Physiology#Development of the Mammary Gland (prenatal mammogenesis)|Mammary Gland Development]]

===Nervous System and Special Senses===
*[[Introduction and Development|Central Nervous System Development]]

===Urinary===
*[[Developmental Anatomy of the Kidneys - Anatomy & Physiology|Kidney Development]]

==References==
*Scott F. Gilbert '''Developmental Biology''', 6th edition
*T.A.McGeady, P.J. Quinn, E.S.Fitzpatrick, M.T.Ryan '''Veterinary Embryology'''

{{toplink
|backcolour =
|linkpage =Anatomy and Physiology
|linktext =ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
|normallink = Developmental Biology - Anatomy & Physiology
|maplink = Developmental Biology (Concept Map)- Anatomy & Physiology
}}

Developmental Biology Overview - Anatomy & Physiology

2008-08-31T16:04:35Z

Shamilton: /* Links */

{{toplink
|backcolour =
|linkpage =Anatomy and Physiology
|linktext =ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
|normallink = Developmental Biology - Anatomy & Physiology
|maplink = Developmental Biology (Concept Map)- Anatomy & Physiology
}}

==Introduction==

'''Embryo''', when applied to mammals, is the term given to the developing organism from fertilisation to birth. Developmental biology, or embryology, is the study of the embryo as it transforms from a unicellular zygote to a multicellular, mulitsystemed organism which in some cases, is ready to function autonomously. Developmental biology is of interest to vets in understanding why organs and systems are the way they are, but also in understanding genetic disease and applying cell based therapy to treat loss or damage to tissue.

Perhaps quite remarkably, all animals follow the same developmental "plan". Until the latter stages of development, it is difficult to tell a human embryo from a chicken embryo. This suggests an evolutionary programme for cells.

*Embryogenesis is driven by three cellular process:
#'''Cell division and growth'''
#*Fertilisation produces a unicellular zygote which undergoes a series of mitotic divisions to eventually become a multicellular organism. Mitosis produces (i) growth by hyperplasia (ii) an increased number of cells for greater diversity of function, and thus more complex organism.
#'''Cell differentiation'''
#*As embryogenesis progresses, cells become specialised in structure and function. Regulation of gene expression allows different proteins to be expressed in some cells, allowing different tissues to exists despite all cells containing the same DNA. At the blastomere stage (16 cells) cells are '''totipotent''', meaning they have the capacity to form every adult cell type. As the embryo progresses and enters gastrulation cells become '''pluripotent''', meaning they can form several but not all cell types. Eventually, most cells terminally differentiate and can no longer form any other cell type.
#'''Morphogenesis'''
#*During embryogenesis two cell types exist; mesenchymal and epithelial. Mesenchymal cells are single or loosely linked to other cells and irregularly shaped. Epithelial cells are tightly attached to each other or a membrane and have a regular shape (cuboidal or columnar).

==[[Fertilisation, Implantation and Early Embryonic Development -Embryonic Development of the Blastocyst- Anatomy & Physiology|Early Embryonic Development]]==

==[[Developmental Biology - Implantation - Anatomy & Physiology|Implantation]]==

==[[Developmental Biology - Gastrulation - Anatomy & Physiology|Gastrulation]]==

==[[Developmental Biology - Neurogenesis - Anatomy & Physiology|Neurogenesis]]==

==[[Developmental Biology - Somite Development - Anatomy & Physiology|Somite Development]]==

==[[Developmental Biology - Limb Development - Anatomy & Physiology|Limb Development]]==

==[[Developmental Biology - Muscle Development - Anatomy & Physiology|Muscle Development]]==

==[[Developmental Biology - Bone & Joint Development - Anatomy & Physiology|Bone & Joint Development]]==

==[[Developmental Biology - Intermediate Mesoderm Development - Anatomy & Physiology|Intermediate Mesoderm Development]]==

==[[Developmental Biology - Gut Development - Anatomy & Physiology|Endoderm Development]]==

==Links==

===Alimentary===
*[[Oral Cavity - Teeth & Gingiva - Anatomy & Physiology#Tooth Development|Tooth Development]]
*[[Forestomach - Anatomy & Physiology#Development|Stomach Development]]
*[[Small Intestine - Anatomy & Physiology#Development|Small Intestine Development]]
*[[Large Intestine - Anatomy & Physiology#Development|Large Intestine Development]]
*[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Development|Pancreas Development]]
*[[Peritoneal cavity - Anatomy & Physiology#Development|Peritoneal Cavity Development]]

===Cardiorespiratory===
*[[Developmental Anatomy of the Heart - Anatomy & Physiology|Heart Development]]
*[[Vascular Development - Anatomy & Physiology|Vascular Development]]

===Endocrine===
*[[Endocrine System - Pituitary Gland - Anatomy & Physiology#Anatomy|Pituitary Gland Development]]
*[[Endocrine System - Thyroid Gland - Anatomy & Physiology#Embryological Origin|Thyroid Gland Development]]
*[[Endocrine System - Parathyroid Gland - Anatomy & Physiology#Embryology|Parathyroid Gland Development]]
*[[Endocrine System - Adrenal Glands - Anatomy & Physiology#Embryological Origin|Adrenal Gland Development]]

===Integumentary===
*[[Skin - Anatomy & Physiology#Origin of the epidermis|Skin Development]]
*[[Hair - Anatomy & Physiology#Development|Hair Development]]

===Lymphoreticular===
*[[Lymphatic Vessels - Anatomy & Physiology#Development|Lymphatic Vessel Development]]
*[[Bone Marrow - Anatomy & Physiology#Development|Bone Marrow Development]]
*[[Bursa of Fabricius - Anatomy & Physiology#Development|Bursa of Farbricus Development]]
*[[Thymus - Anatomy & Physiology#Embryology|Thymus Development]]
*[[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy & Physiology#Development|Lymph Node Development]]
*[[Spleen - Anatomy & Physiology#Development|Spleen Development]]
*[[Regional Lymphoid Tissue - Anatomy & Physiology#Development|MALT Development]]
*[[Appendix - Anatomy & Physiology#Development|Appendix Development]]
*[[Peyer's Patches - Anatomy & Physiology#Development|Peyer's Patches Development]]

===Musculoskeletal===
*[[Bones and Cartilage - Anatomy & Physiology|Bone and Cartilage Development]]

===Reproductive===
*[[Male Reproductive Tract -The Testes and Epididymis - Anatomy & Physiology#Testicular Descent|Testicular Descent]]
*[[Fertilisation, Implantation and Early Embryonic Development -Fertilisation- Anatomy & Physiology|Fertilisation]]
*[[Fertilisation, Implantation and Early Embryonic Development -Embryonic Development of the Blastocyst- Anatomy & Physiology|Blastocyst Development]]
*[[Fertilisation, Implantation and Early Embryonic Development -Implantation- Anatomy & Physiology|Implantation]]
*[[Fertilisation, Implantation and Early Embryonic Development -Sexual Differentiation- Anatomy & Physiology|Sexual Differentiation]]
*[[Lactation - The Mammary Gland - Anatomy & Physiology#Development of the Mammary Gland (prenatal mammogenesis)|Mammary Gland Development]]

===Nervous System and Special Senses===
*[[Introduction and Development|Central Nervous System Development]]

===Urinary===
*[[Developmental Anatomy of the Kidneys - Anatomy & Physiology|Kidney Development]]

==References==
*[[Scott F. Gilbert '''Developmental Biology''', 6th edition
*T.A.McGeady, P.J. Quinn, E.S.Fitzpatrick, M.T.Ryan '''Veterinary Embryology'''

{{toplink
|backcolour =
|linkpage =Anatomy and Physiology
|linktext =ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
|normallink = Developmental Biology - Anatomy & Physiology
|maplink = Developmental Biology (Concept Map)- Anatomy & Physiology
}}

Gut Development - Anatomy & Physiology

2008-08-31T16:01:02Z

Shamilton:

<big><center>[[Developmental Biology - Anatomy & Physiology|'''BACK TO DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY]]</center></big>

==Introduction==

The endoderm will form the lining of the gut and the organs that develop from it. Splanchnic mesoderm surrounds the endoderm and orginates from the lateral plate mesoderm. It will form the smooth [[Muscles - Anatomy & Physiology|muscle]] of the gut that are used for peristalsis.

==Endoderm Development==

#At the anterior of the embryo, the endoderm invaginates.
#*This invagination is called the '''Anterior Intestinal Portal (AIP)'''.
#The ends of the endoderm are brought together by this invagination, which fuse together to close the endoderm.
#A similar process occurs at the posterior of the embryo, an invagination occurs called the '''Caudal Intestinal Portal (CIP).
#*This closes the endoderm at the posterior of the embryo.
#The invagination and closure spread to the middle of the anterior - posterior axis where they meet at the yolk stalk.
#After the yolk has been metabolised, the yolk stalk can be closed.

==Regionalisation of the Gut==

*The gut tube will develop into the [[Oesophagus - Anatomy & Physiology|oesophagus]]; [[Forestomach - Anatomy & Physiology|stomach]]; [[Small Intestine - Anatomy & Physiology|small intestine]]; [[Large Intestine - Anatomy & Physiology|large intestine]]; and [[Anus - Anatomy & Physiology|anus]].
*Regionalisation of these tissues occurs through co-ordinated endoderm and splanchnic mesoderm develop.
*The endoderm governs splanchnic mesoderm development by releasing a signalling factor (sonic hedgehog) which induces differential mesoderm development.
**Sonic hedgehog controls HOX - A gene expression.
*The gut tube is closed at both ends to begin with.
**It is closed at the anterior by the buccopharyngeal membrane, and at the posterior by the cloacal membrane.
**As the head folds ventrally, it comes into contact with the buccopharyngeal membrane causing it to break down.
**This opens the '''buccal cavity'''.
***The buccal cavity is lined by ectoderm.
**At the posterior, the ectoderm invaginates to contact the cloacal membrane. This induces the cloacal membrane to break down.
**This opens the '''anal passage'''.

<big><center>[[Developmental Biology - Anatomy & Physiology|'''BACK TO DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY]]</center></big>

Gut Development - Anatomy & Physiology

2008-08-31T16:00:40Z

Shamilton:

<big><center>[[Developmental Biology - Anatomy & Physiology|'''BACK TO DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY]]</center></big>

==Introduction==

The endoderm will form the lining of the gut and the organs that develop from it. Splanchnic mesoderm surrounds the endoderm and orginates from the lateral plate mesoderm. It will form the smooth [[Muscles and Tendons - Anatomy & Physiology|muscle]] of the gut that are used for peristalsis.

==Endoderm Development==

#At the anterior of the embryo, the endoderm invaginates.
#*This invagination is called the '''Anterior Intestinal Portal (AIP)'''.
#The ends of the endoderm are brought together by this invagination, which fuse together to close the endoderm.
#A similar process occurs at the posterior of the embryo, an invagination occurs called the '''Caudal Intestinal Portal (CIP).
#*This closes the endoderm at the posterior of the embryo.
#The invagination and closure spread to the middle of the anterior - posterior axis where they meet at the yolk stalk.
#After the yolk has been metabolised, the yolk stalk can be closed.

==Regionalisation of the Gut==

*The gut tube will develop into the [[Oesophagus - Anatomy & Physiology|oesophagus]]; [[Forestomach - Anatomy & Physiology|stomach]]; [[Small Intestine - Anatomy & Physiology|small intestine]]; [[Large Intestine - Anatomy & Physiology|large intestine]]; and [[Anus - Anatomy & Physiology|anus]].
*Regionalisation of these tissues occurs through co-ordinated endoderm and splanchnic mesoderm develop.
*The endoderm governs splanchnic mesoderm development by releasing a signalling factor (sonic hedgehog) which induces differential mesoderm development.
**Sonic hedgehog controls HOX - A gene expression.
*The gut tube is closed at both ends to begin with.
**It is closed at the anterior by the buccopharyngeal membrane, and at the posterior by the cloacal membrane.
**As the head folds ventrally, it comes into contact with the buccopharyngeal membrane causing it to break down.
**This opens the '''buccal cavity'''.
***The buccal cavity is lined by ectoderm.
**At the posterior, the ectoderm invaginates to contact the cloacal membrane. This induces the cloacal membrane to break down.
**This opens the '''anal passage'''.

<big><center>[[Developmental Biology - Anatomy & Physiology|'''BACK TO DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY]]</center></big>

Gut Development - Anatomy & Physiology

2008-08-31T15:58:23Z

Shamilton:

<big><center>[[Developmental Biology - Anatomy & Physiology|'''BACK TO DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY]]</center></big>

==Introduction==

The endoderm will form the lining of the gut and the organs that develop from it. Splanchnic mesoderm surrounds the endoderm and orginates from the lateral plate mesoderm. It will form the smooth [[Muscles muscle]] of the gut that are used for peristalsis.

==Endoderm Development==

#At the anterior of the embryo, the endoderm invaginates.
#*This invagination is called the '''Anterior Intestinal Portal (AIP)'''.
#The ends of the endoderm are brought together by this invagination, which fuse together to close the endoderm.
#A similar process occurs at the posterior of the embryo, an invagination occurs called the '''Caudal Intestinal Portal (CIP).
#*This closes the endoderm at the posterior of the embryo.
#The invagination and closure spread to the middle of the anterior - posterior axis where they meet at the yolk stalk.
#After the yolk has been metabolised, the yolk stalk can be closed.

==Regionalisation of the Gut==

*The gut tube will develop into the oesophagus; stomach; small intestine; large intestine; and anus.
*Regionalisation of these tissues occurs through co-ordinated endoderm and splanchnic mesoderm develop.
*The endoderm governs splanchnic mesoderm development by releasing a signalling factor (sonic hedgehog) which induces differential mesoderm development.
**Sonic hedgehog controls HOX - A gene expression.
*The gut tube is closed at both ends to begin with.
**It is closed at the anterior by the buccopharyngeal membrane, and at the posterior by the cloacal membrane.
**As the head folds ventrally, it comes into contact with the buccopharyngeal membrane causing it to break down.
**This opens the '''buccal cavity'''.
***The buccal cavity is lined by ectoderm.
**At the posterior, the ectoderm invaginates to contact the cloacal membrane. This induces the cloacal membrane to break down.
**This opens the '''anal passage'''.

<big><center>[[Developmental Biology - Anatomy & Physiology|'''BACK TO DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY]]</center></big>

Gut Development - Anatomy & Physiology

2008-08-31T15:44:40Z

Shamilton: New page: <big><center>'''BACK TO DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY</center></big> ==Introduction== The endoderm will form the lining of the gut and the organ...

Developmental Biology Overview - Anatomy & Physiology

2008-08-31T15:44:33Z

Shamilton: /* Endoderm Development */

{{toplink
|backcolour =
|linkpage =Anatomy and Physiology
|linktext =ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
|normallink = Developmental Biology - Anatomy & Physiology
|maplink = Developmental Biology (Concept Map)- Anatomy & Physiology
}}

==Introduction==

'''Embryo''', when applied to mammals, is the term given to the developing organism from fertilisation to birth. Developmental biology, or embryology, is the study of the embryo as it transforms from a unicellular zygote to a multicellular, mulitsystemed organism which in some cases, is ready to function autonomously. Developmental biology is of interest to vets in understanding why organs and systems are the way they are, but also in understanding genetic disease and applying cell based therapy to treat loss or damage to tissue.

Perhaps quite remarkably, all animals follow the same developmental "plan". Until the latter stages of development, it is difficult to tell a human embryo from a chicken embryo. This suggests an evolutionary programme for cells.

*Embryogenesis is driven by three cellular process:
#'''Cell division and growth'''
#*Fertilisation produces a unicellular zygote which undergoes a series of mitotic divisions to eventually become a multicellular organism. Mitosis produces (i) growth by hyperplasia (ii) an increased number of cells for greater diversity of function, and thus more complex organism.
#'''Cell differentiation'''
#*As embryogenesis progresses, cells become specialised in structure and function. Regulation of gene expression allows different proteins to be expressed in some cells, allowing different tissues to exists despite all cells containing the same DNA. At the blastomere stage (16 cells) cells are '''totipotent''', meaning they have the capacity to form every adult cell type. As the embryo progresses and enters gastrulation cells become '''pluripotent''', meaning they can form several but not all cell types. Eventually, most cells terminally differentiate and can no longer form any other cell type.
#'''Morphogenesis'''
#*During embryogenesis two cell types exist; mesenchymal and epithelial. Mesenchymal cells are single or loosely linked to other cells and irregularly shaped. Epithelial cells are tightly attached to each other or a membrane and have a regular shape (cuboidal or columnar).

==[[Fertilisation, Implantation and Early Embryonic Development -Embryonic Development of the Blastocyst- Anatomy & Physiology|Early Embryonic Development]]==

==[[Developmental Biology - Implantation - Anatomy & Physiology|Implantation]]==

==[[Developmental Biology - Gastrulation - Anatomy & Physiology|Gastrulation]]==

==[[Developmental Biology - Neurogenesis - Anatomy & Physiology|Neurogenesis]]==

==[[Developmental Biology - Somite Development - Anatomy & Physiology|Somite Development]]==

==[[Developmental Biology - Limb Development - Anatomy & Physiology|Limb Development]]==

==[[Developmental Biology - Muscle Development - Anatomy & Physiology|Muscle Development]]==

==[[Developmental Biology - Bone & Joint Development - Anatomy & Physiology|Bone & Joint Development]]==

==[[Developmental Biology - Intermediate Mesoderm Development - Anatomy & Physiology|Intermediate Mesoderm Development]]==

==[[Developmental Biology - Gut Development - Anatomy & Physiology|Endoderm Development]]==

==Links==

===Alimentary===
*[[Oral Cavity - Teeth & Gingiva - Anatomy & Physiology#Tooth Development|Tooth Development]]
*[[Forestomach - Anatomy & Physiology#Development|Stomach Development]]
*[[Small Intestine - Anatomy & Physiology#Development|Small Intestine Development]]
*[[Large Intestine - Anatomy & Physiology#Development|Large Intestine Development]]
*[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Development|Pancreas Development]]
*[[Peritoneal cavity - Anatomy & Physiology#Development|Peritoneal Cavity Development]]

===Cardiorespiratory===
*[[Developmental Anatomy of the Heart - Anatomy & Physiology|Heart Development]]
*[[Vascular Development - Anatomy & Physiology|Vascular Development]]

===Endocrine===
*[[Endocrine System - Pituitary Gland - Anatomy & Physiology#Anatomy|Pituitary Gland Development]]
*[[Endocrine System - Thyroid Gland - Anatomy & Physiology#Embryological Origin|Thyroid Gland Development]]
*[[Endocrine System - Parathyroid Gland - Anatomy & Physiology#Embryology|Parathyroid Gland Development]]
*[[Endocrine System - Adrenal Glands - Anatomy & Physiology#Embryological Origin|Adrenal Gland Development]]

===Integumentary===
*[[Skin - Anatomy & Physiology#Origin of the epidermis|Skin Development]]
*[[Hair - Anatomy & Physiology#Development|Hair Development]]

===Lymphoreticular===
*[[Lymphatic Vessels - Anatomy & Physiology#Development|Lymphatic Vessel Development]]
*[[Bone Marrow - Anatomy & Physiology#Development|Bone Marrow Development]]
*[[Bursa of Fabricius - Anatomy & Physiology#Development|Bursa of Farbricus Development]]
*[[Thymus - Anatomy & Physiology#Embryology|Thymus Development]]
*[[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy & Physiology#Development|Lymph Node Development]]
*[[Spleen - Anatomy & Physiology#Development|Spleen Development]]
*[[Regional Lymphoid Tissue - Anatomy & Physiology#Development|MALT Development]]
*[[Appendix - Anatomy & Physiology#Development|Appendix Development]]
*[[Peyer's Patches - Anatomy & Physiology#Development|Peyer's Patches Development]]

===Musculoskeletal===
*[[Bones and Cartilage - Anatomy & Physiology|Bone and Cartilage Development]]

===Reproductive===
*[[Male Reproductive Tract -The Testes and Epididymis - Anatomy & Physiology#Testicular Descent|Testicular Descent]]
*[[Fertilisation, Implantation and Early Embryonic Development -Fertilisation- Anatomy & Physiology|Fertilisation]]
*[[Fertilisation, Implantation and Early Embryonic Development -Embryonic Development of the Blastocyst- Anatomy & Physiology|Blastocyst Development]]
*[[Fertilisation, Implantation and Early Embryonic Development -Implantation- Anatomy & Physiology|Implantation]]
*[[Fertilisation, Implantation and Early Embryonic Development -Sexual Differentiation- Anatomy & Physiology|Sexual Differentiation]]
*[[Lactation - The Mammary Gland - Anatomy & Physiology#Development of the Mammary Gland (prenatal mammogenesis)|Mammary Gland Development]]

===Nervous System and Special Senses===
*[[Introduction and Development|Central Nervous System Development]]

===Urinary===
*[[Developmental Anatomy of the Kidneys - Anatomy & Physiology|Kidney Development]]

{{toplink
|backcolour =
|linkpage =Anatomy and Physiology
|linktext =ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
|normallink = Developmental Biology - Anatomy & Physiology
|maplink = Developmental Biology (Concept Map)- Anatomy & Physiology
}}

Intermediate Mesoderm Development - Anatomy & Physiology

2008-08-31T14:42:09Z

Shamilton:

<big><center>[[Developmental Biology - Anatomy & Physiology|'''BACK TO DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY]]</center></big>

==Introduction==
The intermediate mesoderm exists as a strip of tissue between the lateral plate mesoderm and somites. It gives rise to the urinary system and some parts of the reproductive system. Kidney development includes three forms:
:Pronephros
:Mesonephros
:Metanephros

Mammals develop all three, and continue to use the metanephros in adult life. More primitive animals have only the first one or two.

==Pronephros==

*''The earliest kidney. Develops in the anterior of the animal (adjacent to somites 7 - 10). Eliminated in later development''.
#At intervals along the intermediate mesoderm, dorsal evaginations occur.
#Evaginations extend caudally and eventually fuse with more caudal evaginations.
#*The caudal - most evagination fuses with the cloaca.
#Forms a continuous excretory tube to the cloaca.
#Capillaries develop at the medial aspect of the intermediate mesoderm so that waste can diffuse from the blood to the excretory channel.
#Connections between the intermediate mesoderm and somites as well between the intermediate mesoderm and lateral plate mesoderm break down.

==Mesonephros==

*''Development occurs in an anterior to posterior direction; the mesonephros kideny is found at the thoracic to lumbar level''.
#The medial portion of the intermediate mesoderm forms a cup in the region of the capillaries.
#*This is an early Bowman's capsule and improves waste removal.
#The excretory channel pinches off from all surrounding tissue (lateral plate mesoderm) to become entirely closed.
#*Excretory duct now known as the '''Wolffian Duct'''.
*Amphibians and fish use the mesonephric kidney.

==Metanephros==

*''Formation of the metanephros employs recipricol signalling''.
#At the level of the sacrum, a block of intermediate mesoderm breaks off from the Wolffian duct. It is called a '''metanephric blastema'''.
#The metanephric blastema signals to the Wolffian duct.
#*Wolffian duct is induced to grow, and a bud of Wolffian duct moves towards the metanephric blastema.
#*The bud is called the '''ureteric duct'''.
#The ureteric duct contacts the blastema, and divides into two branches.
#One of the branches induces adjacent mesenchyme to undergo a mesenchymal to epithelial transition.
#*It subsequently develops into a nephron.
#The remaining branch splits into two, and repeats the process.

==Links==

*[[Developmental Anatomy of the Kidneys - Anatomy & Physiology|Futher information on kidney development]]

<big><center>[[Developmental Biology - Anatomy & Physiology|'''BACK TO DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY]]</center></big>

Intermediate Mesoderm Development - Anatomy & Physiology

2008-08-31T14:39:49Z

Shamilton:

<big><center>[[Developmental Biology - Anatomy & Physiology|'''BACK TO DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY]]</center></big>

==Introduction==
The intermediate mesoderm exists as a strip of tissue between the lateral plate mesoderm and somites. It gives rise to the urinary system and some parts of the reproductive system. Kidney development includes three forms:
:Pronephros
:Mesonephros
:Metanephros

Mammals develop all three, and continue to use the metanephros in adult life. More primitive animals have only the first one or two.

==Pronephros==

*''The earliest kidney. Develops in the anterior of the animal (adjacent to somites 7 - 10). Eliminated in later development''.
#At intervals along the intermediate mesoderm, dorsal evaginations occur.
#Evaginations extend caudally and eventually fuse with more caudal evaginations.
#*The caudal - most evagination fuses with the cloaca.
#Forms a continuous excretory tube to the cloaca.
#Capillaries develop at the medial aspect of the intermediate mesoderm so that waste can diffuse from the blood to the excretory channel.
#Connections between the intermediate mesoderm and somites as well between the intermediate mesoderm and lateral plate mesoderm break down.

==Mesonephros==

*''Development occurs in an anterior to posterior direction; the mesonephros kideny is found at the thoracic to lumbar level''.
#The medial portion of the intermediate mesoderm forms a cup in the region of the capillaries.
#*This is an early Bowman's capsule and improves waste removal.
#The excretory channel pinches off from all surrounding tissue (lateral plate mesoderm) to become entirely closed.
#*Excretory duct now known as the '''Wolffian Duct'''.
*Amphibians and fish use the mesonephric kidney.

==Metanephros==

*''Formation of the metanephros employs recipricol signalling''.
#At the level of the sacrum, a block of intermediate mesoderm breaks off from the Wolffian duct. It is called a '''metanephric blastema'''.
#The metanephric blastema signals to the Wolffian duct.
#*Wolffian duct is induced to grow, and a bud of Wolffian duct moves towards the metanephric blastema.
#*The bud is called the '''ureteric duct'''.
#The ureteric duct contacts the blastema, and divides into two branches.
#One of the branches induces adjacent mesenchyme to undergo a mesenchymal to epithelial transition.
#*It subsequently develops into a nephron.
#The remaining branch splits into two, and repeats the process.

<big><center>[[Developmental Biology - Anatomy & Physiology|'''BACK TO DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY]]</center></big>

Intermediate Mesoderm Development - Anatomy & Physiology

2008-08-31T14:39:31Z

Shamilton: /* Mesonephros */

Intermediate Mesoderm Development - Anatomy & Physiology

2008-08-31T14:26:01Z

Shamilton:

Intermediate Mesoderm Development - Anatomy & Physiology

2008-08-31T14:17:31Z

Shamilton:

Intermediate Mesoderm Development - Anatomy & Physiology

2008-08-31T14:02:20Z

Shamilton: New page: <big><center>'''BACK TO DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY</center></big>

<big><center>[[Developmental Biology - Anatomy & Physiology|'''BACK TO DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY]]</center></big>

Developmental Biology Overview - Anatomy & Physiology

2008-08-31T14:01:46Z

Shamilton: /* Bone & Joint Development */

{{toplink
|backcolour =
|linkpage =Anatomy and Physiology
|linktext =ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
|normallink = Developmental Biology - Anatomy & Physiology
|maplink = Developmental Biology (Concept Map)- Anatomy & Physiology
}}

==Introduction==

'''Embryo''', when applied to mammals, is the term given to the developing organism from fertilisation to birth. Developmental biology, or embryology, is the study of the embryo as it transforms from a unicellular zygote to a multicellular, mulitsystemed organism which in some cases, is ready to function autonomously. Developmental biology is of interest to vets in understanding why organs and systems are the way they are, but also in understanding genetic disease and applying cell based therapy to treat loss or damage to tissue.

Perhaps quite remarkably, all animals follow the same developmental "plan". Until the latter stages of development, it is difficult to tell a human embryo from a chicken embryo. This suggests an evolutionary programme for cells.

*Embryogenesis is driven by three cellular process:
#'''Cell division and growth'''
#*Fertilisation produces a unicellular zygote which undergoes a series of mitotic divisions to eventually become a multicellular organism. Mitosis produces (i) growth by hyperplasia (ii) an increased number of cells for greater diversity of function, and thus more complex organism.
#'''Cell differentiation'''
#*As embryogenesis progresses, cells become specialised in structure and function. Regulation of gene expression allows different proteins to be expressed in some cells, allowing different tissues to exists despite all cells containing the same DNA. At the blastomere stage (16 cells) cells are '''totipotent''', meaning they have the capacity to form every adult cell type. As the embryo progresses and enters gastrulation cells become '''pluripotent''', meaning they can form several but not all cell types. Eventually, most cells terminally differentiate and can no longer form any other cell type.
#'''Morphogenesis'''
#*During embryogenesis two cell types exist; mesenchymal and epithelial. Mesenchymal cells are single or loosely linked to other cells and irregularly shaped. Epithelial cells are tightly attached to each other or a membrane and have a regular shape (cuboidal or columnar).

==[[Fertilisation, Implantation and Early Embryonic Development -Embryonic Development of the Blastocyst- Anatomy & Physiology|Early Embryonic Development]]==

==[[Developmental Biology - Implantation - Anatomy & Physiology|Implantation]]==

==[[Developmental Biology - Gastrulation - Anatomy & Physiology|Gastrulation]]==

==[[Developmental Biology - Neurogenesis - Anatomy & Physiology|Neurogenesis]]==

==[[Developmental Biology - Somite Development - Anatomy & Physiology|Somite Development]]==

==[[Developmental Biology - Limb Development - Anatomy & Physiology|Limb Development]]==

==[[Developmental Biology - Muscle Development - Anatomy & Physiology|Muscle Development]]==

==[[Developmental Biology - Bone & Joint Development - Anatomy & Physiology|Bone & Joint Development]]==

==[[Developmental Biology - Intermediate Mesoderm Development - Anatomy & Physiology|Intermediate Mesoderm Development]]==

==[[Developmental Biology - Endoderm Development - Anatomy & Physiology|Endoderm Development]]==

==Links==

===Alimentary===
*[[Oral Cavity - Teeth & Gingiva - Anatomy & Physiology#Tooth Development|Tooth Development]]
*[[Forestomach - Anatomy & Physiology#Development|Stomach Development]]
*[[Small Intestine - Anatomy & Physiology#Development|Small Intestine Development]]
*[[Large Intestine - Anatomy & Physiology#Development|Large Intestine Development]]
*[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Development|Pancreas Development]]
*[[Peritoneal cavity - Anatomy & Physiology#Development|Peritoneal Cavity Development]]

===Cardiorespiratory===
*[[Developmental Anatomy of the Heart - Anatomy & Physiology|Heart Development]]
*[[Vascular Development - Anatomy & Physiology|Vascular Development]]

===Endocrine===
*[[Endocrine System - Pituitary Gland - Anatomy & Physiology#Anatomy|Pituitary Gland Development]]
*[[Endocrine System - Thyroid Gland - Anatomy & Physiology#Embryological Origin|Thyroid Gland Development]]
*[[Endocrine System - Parathyroid Gland - Anatomy & Physiology#Embryology|Parathyroid Gland Development]]
*[[Endocrine System - Adrenal Glands - Anatomy & Physiology#Embryological Origin|Adrenal Gland Development]]

===Integumentary===
*[[Skin - Anatomy & Physiology#Origin of the epidermis|Skin Development]]
*[[Hair - Anatomy & Physiology#Development|Hair Development]]

===Lymphoreticular===
*[[Lymphatic Vessels - Anatomy & Physiology#Development|Lymphatic Vessel Development]]
*[[Bone Marrow - Anatomy & Physiology#Development|Bone Marrow Development]]
*[[Bursa of Fabricius - Anatomy & Physiology#Development|Bursa of Farbricus Development]]
*[[Thymus - Anatomy & Physiology#Embryology|Thymus Development]]
*[[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy & Physiology#Development|Lymph Node Development]]
*[[Spleen - Anatomy & Physiology#Development|Spleen Development]]
*[[Regional Lymphoid Tissue - Anatomy & Physiology#Development|MALT Development]]
*[[Appendix - Anatomy & Physiology#Development|Appendix Development]]
*[[Peyer's Patches - Anatomy & Physiology#Development|Peyer's Patches Development]]

===Musculoskeletal===
*[[Bones and Cartilage - Anatomy & Physiology|Bone and Cartilage Development]]

===Reproductive===
*[[Male Reproductive Tract -The Testes and Epididymis - Anatomy & Physiology#Testicular Descent|Testicular Descent]]
*[[Fertilisation, Implantation and Early Embryonic Development -Fertilisation- Anatomy & Physiology|Fertilisation]]
*[[Fertilisation, Implantation and Early Embryonic Development -Embryonic Development of the Blastocyst- Anatomy & Physiology|Blastocyst Development]]
*[[Fertilisation, Implantation and Early Embryonic Development -Implantation- Anatomy & Physiology|Implantation]]
*[[Fertilisation, Implantation and Early Embryonic Development -Sexual Differentiation- Anatomy & Physiology|Sexual Differentiation]]
*[[Lactation - The Mammary Gland - Anatomy & Physiology#Development of the Mammary Gland (prenatal mammogenesis)|Mammary Gland Development]]

===Nervous System and Special Senses===
*[[Introduction and Development|Central Nervous System Development]]

===Urinary===
*[[Developmental Anatomy of the Kidneys - Anatomy & Physiology|Kidney Development]]

{{toplink
|backcolour =
|linkpage =Anatomy and Physiology
|linktext =ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
|normallink = Developmental Biology - Anatomy & Physiology
|maplink = Developmental Biology (Concept Map)- Anatomy & Physiology
}}

Developmental Biology Overview - Anatomy & Physiology

2008-08-31T14:01:37Z

Shamilton: /* Bone & Joint Development */

{{toplink
|backcolour =
|linkpage =Anatomy and Physiology
|linktext =ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
|normallink = Developmental Biology - Anatomy & Physiology
|maplink = Developmental Biology (Concept Map)- Anatomy & Physiology
}}

==Introduction==

'''Embryo''', when applied to mammals, is the term given to the developing organism from fertilisation to birth. Developmental biology, or embryology, is the study of the embryo as it transforms from a unicellular zygote to a multicellular, mulitsystemed organism which in some cases, is ready to function autonomously. Developmental biology is of interest to vets in understanding why organs and systems are the way they are, but also in understanding genetic disease and applying cell based therapy to treat loss or damage to tissue.

Perhaps quite remarkably, all animals follow the same developmental "plan". Until the latter stages of development, it is difficult to tell a human embryo from a chicken embryo. This suggests an evolutionary programme for cells.

*Embryogenesis is driven by three cellular process:
#'''Cell division and growth'''
#*Fertilisation produces a unicellular zygote which undergoes a series of mitotic divisions to eventually become a multicellular organism. Mitosis produces (i) growth by hyperplasia (ii) an increased number of cells for greater diversity of function, and thus more complex organism.
#'''Cell differentiation'''
#*As embryogenesis progresses, cells become specialised in structure and function. Regulation of gene expression allows different proteins to be expressed in some cells, allowing different tissues to exists despite all cells containing the same DNA. At the blastomere stage (16 cells) cells are '''totipotent''', meaning they have the capacity to form every adult cell type. As the embryo progresses and enters gastrulation cells become '''pluripotent''', meaning they can form several but not all cell types. Eventually, most cells terminally differentiate and can no longer form any other cell type.
#'''Morphogenesis'''
#*During embryogenesis two cell types exist; mesenchymal and epithelial. Mesenchymal cells are single or loosely linked to other cells and irregularly shaped. Epithelial cells are tightly attached to each other or a membrane and have a regular shape (cuboidal or columnar).

==[[Fertilisation, Implantation and Early Embryonic Development -Embryonic Development of the Blastocyst- Anatomy & Physiology|Early Embryonic Development]]==

==[[Developmental Biology - Implantation - Anatomy & Physiology|Implantation]]==

==[[Developmental Biology - Gastrulation - Anatomy & Physiology|Gastrulation]]==

==[[Developmental Biology - Neurogenesis - Anatomy & Physiology|Neurogenesis]]==

==[[Developmental Biology - Somite Development - Anatomy & Physiology|Somite Development]]==

==[[Developmental Biology - Limb Development - Anatomy & Physiology|Limb Development]]==

==[[Developmental Biology - Muscle Development - Anatomy & Physiology|Muscle Development]]==

==[[Developmental Biology - Bone & Joint Development - Anatomy & Physiology|Bone & Joint Development]]==

==[[Developmental Biology - Intermediate Mesoderm Development - Anatomy & Physiology|Intermediate Mesoderm Development]]

==[[Developmental Biology - Endoderm Development - Anatomy & Physiology|Endoderm Development]]==

==Links==

===Alimentary===
*[[Oral Cavity - Teeth & Gingiva - Anatomy & Physiology#Tooth Development|Tooth Development]]
*[[Forestomach - Anatomy & Physiology#Development|Stomach Development]]
*[[Small Intestine - Anatomy & Physiology#Development|Small Intestine Development]]
*[[Large Intestine - Anatomy & Physiology#Development|Large Intestine Development]]
*[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Development|Pancreas Development]]
*[[Peritoneal cavity - Anatomy & Physiology#Development|Peritoneal Cavity Development]]

===Cardiorespiratory===
*[[Developmental Anatomy of the Heart - Anatomy & Physiology|Heart Development]]
*[[Vascular Development - Anatomy & Physiology|Vascular Development]]

===Endocrine===
*[[Endocrine System - Pituitary Gland - Anatomy & Physiology#Anatomy|Pituitary Gland Development]]
*[[Endocrine System - Thyroid Gland - Anatomy & Physiology#Embryological Origin|Thyroid Gland Development]]
*[[Endocrine System - Parathyroid Gland - Anatomy & Physiology#Embryology|Parathyroid Gland Development]]
*[[Endocrine System - Adrenal Glands - Anatomy & Physiology#Embryological Origin|Adrenal Gland Development]]

===Integumentary===
*[[Skin - Anatomy & Physiology#Origin of the epidermis|Skin Development]]
*[[Hair - Anatomy & Physiology#Development|Hair Development]]

===Lymphoreticular===
*[[Lymphatic Vessels - Anatomy & Physiology#Development|Lymphatic Vessel Development]]
*[[Bone Marrow - Anatomy & Physiology#Development|Bone Marrow Development]]
*[[Bursa of Fabricius - Anatomy & Physiology#Development|Bursa of Farbricus Development]]
*[[Thymus - Anatomy & Physiology#Embryology|Thymus Development]]
*[[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy & Physiology#Development|Lymph Node Development]]
*[[Spleen - Anatomy & Physiology#Development|Spleen Development]]
*[[Regional Lymphoid Tissue - Anatomy & Physiology#Development|MALT Development]]
*[[Appendix - Anatomy & Physiology#Development|Appendix Development]]
*[[Peyer's Patches - Anatomy & Physiology#Development|Peyer's Patches Development]]

===Musculoskeletal===
*[[Bones and Cartilage - Anatomy & Physiology|Bone and Cartilage Development]]

===Reproductive===
*[[Male Reproductive Tract -The Testes and Epididymis - Anatomy & Physiology#Testicular Descent|Testicular Descent]]
*[[Fertilisation, Implantation and Early Embryonic Development -Fertilisation- Anatomy & Physiology|Fertilisation]]
*[[Fertilisation, Implantation and Early Embryonic Development -Embryonic Development of the Blastocyst- Anatomy & Physiology|Blastocyst Development]]
*[[Fertilisation, Implantation and Early Embryonic Development -Implantation- Anatomy & Physiology|Implantation]]
*[[Fertilisation, Implantation and Early Embryonic Development -Sexual Differentiation- Anatomy & Physiology|Sexual Differentiation]]
*[[Lactation - The Mammary Gland - Anatomy & Physiology#Development of the Mammary Gland (prenatal mammogenesis)|Mammary Gland Development]]

===Nervous System and Special Senses===
*[[Introduction and Development|Central Nervous System Development]]

===Urinary===
*[[Developmental Anatomy of the Kidneys - Anatomy & Physiology|Kidney Development]]

{{toplink
|backcolour =
|linkpage =Anatomy and Physiology
|linktext =ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
|normallink = Developmental Biology - Anatomy & Physiology
|maplink = Developmental Biology (Concept Map)- Anatomy & Physiology
}}

Developmental Biology Overview - Anatomy & Physiology

2008-08-31T14:00:54Z

Shamilton: /* Endoderm & Mesoderm Development */

{{toplink
|backcolour =
|linkpage =Anatomy and Physiology
|linktext =ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
|normallink = Developmental Biology - Anatomy & Physiology
|maplink = Developmental Biology (Concept Map)- Anatomy & Physiology
}}

==Introduction==

'''Embryo''', when applied to mammals, is the term given to the developing organism from fertilisation to birth. Developmental biology, or embryology, is the study of the embryo as it transforms from a unicellular zygote to a multicellular, mulitsystemed organism which in some cases, is ready to function autonomously. Developmental biology is of interest to vets in understanding why organs and systems are the way they are, but also in understanding genetic disease and applying cell based therapy to treat loss or damage to tissue.

Perhaps quite remarkably, all animals follow the same developmental "plan". Until the latter stages of development, it is difficult to tell a human embryo from a chicken embryo. This suggests an evolutionary programme for cells.

*Embryogenesis is driven by three cellular process:
#'''Cell division and growth'''
#*Fertilisation produces a unicellular zygote which undergoes a series of mitotic divisions to eventually become a multicellular organism. Mitosis produces (i) growth by hyperplasia (ii) an increased number of cells for greater diversity of function, and thus more complex organism.
#'''Cell differentiation'''
#*As embryogenesis progresses, cells become specialised in structure and function. Regulation of gene expression allows different proteins to be expressed in some cells, allowing different tissues to exists despite all cells containing the same DNA. At the blastomere stage (16 cells) cells are '''totipotent''', meaning they have the capacity to form every adult cell type. As the embryo progresses and enters gastrulation cells become '''pluripotent''', meaning they can form several but not all cell types. Eventually, most cells terminally differentiate and can no longer form any other cell type.
#'''Morphogenesis'''
#*During embryogenesis two cell types exist; mesenchymal and epithelial. Mesenchymal cells are single or loosely linked to other cells and irregularly shaped. Epithelial cells are tightly attached to each other or a membrane and have a regular shape (cuboidal or columnar).

==[[Fertilisation, Implantation and Early Embryonic Development -Embryonic Development of the Blastocyst- Anatomy & Physiology|Early Embryonic Development]]==

==[[Developmental Biology - Implantation - Anatomy & Physiology|Implantation]]==

==[[Developmental Biology - Gastrulation - Anatomy & Physiology|Gastrulation]]==

==[[Developmental Biology - Neurogenesis - Anatomy & Physiology|Neurogenesis]]==

==[[Developmental Biology - Somite Development - Anatomy & Physiology|Somite Development]]==

==[[Developmental Biology - Limb Development - Anatomy & Physiology|Limb Development]]==

==[[Developmental Biology - Muscle Development - Anatomy & Physiology|Muscle Development]]==

==[[Developmental Biology - Bone & Joint Development - Anatomy & Physiology|Bone & Joint Development]]==

==[[Developmental Biology - Endoderm Development - Anatomy & Physiology|Endoderm Development]]==

==Links==

===Alimentary===
*[[Oral Cavity - Teeth & Gingiva - Anatomy & Physiology#Tooth Development|Tooth Development]]
*[[Forestomach - Anatomy & Physiology#Development|Stomach Development]]
*[[Small Intestine - Anatomy & Physiology#Development|Small Intestine Development]]
*[[Large Intestine - Anatomy & Physiology#Development|Large Intestine Development]]
*[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Development|Pancreas Development]]
*[[Peritoneal cavity - Anatomy & Physiology#Development|Peritoneal Cavity Development]]

===Cardiorespiratory===
*[[Developmental Anatomy of the Heart - Anatomy & Physiology|Heart Development]]
*[[Vascular Development - Anatomy & Physiology|Vascular Development]]

===Endocrine===
*[[Endocrine System - Pituitary Gland - Anatomy & Physiology#Anatomy|Pituitary Gland Development]]
*[[Endocrine System - Thyroid Gland - Anatomy & Physiology#Embryological Origin|Thyroid Gland Development]]
*[[Endocrine System - Parathyroid Gland - Anatomy & Physiology#Embryology|Parathyroid Gland Development]]
*[[Endocrine System - Adrenal Glands - Anatomy & Physiology#Embryological Origin|Adrenal Gland Development]]

===Integumentary===
*[[Skin - Anatomy & Physiology#Origin of the epidermis|Skin Development]]
*[[Hair - Anatomy & Physiology#Development|Hair Development]]

===Lymphoreticular===
*[[Lymphatic Vessels - Anatomy & Physiology#Development|Lymphatic Vessel Development]]
*[[Bone Marrow - Anatomy & Physiology#Development|Bone Marrow Development]]
*[[Bursa of Fabricius - Anatomy & Physiology#Development|Bursa of Farbricus Development]]
*[[Thymus - Anatomy & Physiology#Embryology|Thymus Development]]
*[[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy & Physiology#Development|Lymph Node Development]]
*[[Spleen - Anatomy & Physiology#Development|Spleen Development]]
*[[Regional Lymphoid Tissue - Anatomy & Physiology#Development|MALT Development]]
*[[Appendix - Anatomy & Physiology#Development|Appendix Development]]
*[[Peyer's Patches - Anatomy & Physiology#Development|Peyer's Patches Development]]

===Musculoskeletal===
*[[Bones and Cartilage - Anatomy & Physiology|Bone and Cartilage Development]]

===Reproductive===
*[[Male Reproductive Tract -The Testes and Epididymis - Anatomy & Physiology#Testicular Descent|Testicular Descent]]
*[[Fertilisation, Implantation and Early Embryonic Development -Fertilisation- Anatomy & Physiology|Fertilisation]]
*[[Fertilisation, Implantation and Early Embryonic Development -Embryonic Development of the Blastocyst- Anatomy & Physiology|Blastocyst Development]]
*[[Fertilisation, Implantation and Early Embryonic Development -Implantation- Anatomy & Physiology|Implantation]]
*[[Fertilisation, Implantation and Early Embryonic Development -Sexual Differentiation- Anatomy & Physiology|Sexual Differentiation]]
*[[Lactation - The Mammary Gland - Anatomy & Physiology#Development of the Mammary Gland (prenatal mammogenesis)|Mammary Gland Development]]

===Nervous System and Special Senses===
*[[Introduction and Development|Central Nervous System Development]]

===Urinary===
*[[Developmental Anatomy of the Kidneys - Anatomy & Physiology|Kidney Development]]

{{toplink
|backcolour =
|linkpage =Anatomy and Physiology
|linktext =ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
|normallink = Developmental Biology - Anatomy & Physiology
|maplink = Developmental Biology (Concept Map)- Anatomy & Physiology
}}

Bone & Cartilage Development - Anatomy & Physiology

2008-08-31T13:46:52Z

Shamilton: /* Joint Formation */

<big><center>[[Developmental Biology - Anatomy & Physiology|'''BACK TO DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY]]</center></big>

==Introduction==

Osteogenesis is the formation of [[Bones and Cartilage - Anatomy & Physiology#Types of Bone|bone]]. Bone forms from one of three lineages; the skull forms from [[Developmental Biology - Neurogenesis - Anatomy & Physiology#Neural Crest|neural cest]]; the limb skeleton forms from lateral plate mesoderm; and the axial skeleton forms from paraxial mesoderm (sclerotome). There are two methods of osteogenesis. Both involve the transformation of pre - existing mesenchymal tissue into bone.
#'''Intramembranous Ossification''' - direct conversion of mesenchymal tissue into bone. Occurs in production of the skull.
#'''Endochondrial Ossification''' - mesechymal tissue first differentiates into [[Bones and Cartilage - Anatomy & Physiology#Structure and Function of Cartilage|cartilage]], then into bone. This occurs in the production of limb and axial skeleton.
#*Limb cartilage is produced in a proximal to distal direction as a continuous structure. It becomes punctuated with [[Developmental Biology - Anatomy & Physiology#Joints|joints]] later, and then converted to bone.

==Endochondrial Ossification==

*''[[Bones and Cartilage - Anatomy & Physiology#Types of Bone|Bone]] formation via [[Bones and Cartilage - Anatomy & Physiology#Structure and Function of Cartilage|cartilage]].''
#Proliferating limb mesenchyme condenses.
#The increased cell density triggers mesenchymal cells to differentiate into chondrocytes. Proliferation continues.
#The bone shape is formed, with a diaphysis (shaft) and epiphysis (bulbous ends).
#Chondrocytes in the middle of the diaphysis stop proliferating and undergo '''hypertrophy'''.
#*''The shaft is surrounded by the '''perichondrium''', a restrictive membrane. This means that the bone can only grow in length, not width. The epiphyses are pushed away from each other.''
#After chondrocytes have undergone hypertrophy, they die.
#*'''Osteoblasts''' on the inner side of the perichondrium invade the cartilage matrix.
#*They then secrete the extra - cellular matrix characteristic of bone.
#*''Ossification occurs from the outside - in. This is called primary ossification, or perichondrial ossification.''
#Blood vessels invade the central region of the diaphysis to transport [[Bone Marrow - Anatomy & Physiology|bone marrow]] stem cells and osteoclasts.
#*The osteoclasts break down the cartilage matrix to allow room for the bone marrow.
#There is no perichondrium surrounding the eiphysis.
#*This allows for expansion in length of the bone, but means that there are no surrounding oasteoblasts to invade.
#*To achieve osteogenesis, blood vessels invade from the diaphysis and carry osteoblasts with them.
#*''In the epiphysis, osteoblasts initiate bone growth from the inside - out. This is called secondary ossification.''
#*In some mammals, secondary ossification occurs after birth.
#The bone becomes covered in a layer containing osteoblasts.

*Cartilage is ''not replaced by bone'' in two areas:
:In between the diaphysis and epiphysis, a region called the '''epiphyseal growth plate (EPG)'''.
:At the ends of the epiphysis, between the joints. Acts as a '''shock absorber'''.

==Bone Growth==

===Length===
*The '''epiphyseal growth plate (EPG)''' allows the [[Bones and Cartilage - Anatomy & Physiology#Types of Bone|bone]] to continue to grow in length after birth.
*The EPG is a region of continuous chondroblast differentiation and maturation.
*The EPG is divided into five zones:

#'''Germinal Zone''' - chondroblast division at a low rate, and self renewal.
#'''Proliferation Zone''' - chondroblast division at a fast rate.
#'''Maturation Zone''' - chondroblast differentiation into chondrocytes.
#'''Hypertrophic Zone''' - chondrosytes enlarge and then die.
#'''Dead cells''' become the matrix for bone growth.

===Girth===

*The '''perisosteum''' lines the outer surfae of the diaphysis of the [[Bones and Cartilage - Anatomy & Physiology#Types of Bone|bone]].
**It has a cellular inner layer, consisting of osteoblasts, and a fibrous outer layer.
*The '''endosteum''' lines the inner surface of the diaphysis of the bone.
**It contains osteoblasts ''and'' osteoclasts.
*''Bone growth occurs by a shift in the equilibrium between osteoblasts and osteoclasts''.
**Osteoblasts on the outside in the periosteum, add bone to increase the bone's diameter.
**Osteoclasts on the inside in the endosteum remove this bone to maintain bone diameter.
**When osteoclasts start removing less bone, or osteoblasts start adding more bone, the girth increases.

==Joint Formation==

*Joints begin to form as the mesenchyme is condensing.
*Joint - forming cells develop different characteristics to cartilage precursors; they are flat and densely packed.
*The region where these joint - forming cells exist is called the "interzone".
*There are three layers in the interzone; a middle layer of low density with regions of high density either side.
**The high density regions form [[Bones and Cartilage - Anatomy & Physiology#Cartilage Structure and Function|cartilage]].

<big><center>[[Developmental Biology - Anatomy & Physiology|'''BACK TO DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY]]</center></big>

Bone & Cartilage Development - Anatomy & Physiology

2008-08-31T13:46:00Z

Shamilton: /* Bone Growth */

<big><center>[[Developmental Biology - Anatomy & Physiology|'''BACK TO DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY]]</center></big>

==Introduction==

Osteogenesis is the formation of [[Bones and Cartilage - Anatomy & Physiology#Types of Bone|bone]]. Bone forms from one of three lineages; the skull forms from [[Developmental Biology - Neurogenesis - Anatomy & Physiology#Neural Crest|neural cest]]; the limb skeleton forms from lateral plate mesoderm; and the axial skeleton forms from paraxial mesoderm (sclerotome). There are two methods of osteogenesis. Both involve the transformation of pre - existing mesenchymal tissue into bone.
#'''Intramembranous Ossification''' - direct conversion of mesenchymal tissue into bone. Occurs in production of the skull.
#'''Endochondrial Ossification''' - mesechymal tissue first differentiates into [[Bones and Cartilage - Anatomy & Physiology#Structure and Function of Cartilage|cartilage]], then into bone. This occurs in the production of limb and axial skeleton.
#*Limb cartilage is produced in a proximal to distal direction as a continuous structure. It becomes punctuated with [[Developmental Biology - Anatomy & Physiology#Joints|joints]] later, and then converted to bone.

==Endochondrial Ossification==

*''[[Bones and Cartilage - Anatomy & Physiology#Types of Bone|Bone]] formation via [[Bones and Cartilage - Anatomy & Physiology#Structure and Function of Cartilage|cartilage]].''
#Proliferating limb mesenchyme condenses.
#The increased cell density triggers mesenchymal cells to differentiate into chondrocytes. Proliferation continues.
#The bone shape is formed, with a diaphysis (shaft) and epiphysis (bulbous ends).
#Chondrocytes in the middle of the diaphysis stop proliferating and undergo '''hypertrophy'''.
#*''The shaft is surrounded by the '''perichondrium''', a restrictive membrane. This means that the bone can only grow in length, not width. The epiphyses are pushed away from each other.''
#After chondrocytes have undergone hypertrophy, they die.
#*'''Osteoblasts''' on the inner side of the perichondrium invade the cartilage matrix.
#*They then secrete the extra - cellular matrix characteristic of bone.
#*''Ossification occurs from the outside - in. This is called primary ossification, or perichondrial ossification.''
#Blood vessels invade the central region of the diaphysis to transport [[Bone Marrow - Anatomy & Physiology|bone marrow]] stem cells and osteoclasts.
#*The osteoclasts break down the cartilage matrix to allow room for the bone marrow.
#There is no perichondrium surrounding the eiphysis.
#*This allows for expansion in length of the bone, but means that there are no surrounding oasteoblasts to invade.
#*To achieve osteogenesis, blood vessels invade from the diaphysis and carry osteoblasts with them.
#*''In the epiphysis, osteoblasts initiate bone growth from the inside - out. This is called secondary ossification.''
#*In some mammals, secondary ossification occurs after birth.
#The bone becomes covered in a layer containing osteoblasts.

*Cartilage is ''not replaced by bone'' in two areas:
:In between the diaphysis and epiphysis, a region called the '''epiphyseal growth plate (EPG)'''.
:At the ends of the epiphysis, between the joints. Acts as a '''shock absorber'''.

==Bone Growth==

===Length===
*The '''epiphyseal growth plate (EPG)''' allows the [[Bones and Cartilage - Anatomy & Physiology#Types of Bone|bone]] to continue to grow in length after birth.
*The EPG is a region of continuous chondroblast differentiation and maturation.
*The EPG is divided into five zones:

#'''Germinal Zone''' - chondroblast division at a low rate, and self renewal.
#'''Proliferation Zone''' - chondroblast division at a fast rate.
#'''Maturation Zone''' - chondroblast differentiation into chondrocytes.
#'''Hypertrophic Zone''' - chondrosytes enlarge and then die.
#'''Dead cells''' become the matrix for bone growth.

===Girth===

*The '''perisosteum''' lines the outer surfae of the diaphysis of the [[Bones and Cartilage - Anatomy & Physiology#Types of Bone|bone]].
**It has a cellular inner layer, consisting of osteoblasts, and a fibrous outer layer.
*The '''endosteum''' lines the inner surface of the diaphysis of the bone.
**It contains osteoblasts ''and'' osteoclasts.
*''Bone growth occurs by a shift in the equilibrium between osteoblasts and osteoclasts''.
**Osteoblasts on the outside in the periosteum, add bone to increase the bone's diameter.
**Osteoclasts on the inside in the endosteum remove this bone to maintain bone diameter.
**When osteoclasts start removing less bone, or osteoblasts start adding more bone, the girth increases.

==Joint Formation==

*Joints begin to form as the mesenchyme is condensing.
*Joint - forming cells develop different characteristics to cartilage precursors; they are flat and densely packed.
*The region where these joint - forming cells exist is called the "interzone".
*There are three layers in the interzone; a middle layer of low density with regions of high density either side.
**The high density regions form cartilage.

<big><center>[[Developmental Biology - Anatomy & Physiology|'''BACK TO DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY]]</center></big>

Bone & Cartilage Development - Anatomy & Physiology

2008-08-31T13:45:18Z

Shamilton: /* Girth */

<big><center>[[Developmental Biology - Anatomy & Physiology|'''BACK TO DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY]]</center></big>

==Introduction==

Osteogenesis is the formation of [[Bones and Cartilage - Anatomy & Physiology#Types of Bone|bone]]. Bone forms from one of three lineages; the skull forms from [[Developmental Biology - Neurogenesis - Anatomy & Physiology#Neural Crest|neural cest]]; the limb skeleton forms from lateral plate mesoderm; and the axial skeleton forms from paraxial mesoderm (sclerotome). There are two methods of osteogenesis. Both involve the transformation of pre - existing mesenchymal tissue into bone.
#'''Intramembranous Ossification''' - direct conversion of mesenchymal tissue into bone. Occurs in production of the skull.
#'''Endochondrial Ossification''' - mesechymal tissue first differentiates into [[Bones and Cartilage - Anatomy & Physiology#Structure and Function of Cartilage|cartilage]], then into bone. This occurs in the production of limb and axial skeleton.
#*Limb cartilage is produced in a proximal to distal direction as a continuous structure. It becomes punctuated with [[Developmental Biology - Anatomy & Physiology#Joints|joints]] later, and then converted to bone.

==Endochondrial Ossification==

*''[[Bones and Cartilage - Anatomy & Physiology#Types of Bone|Bone]] formation via [[Bones and Cartilage - Anatomy & Physiology#Structure and Function of Cartilage|cartilage]].''
#Proliferating limb mesenchyme condenses.
#The increased cell density triggers mesenchymal cells to differentiate into chondrocytes. Proliferation continues.
#The bone shape is formed, with a diaphysis (shaft) and epiphysis (bulbous ends).
#Chondrocytes in the middle of the diaphysis stop proliferating and undergo '''hypertrophy'''.
#*''The shaft is surrounded by the '''perichondrium''', a restrictive membrane. This means that the bone can only grow in length, not width. The epiphyses are pushed away from each other.''
#After chondrocytes have undergone hypertrophy, they die.
#*'''Osteoblasts''' on the inner side of the perichondrium invade the cartilage matrix.
#*They then secrete the extra - cellular matrix characteristic of bone.
#*''Ossification occurs from the outside - in. This is called primary ossification, or perichondrial ossification.''
#Blood vessels invade the central region of the diaphysis to transport [[Bone Marrow - Anatomy & Physiology|bone marrow]] stem cells and osteoclasts.
#*The osteoclasts break down the cartilage matrix to allow room for the bone marrow.
#There is no perichondrium surrounding the eiphysis.
#*This allows for expansion in length of the bone, but means that there are no surrounding oasteoblasts to invade.
#*To achieve osteogenesis, blood vessels invade from the diaphysis and carry osteoblasts with them.
#*''In the epiphysis, osteoblasts initiate bone growth from the inside - out. This is called secondary ossification.''
#*In some mammals, secondary ossification occurs after birth.
#The bone becomes covered in a layer containing osteoblasts.

*Cartilage is ''not replaced by bone'' in two areas:
:In between the diaphysis and epiphysis, a region called the '''epiphyseal growth plate (EPG)'''.
:At the ends of the epiphysis, between the joints. Acts as a '''shock absorber'''.

==Bone Growth==

===Length===
*The '''epiphyseal growth plate (EPG)''' allows the [[Bone and Cartilage - Anatomy & Physiology#Types of Bone|bone]] to continue to grow in length after birth.
*The EPG is a region of continuous chondroblast differentiation and maturation.
*The EPG is divided into five zones:

#'''Germinal Zone''' - chondroblast division at a low rate, and self renewal.
#'''Proliferation Zone''' - chondroblast division at a fast rate.
#'''Maturation Zone''' - chondroblast differentiation into chondrocytes.
#'''Hypertrophic Zone''' - chondrosytes enlarge and then die.
#'''Dead cells''' become the matrix for bone growth.

===Girth===

*The '''perisosteum''' lines the outer surfae of the diaphysis of the [[Bone and Cartilage - Anatomy & Physiology#Types of Bone|bone]].
**It has a cellular inner layer, consisting of osteoblasts, and a fibrous outer layer.
*The '''endosteum''' lines the inner surface of the diaphysis of the bone.
**It contains osteoblasts ''and'' osteoclasts.
*''Bone growth occurs by a shift in the equilibrium between osteoblasts and osteoclasts''.
**Osteoblasts on the outside in the periosteum, add bone to increase the bone's diameter.
**Osteoclasts on the inside in the endosteum remove this bone to maintain bone diameter.
**When osteoclasts start removing less bone, or osteoblasts start adding more bone, the girth increases.

==Joint Formation==

*Joints begin to form as the mesenchyme is condensing.
*Joint - forming cells develop different characteristics to cartilage precursors; they are flat and densely packed.
*The region where these joint - forming cells exist is called the "interzone".
*There are three layers in the interzone; a middle layer of low density with regions of high density either side.
**The high density regions form cartilage.

<big><center>[[Developmental Biology - Anatomy & Physiology|'''BACK TO DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY]]</center></big>

Bone & Cartilage Development - Anatomy & Physiology

2008-08-31T13:45:07Z

Shamilton: /* Bone Growth */

<big><center>[[Developmental Biology - Anatomy & Physiology|'''BACK TO DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY]]</center></big>

==Introduction==

Osteogenesis is the formation of [[Bones and Cartilage - Anatomy & Physiology#Types of Bone|bone]]. Bone forms from one of three lineages; the skull forms from [[Developmental Biology - Neurogenesis - Anatomy & Physiology#Neural Crest|neural cest]]; the limb skeleton forms from lateral plate mesoderm; and the axial skeleton forms from paraxial mesoderm (sclerotome). There are two methods of osteogenesis. Both involve the transformation of pre - existing mesenchymal tissue into bone.
#'''Intramembranous Ossification''' - direct conversion of mesenchymal tissue into bone. Occurs in production of the skull.
#'''Endochondrial Ossification''' - mesechymal tissue first differentiates into [[Bones and Cartilage - Anatomy & Physiology#Structure and Function of Cartilage|cartilage]], then into bone. This occurs in the production of limb and axial skeleton.
#*Limb cartilage is produced in a proximal to distal direction as a continuous structure. It becomes punctuated with [[Developmental Biology - Anatomy & Physiology#Joints|joints]] later, and then converted to bone.

==Endochondrial Ossification==

*''[[Bones and Cartilage - Anatomy & Physiology#Types of Bone|Bone]] formation via [[Bones and Cartilage - Anatomy & Physiology#Structure and Function of Cartilage|cartilage]].''
#Proliferating limb mesenchyme condenses.
#The increased cell density triggers mesenchymal cells to differentiate into chondrocytes. Proliferation continues.
#The bone shape is formed, with a diaphysis (shaft) and epiphysis (bulbous ends).
#Chondrocytes in the middle of the diaphysis stop proliferating and undergo '''hypertrophy'''.
#*''The shaft is surrounded by the '''perichondrium''', a restrictive membrane. This means that the bone can only grow in length, not width. The epiphyses are pushed away from each other.''
#After chondrocytes have undergone hypertrophy, they die.
#*'''Osteoblasts''' on the inner side of the perichondrium invade the cartilage matrix.
#*They then secrete the extra - cellular matrix characteristic of bone.
#*''Ossification occurs from the outside - in. This is called primary ossification, or perichondrial ossification.''
#Blood vessels invade the central region of the diaphysis to transport [[Bone Marrow - Anatomy & Physiology|bone marrow]] stem cells and osteoclasts.
#*The osteoclasts break down the cartilage matrix to allow room for the bone marrow.
#There is no perichondrium surrounding the eiphysis.
#*This allows for expansion in length of the bone, but means that there are no surrounding oasteoblasts to invade.
#*To achieve osteogenesis, blood vessels invade from the diaphysis and carry osteoblasts with them.
#*''In the epiphysis, osteoblasts initiate bone growth from the inside - out. This is called secondary ossification.''
#*In some mammals, secondary ossification occurs after birth.
#The bone becomes covered in a layer containing osteoblasts.

*Cartilage is ''not replaced by bone'' in two areas:
:In between the diaphysis and epiphysis, a region called the '''epiphyseal growth plate (EPG)'''.
:At the ends of the epiphysis, between the joints. Acts as a '''shock absorber'''.

==Bone Growth==

===Length===
*The '''epiphyseal growth plate (EPG)''' allows the [[Bone and Cartilage - Anatomy & Physiology#Types of Bone|bone]] to continue to grow in length after birth.
*The EPG is a region of continuous chondroblast differentiation and maturation.
*The EPG is divided into five zones:

#'''Germinal Zone''' - chondroblast division at a low rate, and self renewal.
#'''Proliferation Zone''' - chondroblast division at a fast rate.
#'''Maturation Zone''' - chondroblast differentiation into chondrocytes.
#'''Hypertrophic Zone''' - chondrosytes enlarge and then die.
#'''Dead cells''' become the matrix for bone growth.

===Girth===

*The '''perisosteum''' lines the outer surfae of the diaphysis of the [[Bone and cartilage - Anatomy & Physiology#Types of Bone|bone]].
**It has a cellular inner layer, consisting of osteoblasts, and a fibrous outer layer.
*The '''endosteum''' lines the inner surface of the diaphysis of the bone.
**It contains osteoblasts ''and'' osteoclasts.
*''Bone growth occurs by a shift in the equilibrium between osteoblasts and osteoclasts''.
**Osteoblasts on the outside in the periosteum, add bone to increase the bone's diameter.
**Osteoclasts on the inside in the endosteum remove this bone to maintain bone diameter.
**When osteoclasts start removing less bone, or osteoblasts start adding more bone, the girth increases.

==Joint Formation==

*Joints begin to form as the mesenchyme is condensing.
*Joint - forming cells develop different characteristics to cartilage precursors; they are flat and densely packed.
*The region where these joint - forming cells exist is called the "interzone".
*There are three layers in the interzone; a middle layer of low density with regions of high density either side.
**The high density regions form cartilage.

<big><center>[[Developmental Biology - Anatomy & Physiology|'''BACK TO DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY]]</center></big>

Bone & Cartilage Development - Anatomy & Physiology

2008-08-31T13:14:35Z

Shamilton: /* Endochondrial Ossification */

<big><center>[[Developmental Biology - Anatomy & Physiology|'''BACK TO DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY]]</center></big>

==Introduction==

Osteogenesis is the formation of [[Bones and Cartilage - Anatomy & Physiology#Types of Bone|bone]]. Bone forms from one of three lineages; the skull forms from [[Developmental Biology - Neurogenesis - Anatomy & Physiology#Neural Crest|neural cest]]; the limb skeleton forms from lateral plate mesoderm; and the axial skeleton forms from paraxial mesoderm (sclerotome). There are two methods of osteogenesis. Both involve the transformation of pre - existing mesenchymal tissue into bone.
#'''Intramembranous Ossification''' - direct conversion of mesenchymal tissue into bone. Occurs in production of the skull.
#'''Endochondrial Ossification''' - mesechymal tissue first differentiates into [[Bones and Cartilage - Anatomy & Physiology#Structure and Function of Cartilage|cartilage]], then into bone. This occurs in the production of limb and axial skeleton.
#*Limb cartilage is produced in a proximal to distal direction as a continuous structure. It becomes punctuated with [[Developmental Biology - Anatomy & Physiology#Joints|joints]] later, and then converted to bone.

==Endochondrial Ossification==

*''[[Bones and Cartilage - Anatomy & Physiology#Types of Bone|Bone]] formation via [[Bones and Cartilage - Anatomy & Physiology#Structure and Function of Cartilage|cartilage]].''
#Proliferating limb mesenchyme condenses.
#The increased cell density triggers mesenchymal cells to differentiate into chondrocytes. Proliferation continues.
#The bone shape is formed, with a diaphysis (shaft) and epiphysis (bulbous ends).
#Chondrocytes in the middle of the diaphysis stop proliferating and undergo '''hypertrophy'''.
#*''The shaft is surrounded by the '''perichondrium''', a restrictive membrane. This means that the bone can only grow in length, not width. The epiphyses are pushed away from each other.''
#After chondrocytes have undergone hypertrophy, they die.
#*'''Osteoblasts''' on the inner side of the perichondrium invade the cartilage matrix.
#*They then secrete the extra - cellular matrix characteristic of bone.
#*''Ossification occurs from the outside - in. This is called primary ossification, or perichondrial ossification.''
#Blood vessels invade the central region of the diaphysis to transport [[Bone Marrow - Anatomy & Physiology|bone marrow]] stem cells and osteoclasts.
#*The osteoclasts break down the cartilage matrix to allow room for the bone marrow.
#There is no perichondrium surrounding the eiphysis.
#*This allows for expansion in length of the bone, but means that there are no surrounding oasteoblasts to invade.
#*To achieve osteogenesis, blood vessels invade from the diaphysis and carry osteoblasts with them.
#*''In the epiphysis, osteoblasts initiate bone growth from the inside - out. This is called secondary ossification.''
#*In some mammals, secondary ossification occurs after birth.
#The bone becomes covered in a layer containing osteoblasts.

*Cartilage is ''not replaced by bone'' in two areas:
:In between the diaphysis and epiphysis, a region called the '''epiphyseal growth plate (EPG)'''.
:At the ends of the epiphysis, between the joints. Acts as a '''shock absorber'''.

==Bone Growth==

===Length===
*The '''epiphyseal growth plate (EPG)''' allows the bone to continue to grow in length after birth.
*The EPG is a region of continuous chondroblast differentiation and maturation.
*The EPG is divided into five zones:

#'''Germinal Zone''' - chondroblast division at a low rate, and self renewal.
#'''Proliferation Zone''' - chondroblast division at a fast rate.
#'''Maturation Zone''' - chondroblast differentiation into chondrocytes.
#'''Hypertrophic Zone''' - chondrosytes enlarge and then die.
#'''Dead cells''' become the matrix for bone growth.

===Girth===

*The '''perisosteum''' lines the outer surfae of the diaphysis of the bone.
**It has a cellular inner layer, consisting of osteoblasts, and a fibrous outer layer.
*The '''endosteum''' lines the inner surface of the diaphysis of the bone.
**It contains osteoblasts ''and'' osteoclasts.
*''Bone growth occurs by a shift in the equilibrium between osteoblasts and osteoclasts''.
**Osteoblasts on the outside in the periosteum, add bone to increase the bone's diameter.
**Osteoclasts on the inside in the endosteum remove this bone to maintain bone diameter.
**When osteoclasts start removing less bone, or osteoblasts start adding more bone, the girth increases.

==Joint Formation==

*Joints begin to form as the mesenchyme is condensing.
*Joint - forming cells develop different characteristics to cartilage precursors; they are flat and densely packed.
*The region where these joint - forming cells exist is called the "interzone".
*There are three layers in the interzone; a middle layer of low density with regions of high density either side.
**The high density regions form cartilage.

<big><center>[[Developmental Biology - Anatomy & Physiology|'''BACK TO DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY]]</center></big>

Bone & Cartilage Development - Anatomy & Physiology

2008-08-31T13:03:38Z

Shamilton:

<big><center>[[Developmental Biology - Anatomy & Physiology|'''BACK TO DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY]]</center></big>

==Introduction==

Osteogenesis is the formation of [[Bones and Cartilage - Anatomy & Physiology#Types of Bone|bone]]. Bone forms from one of three lineages; the skull forms from [[Developmental Biology - Neurogenesis - Anatomy & Physiology#Neural Crest|neural cest]]; the limb skeleton forms from lateral plate mesoderm; and the axial skeleton forms from paraxial mesoderm (sclerotome). There are two methods of osteogenesis. Both involve the transformation of pre - existing mesenchymal tissue into bone.
#'''Intramembranous Ossification''' - direct conversion of mesenchymal tissue into bone. Occurs in production of the skull.
#'''Endochondrial Ossification''' - mesechymal tissue first differentiates into [[Bones and Cartilage - Anatomy & Physiology#Structure and Function of Cartilage|cartilage]], then into bone. This occurs in the production of limb and axial skeleton.
#*Limb cartilage is produced in a proximal to distal direction as a continuous structure. It becomes punctuated with [[Developmental Biology - Anatomy & Physiology#Joints|joints]] later, and then converted to bone.

==Endochondrial Ossification==

*''Bone formation via cartilage.''
#Proliferating limb mesenchyme condenses.
#The increased cell density triggers mesenchymal cells to differentiate into chondrocytes. Proliferation continues.
#The bone shape is formed, with a diaphysis (shaft) and epiphysis (bulbous ends).
#Chondrocytes in the middle of the diaphysis stop proliferating and undergo '''hypertrophy'''.
#*''The shaft is surrounded by the '''perichondrium''', a restrictive membrane. This means that the bone can only grow in length, not width. The epiphysis are pushed away from each other.''
#After chondrocytes have undergone hypertrophy, they die.
#*'''Osteoblasts''' on the inner side of the perichondrium invade the cartilage matrix.
#*They then secrete the extra - cellular matrix characteristic of bone.
#*''Ossification occurs from the outside - in. This is called primary ossification, or perichondrial ossification.''
#Blood vessels invade the central region of the diaphysis to transport bone marrow stem cells and osteoclasts.
#*The osteoclasts break down the cartilage matrix to allow room for the bone marrow.
#There is no perichondrium surrounding the eiphysis.
#*This allows for expansion in length of the bone, but means that there are no surrounding oasteoblasts to invade.
#*To achieve osteogenesis, blood vessels invade from the diaphysis and carry osteoblasts with them.
#*''In the epiphysis, osteoblasts initiate bone growth from the inside - out. This is called secondary ossification.''
#*In some mammals, secondary ossification occurs after birth.
#The bone becomes covered in a layer containing osteoblasts.

*Cartilage is ''not replaced by bone'' in two areas:
:In between the diaphysis and epiphysis, a region called the '''epiphyseal growth plate (EPG)'''.
:At the ends of the epiphysis, between the joints. Acts as a '''shock absorber'''.

==Bone Growth==

===Length===
*The '''epiphyseal growth plate (EPG)''' allows the bone to continue to grow in length after birth.
*The EPG is a region of continuous chondroblast differentiation and maturation.
*The EPG is divided into five zones:

#'''Germinal Zone''' - chondroblast division at a low rate, and self renewal.
#'''Proliferation Zone''' - chondroblast division at a fast rate.
#'''Maturation Zone''' - chondroblast differentiation into chondrocytes.
#'''Hypertrophic Zone''' - chondrosytes enlarge and then die.
#'''Dead cells''' become the matrix for bone growth.

===Girth===

*The '''perisosteum''' lines the outer surfae of the diaphysis of the bone.
**It has a cellular inner layer, consisting of osteoblasts, and a fibrous outer layer.
*The '''endosteum''' lines the inner surface of the diaphysis of the bone.
**It contains osteoblasts ''and'' osteoclasts.
*''Bone growth occurs by a shift in the equilibrium between osteoblasts and osteoclasts''.
**Osteoblasts on the outside in the periosteum, add bone to increase the bone's diameter.
**Osteoclasts on the inside in the endosteum remove this bone to maintain bone diameter.
**When osteoclasts start removing less bone, or osteoblasts start adding more bone, the girth increases.

==Joint Formation==

*Joints begin to form as the mesenchyme is condensing.
*Joint - forming cells develop different characteristics to cartilage precursors; they are flat and densely packed.
*The region where these joint - forming cells exist is called the "interzone".
*There are three layers in the interzone; a middle layer of low density with regions of high density either side.
**The high density regions form cartilage.

<big><center>[[Developmental Biology - Anatomy & Physiology|'''BACK TO DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY]]</center></big>

Bone & Cartilage Development - Anatomy & Physiology

2008-08-31T12:55:46Z

Shamilton:

<big><center>[[Developmental Biology - Anatomy & Physiology|'''BACK TO DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY]]</center></big>

==Introduction==

Osteogenesis is the formation of bone. Bone forms from one of three lineages; the skull forms from neural cest; the limb skeleton forms from lateral plate mesoderm; and the axial skeleton forms from paraxial mesoderm (sclerotome). There are two methods of osteogenesis. Both involve the transformation of pre - existing mesenchymal tissue into bone.
#'''Intramembranous Ossification''' - direct conversion of mesenchymal tissue into bone. Occurs in production of the skull.
#'''Endochondrial Ossification''' - mesechymal tissue first differentiates into cartilage, then into bone. This occurs in the production of limb and axial skeleton.
#*Limb cartilage is produced in a proximal to distal direction as a continuous structure. It becomes punctuated with joints later, and then converted to bone.

==Endochondrial Ossification==

*''Bone formation via cartilage.''
#Proliferating limb mesenchyme condenses.
#The increased cell density triggers mesenchymal cells to differentiate into chondrocytes. Proliferation continues.
#The bone shape is formed, with a diaphysis (shaft) and epiphysis (bulbous ends).
#Chondrocytes in the middle of the diaphysis stop proliferating and undergo '''hypertrophy'''.
#*''The shaft is surrounded by the '''perichondrium''', a restrictive membrane. This means that the bone can only grow in length, not width. The epiphysis are pushed away from each other.''
#After chondrocytes have undergone hypertrophy, they die.
#*'''Osteoblasts''' on the inner side of the perichondrium invade the cartilage matrix.
#*They then secrete the extra - cellular matrix characteristic of bone.
#*''Ossification occurs from the outside - in. This is called primary ossification, or perichondrial ossification.''
#Blood vessels invade the central region of the diaphysis to transport bone marrow stem cells and osteoclasts.
#*The osteoclasts break down the cartilage matrix to allow room for the bone marrow.
#There is no perichondrium surrounding the eiphysis.
#*This allows for expansion in length of the bone, but means that there are no surrounding oasteoblasts to invade.
#*To achieve osteogenesis, blood vessels invade from the diaphysis and carry osteoblasts with them.
#*''In the epiphysis, osteoblasts initiate bone growth from the inside - out. This is called secondary ossification.''
#*In some mammals, secondary ossification occurs after birth.
#The bone becomes covered in a layer containing osteoblasts.

*Cartilage is ''not replaced by bone'' in two areas:
:In between the diaphysis and epiphysis, a region called the '''epiphyseal growth plate (EPG)'''.
:At the ends of the epiphysis, between the joints. Acts as a '''shock absorber'''.

==Bone Growth==

===Length===
*The '''epiphyseal growth plate (EPG)''' allows the bone to continue to grow in length after birth.
*The EPG is a region of continuous chondroblast differentiation and maturation.
*The EPG is divided into five zones:

#'''Germinal Zone''' - chondroblast division at a low rate, and self renewal.
#'''Proliferation Zone''' - chondroblast division at a fast rate.
#'''Maturation Zone''' - chondroblast differentiation into chondrocytes.
#'''Hypertrophic Zone''' - chondrosytes enlarge and then die.
#'''Dead cells''' become the matrix for bone growth.

===Girth===

*The '''perisosteum''' lines the outer surfae of the diaphysis of the bone.
**It has a cellular inner layer, consisting of osteoblasts, and a fibrous outer layer.
*The '''endosteum''' lines the inner surface of the diaphysis of the bone.
**It contains osteoblasts ''and'' osteoclasts.
*''Bone growth occurs by a shift in the equilibrium between osteoblasts and osteoclasts''.
**Osteoblasts on the outside in the periosteum, add bone to increase the bone's diameter.
**Osteoclasts on the inside in the endosteum remove this bone to maintain bone diameter.
**When osteoclasts start removing less bone, or osteoblasts start adding more bone, the girth increases.

==Joint Formation==

*Joints begin to form as the mesenchyme is condensing.
*Joint - forming cells develop different characteristics to cartilage precursors; they are flat and densely packed.
*The region where these joint - forming cells exist is called the "interzone".
*There are three layers in the interzone; a middle layer of low density with regions of high density either side.
**The high density regions form cartilage.

<big><center>[[Developmental Biology - Anatomy & Physiology|'''BACK TO DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY]]</center></big>

Bone & Cartilage Development - Anatomy & Physiology

2008-08-31T12:55:30Z

Shamilton: /* Joint Formation */

Bone & Cartilage Development - Anatomy & Physiology

2008-08-31T12:33:10Z

Shamilton:

Bone & Cartilage Development - Anatomy & Physiology

2008-08-31T10:56:44Z

Shamilton: /* Bone Growth */

Bone & Cartilage Development - Anatomy & Physiology

2008-08-31T10:48:58Z

Shamilton: /* Bone Growth */

Bone & Cartilage Development - Anatomy & Physiology

2008-08-31T10:46:31Z

Shamilton: /* Bone Growth */

Bone & Cartilage Development - Anatomy & Physiology

2008-08-31T10:42:59Z

Shamilton: /* Bone Growth */

Bone & Cartilage Development - Anatomy & Physiology

2008-08-31T10:39:57Z

Shamilton: /* Bone Growth */

Bone & Cartilage Development - Anatomy & Physiology

2008-08-31T10:16:32Z

Shamilton:

Bone & Cartilage Development - Anatomy & Physiology

2008-08-31T10:01:39Z

Shamilton:

Developmental Biology Overview - Anatomy & Physiology

2008-08-31T09:31:21Z

Shamilton: /* Musculoskeletal */

{{toplink
|backcolour =
|linkpage =Anatomy and Physiology
|linktext =ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
|normallink = Developmental Biology - Anatomy & Physiology
|maplink = Developmental Biology (Concept Map)- Anatomy & Physiology
}}

==Introduction==

'''Embryo''', when applied to mammals, is the term given to the developing organism from fertilisation to birth. Developmental biology, or embryology, is the study of the embryo as it transforms from a unicellular zygote to a multicellular, mulitsystemed organism which in some cases, is ready to function autonomously. Developmental biology is of interest to vets in understanding why organs and systems are the way they are, but also in understanding genetic disease and applying cell based therapy to treat loss or damage to tissue.

Perhaps quite remarkably, all animals follow the same developmental "plan". Until the latter stages of development, it is difficult to tell a human embryo from a chicken embryo. This suggests an evolutionary programme for cells.

*Embryogenesis is driven by three cellular process:
#'''Cell division and growth'''
#*Fertilisation produces a unicellular zygote which undergoes a series of mitotic divisions to eventually become a multicellular organism. Mitosis produces (i) growth by hyperplasia (ii) an increased number of cells for greater diversity of function, and thus more complex organism.
#'''Cell differentiation'''
#*As embryogenesis progresses, cells become specialised in structure and function. Regulation of gene expression allows different proteins to be expressed in some cells, allowing different tissues to exists despite all cells containing the same DNA. At the blastomere stage (16 cells) cells are '''totipotent''', meaning they have the capacity to form every adult cell type. As the embryo progresses and enters gastrulation cells become '''pluripotent''', meaning they can form several but not all cell types. Eventually, most cells terminally differentiate and can no longer form any other cell type.
#'''Morphogenesis'''
#*During embryogenesis two cell types exist; mesenchymal and epithelial. Mesenchymal cells are single or loosely linked to other cells and irregularly shaped. Epithelial cells are tightly attached to each other or a membrane and have a regular shape (cuboidal or columnar).

==[[Fertilisation, Implantation and Early Embryonic Development -Embryonic Development of the Blastocyst- Anatomy & Physiology|Early Embryonic Development]]==

==[[Developmental Biology - Implantation - Anatomy & Physiology|Implantation]]==

==[[Developmental Biology - Gastrulation - Anatomy & Physiology|Gastrulation]]==

==[[Developmental Biology - Neurogenesis - Anatomy & Physiology|Neurogenesis]]==

==[[Developmental Biology - Somite Development - Anatomy & Physiology|Somite Development]]==

==[[Developmental Biology - Limb Development - Anatomy & Physiology|Limb Development]]==

==[[Developmental Biology - Muscle Development - Anatomy & Physiology|Muscle Development]]==

==[[Developmental Biology - Bone & Joint Development - Anatomy & Physiology|Bone & Joint Development]]==

==[[Developmental Biology - Endoderm & Mesoderm Development - Anatomy & Physiology|Endoderm & Mesoderm Development]]==

==Links==

===Alimentary===
*[[Oral Cavity - Teeth & Gingiva - Anatomy & Physiology#Tooth Development|Tooth Development]]
*[[Forestomach - Anatomy & Physiology#Development|Stomach Development]]
*[[Small Intestine - Anatomy & Physiology#Development|Small Intestine Development]]
*[[Large Intestine - Anatomy & Physiology#Development|Large Intestine Development]]
*[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Development|Pancreas Development]]
*[[Peritoneal cavity - Anatomy & Physiology#Development|Peritoneal Cavity Development]]

===Cardiorespiratory===
*[[Developmental Anatomy of the Heart - Anatomy & Physiology|Heart Development]]
*[[Vascular Development - Anatomy & Physiology|Vascular Development]]

===Endocrine===
*[[Endocrine System - Pituitary Gland - Anatomy & Physiology#Anatomy|Pituitary Gland Development]]
*[[Endocrine System - Thyroid Gland - Anatomy & Physiology#Embryological Origin|Thyroid Gland Development]]
*[[Endocrine System - Parathyroid Gland - Anatomy & Physiology#Embryology|Parathyroid Gland Development]]
*[[Endocrine System - Adrenal Glands - Anatomy & Physiology#Embryological Origin|Adrenal Gland Development]]

===Integumentary===
*[[Skin - Anatomy & Physiology#Origin of the epidermis|Skin Development]]
*[[Hair - Anatomy & Physiology#Development|Hair Development]]

===Lymphoreticular===
*[[Lymphatic Vessels - Anatomy & Physiology#Development|Lymphatic Vessel Development]]
*[[Bone Marrow - Anatomy & Physiology#Development|Bone Marrow Development]]
*[[Bursa of Fabricius - Anatomy & Physiology#Development|Bursa of Farbricus Development]]
*[[Thymus - Anatomy & Physiology#Embryology|Thymus Development]]
*[[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy & Physiology#Development|Lymph Node Development]]
*[[Spleen - Anatomy & Physiology#Development|Spleen Development]]
*[[Regional Lymphoid Tissue - Anatomy & Physiology#Development|MALT Development]]
*[[Appendix - Anatomy & Physiology#Development|Appendix Development]]
*[[Peyer's Patches - Anatomy & Physiology#Development|Peyer's Patches Development]]

===Musculoskeletal===
*[[Bones and Cartilage - Anatomy & Physiology|Bone and Cartilage Development]]

===Reproductive===
*[[Male Reproductive Tract -The Testes and Epididymis - Anatomy & Physiology#Testicular Descent|Testicular Descent]]
*[[Fertilisation, Implantation and Early Embryonic Development -Fertilisation- Anatomy & Physiology|Fertilisation]]
*[[Fertilisation, Implantation and Early Embryonic Development -Embryonic Development of the Blastocyst- Anatomy & Physiology|Blastocyst Development]]
*[[Fertilisation, Implantation and Early Embryonic Development -Implantation- Anatomy & Physiology|Implantation]]
*[[Fertilisation, Implantation and Early Embryonic Development -Sexual Differentiation- Anatomy & Physiology|Sexual Differentiation]]
*[[Lactation - The Mammary Gland - Anatomy & Physiology#Development of the Mammary Gland (prenatal mammogenesis)|Mammary Gland Development]]

===Nervous System and Special Senses===
*[[Introduction and Development|Central Nervous System Development]]

===Urinary===
*[[Developmental Anatomy of the Kidneys - Anatomy & Physiology|Kidney Development]]

{{toplink
|backcolour =
|linkpage =Anatomy and Physiology
|linktext =ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
|normallink = Developmental Biology - Anatomy & Physiology
|maplink = Developmental Biology (Concept Map)- Anatomy & Physiology
}}

Bone & Cartilage Development - Anatomy & Physiology

2008-08-31T09:30:49Z

Shamilton:

Muscle Development - Anatomy & Physiology

2008-08-31T08:48:28Z

Shamilton:

<big><center>[[Developmental Biology - Anatomy & Physiology|'''BACK TO DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY]]</center></big>

==Introduction==

[[Muscles - Anatomy & Physiology|Muscle]] cells can come from two lineages in the [[Developmental Biology - Somite Development - Anatomy & Physiology|somite]]. Limb and body muscle develop from hypaxial muscle in the lateral regions of the somite. Back muscle develops from epaxial muscle in the dorsal regions of the somite. Muscle fibres have hundreds of nuclei and function as a syncytium.

==Muscle Cell Differentiation==

#'''Prescursor''' cells migrate from the dermomyotome.
#*They are mesenchymal
#*Divide rapidly en route and are undifferentiated.
#Cells differentiate to form '''myoblasts'''.
#*Cells still mesenchymal but can no longer migrate as differentiated.
#*[[Muscles - Anatomy & Physiology|Muscle]] gene expression.
#The '''myotube''' is formed; cells become multi - nucleated to form a syncytium.
#*Muscle enzymes are produced.
#The '''myofibre''' is produced.
#*Contractile proteins are present.

==Limb Muscle Development==

*[[Muscles - Anatomy & Physiology#Skeletal Muscle|Skeletal muscle]] of the limbs originates from those [[Developmental Biology - Somite Development - Anatomy & Physiology|somites]] closest to the limbs.
#Signalling factors from the limbs cause cells to migrate from the somite.
#*Singalling factors cause the hypaxial lamina to break down.
#*This allows cells to migrate.
#*''Few cells migrate; but they rapidly prolifate during migration to increase cell numbers.''
#Muscle precursors migrate into the [[Developmental Biology - Limb Development - Anatomy & Physiology|limb bud]] (proliferating).
#*At the proximal region of the limb, two populations of cells exists.
#*These are the dorsal and ventral masses.
#Cells continue migration within these populations.
#Once cells have reached their destinations, they differentiate.

<big><center>[[Developmental Biology - Anatomy & Physiology|'''BACK TO DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY]]</center></big>

Muscle Development - Anatomy & Physiology

2008-08-31T08:43:17Z

Shamilton:

<big><center>[[Developmental Biology - Anatomy & Physiology|'''BACK TO DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY]]</center></big>

==Introduction==

Muscle cells can come from two lineages in the somite. Limb and body muscle develop from hypaxial muscle in the lateral regions of the somite. Back muscle develops from epaxial muscle in the dorsal regions of the somite. Muscle fibres have hundreds of nuclei and function as a syncytium.

==Muscle Cell Differentiation==

#'''Prescursor''' cells migrate from the dermomyotome.
#*They are mesenchymal
#*Divide rapidly en route and are undifferentiated.
#Cells differentiate to form '''myoblasts'''.
#*Cells still mesenchymal but can no longer migrate as differentiated.
#*Muscle gene expression.
#The '''myotube''' is formed; cells become multi - nucleated to form a syncytium.
#*Muscle enzymes are produced.
#The '''myofibre''' is produced.
#*Contractile proteins are present.

==Limb Muscle Development==

*Skeletal muscle of the limbs originates from those somites closest to the limbs.
#Signalling factors from the limbs cause cells to migrate from the somite.
#*Singalling factors cause the hypaxial lamina to break down.
#*This allows cells to migrate.
#*''Few cells migrate; but they rapidly prolifate during migration to increase cell numbers.''
#Muscle precursors migrate into the limb bud (proliferating).
#*At the proximal region of the limb, two populations of cells exists.
#*These are the dorsal and ventral masses.
#Cells continue migration within these populations.
#Once cells have reached their destinations, they differentiate.

<big><center>[[Developmental Biology - Anatomy & Physiology|'''BACK TO DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY]]</center></big>

Muscle Development - Anatomy & Physiology

2008-08-31T08:42:58Z

Shamilton:

Muscle Development - Anatomy & Physiology

2008-08-31T08:29:32Z

Shamilton:

Muscle Development - Anatomy & Physiology

2008-08-31T08:14:09Z

Shamilton:

Bone & Cartilage Development - Anatomy & Physiology

2008-08-31T08:04:22Z

Shamilton: New page: <big><center>'''BACK TO DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY</center></big>

<big><center>[[Developmental Biology - Anatomy & Physiology|'''BACK TO DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY]]</center></big>

Muscle Development - Anatomy & Physiology

2008-08-31T08:04:13Z

Shamilton: New page: <big><center>'''BACK TO DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY</center></big>

<big><center>[[Developmental Biology - Anatomy & Physiology|'''BACK TO DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY]]</center></big>

Developmental Biology Overview - Anatomy & Physiology

2008-08-31T08:03:43Z

Shamilton:

{{toplink
|backcolour =
|linkpage =Anatomy and Physiology
|linktext =ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
|normallink = Developmental Biology - Anatomy & Physiology
|maplink = Developmental Biology (Concept Map)- Anatomy & Physiology
}}

==Introduction==

'''Embryo''', when applied to mammals, is the term given to the developing organism from fertilisation to birth. Developmental biology, or embryology, is the study of the embryo as it transforms from a unicellular zygote to a multicellular, mulitsystemed organism which in some cases, is ready to function autonomously. Developmental biology is of interest to vets in understanding why organs and systems are the way they are, but also in understanding genetic disease and applying cell based therapy to treat loss or damage to tissue.

Perhaps quite remarkably, all animals follow the same developmental "plan". Until the latter stages of development, it is difficult to tell a human embryo from a chicken embryo. This suggests an evolutionary programme for cells.

*Embryogenesis is driven by three cellular process:
#'''Cell division and growth'''
#*Fertilisation produces a unicellular zygote which undergoes a series of mitotic divisions to eventually become a multicellular organism. Mitosis produces (i) growth by hyperplasia (ii) an increased number of cells for greater diversity of function, and thus more complex organism.
#'''Cell differentiation'''
#*As embryogenesis progresses, cells become specialised in structure and function. Regulation of gene expression allows different proteins to be expressed in some cells, allowing different tissues to exists despite all cells containing the same DNA. At the blastomere stage (16 cells) cells are '''totipotent''', meaning they have the capacity to form every adult cell type. As the embryo progresses and enters gastrulation cells become '''pluripotent''', meaning they can form several but not all cell types. Eventually, most cells terminally differentiate and can no longer form any other cell type.
#'''Morphogenesis'''
#*During embryogenesis two cell types exist; mesenchymal and epithelial. Mesenchymal cells are single or loosely linked to other cells and irregularly shaped. Epithelial cells are tightly attached to each other or a membrane and have a regular shape (cuboidal or columnar).

==[[Fertilisation, Implantation and Early Embryonic Development -Embryonic Development of the Blastocyst- Anatomy & Physiology|Early Embryonic Development]]==

==[[Developmental Biology - Implantation - Anatomy & Physiology|Implantation]]==

==[[Developmental Biology - Gastrulation - Anatomy & Physiology|Gastrulation]]==

==[[Developmental Biology - Neurogenesis - Anatomy & Physiology|Neurogenesis]]==

==[[Developmental Biology - Somite Development - Anatomy & Physiology|Somite Development]]==

==[[Developmental Biology - Limb Development - Anatomy & Physiology|Limb Development]]==

==[[Developmental Biology - Muscle Development - Anatomy & Physiology|Muscle Development]]==

==[[Developmental Biology - Bone & Joint Development - Anatomy & Physiology|Bone & Joint Development]]==

==[[Developmental Biology - Endoderm & Mesoderm Development - Anatomy & Physiology|Endoderm & Mesoderm Development]]==

==Links==

===Alimentary===
*[[Oral Cavity - Teeth & Gingiva - Anatomy & Physiology#Tooth Development|Tooth Development]]
*[[Forestomach - Anatomy & Physiology#Development|Stomach Development]]
*[[Small Intestine - Anatomy & Physiology#Development|Small Intestine Development]]
*[[Large Intestine - Anatomy & Physiology#Development|Large Intestine Development]]
*[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Development|Pancreas Development]]
*[[Peritoneal cavity - Anatomy & Physiology#Development|Peritoneal Cavity Development]]

===Cardiorespiratory===
*[[Developmental Anatomy of the Heart - Anatomy & Physiology|Heart Development]]
*[[Vascular Development - Anatomy & Physiology|Vascular Development]]

===Endocrine===
*[[Endocrine System - Pituitary Gland - Anatomy & Physiology#Anatomy|Pituitary Gland Development]]
*[[Endocrine System - Thyroid Gland - Anatomy & Physiology#Embryological Origin|Thyroid Gland Development]]
*[[Endocrine System - Parathyroid Gland - Anatomy & Physiology#Embryology|Parathyroid Gland Development]]
*[[Endocrine System - Adrenal Glands - Anatomy & Physiology#Embryological Origin|Adrenal Gland Development]]

===Integumentary===
*[[Skin - Anatomy & Physiology#Origin of the epidermis|Skin Development]]
*[[Hair - Anatomy & Physiology#Development|Hair Development]]

===Lymphoreticular===
*[[Lymphatic Vessels - Anatomy & Physiology#Development|Lymphatic Vessel Development]]
*[[Bone Marrow - Anatomy & Physiology#Development|Bone Marrow Development]]
*[[Bursa of Fabricius - Anatomy & Physiology#Development|Bursa of Farbricus Development]]
*[[Thymus - Anatomy & Physiology#Embryology|Thymus Development]]
*[[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy & Physiology#Development|Lymph Node Development]]
*[[Spleen - Anatomy & Physiology#Development|Spleen Development]]
*[[Regional Lymphoid Tissue - Anatomy & Physiology#Development|MALT Development]]
*[[Appendix - Anatomy & Physiology#Development|Appendix Development]]
*[[Peyer's Patches - Anatomy & Physiology#Development|Peyer's Patches Development]]

===Musculoskeletal===
*[[Bones and Cartilage - Anatomy & Physiology|Development of Bone and Cartilage|Bone and Cartilage Development]]

===Reproductive===
*[[Male Reproductive Tract -The Testes and Epididymis - Anatomy & Physiology#Testicular Descent|Testicular Descent]]
*[[Fertilisation, Implantation and Early Embryonic Development -Fertilisation- Anatomy & Physiology|Fertilisation]]
*[[Fertilisation, Implantation and Early Embryonic Development -Embryonic Development of the Blastocyst- Anatomy & Physiology|Blastocyst Development]]
*[[Fertilisation, Implantation and Early Embryonic Development -Implantation- Anatomy & Physiology|Implantation]]
*[[Fertilisation, Implantation and Early Embryonic Development -Sexual Differentiation- Anatomy & Physiology|Sexual Differentiation]]
*[[Lactation - The Mammary Gland - Anatomy & Physiology#Development of the Mammary Gland (prenatal mammogenesis)|Mammary Gland Development]]

===Nervous System and Special Senses===
*[[Introduction and Development|Central Nervous System Development]]

===Urinary===
*[[Developmental Anatomy of the Kidneys - Anatomy & Physiology|Kidney Development]]

{{toplink
|backcolour =
|linkpage =Anatomy and Physiology
|linktext =ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
|normallink = Developmental Biology - Anatomy & Physiology
|maplink = Developmental Biology (Concept Map)- Anatomy & Physiology
}}

Limb Development - Anatomy & Physiology

2008-08-31T07:31:41Z

Shamilton: /* Anterior - Posterior Patterning */

<big><center>[[Developmental Biology - Anatomy & Physiology|'''BACK TO DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY]]</center></big>

==Introduction==

The limbs develop from the '''lateral plate mesoderm'''. Limb development is highly conserved; in all land vertebrates there are only four limbs and they are always opposite each other with respect to the midline of the body. All vertebrate limbs have the same patterning of; ''stylopod'' - proximal part of the limb which produces the humerus or femur; ''zeugopod'' - intermediate part of the limb which produces the radius and ulna or tibia and fibula; ''autopod'' - distal part of the limb that produces the carpals and metacarpals or tarsals and metatarsals. Other animals also follow this limb pattern including the greatly modified bird's wing.

==Limb Bud Formation==

*The limbs begin as lateral proliferations of the mesenchymal lateral plate mesoderm covered by ectoderm.
**The lateral plate mesoderm proliferates in a lateral direction along the entire midline, but then stops at the region of the interlimb (area between the limbs).
**This produces small buds, which will continue to grow to eventually form the limbs.
*Proliferation of the lateral plate mesoderm cannot sustain entire limb growth; instead the '''apical ectodermal ridge (AER)''' maintains growth.
**The AER develops as mesenchymal cells cause cells of the overlying ectoderm to change their morphology from cuboidal to columnar.
**It divides the limb into dorsal and ventral halves.
**The ridge can be seen when looking at the limb bud in a distal to poximal direction.
*The AER maintains an area of rapidly proliferating cells beneath it, called the '''progress zone (PZ)'''.
*The rapidly increasing number of cells drives the limb bud out distally, elongating the limb.
*As cells leave the PZ they differentiate.

==Patterning of the Limb==

===Proximal - Distal Patterning===
*Governed by the PZ.
*The first cells to leave the PZ have a proximal identity.
*These cells have been in the PZ for a shorter amount of time than those that leave the PZ last, which have a distal identity.
*"Identity" is achieved by the HOX - A gene expression.
**Cells that leave the PZ early have fewer HOX - A genes expressed than those which leave later.
**Less HOX - A gene expression results in a more proximal cell appearance.

===Anterior - Posterior Patterning===
*Important in producing the correct number of digits of the correct morphology.
*An area of mesenchyme exists adjacent to the AER, in the posterior of the distal limb called the '''zone of polarising activity (ZPA)'''.
*The ZPA produces a '''morphogen'''(substance that induces other cells to change).
**This morphogen works in a ''dose - dependant'' manner.
**The morphogen diffuses to form a concentration gradient and has different effects on cells depending on it's concentration.
**Higher concentrations of this morphogen produces posterior digits.
***Posterior digits have more cells than anterior cells.
***The more cells, the more morphogen produced.
***The more morphogen, the more posterior the digits.
*Polydactly is common in animals, and is due to defects in the ZPA.

===Dorsal - Ventral Patterning===
*Important for the proper development of both internal and external structures:
:Internal - muscle and bone
:External - hair, nails, footpads
*This requires control over the ectoderm and mesoderm.
*It is the ectoderm which controls dorsal - ventral patterning.
**It achieves this by coordination of it's own patterning with the underlying mesoderm i.e. dorsal ectoderm gives rise to dorsal mesoderm.
*Dorsal - ventral patterning controls the positioning of the AER as it exists at the boundary of the dorsal and ventral aspects.

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