WikiVet English - User contributions [en]

User:Siobhanbrade

2011-09-28T06:52:19Z

Siobhanbrade:

{{UserPage
|Name=Siobhan Brade
|Occupation= Veterinary Surgeon
|School= UK - Royal Veterinary College
|Year= 2011
|Image= Siobhan.jpg
}}

Click [[:Category: To Do - Siobhan Brade|here]] for pages that Siobhan is working on

Click [[:Category: To Do - Manson|here]] for pages from Manson that need working on

==Hours Worked==

{| class="wikitable collapsible"
|Day
|'''Week 6''' (27 June - 3 July)
|'''Week 7''' (4-10 July)
|'''Week 8''' (11-17 July)
|'''Week 9''' (18-24 July)
|'''Week 10''' (25-31 July)
|-
|Monday
|2
|1
|
|
|4.5
|-
|Tuesday
|
|5
|
|
|6
|-
|Wednesday
|
|4.5
|
|
|5.5
|-
|Thursday
|
|3
|
|
|8
|-
|Friday
| 2
|
|
|
|5.5
|-
|Saturday
|
|2
|
|
|
|-
|Sunday
|
|1
|
|7.5
|
|-
|'''Total hours'''
|4
|16.5
|
|7.5
|29.5
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable collapsible"
|Day
|'''Week 11''' (1-7 aug)
|'''Week 12''' (8-14 aug)
|'''Week 13''' (15-21 aug)
|'''Week 14''' (22-28 aug)
|'''Week 15''' (29-4 aug)
|-
|Monday
|6.5
|2
|5
|7
|2
|-
|Tuesday
|7.5
|4.5
|2
|7
|6
|-
|Wednesday
|6
|6
|6.5
|6.5
|9
|-
|Thursday
|3
|6
|3.5
|3
|9
|-
|Friday
|0
|5
|2.5
|0
|2
|-
|Saturday
|1.5
|0
|5
|0
|3
|-
|Sunday
|9
|8.5
|7.5
|0
|7.5
|-
|'''Total hours'''
|33.5
|32
|32
|23.5
|38.5
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable collapsible"
|Day
|'''Week 16''' (sep)
|'''Week 17''' (sep)
|'''Week 18''' (sep)
|'''Week 19''' (sep)
|'''Week 21''' (sep)
|-
|Monday
|5.5
|5
|5
|
|
|-
|Tuesday
|7
|8
|7
|
|
|-
|Wednesday
|7.5
|4
|
|
|
|-
|Thursday
|7
|3.5
|
|
|
|-
|Friday
|6.5
|0
|
|
|
|-
|Saturday
|0
|0
|
|
|
|-
|Sunday
|0.5
|0
|1.5
|
|
|-
|'''Total hours'''
|34
|20.5
|13.5
|
|
|-
|}

=Heading 1=
==Heading 2==
===Heading 3===
[[File:Siobhan.jpg|right|75px|thumb|Here is a picture of Siobhan on her birthday]]
'''Bold''' 
''italics'' 
'''''bold and italic'''''

I'm being helped out by [[User:Ctrace|Chris]]

Check me out on [http://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=278600484 Facebook]!

*Bullet point 1
*Bullet point 2
**offset bullet 1
**offset bullet 2

#number 1
#number 2
##number 1
##number 2
#number 3

Click here for [[:Category:Respiratory Diseases - Pig|respiratory disease of the pig]]

[[File:Belgische haas (konijnenras).jpg|Belgische haas (konijnenras)]]

User:Siobhanbrade

2011-09-28T06:41:09Z

Siobhanbrade: /* Hours Worked */

{{UserPage
|Name=Siobhan Brade
|Occupation= Veterinary Surgeon
|School= UK - Royal Veterinary College
|Year= 2011
|Image= Siobhan.jpg
}}

Click [[:Category: To Do - Siobhan Brade|here]] for pages that Siobhan is working on

Click [[:Category: To Do - Manson|here]] for pages from Manson that need working on

==Hours Worked==

{| class="wikitable collapsible"
|Day
|'''Week 6''' (27 June - 3 July)
|'''Week 7''' (4-10 July)
|'''Week 8''' (11-17 July)
|'''Week 9''' (18-24 July)
|'''Week 10''' (25-31 July)
|-
|Monday
|2
|1
|
|
|4.5
|-
|Tuesday
|
|5
|
|
|6
|-
|Wednesday
|
|4.5
|
|
|5.5
|-
|Thursday
|
|3
|
|
|8
|-
|Friday
| 2
|
|
|
|5.5
|-
|Saturday
|
|2
|
|
|
|-
|Sunday
|
|1
|
|7.5
|
|-
|'''Total hours'''
|4
|16.5
|
|7.5
|29.5
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable collapsible"
|Day
|'''Week 11''' (1-7 aug)
|'''Week 12''' (8-14 aug)
|'''Week 13''' (15-21 aug)
|'''Week 14''' (22-28 aug)
|'''Week 15''' (29-4 aug)
|-
|Monday
|6.5
|2
|5
|7
|2
|-
|Tuesday
|7.5
|4.5
|2
|7
|6
|-
|Wednesday
|6
|6
|6.5
|6.5
|9
|-
|Thursday
|3
|6
|3.5
|3
|9
|-
|Friday
|0
|5
|2.5
|0
|2
|-
|Saturday
|1.5
|0
|5
|0
|3
|-
|Sunday
|9
|8.5
|7.5
|0
|7.5
|-
|'''Total hours'''
|33.5
|32
|32
|23.5
|38.5
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable collapsible"
|Day
|'''Week 16''' (sep)
|'''Week 17''' (sep)
|'''Week 18''' (sep)
|'''Week 19''' (sep)
|'''Week 21''' (sep)
|-
|Monday
|5.5
|5
|
|
|
|-
|Tuesday
|7
|8
|
|
|
|-
|Wednesday
|7.5
|4
|
|
|
|-
|Thursday
|7
|3.5
|
|
|
|-
|Friday
|6.5
|0
|
|
|
|-
|Saturday
|0
|0
|
|
|
|-
|Sunday
|0.5
|1.5
|
|
|
|-
|'''Total hours'''
|34
|22
|
|
|
|-
|}

=Heading 1=
==Heading 2==
===Heading 3===
[[File:Siobhan.jpg|right|75px|thumb|Here is a picture of Siobhan on her birthday]]
'''Bold''' 
''italics'' 
'''''bold and italic'''''

I'm being helped out by [[User:Ctrace|Chris]]

Check me out on [http://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=278600484 Facebook]!

*Bullet point 1
*Bullet point 2
**offset bullet 1
**offset bullet 2

#number 1
#number 2
##number 1
##number 2
#number 3

Click here for [[:Category:Respiratory Diseases - Pig|respiratory disease of the pig]]

[[File:Belgische haas (konijnenras).jpg|Belgische haas (konijnenras)]]

Fish Louse

2011-09-14T14:23:53Z

Siobhanbrade: /* Introduction */

==Introduction==
[[File:Argulus.jpg|250px|thumb|right|'''Fish Louse (''Argulus sp.'') attached to the skin of a fish (Wikimedia Commons)''']]

The '''fish louse''' is a '''metazoan parasite''' of '''freshwater fish'''.

The louse has a sharp stylet along the ventral midline that it uses to pierce the skin of the fish. It then injects digestive
enzymes into the surrounding tissues and then feeds on the digested bodily fluids.

A consequence of this is '''localised inflammation and irritation''' of the skin, which is a welfare concern. It also allows secondary '''opportunistic infections''' to develop, and can transit '''bacterial and viral infections''' directly.

==Diagnosis==
The louse can be seen with the '''naked eye''', growing up to '''7 mm''' in length.

==Treatment==
Infestations can be treated with an '''increase in water salinity'''. If this is ineffective '''organophosphates''' or '''chitin inhibitors''' can be used.

{{Learning
|flashcards = [[Ornamental Fish Q&A 10]]
}}

==References==
Frye, FL & Williams, DL (1995) '''Self-Assessment Colour Review - Reptiles & Amphibians''' ''Manson''

Maclean, B (2006) '''Common dermatoses of ornamental fish and amphibians''' ''In Practice 2006 28: 604-613''

Southgate, P (1994) '''Laboratory diagnosis of fish disease''' ''In Practice 1994;16:252-255 ''

Stuart, N (1988) '''Common skin diseases of farmed and pet fish''' ''In Practice 1988 10: 47-53''

Wildgoose, W (1998) '''Skin disease in ornammental fish: identifying common problems''' ''In Practice 1998 20: 226-243''

[[Category: To Do - Siobhan Brade]]
[[Category:To Do - Manson review]]

Category:To Do - Manson

2011-09-14T14:21:59Z

Siobhanbrade: /* Ornamental Fish */

Pages needed to link to Manson clinical flashcard Q&As:

Once finished with a page, please add it to [[:Category:To Do - Manson review|Category:To Do - Manson review]]

===Equine Reproduction & Stud Medicine===

Q1 - needs [[Blepharitis]] check/add horse info '''(Helen)'''
: - [[Conjunctivitis]] page '''(Helen)'''

Q2 - [[Wry Nose]] needs completion '''(Helen)'''

Q14 - [[Taylorella equigenitalis]] needs adapting '''(Helen)'''

Q20 - [[Dystocia - Horse]] '''(Helen)''' - needs either adding surgery option or separate page "caesarean section" '''(Helen)''' created [[Caesarean Section - Horse]]


===Cytology===


Q2
*please create a page [[Gram Negative Bacteria - Overview]] that will contain general info '''(Helen)'''
*create [[Actinomycetes Overview]] page to include info from [[Actinomyces species - Overview]], staining properties and any other general info for both Actinomyces and Nocardia. Add [[Actinomyces species - Overview]] to delete after. '''(Helen)'''

Q3
* [[Lymphoma]] I decided to combine the two pages into one.
**Can you please add horse related: clinical signs, physical examination, any specific laboratory tests, treatment '''(Siobhan)'''

Q7
*[[Adenoma]] - can you please modify the whole page. If there is a lot of info about all adenomas, it may be worth creating a separate page for perianal adenoma instead, let me know what you find out. '''(Helen)'''

Q14
*Please have another look at [[Squamous Cell Carcinoma]]. I just read the first sentence and it really isn't a suitable start. I haven't read the rest yet but the formatting needs looking at too. '''(Siobhan)'''

Q18
*[[Demodex]] needs larval description, [[Demodicosis]] needs to mention need to identify larvae under diagnosis. '''(Siobhan)'''



'''WHICH QUESTIONS IN WV DO THE PAGES BELOW BELONG TO?''' '''(Helen) We had a little mix-up and I updated articles for all the questions from a list we were given, but only 18 questions were uploaded.. sorry!'''

'''(Helen)'''
Numbers refer to question numbers in the book:

10 - [[Hyperadrenocorticism|Cushings]]: just needs cytology features of liver added '''(Helen)'''

28 - Haemangiopericytoma and spindle cell tumours '''Helen)'''

120 - [[Mammary Neoplasia]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

121 - Mare normal uterine washing findings '''(Siobhan)'''

131 - tuberculosis '''(Helen) I updated [[Tuberculosis - Dogs]] but put info on cats as well. Probably easiest to rename page Tuberculosis - Dogs & Cats'''

132 - [[Trichodectes canis]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

135 - Maybe just need to complete [[Oestrous Cycle - Anatomy & Physiology#Mare|Mare oestrous cycle]] as just talks about uterine washing results during anoestrus '''(Siobhan)'''

137 - [[Transitional Cell Carcinoma]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

146 - [[Melanoma]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

155 - Giant cell tumour of bone needs a page '''(Helen)'''

158 - [[Mesothelial cells]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

161 - several diseases discussed: [[Filaroides osleri]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''



==Feline Medicine==

Q2, 3, 4 - picture needed

Q5 - needs lab results

Q13 - needs lab results

Q14 - has WRONG picture, should be from q185 in book

Q22 and 24- need picture


==Rabbit Medicine and Surgery==

2 - [[Atrial Fibrillation]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

3 - needs a page on scent glands in rabbits? can't find one on wikivet in the anat and phys section '''(Helen)'''

5 - Add info in [[Lead Poisoning]] about clin path '''(Helen)'''

8 - [[Non-Obstructive Ileus – Rabbit]] needs more info, diagnostic, treatment '''(Helen)'''

9 - [[Rabbit Haemorrhatic Disease Virus]] needs more info '''(Helen)'''

10 - [[Pseudopregnancy - Rabbit]] needs a page '''(Helen)'''

11 - Make [[Encephalitozoon cuniculi – Rabbit]] page prettier '''(Helen)'''

12 - Blepharitis needs a page '''(Helen)'''

13 - [[Exophthalmos – Rabbit]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

14 - [[Treponema cuniculi – Rabbit]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

15 - Page on [[Congestive Heart Failure - Rabbit]] maybe? '''(Helen)'''

17 - [[Leporacarus]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

18 - [[Pododermatitis – Rabbit]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

20 - needs something! '''(Helen) probably article on Haematuria'''

21 - [[Uterine Adenocarcinoma - Rabbit]] needs doing '''(Helen)'''

==Small animals ECC==
01 - [[Endocarditis]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

02 - [[Ventricular Tachycardia]] needs completing '''(Siobhan)'''

04 - page on stabilising a cat with dyspnoea '''(Siobhan)'''

05 - [[Collapsing Trachea]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

06 - [[Feline Asthma Syndrome]] needs more info '''(Helen)'''

07 - Carbon Monoxide Poisoning '''(Helen)'''

08 - Either complete [[Diabetes Mellitus]] or create new page, [[Diabetic Ketoacidosis]] '''(Helen)'''

09 - [[Hypocalcaemia]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

10 - Bacterial Prostatitis or just Prostatitis needs a page '''(Helen)'''

11 - [[Uterine Prolapse]] has no small animal info '''(Helen)'''

12 - [[Feline Infectious Anaemia]] needs a bit more info for the question, also [[Administering a Blood Transfusion]] '''(Helen)'''

13 - Lens Luxation needs a page '''(Helen)'''

15 - Atlantoaxial Luxation '''(Helen)'''

16 - [[Intervertebral Disc Degeneration]] needs alot more info '''(Siobhan)'''

17 - Anaphylaxis needs a page '''(Helen)'''

18 - [[Panosteitis]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

19 - Tibial Crest Avulsion needs a page '''(Helen)'''

==Veterinary Dentistry==
1 - [[Temporomandibular Luxation]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

2 - [[Ameloblastoma, Central]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

3 - [[Persistent Deciduous Teeth]] needs doing '''(Helen) also maybe a page on the Triadan System?''' [[Modified Triadan System]]

4 - [[Dental Discolouration]] needs doing '''(Helen)'''

5 - [[Feline Eosinophilic Granuloma]] complete info and add dog there too (?!) '''(Helen)'''

6 - [[Tooth Fractures]] needs doing '''(Helen)'''

7 - [[Acromegaly]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

8 - [[Sialolithiasis]] needs doing, [[Sialolithiasis - Donkey]] can maybe go there too?! - will need to keep the donkey page separate as it is a different source/funding/agreement (BS) '''(Siobhan)'''

9 - some sort of malocclusion page

10 - [[Salivary Mucocele]] needs a few things added maybe '''(Siobhan)'''

11 - Maybe a page on [[Periodontal Pockets]] or complete [[Periodontal Disease]] '''(Helen)'''

12 - Check [[Hyperparathyroidism]] page to see if all info there '''(Siobhan)'''

13 - Either complete [[Odontodystrophy]] or create [[Enamel Hypoplasia]] page

14 - Create [[Halitosis]] page '''(Helen)'''

15 - Complete [[Systemic Lupus Erythematosus]] '''(Helen)'''

16 - [[High-Rise Syndrome]] needs doing '''(Helen)'''

17 - Check [[Uraemia]] for completeness '''(Helen)'''

18 - [[Lip Fold Dermatitis]] needs doing '''(Siobhan)'''

19 - [[Abnormal Wear of Teeth]] needs completing

20 - [[Eruption Cysts]] needs doing '''(Helen)'''

21 - Check [[Incisor Overgrowth – Rabbit]] - didnt think this page needed anything added - Siobhan. [[Cheek Teeth Malocclusion – Rabbit]] '''(Siobhan)'''

22 - [[Cheek Tooth Extraction - Horse]] page? '''(Siobhan)'''

==Small Animal Soft Tissue Surgery==
01 - [[Cleft Palate]] to check '''(Siobhan)'''

02 - [[Gastric Dilatation and Volvulus]] add a bit more on surgery '''(Siobhan)'''

03 - create [[Aortic Thromboembolism]] '''(Siobhan)'''

04 - create [[Tracheal Avulsion]] '''(Helen)''' creating [[Tracheal Trauma]] instead

05 - either complete [[Male External Genitalia - Pathology]] - just made this one look nicer and added links then created new [[Paraphimosis]] page - '''(Siobhan)'''

06 - complete [[Hernia, Peritoneopericardial Diaphragmatic]] '''(Helen)'''

07 - alot to add to [[Brachycephalic Airway Syndrome]] '''(Helen)'''

08 - complete [[Atrial Standstill]] '''(Siobhan)'''

09 - alot to do on [[Hormonal Pyometra]] '''(Siobhan)'''

10 - complete [[Nasopharyngeal Polyp]] '''(Helen)'''

11 - check [[Aspergillosis]] has all info '''(Helen)'''

12 - complete [[Dystocia - Dog & Cat]] '''(Siobhan)'''

13 - complete [[Ureters - Developmental Pathology]] or create [[Ureteral Ectopia]] '''(Helen)'''

14 - check [[Hiatal Hernia]] '''(Helen)'''

15 - do [[Urethral Prolapse]] '''(Helen)'''

16 - check [[Megacolon]] '''(Helen)'''

17 - create [[Aural Haematoma]] '''(Helen)'''

18 - create [[Cholelithiasis]] '''(Helen)'''

19 - check [[Vascular Ring Anomalies]] and add surgical technique '''(Helen)'''

20 - check [[Portosystemic Shunt]] '''(Helen)'''

21 - check [[Pulmonic Stenosis]] '''(Helen)'''

22 - complete [[Laryngeal Paralysis]] '''(Helen)'''

==Small Animal Orthopaedics==
01 - add to [[Degenerative Joint Disease]] '''(Helen)'''

02 - create [[Carpal Hyperextension]] '''(Siobhan)'''

03 - add to [[Mandibular Fractures]] '''(Siobhan)'''

04 - complete [[Hypertrophic Osteodystrophy]] '''(Helen)'''

05 - complete [[Canine Dermatomyositis]] '''(Helen)'''

06 - complete [[Incomplete Ossification of Humeral Condyle]] '''(Helen)'''

07 - create [[Physeal Fractures]] '''(Helen)'''

08 - complete [[Hip Dysplasia]] '''(Helen)'''

09 - complete [[Craniomandibular Osteopathy]] '''(Helen)'''

10 - create [[Gracilis Muscle Avulsion]] '''(Helen) created [[Muscle Strains and Ruptures]]'''

11 - complete [[Osteochondrosis]] or create [[Retained Cartilage Cores]] '''(Helen)'''

12 - complete [[Hypertrophic Osteopathy]] '''(Helen)'''

13 - complete [[Calve Legg-Perthe's Disease]] '''(Helen)'''

14 - create [[Infraspinatus Muscle Contracture]] '''(Helen) created [[Muscle Contracture]]'''

15 - complete [[Infectious Arthritis]] or create dog-specific page

16 - complete [[Patellar Luxation]] '''(Helen)'''

17 - create [[Periosteal Proliferative Polyarthritis]] '''(Helen)'''

18 - complete [[Elbow Dysplasia]]

==Small Animal Abdominal and Metabolic Disorders==
01 - [[Pulmonary Embolism, Thrombosis and Infarction]] already exists, but maybe create [[Pulmonary Thromboembolism]]?

Also complete [[Protein Losing Enteropathy]]

02 - create [[Urethral Sphincter Mechanism Incompetence]] '''(Helen)'''

03 - create [[Vaginal Hyperplasia]] '''(Helen)'''

04 - create [[Hepatocutaneous Syndrome]] '''(Helen)'''

05 - complete [[Cystitis]] '''(Siobhan)'''

06 - check [[Diabetes Mellitus]] '''(Helen)'''

07 - check [[Hypoadrenocorticism]] '''(Helen)'''

08 - complete [[Ovarian Cysts]] '''(Siobhan)'''

09 - check [[Hepatic Lipidosis]] '''(Helen)'''

10 - improve [[Intersex]] '''(Helen)'''

11 - create [[Ovarian Remnant Syndrome]] '''(Siobhan)'''

12 - complete [[Isospora spp.]] '''(Helen)'''

13 - check [[Feline Infectious Peritonitis]] '''(Helen)'''

14 - check [[Intussusception]] '''(Helen)'''

15 - improve [[Helicobacter]] '''(Helen)'''

16 - create [[Pseudopregnancy]] '''(Helen)'''

17 - check [[Hypothyroidism]] '''(Helen)'''

18 - check and improve [[Megacolon]] '''(Helen)'''

19 - improve [[Sertoli Cell Tumour]] '''(Helen)'''

==Reptiles and Amphibians==
01 - check [[Snake Mites]] '''(Siobhan)'''

02 - create [[Hemipenis Prolapse]] '''(Siobhan)'''

03 - improve [[Metabolic Bone Disease]] '''(Siobhan)'''

04 - Spirochaetosis page, not sure how to name it

05 - improve [[Steatitis]]'''(Siobhan)'''

06 - improve [[Metabolic Bone Disease]] '''(Siobhan)'''

07 - check [[Lead Poisoning]] '''(Siobhan)'''

08 - there is [[Aeromonas species in lizards]] which maybe could become 'in reptiles and amphibians'?? '''(Siobhan)''' - created [[Red-leg Syndrome]] which is the condition seen in amphibians, hope thats ok? SB

09 - check [[Hepatic Lipidosis]] '''(Siobhan)'''

10 - Maybe create complete [[Snake Neurological Diseases]]'''(Siobhan)'''

11 - check [[Heterophils]]'''(Siobhan)'''

12 - complete [[Metabolic Bone Disease]] '''(Siobhan)'''

13 - complete [[Lead Poisoning]] '''(Siobhan)'''

14 - complete [[Snake Dysecdysis]] '''(Siobhan)'''

15 - create [[Hypovitaminosis C - Reptiles]] '''(Siobhan)'''

16 - complete [[Parietal eye]] '''(Siobhan)'''

17 - maybe create new [[Hypothyroidism]] for reptiles page or create [[Iodine Deficiency]].. not sure! - decided to create new [[Hypothyroidism - Reptiles]], think its the simplest way of incuding it - SB '''(Siobhan)'''

18 - maybe complete [[Abnormal Wear of Teeth]] or ceate new page '''(Siobhan)''' - created [[Beak Overgrowth - Chelonia]] - SB

19 - there is already [[Snake Gout]] so not sure if make that into reptile Gout? '''(Siobhan)''' - I created the [[Reptile Gout]] page, and put the snake gout into the delete category, but all the snake info is still on the new page, so if you dont like the new page it'll be easy to change back - SB

20 - check [[Snake Cryptosporidiosis]]'''(Siobhan)'''

21 - check [[Lizard Mites]] '''(Siobhan)'''

22 - maybe create [[Snake Cardiovascular Diseases]]

23 - complete [[Giardiasis]] or create new page '''(Siobhan)'''

24 - complete [[Lizard Musculoskeletal System]] or [[Autotomy]] '''(Siobhan)''' - I added the info to both pages as they were very similar - SB

==Ornamental Fish==
01 - create [[Stress Shock Syndrome]]

02 - new page, Ovaria Prolapse - Fish or Prolapse - Fish

03 - check [[Columnaris Disease]]

04 - create Swim Bladder Disorders

05 - create Carp Pox

06 - create Chlorine Toxicity

07 - create Dropsy

08 - something to do with goitre, or iodine deficiency

09 - create Euthanasia - Fish

10 - create [[Fish Louse]] '''(Siobhan)'''

11 - create New Tank Syndrome

12 - check [[Cold Water Disease]]

13 - create Nitrite Toxicity

14 - create something on Saprolegnia

15 - create henneguya koi page

16 - create Anaesthesia - Fish

17 - create Zinc Toxicity

18 - create Algal Bloom

19 - create page on Trichodina

20 - create Gill Hyperplasia or Gill Irritation

21 - create Fish Handling

22 - create Supersaturation

23 - vitamin C deficiency?

24 - something general about water quality, or Low Dissolved Oxygen - FIsh

25 - Gill Fluke

26 - Head and Lateral Line Erosion

=== Small Mammals ===
DONE

=== Avian Med ===
DONE

===Cattle Medicine===
DONE

===Equine Internal Medicine===
DONE

===Equine Orthopaedics & Rheumatology===
DONE

=== Sheep Medicine ===
DONE

===Small Animal Dermatology===
DONE

Fish Louse

2011-09-14T14:21:31Z

Siobhanbrade: Created page with "==Introduction== '''Fish Louse (''Argulus sp.'') attached to the skin of a fish ''' The '''fish louse''' is a '''metazoan parasite''' of '..."

==Introduction==
[[File:Argulus.jpg|250px|thumb|right|'''Fish Louse (''Argulus sp.'') attached to the skin of a fish ''']]

The '''fish louse''' is a '''metazoan parasite''' of '''freshwater fish'''.

The louse has a sharp stylet along the ventral midline that it uses to pierce the skin of the fish. It then injects digestive
enzymes into the surrounding tissues and then feeds on the digested bodily fluids.

A consequence of this is '''localised inflammation and irritation''' of the skin, which is a welfare concern. It also allows secondary '''opportunistic infections''' to develop, and can transit '''bacterial and viral infections''' directly.

==Diagnosis==
The louse can be seen with the '''naked eye''', growing up to '''7 mm''' in length.

==Treatment==
Infestations can be treated with an '''increase in water salinity'''. If this is ineffective '''organophosphates''' or '''chitin inhibitors''' can be used.

{{Learning
|flashcards = [[Ornamental Fish Q&A 10]]
}}

==References==
Frye, FL & Williams, DL (1995) '''Self-Assessment Colour Review - Reptiles & Amphibians''' ''Manson''

Maclean, B (2006) '''Common dermatoses of ornamental fish and amphibians''' ''In Practice 2006 28: 604-613''

Southgate, P (1994) '''Laboratory diagnosis of fish disease''' ''In Practice 1994;16:252-255 ''

Stuart, N (1988) '''Common skin diseases of farmed and pet fish''' ''In Practice 1988 10: 47-53''

Wildgoose, W (1998) '''Skin disease in ornammental fish: identifying common problems''' ''In Practice 1998 20: 226-243''

[[Category: To Do - Siobhan Brade]]
[[Category:To Do - Manson review]]

Category:To Do - Manson

2011-09-14T14:13:09Z

Siobhanbrade: /* Ornamental Fish */

Pages needed to link to Manson clinical flashcard Q&As:

Once finished with a page, please add it to [[:Category:To Do - Manson review|Category:To Do - Manson review]]

===Equine Reproduction & Stud Medicine===

Q1 - needs [[Blepharitis]] check/add horse info '''(Helen)'''
: - [[Conjunctivitis]] page '''(Helen)'''

Q2 - [[Wry Nose]] needs completion '''(Helen)'''

Q14 - [[Taylorella equigenitalis]] needs adapting '''(Helen)'''

Q20 - [[Dystocia - Horse]] '''(Helen)''' - needs either adding surgery option or separate page "caesarean section" '''(Helen)''' created [[Caesarean Section - Horse]]


===Cytology===


Q2
*please create a page [[Gram Negative Bacteria - Overview]] that will contain general info '''(Helen)'''
*create [[Actinomycetes Overview]] page to include info from [[Actinomyces species - Overview]], staining properties and any other general info for both Actinomyces and Nocardia. Add [[Actinomyces species - Overview]] to delete after. '''(Helen)'''

Q3
* [[Lymphoma]] I decided to combine the two pages into one.
**Can you please add horse related: clinical signs, physical examination, any specific laboratory tests, treatment '''(Siobhan)'''

Q7
*[[Adenoma]] - can you please modify the whole page. If there is a lot of info about all adenomas, it may be worth creating a separate page for perianal adenoma instead, let me know what you find out. '''(Helen)'''

Q14
*Please have another look at [[Squamous Cell Carcinoma]]. I just read the first sentence and it really isn't a suitable start. I haven't read the rest yet but the formatting needs looking at too. '''(Siobhan)'''

Q18
*[[Demodex]] needs larval description, [[Demodicosis]] needs to mention need to identify larvae under diagnosis. '''(Siobhan)'''



'''WHICH QUESTIONS IN WV DO THE PAGES BELOW BELONG TO?''' '''(Helen) We had a little mix-up and I updated articles for all the questions from a list we were given, but only 18 questions were uploaded.. sorry!'''

'''(Helen)'''
Numbers refer to question numbers in the book:

10 - [[Hyperadrenocorticism|Cushings]]: just needs cytology features of liver added '''(Helen)'''

28 - Haemangiopericytoma and spindle cell tumours '''Helen)'''

120 - [[Mammary Neoplasia]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

121 - Mare normal uterine washing findings '''(Siobhan)'''

131 - tuberculosis '''(Helen) I updated [[Tuberculosis - Dogs]] but put info on cats as well. Probably easiest to rename page Tuberculosis - Dogs & Cats'''

132 - [[Trichodectes canis]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

135 - Maybe just need to complete [[Oestrous Cycle - Anatomy & Physiology#Mare|Mare oestrous cycle]] as just talks about uterine washing results during anoestrus '''(Siobhan)'''

137 - [[Transitional Cell Carcinoma]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

146 - [[Melanoma]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

155 - Giant cell tumour of bone needs a page '''(Helen)'''

158 - [[Mesothelial cells]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

161 - several diseases discussed: [[Filaroides osleri]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''



==Feline Medicine==

Q2, 3, 4 - picture needed

Q5 - needs lab results

Q13 - needs lab results

Q14 - has WRONG picture, should be from q185 in book

Q22 and 24- need picture


==Rabbit Medicine and Surgery==

2 - [[Atrial Fibrillation]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

3 - needs a page on scent glands in rabbits? can't find one on wikivet in the anat and phys section '''(Helen)'''

5 - Add info in [[Lead Poisoning]] about clin path '''(Helen)'''

8 - [[Non-Obstructive Ileus – Rabbit]] needs more info, diagnostic, treatment '''(Helen)'''

9 - [[Rabbit Haemorrhatic Disease Virus]] needs more info '''(Helen)'''

10 - [[Pseudopregnancy - Rabbit]] needs a page '''(Helen)'''

11 - Make [[Encephalitozoon cuniculi – Rabbit]] page prettier '''(Helen)'''

12 - Blepharitis needs a page '''(Helen)'''

13 - [[Exophthalmos – Rabbit]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

14 - [[Treponema cuniculi – Rabbit]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

15 - Page on [[Congestive Heart Failure - Rabbit]] maybe? '''(Helen)'''

17 - [[Leporacarus]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

18 - [[Pododermatitis – Rabbit]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

20 - needs something! '''(Helen) probably article on Haematuria'''

21 - [[Uterine Adenocarcinoma - Rabbit]] needs doing '''(Helen)'''

==Small animals ECC==
01 - [[Endocarditis]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

02 - [[Ventricular Tachycardia]] needs completing '''(Siobhan)'''

04 - page on stabilising a cat with dyspnoea '''(Siobhan)'''

05 - [[Collapsing Trachea]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

06 - [[Feline Asthma Syndrome]] needs more info '''(Helen)'''

07 - Carbon Monoxide Poisoning '''(Helen)'''

08 - Either complete [[Diabetes Mellitus]] or create new page, [[Diabetic Ketoacidosis]] '''(Helen)'''

09 - [[Hypocalcaemia]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

10 - Bacterial Prostatitis or just Prostatitis needs a page '''(Helen)'''

11 - [[Uterine Prolapse]] has no small animal info '''(Helen)'''

12 - [[Feline Infectious Anaemia]] needs a bit more info for the question, also [[Administering a Blood Transfusion]] '''(Helen)'''

13 - Lens Luxation needs a page '''(Helen)'''

15 - Atlantoaxial Luxation '''(Helen)'''

16 - [[Intervertebral Disc Degeneration]] needs alot more info '''(Siobhan)'''

17 - Anaphylaxis needs a page '''(Helen)'''

18 - [[Panosteitis]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

19 - Tibial Crest Avulsion needs a page '''(Helen)'''

==Veterinary Dentistry==
1 - [[Temporomandibular Luxation]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

2 - [[Ameloblastoma, Central]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

3 - [[Persistent Deciduous Teeth]] needs doing '''(Helen) also maybe a page on the Triadan System?''' [[Modified Triadan System]]

4 - [[Dental Discolouration]] needs doing '''(Helen)'''

5 - [[Feline Eosinophilic Granuloma]] complete info and add dog there too (?!) '''(Helen)'''

6 - [[Tooth Fractures]] needs doing '''(Helen)'''

7 - [[Acromegaly]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

8 - [[Sialolithiasis]] needs doing, [[Sialolithiasis - Donkey]] can maybe go there too?! - will need to keep the donkey page separate as it is a different source/funding/agreement (BS) '''(Siobhan)'''

9 - some sort of malocclusion page

10 - [[Salivary Mucocele]] needs a few things added maybe '''(Siobhan)'''

11 - Maybe a page on [[Periodontal Pockets]] or complete [[Periodontal Disease]] '''(Helen)'''

12 - Check [[Hyperparathyroidism]] page to see if all info there '''(Siobhan)'''

13 - Either complete [[Odontodystrophy]] or create [[Enamel Hypoplasia]] page

14 - Create [[Halitosis]] page '''(Helen)'''

15 - Complete [[Systemic Lupus Erythematosus]] '''(Helen)'''

16 - [[High-Rise Syndrome]] needs doing '''(Helen)'''

17 - Check [[Uraemia]] for completeness '''(Helen)'''

18 - [[Lip Fold Dermatitis]] needs doing '''(Siobhan)'''

19 - [[Abnormal Wear of Teeth]] needs completing

20 - [[Eruption Cysts]] needs doing '''(Helen)'''

21 - Check [[Incisor Overgrowth – Rabbit]] - didnt think this page needed anything added - Siobhan. [[Cheek Teeth Malocclusion – Rabbit]] '''(Siobhan)'''

22 - [[Cheek Tooth Extraction - Horse]] page? '''(Siobhan)'''

==Small Animal Soft Tissue Surgery==
01 - [[Cleft Palate]] to check '''(Siobhan)'''

02 - [[Gastric Dilatation and Volvulus]] add a bit more on surgery '''(Siobhan)'''

03 - create [[Aortic Thromboembolism]] '''(Siobhan)'''

04 - create [[Tracheal Avulsion]] '''(Helen)''' creating [[Tracheal Trauma]] instead

05 - either complete [[Male External Genitalia - Pathology]] - just made this one look nicer and added links then created new [[Paraphimosis]] page - '''(Siobhan)'''

06 - complete [[Hernia, Peritoneopericardial Diaphragmatic]] '''(Helen)'''

07 - alot to add to [[Brachycephalic Airway Syndrome]] '''(Helen)'''

08 - complete [[Atrial Standstill]] '''(Siobhan)'''

09 - alot to do on [[Hormonal Pyometra]] '''(Siobhan)'''

10 - complete [[Nasopharyngeal Polyp]] '''(Helen)'''

11 - check [[Aspergillosis]] has all info '''(Helen)'''

12 - complete [[Dystocia - Dog & Cat]] '''(Siobhan)'''

13 - complete [[Ureters - Developmental Pathology]] or create [[Ureteral Ectopia]] '''(Helen)'''

14 - check [[Hiatal Hernia]] '''(Helen)'''

15 - do [[Urethral Prolapse]] '''(Helen)'''

16 - check [[Megacolon]] '''(Helen)'''

17 - create [[Aural Haematoma]] '''(Helen)'''

18 - create [[Cholelithiasis]] '''(Helen)'''

19 - check [[Vascular Ring Anomalies]] and add surgical technique '''(Helen)'''

20 - check [[Portosystemic Shunt]] '''(Helen)'''

21 - check [[Pulmonic Stenosis]] '''(Helen)'''

22 - complete [[Laryngeal Paralysis]] '''(Helen)'''

==Small Animal Orthopaedics==
01 - add to [[Degenerative Joint Disease]] '''(Helen)'''

02 - create [[Carpal Hyperextension]] '''(Siobhan)'''

03 - add to [[Mandibular Fractures]] '''(Siobhan)'''

04 - complete [[Hypertrophic Osteodystrophy]] '''(Helen)'''

05 - complete [[Canine Dermatomyositis]] '''(Helen)'''

06 - complete [[Incomplete Ossification of Humeral Condyle]] '''(Helen)'''

07 - create [[Physeal Fractures]] '''(Helen)'''

08 - complete [[Hip Dysplasia]] '''(Helen)'''

09 - complete [[Craniomandibular Osteopathy]] '''(Helen)'''

10 - create [[Gracilis Muscle Avulsion]] '''(Helen) created [[Muscle Strains and Ruptures]]'''

11 - complete [[Osteochondrosis]] or create [[Retained Cartilage Cores]] '''(Helen)'''

12 - complete [[Hypertrophic Osteopathy]] '''(Helen)'''

13 - complete [[Calve Legg-Perthe's Disease]] '''(Helen)'''

14 - create [[Infraspinatus Muscle Contracture]] '''(Helen) created [[Muscle Contracture]]'''

15 - complete [[Infectious Arthritis]] or create dog-specific page

16 - complete [[Patellar Luxation]] '''(Helen)'''

17 - create [[Periosteal Proliferative Polyarthritis]] '''(Helen)'''

18 - complete [[Elbow Dysplasia]]

==Small Animal Abdominal and Metabolic Disorders==
01 - [[Pulmonary Embolism, Thrombosis and Infarction]] already exists, but maybe create [[Pulmonary Thromboembolism]]?

Also complete [[Protein Losing Enteropathy]]

02 - create [[Urethral Sphincter Mechanism Incompetence]] '''(Helen)'''

03 - create [[Vaginal Hyperplasia]] '''(Helen)'''

04 - create [[Hepatocutaneous Syndrome]] '''(Helen)'''

05 - complete [[Cystitis]] '''(Siobhan)'''

06 - check [[Diabetes Mellitus]] '''(Helen)'''

07 - check [[Hypoadrenocorticism]] '''(Helen)'''

08 - complete [[Ovarian Cysts]] '''(Siobhan)'''

09 - check [[Hepatic Lipidosis]] '''(Helen)'''

10 - improve [[Intersex]] '''(Helen)'''

11 - create [[Ovarian Remnant Syndrome]] '''(Siobhan)'''

12 - complete [[Isospora spp.]] '''(Helen)'''

13 - check [[Feline Infectious Peritonitis]] '''(Helen)'''

14 - check [[Intussusception]] '''(Helen)'''

15 - improve [[Helicobacter]] '''(Helen)'''

16 - create [[Pseudopregnancy]] '''(Helen)'''

17 - check [[Hypothyroidism]] '''(Helen)'''

18 - check and improve [[Megacolon]] '''(Helen)'''

19 - improve [[Sertoli Cell Tumour]] '''(Helen)'''

==Reptiles and Amphibians==
01 - check [[Snake Mites]] '''(Siobhan)'''

02 - create [[Hemipenis Prolapse]] '''(Siobhan)'''

03 - improve [[Metabolic Bone Disease]] '''(Siobhan)'''

04 - Spirochaetosis page, not sure how to name it

05 - improve [[Steatitis]]'''(Siobhan)'''

06 - improve [[Metabolic Bone Disease]] '''(Siobhan)'''

07 - check [[Lead Poisoning]] '''(Siobhan)'''

08 - there is [[Aeromonas species in lizards]] which maybe could become 'in reptiles and amphibians'?? '''(Siobhan)''' - created [[Red-leg Syndrome]] which is the condition seen in amphibians, hope thats ok? SB

09 - check [[Hepatic Lipidosis]] '''(Siobhan)'''

10 - Maybe create complete [[Snake Neurological Diseases]]'''(Siobhan)'''

11 - check [[Heterophils]]'''(Siobhan)'''

12 - complete [[Metabolic Bone Disease]] '''(Siobhan)'''

13 - complete [[Lead Poisoning]] '''(Siobhan)'''

14 - complete [[Snake Dysecdysis]] '''(Siobhan)'''

15 - create [[Hypovitaminosis C - Reptiles]] '''(Siobhan)'''

16 - complete [[Parietal eye]] '''(Siobhan)'''

17 - maybe create new [[Hypothyroidism]] for reptiles page or create [[Iodine Deficiency]].. not sure! - decided to create new [[Hypothyroidism - Reptiles]], think its the simplest way of incuding it - SB '''(Siobhan)'''

18 - maybe complete [[Abnormal Wear of Teeth]] or ceate new page '''(Siobhan)''' - created [[Beak Overgrowth - Chelonia]] - SB

19 - there is already [[Snake Gout]] so not sure if make that into reptile Gout? '''(Siobhan)''' - I created the [[Reptile Gout]] page, and put the snake gout into the delete category, but all the snake info is still on the new page, so if you dont like the new page it'll be easy to change back - SB

20 - check [[Snake Cryptosporidiosis]]'''(Siobhan)'''

21 - check [[Lizard Mites]] '''(Siobhan)'''

22 - maybe create [[Snake Cardiovascular Diseases]]

23 - complete [[Giardiasis]] or create new page '''(Siobhan)'''

24 - complete [[Lizard Musculoskeletal System]] or [[Autotomy]] '''(Siobhan)''' - I added the info to both pages as they were very similar - SB

==Ornamental Fish==
01 - create [[Stress Shock Syndrome]]

02 - new page, Ovaria Prolapse - Fish or Prolapse - Fish

03 - check [[Columnaris Disease]]

04 - create Swim Bladder Disorders

05 - create Carp Pox

06 - create Chlorine Toxicity

07 - create Dropsy

08 - something to do with goitre, or iodine deficiency

09 - create Euthanasia - Fish

10 - create Fish Louse '''(Siobhan)'''

11 - create New Tank Syndrome

12 - check [[Cold Water Disease]]

13 - create Nitrite Toxicity

14 - create something on Saprolegnia

15 - create henneguya koi page

16 - create Anaesthesia - Fish

17 - create Zinc Toxicity

18 - create Algal Bloom

19 - create page on Trichodina

20 - create Gill Hyperplasia or Gill Irritation

21 - create Fish Handling

22 - create Supersaturation

23 - vitamin C deficiency?

24 - something general about water quality, or Low Dissolved Oxygen - FIsh

25 - Gill Fluke

26 - Head and Lateral Line Erosion

=== Small Mammals ===
DONE

=== Avian Med ===
DONE

===Cattle Medicine===
DONE

===Equine Internal Medicine===
DONE

===Equine Orthopaedics & Rheumatology===
DONE

=== Sheep Medicine ===
DONE

===Small Animal Dermatology===
DONE

Category:To Do - Manson

2011-09-14T13:21:36Z

Siobhanbrade: /* Ornamental Fish */

Pages needed to link to Manson clinical flashcard Q&As:

Once finished with a page, please add it to [[:Category:To Do - Manson review|Category:To Do - Manson review]]

===Equine Reproduction & Stud Medicine===

Q1 - needs [[Blepharitis]] check/add horse info '''(Helen)'''
: - [[Conjunctivitis]] page '''(Helen)'''

Q2 - [[Wry Nose]] needs completion '''(Helen)'''

Q14 - [[Taylorella equigenitalis]] needs adapting '''(Helen)'''

Q20 - [[Dystocia - Horse]] '''(Helen)''' - needs either adding surgery option or separate page "caesarean section" '''(Helen)''' created [[Caesarean Section - Horse]]


===Cytology===


Q2
*please create a page [[Gram Negative Bacteria - Overview]] that will contain general info '''(Helen)'''
*create [[Actinomycetes Overview]] page to include info from [[Actinomyces species - Overview]], staining properties and any other general info for both Actinomyces and Nocardia. Add [[Actinomyces species - Overview]] to delete after. '''(Helen)'''

Q3
* [[Lymphoma]] I decided to combine the two pages into one.
**Can you please add horse related: clinical signs, physical examination, any specific laboratory tests, treatment '''(Siobhan)'''

Q7
*[[Adenoma]] - can you please modify the whole page. If there is a lot of info about all adenomas, it may be worth creating a separate page for perianal adenoma instead, let me know what you find out. '''(Helen)'''

Q14
*Please have another look at [[Squamous Cell Carcinoma]]. I just read the first sentence and it really isn't a suitable start. I haven't read the rest yet but the formatting needs looking at too. '''(Siobhan)'''

Q18
*[[Demodex]] needs larval description, [[Demodicosis]] needs to mention need to identify larvae under diagnosis. '''(Siobhan)'''



'''WHICH QUESTIONS IN WV DO THE PAGES BELOW BELONG TO?''' '''(Helen) We had a little mix-up and I updated articles for all the questions from a list we were given, but only 18 questions were uploaded.. sorry!'''

'''(Helen)'''
Numbers refer to question numbers in the book:

10 - [[Hyperadrenocorticism|Cushings]]: just needs cytology features of liver added '''(Helen)'''

28 - Haemangiopericytoma and spindle cell tumours '''Helen)'''

120 - [[Mammary Neoplasia]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

121 - Mare normal uterine washing findings '''(Siobhan)'''

131 - tuberculosis '''(Helen) I updated [[Tuberculosis - Dogs]] but put info on cats as well. Probably easiest to rename page Tuberculosis - Dogs & Cats'''

132 - [[Trichodectes canis]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

135 - Maybe just need to complete [[Oestrous Cycle - Anatomy & Physiology#Mare|Mare oestrous cycle]] as just talks about uterine washing results during anoestrus '''(Siobhan)'''

137 - [[Transitional Cell Carcinoma]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

146 - [[Melanoma]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

155 - Giant cell tumour of bone needs a page '''(Helen)'''

158 - [[Mesothelial cells]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

161 - several diseases discussed: [[Filaroides osleri]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''



==Feline Medicine==

Q2, 3, 4 - picture needed

Q5 - needs lab results

Q13 - needs lab results

Q14 - has WRONG picture, should be from q185 in book

Q22 and 24- need picture


==Rabbit Medicine and Surgery==

2 - [[Atrial Fibrillation]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

3 - needs a page on scent glands in rabbits? can't find one on wikivet in the anat and phys section '''(Helen)'''

5 - Add info in [[Lead Poisoning]] about clin path '''(Helen)'''

8 - [[Non-Obstructive Ileus – Rabbit]] needs more info, diagnostic, treatment '''(Helen)'''

9 - [[Rabbit Haemorrhatic Disease Virus]] needs more info '''(Helen)'''

10 - [[Pseudopregnancy - Rabbit]] needs a page '''(Helen)'''

11 - Make [[Encephalitozoon cuniculi – Rabbit]] page prettier '''(Helen)'''

12 - Blepharitis needs a page '''(Helen)'''

13 - [[Exophthalmos – Rabbit]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

14 - [[Treponema cuniculi – Rabbit]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

15 - Page on [[Congestive Heart Failure - Rabbit]] maybe? '''(Helen)'''

17 - [[Leporacarus]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

18 - [[Pododermatitis – Rabbit]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

20 - needs something! '''(Helen) probably article on Haematuria'''

21 - [[Uterine Adenocarcinoma - Rabbit]] needs doing '''(Helen)'''

==Small animals ECC==
01 - [[Endocarditis]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

02 - [[Ventricular Tachycardia]] needs completing '''(Siobhan)'''

04 - page on stabilising a cat with dyspnoea '''(Siobhan)'''

05 - [[Collapsing Trachea]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

06 - [[Feline Asthma Syndrome]] needs more info '''(Helen)'''

07 - Carbon Monoxide Poisoning '''(Helen)'''

08 - Either complete [[Diabetes Mellitus]] or create new page, [[Diabetic Ketoacidosis]] '''(Helen)'''

09 - [[Hypocalcaemia]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

10 - Bacterial Prostatitis or just Prostatitis needs a page '''(Helen)'''

11 - [[Uterine Prolapse]] has no small animal info '''(Helen)'''

12 - [[Feline Infectious Anaemia]] needs a bit more info for the question, also [[Administering a Blood Transfusion]] '''(Helen)'''

13 - Lens Luxation needs a page '''(Helen)'''

15 - Atlantoaxial Luxation '''(Helen)'''

16 - [[Intervertebral Disc Degeneration]] needs alot more info '''(Siobhan)'''

17 - Anaphylaxis needs a page '''(Helen)'''

18 - [[Panosteitis]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

19 - Tibial Crest Avulsion needs a page '''(Helen)'''

==Veterinary Dentistry==
1 - [[Temporomandibular Luxation]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

2 - [[Ameloblastoma, Central]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

3 - [[Persistent Deciduous Teeth]] needs doing '''(Helen) also maybe a page on the Triadan System?''' [[Modified Triadan System]]

4 - [[Dental Discolouration]] needs doing '''(Helen)'''

5 - [[Feline Eosinophilic Granuloma]] complete info and add dog there too (?!) '''(Helen)'''

6 - [[Tooth Fractures]] needs doing '''(Helen)'''

7 - [[Acromegaly]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

8 - [[Sialolithiasis]] needs doing, [[Sialolithiasis - Donkey]] can maybe go there too?! - will need to keep the donkey page separate as it is a different source/funding/agreement (BS) '''(Siobhan)'''

9 - some sort of malocclusion page

10 - [[Salivary Mucocele]] needs a few things added maybe '''(Siobhan)'''

11 - Maybe a page on [[Periodontal Pockets]] or complete [[Periodontal Disease]] '''(Helen)'''

12 - Check [[Hyperparathyroidism]] page to see if all info there '''(Siobhan)'''

13 - Either complete [[Odontodystrophy]] or create [[Enamel Hypoplasia]] page

14 - Create [[Halitosis]] page '''(Helen)'''

15 - Complete [[Systemic Lupus Erythematosus]] '''(Helen)'''

16 - [[High-Rise Syndrome]] needs doing '''(Helen)'''

17 - Check [[Uraemia]] for completeness '''(Helen)'''

18 - [[Lip Fold Dermatitis]] needs doing '''(Siobhan)'''

19 - [[Abnormal Wear of Teeth]] needs completing

20 - [[Eruption Cysts]] needs doing '''(Helen)'''

21 - Check [[Incisor Overgrowth – Rabbit]] - didnt think this page needed anything added - Siobhan. [[Cheek Teeth Malocclusion – Rabbit]] '''(Siobhan)'''

22 - [[Cheek Tooth Extraction - Horse]] page? '''(Siobhan)'''

==Small Animal Soft Tissue Surgery==
01 - [[Cleft Palate]] to check '''(Siobhan)'''

02 - [[Gastric Dilatation and Volvulus]] add a bit more on surgery '''(Siobhan)'''

03 - create [[Aortic Thromboembolism]] '''(Siobhan)'''

04 - create [[Tracheal Avulsion]] '''(Helen)''' creating [[Tracheal Trauma]] instead

05 - either complete [[Male External Genitalia - Pathology]] - just made this one look nicer and added links then created new [[Paraphimosis]] page - '''(Siobhan)'''

06 - complete [[Hernia, Peritoneopericardial Diaphragmatic]] '''(Helen)'''

07 - alot to add to [[Brachycephalic Airway Syndrome]] '''(Helen)'''

08 - complete [[Atrial Standstill]] '''(Siobhan)'''

09 - alot to do on [[Hormonal Pyometra]] '''(Siobhan)'''

10 - complete [[Nasopharyngeal Polyp]] '''(Helen)'''

11 - check [[Aspergillosis]] has all info '''(Helen)'''

12 - complete [[Dystocia - Dog & Cat]] '''(Siobhan)'''

13 - complete [[Ureters - Developmental Pathology]] or create [[Ureteral Ectopia]] '''(Helen)'''

14 - check [[Hiatal Hernia]] '''(Helen)'''

15 - do [[Urethral Prolapse]] '''(Helen)'''

16 - check [[Megacolon]] '''(Helen)'''

17 - create [[Aural Haematoma]] '''(Helen)'''

18 - create [[Cholelithiasis]] '''(Helen)'''

19 - check [[Vascular Ring Anomalies]] and add surgical technique '''(Helen)'''

20 - check [[Portosystemic Shunt]] '''(Helen)'''

21 - check [[Pulmonic Stenosis]] '''(Helen)'''

22 - complete [[Laryngeal Paralysis]] '''(Helen)'''

==Small Animal Orthopaedics==
01 - add to [[Degenerative Joint Disease]] '''(Helen)'''

02 - create [[Carpal Hyperextension]] '''(Siobhan)'''

03 - add to [[Mandibular Fractures]] '''(Siobhan)'''

04 - complete [[Hypertrophic Osteodystrophy]] '''(Helen)'''

05 - complete [[Canine Dermatomyositis]] '''(Helen)'''

06 - complete [[Incomplete Ossification of Humeral Condyle]] '''(Helen)'''

07 - create [[Physeal Fractures]] '''(Helen)'''

08 - complete [[Hip Dysplasia]] '''(Helen)'''

09 - complete [[Craniomandibular Osteopathy]] '''(Helen)'''

10 - create [[Gracilis Muscle Avulsion]] '''(Helen) created [[Muscle Strains and Ruptures]]'''

11 - complete [[Osteochondrosis]] or create [[Retained Cartilage Cores]] '''(Helen)'''

12 - complete [[Hypertrophic Osteopathy]] '''(Helen)'''

13 - complete [[Calve Legg-Perthe's Disease]] '''(Helen)'''

14 - create [[Infraspinatus Muscle Contracture]] '''(Helen) created [[Muscle Contracture]]'''

15 - complete [[Infectious Arthritis]] or create dog-specific page

16 - complete [[Patellar Luxation]] '''(Helen)'''

17 - create [[Periosteal Proliferative Polyarthritis]] '''(Helen)'''

18 - complete [[Elbow Dysplasia]]

==Small Animal Abdominal and Metabolic Disorders==
01 - [[Pulmonary Embolism, Thrombosis and Infarction]] already exists, but maybe create [[Pulmonary Thromboembolism]]?

Also complete [[Protein Losing Enteropathy]]

02 - create [[Urethral Sphincter Mechanism Incompetence]] '''(Helen)'''

03 - create [[Vaginal Hyperplasia]] '''(Helen)'''

04 - create [[Hepatocutaneous Syndrome]] '''(Helen)'''

05 - complete [[Cystitis]] '''(Siobhan)'''

06 - check [[Diabetes Mellitus]] '''(Helen)'''

07 - check [[Hypoadrenocorticism]] '''(Helen)'''

08 - complete [[Ovarian Cysts]] '''(Siobhan)'''

09 - check [[Hepatic Lipidosis]] '''(Helen)'''

10 - improve [[Intersex]] '''(Helen)'''

11 - create [[Ovarian Remnant Syndrome]] '''(Siobhan)'''

12 - complete [[Isospora spp.]] '''(Helen)'''

13 - check [[Feline Infectious Peritonitis]] '''(Helen)'''

14 - check [[Intussusception]] '''(Helen)'''

15 - improve [[Helicobacter]] '''(Helen)'''

16 - create [[Pseudopregnancy]] '''(Helen)'''

17 - check [[Hypothyroidism]] '''(Helen)'''

18 - check and improve [[Megacolon]] '''(Helen)'''

19 - improve [[Sertoli Cell Tumour]] '''(Helen)'''

==Reptiles and Amphibians==
01 - check [[Snake Mites]] '''(Siobhan)'''

02 - create [[Hemipenis Prolapse]] '''(Siobhan)'''

03 - improve [[Metabolic Bone Disease]] '''(Siobhan)'''

04 - Spirochaetosis page, not sure how to name it

05 - improve [[Steatitis]]'''(Siobhan)'''

06 - improve [[Metabolic Bone Disease]] '''(Siobhan)'''

07 - check [[Lead Poisoning]] '''(Siobhan)'''

08 - there is [[Aeromonas species in lizards]] which maybe could become 'in reptiles and amphibians'?? '''(Siobhan)''' - created [[Red-leg Syndrome]] which is the condition seen in amphibians, hope thats ok? SB

09 - check [[Hepatic Lipidosis]] '''(Siobhan)'''

10 - Maybe create complete [[Snake Neurological Diseases]]'''(Siobhan)'''

11 - check [[Heterophils]]'''(Siobhan)'''

12 - complete [[Metabolic Bone Disease]] '''(Siobhan)'''

13 - complete [[Lead Poisoning]] '''(Siobhan)'''

14 - complete [[Snake Dysecdysis]] '''(Siobhan)'''

15 - create [[Hypovitaminosis C - Reptiles]] '''(Siobhan)'''

16 - complete [[Parietal eye]] '''(Siobhan)'''

17 - maybe create new [[Hypothyroidism]] for reptiles page or create [[Iodine Deficiency]].. not sure! - decided to create new [[Hypothyroidism - Reptiles]], think its the simplest way of incuding it - SB '''(Siobhan)'''

18 - maybe complete [[Abnormal Wear of Teeth]] or ceate new page '''(Siobhan)''' - created [[Beak Overgrowth - Chelonia]] - SB

19 - there is already [[Snake Gout]] so not sure if make that into reptile Gout? '''(Siobhan)''' - I created the [[Reptile Gout]] page, and put the snake gout into the delete category, but all the snake info is still on the new page, so if you dont like the new page it'll be easy to change back - SB

20 - check [[Snake Cryptosporidiosis]]'''(Siobhan)'''

21 - check [[Lizard Mites]] '''(Siobhan)'''

22 - maybe create [[Snake Cardiovascular Diseases]]

23 - complete [[Giardiasis]] or create new page '''(Siobhan)'''

24 - complete [[Lizard Musculoskeletal System]] or [[Autotomy]] '''(Siobhan)''' - I added the info to both pages as they were very similar - SB

==Ornamental Fish==
01 - create [[Stress Shock Syndrome]] '''(Siobhan)'''

02 - new page, Ovaria Prolapse - Fish or Prolapse - Fish

03 - check [[Columnaris Disease]] '''(Siobhan)'''

04 - create Swim Bladder Disorders

05 - create Carp Pox

06 - create Chlorine Toxicity

07 - create Dropsy

08 - something to do with goitre, or iodine deficiency

09 - create Euthanasia - Fish '''(Siobhan)'''

10 - create Fish Louse '''(Siobhan)'''

11 - create New Tank Syndrome

12 - check [[Cold Water Disease]]

13 - create Nitrite Toxicity

14 - create something on Saprolegnia

15 - create henneguya koi page

16 - create Anaesthesia - Fish

17 - create Zinc Toxicity

18 - create Algal Bloom

19 - create page on Trichodina

20 - create Gill Hyperplasia or Gill Irritation

21 - create Fish Handling

22 - create Supersaturation

23 - vitamin C deficiency?

24 - something general about water quality, or Low Dissolved Oxygen - FIsh

25 - Gill Fluke

26 - Head and Lateral Line Erosion

=== Small Mammals ===
DONE

=== Avian Med ===
DONE

===Cattle Medicine===
DONE

===Equine Internal Medicine===
DONE

===Equine Orthopaedics & Rheumatology===
DONE

=== Sheep Medicine ===
DONE

===Small Animal Dermatology===
DONE

Hypovitaminosis C - Reptiles

2011-09-14T12:44:40Z

Siobhanbrade: Created page with "==Introduction== '''Hypovitaminosis C''' is a rare condition that occurs in the '''snake'''. It is normally a consequence of an '''inappropriate diet'''...."

==Introduction==
'''Hypovitaminosis C''' is a rare condition that occurs in the '''[[Snake|snake]]'''. It is normally a consequence of an '''inappropriate [[Snake Diet|diet]]'''.

Snakes are able to '''synthesize''' vitamin C, but not necessarily in large enough quantities. To remedy this, snakes have adopted [[Snake Feeding and Digestion|feeding habits]] that allow them to make up this '''deficit''':

In the wild, snake select '''healthy prey''' so that they consume the normal content of that animals alimentary system (including vitamins) when the eat them. In the case of rodent prey, '''vitamin C synthesis occurs in the gut'''. So for vitamin C to be present in the rodents gut, and therefore absorbed by the snake, the '''rodent''' must have '''recently eaten'''.

==Clinical Signs==
The snake will normally present with '''skin lacerations'''. These occur '''spontaneously''' when the skin of the snake is '''stretched''' (ie when it is swallowing prey).

==Treatment==
Any skin '''wounds''' should be '''cleaned, debrided and sutured closed'''. '''Vitamin C injections''' are also required daily until levels return to normal.

==Prevention==
Vitamin C deficiency can be prevented by ensuring any '''live/recently killed rodent prey have been fed before feeding them to the snake'''.

If '''dead/defrosted rodents''' are fed to the snake then these carcasses should be '''supplemented with vitamin C'''. This is achieved by injecting the carcass with '''sodium ascorbate''', or by placing part of a '''vitamin C tablet''' into the carcass before feeding to the snake.

{{Learning
|flashcards = [[Reptiles and Amphibians Q&A 15]]
}}

==References==
Frye, FL & Williams, DL (1995) '''Self-Assessment Colour Review - Reptiles & Amphibians''' ''Manson''

[[Category: To Do - Siobhan Brade]]
[[Category:To Do - Manson review]]

Category:To Do - Manson

2011-09-14T12:16:30Z

Siobhanbrade: /* Reptiles and Amphibians */

Pages needed to link to Manson clinical flashcard Q&As:

Once finished with a page, please add it to [[:Category:To Do - Manson review|Category:To Do - Manson review]]

===Equine Reproduction & Stud Medicine===

Q1 - needs [[Blepharitis]] check/add horse info '''(Helen)'''
: - [[Conjunctivitis]] page '''(Helen)'''

Q2 - [[Wry Nose]] needs completion '''(Helen)'''

Q14 - [[Taylorella equigenitalis]] needs adapting '''(Helen)'''

Q20 - [[Dystocia - Horse]] '''(Helen)''' - needs either adding surgery option or separate page "caesarean section" '''(Helen)''' created [[Caesarean Section - Horse]]


===Cytology===


Q2
*please create a page [[Gram Negative Bacteria - Overview]] that will contain general info '''(Helen)'''
*create [[Actinomycetes Overview]] page to include info from [[Actinomyces species - Overview]], staining properties and any other general info for both Actinomyces and Nocardia. Add [[Actinomyces species - Overview]] to delete after. '''(Helen)'''

Q3
* [[Lymphoma]] I decided to combine the two pages into one.
**Can you please add horse related: clinical signs, physical examination, any specific laboratory tests, treatment '''(Siobhan)'''

Q7
*[[Adenoma]] - can you please modify the whole page. If there is a lot of info about all adenomas, it may be worth creating a separate page for perianal adenoma instead, let me know what you find out. '''(Helen)'''

Q14
*Please have another look at [[Squamous Cell Carcinoma]]. I just read the first sentence and it really isn't a suitable start. I haven't read the rest yet but the formatting needs looking at too. '''(Siobhan)'''

Q18
*[[Demodex]] needs larval description, [[Demodicosis]] needs to mention need to identify larvae under diagnosis. '''(Siobhan)'''



'''WHICH QUESTIONS IN WV DO THE PAGES BELOW BELONG TO?''' '''(Helen) We had a little mix-up and I updated articles for all the questions from a list we were given, but only 18 questions were uploaded.. sorry!'''

'''(Helen)'''
Numbers refer to question numbers in the book:

10 - [[Hyperadrenocorticism|Cushings]]: just needs cytology features of liver added '''(Helen)'''

28 - Haemangiopericytoma and spindle cell tumours '''Helen)'''

120 - [[Mammary Neoplasia]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

121 - Mare normal uterine washing findings '''(Siobhan)'''

131 - tuberculosis '''(Helen) I updated [[Tuberculosis - Dogs]] but put info on cats as well. Probably easiest to rename page Tuberculosis - Dogs & Cats'''

132 - [[Trichodectes canis]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

135 - Maybe just need to complete [[Oestrous Cycle - Anatomy & Physiology#Mare|Mare oestrous cycle]] as just talks about uterine washing results during anoestrus '''(Siobhan)'''

137 - [[Transitional Cell Carcinoma]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

146 - [[Melanoma]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

155 - Giant cell tumour of bone needs a page '''(Helen)'''

158 - [[Mesothelial cells]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

161 - several diseases discussed: [[Filaroides osleri]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''



==Feline Medicine==

Q2, 3, 4 - picture needed

Q5 - needs lab results

Q13 - needs lab results

Q14 - has WRONG picture, should be from q185 in book

Q22 and 24- need picture


==Rabbit Medicine and Surgery==

2 - [[Atrial Fibrillation]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

3 - needs a page on scent glands in rabbits? can't find one on wikivet in the anat and phys section '''(Helen)'''

5 - Add info in [[Lead Poisoning]] about clin path '''(Helen)'''

8 - [[Non-Obstructive Ileus – Rabbit]] needs more info, diagnostic, treatment '''(Helen)'''

9 - [[Rabbit Haemorrhatic Disease Virus]] needs more info '''(Helen)'''

10 - [[Pseudopregnancy - Rabbit]] needs a page '''(Helen)'''

11 - Make [[Encephalitozoon cuniculi – Rabbit]] page prettier '''(Helen)'''

12 - Blepharitis needs a page '''(Helen)'''

13 - [[Exophthalmos – Rabbit]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

14 - [[Treponema cuniculi – Rabbit]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

15 - Page on [[Congestive Heart Failure - Rabbit]] maybe? '''(Helen)'''

17 - [[Leporacarus]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

18 - [[Pododermatitis – Rabbit]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

20 - needs something! '''(Helen) probably article on Haematuria'''

21 - [[Uterine Adenocarcinoma - Rabbit]] needs doing '''(Helen)'''

==Small animals ECC==
01 - [[Endocarditis]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

02 - [[Ventricular Tachycardia]] needs completing '''(Siobhan)'''

04 - page on stabilising a cat with dyspnoea '''(Siobhan)'''

05 - [[Collapsing Trachea]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

06 - [[Feline Asthma Syndrome]] needs more info '''(Helen)'''

07 - Carbon Monoxide Poisoning '''(Helen)'''

08 - Either complete [[Diabetes Mellitus]] or create new page, [[Diabetic Ketoacidosis]] '''(Helen)'''

09 - [[Hypocalcaemia]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

10 - Bacterial Prostatitis or just Prostatitis needs a page '''(Helen)'''

11 - [[Uterine Prolapse]] has no small animal info '''(Helen)'''

12 - [[Feline Infectious Anaemia]] needs a bit more info for the question, also [[Administering a Blood Transfusion]] '''(Helen)'''

13 - Lens Luxation needs a page '''(Helen)'''

15 - Atlantoaxial Luxation '''(Helen)'''

16 - [[Intervertebral Disc Degeneration]] needs alot more info '''(Siobhan)'''

17 - Anaphylaxis needs a page '''(Helen)'''

18 - [[Panosteitis]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

19 - Tibial Crest Avulsion needs a page '''(Helen)'''

==Veterinary Dentistry==
1 - [[Temporomandibular Luxation]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

2 - [[Ameloblastoma, Central]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

3 - [[Persistent Deciduous Teeth]] needs doing '''(Helen) also maybe a page on the Triadan System?''' [[Modified Triadan System]]

4 - [[Dental Discolouration]] needs doing '''(Helen)'''

5 - [[Feline Eosinophilic Granuloma]] complete info and add dog there too (?!) '''(Helen)'''

6 - [[Tooth Fractures]] needs doing '''(Helen)'''

7 - [[Acromegaly]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

8 - [[Sialolithiasis]] needs doing, [[Sialolithiasis - Donkey]] can maybe go there too?! - will need to keep the donkey page separate as it is a different source/funding/agreement (BS) '''(Siobhan)'''

9 - some sort of malocclusion page

10 - [[Salivary Mucocele]] needs a few things added maybe '''(Siobhan)'''

11 - Maybe a page on [[Periodontal Pockets]] or complete [[Periodontal Disease]] '''(Helen)'''

12 - Check [[Hyperparathyroidism]] page to see if all info there '''(Siobhan)'''

13 - Either complete [[Odontodystrophy]] or create [[Enamel Hypoplasia]] page

14 - Create [[Halitosis]] page '''(Helen)'''

15 - Complete [[Systemic Lupus Erythematosus]] '''(Helen)'''

16 - [[High-Rise Syndrome]] needs doing '''(Helen)'''

17 - Check [[Uraemia]] for completeness '''(Helen)'''

18 - [[Lip Fold Dermatitis]] needs doing '''(Siobhan)'''

19 - [[Abnormal Wear of Teeth]] needs completing

20 - [[Eruption Cysts]] needs doing '''(Helen)'''

21 - Check [[Incisor Overgrowth – Rabbit]] - didnt think this page needed anything added - Siobhan. [[Cheek Teeth Malocclusion – Rabbit]] '''(Siobhan)'''

22 - [[Cheek Tooth Extraction - Horse]] page? '''(Siobhan)'''

==Small Animal Soft Tissue Surgery==
01 - [[Cleft Palate]] to check '''(Siobhan)'''

02 - [[Gastric Dilatation and Volvulus]] add a bit more on surgery '''(Siobhan)'''

03 - create [[Aortic Thromboembolism]] '''(Siobhan)'''

04 - create [[Tracheal Avulsion]] '''(Helen)''' creating [[Tracheal Trauma]] instead

05 - either complete [[Male External Genitalia - Pathology]] - just made this one look nicer and added links then created new [[Paraphimosis]] page - '''(Siobhan)'''

06 - complete [[Hernia, Peritoneopericardial Diaphragmatic]] '''(Helen)'''

07 - alot to add to [[Brachycephalic Airway Syndrome]] '''(Helen)'''

08 - complete [[Atrial Standstill]] '''(Siobhan)'''

09 - alot to do on [[Hormonal Pyometra]] '''(Siobhan)'''

10 - complete [[Nasopharyngeal Polyp]] '''(Helen)'''

11 - check [[Aspergillosis]] has all info '''(Helen)'''

12 - complete [[Dystocia - Dog & Cat]] '''(Siobhan)'''

13 - complete [[Ureters - Developmental Pathology]] or create [[Ureteral Ectopia]] '''(Helen)'''

14 - check [[Hiatal Hernia]] '''(Helen)'''

15 - do [[Urethral Prolapse]] '''(Helen)'''

16 - check [[Megacolon]] '''(Helen)'''

17 - create [[Aural Haematoma]] '''(Helen)'''

18 - create [[Cholelithiasis]] '''(Helen)'''

19 - check [[Vascular Ring Anomalies]] and add surgical technique '''(Helen)'''

20 - check [[Portosystemic Shunt]] '''(Helen)'''

21 - check [[Pulmonic Stenosis]] '''(Helen)'''

22 - complete [[Laryngeal Paralysis]] '''(Helen)'''

==Small Animal Orthopaedics==
01 - add to [[Degenerative Joint Disease]] '''(Helen)'''

02 - create [[Carpal Hyperextension]] '''(Siobhan)'''

03 - add to [[Mandibular Fractures]] '''(Siobhan)'''

04 - complete [[Hypertrophic Osteodystrophy]] '''(Helen)'''

05 - complete [[Canine Dermatomyositis]] '''(Helen)'''

06 - complete [[Incomplete Ossification of Humeral Condyle]] '''(Helen)'''

07 - create [[Physeal Fractures]] '''(Helen)'''

08 - complete [[Hip Dysplasia]] '''(Helen)'''

09 - complete [[Craniomandibular Osteopathy]] '''(Helen)'''

10 - create [[Gracilis Muscle Avulsion]] '''(Helen) created [[Muscle Strains and Ruptures]]'''

11 - complete [[Osteochondrosis]] or create [[Retained Cartilage Cores]] '''(Helen)'''

12 - complete [[Hypertrophic Osteopathy]] '''(Helen)'''

13 - complete [[Calve Legg-Perthe's Disease]] '''(Helen)'''

14 - create [[Infraspinatus Muscle Contracture]] '''(Helen) created [[Muscle Contracture]]'''

15 - complete [[Infectious Arthritis]] or create dog-specific page

16 - complete [[Patellar Luxation]] '''(Helen)'''

17 - create [[Periosteal Proliferative Polyarthritis]] '''(Helen)'''

18 - complete [[Elbow Dysplasia]]

==Small Animal Abdominal and Metabolic Disorders==
01 - [[Pulmonary Embolism, Thrombosis and Infarction]] already exists, but maybe create [[Pulmonary Thromboembolism]]?

Also complete [[Protein Losing Enteropathy]]

02 - create [[Urethral Sphincter Mechanism Incompetence]] '''(Helen)'''

03 - create [[Vaginal Hyperplasia]] '''(Helen)'''

04 - create [[Hepatocutaneous Syndrome]] '''(Helen)'''

05 - complete [[Cystitis]] '''(Siobhan)'''

06 - check [[Diabetes Mellitus]] '''(Helen)'''

07 - check [[Hypoadrenocorticism]] '''(Helen)'''

08 - complete [[Ovarian Cysts]] '''(Siobhan)'''

09 - check [[Hepatic Lipidosis]] '''(Helen)'''

10 - improve [[Intersex]] '''(Helen)'''

11 - create [[Ovarian Remnant Syndrome]] '''(Siobhan)'''

12 - complete [[Isospora spp.]] '''(Helen)'''

13 - check [[Feline Infectious Peritonitis]] '''(Helen)'''

14 - check [[Intussusception]] '''(Helen)'''

15 - improve [[Helicobacter]] '''(Helen)'''

16 - create [[Pseudopregnancy]] '''(Helen)'''

17 - check [[Hypothyroidism]] '''(Helen)'''

18 - check and improve [[Megacolon]] '''(Helen)'''

19 - improve [[Sertoli Cell Tumour]] '''(Helen)'''

==Reptiles and Amphibians==
01 - check [[Snake Mites]] '''(Siobhan)'''

02 - create [[Hemipenis Prolapse]] '''(Siobhan)'''

03 - improve [[Metabolic Bone Disease]] '''(Siobhan)'''

04 - Spirochaetosis page, not sure how to name it

05 - improve [[Steatitis]]'''(Siobhan)'''

06 - improve [[Metabolic Bone Disease]] '''(Siobhan)'''

07 - check [[Lead Poisoning]] '''(Siobhan)'''

08 - there is [[Aeromonas species in lizards]] which maybe could become 'in reptiles and amphibians'?? '''(Siobhan)''' - created [[Red-leg Syndrome]] which is the condition seen in amphibians, hope thats ok? SB

09 - check [[Hepatic Lipidosis]] '''(Siobhan)'''

10 - Maybe create complete [[Snake Neurological Diseases]]'''(Siobhan)'''

11 - check [[Heterophils]]'''(Siobhan)'''

12 - complete [[Metabolic Bone Disease]] '''(Siobhan)'''

13 - complete [[Lead Poisoning]] '''(Siobhan)'''

14 - complete [[Snake Dysecdysis]] '''(Siobhan)'''

15 - create [[Hypovitaminosis C - Reptiles]] '''(Siobhan)'''

16 - complete [[Parietal eye]] '''(Siobhan)'''

17 - maybe create new [[Hypothyroidism]] for reptiles page or create [[Iodine Deficiency]].. not sure! - decided to create new [[Hypothyroidism - Reptiles]], think its the simplest way of incuding it - SB '''(Siobhan)'''

18 - maybe complete [[Abnormal Wear of Teeth]] or ceate new page '''(Siobhan)''' - created [[Beak Overgrowth - Chelonia]] - SB

19 - there is already [[Snake Gout]] so not sure if make that into reptile Gout? '''(Siobhan)''' - I created the [[Reptile Gout]] page, and put the snake gout into the delete category, but all the snake info is still on the new page, so if you dont like the new page it'll be easy to change back - SB

20 - check [[Snake Cryptosporidiosis]]'''(Siobhan)'''

21 - check [[Lizard Mites]] '''(Siobhan)'''

22 - maybe create [[Snake Cardiovascular Diseases]]

23 - complete [[Giardiasis]] or create new page '''(Siobhan)'''

24 - complete [[Lizard Musculoskeletal System]] or [[Autotomy]] '''(Siobhan)''' - I added the info to both pages as they were very similar - SB

==Ornamental Fish==
01 - create [[Stress Shock Syndrome]]

02 - new page, Ovaria Prolapse - Fish or Prolapse - Fish

03 - check [[Columnaris Disease]]

04 - create Swim Bladder Disorders

05 - create Carp Pox

06 - create Chlorine Toxicity

07 - create Dropsy

08 - something to do with goitre, or iodine deficiency

09 - create Euthanasia - Fish

10 - create Fish Louse

11 - create New Tank Syndrome

12 - check [[Cold Water Disease]]

13 - create Nitrite Toxicity

14 - create something on Saprolegnia

15 - create henneguya koi page

16 - create Anaesthesia - Fish

17 - create Zinc Toxicity

18 - create Algal Bloom

19 - create page on Trichodina

20 - create Gill Hyperplasia or Gill Irritation

21 - create Fish Handling

22 - create Supersaturation

23 - vitamin C deficiency?

24 - something general about water quality, or Low Dissolved Oxygen - FIsh

25 - Gill Fluke

26 - Head and Lateral Line Erosion

=== Small Mammals ===
DONE

=== Avian Med ===
DONE

===Cattle Medicine===
DONE

===Equine Internal Medicine===
DONE

===Equine Orthopaedics & Rheumatology===
DONE

=== Sheep Medicine ===
DONE

===Small Animal Dermatology===
DONE

Category:To Do - Manson

2011-09-14T11:04:17Z

Siobhanbrade: /* Reptiles and Amphibians */

Pages needed to link to Manson clinical flashcard Q&As:

Once finished with a page, please add it to [[:Category:To Do - Manson review|Category:To Do - Manson review]]

===Equine Reproduction & Stud Medicine===

Q1 - needs [[Blepharitis]] check/add horse info '''(Helen)'''
: - [[Conjunctivitis]] page '''(Helen)'''

Q2 - [[Wry Nose]] needs completion '''(Helen)'''

Q14 - [[Taylorella equigenitalis]] needs adapting '''(Helen)'''

Q20 - [[Dystocia - Horse]] '''(Helen)''' - needs either adding surgery option or separate page "caesarean section" '''(Helen)''' created [[Caesarean Section - Horse]]


===Cytology===


Q2
*please create a page [[Gram Negative Bacteria - Overview]] that will contain general info '''(Helen)'''
*create [[Actinomycetes Overview]] page to include info from [[Actinomyces species - Overview]], staining properties and any other general info for both Actinomyces and Nocardia. Add [[Actinomyces species - Overview]] to delete after. '''(Helen)'''

Q3
* [[Lymphoma]] I decided to combine the two pages into one.
**Can you please add horse related: clinical signs, physical examination, any specific laboratory tests, treatment '''(Siobhan)'''

Q7
*[[Adenoma]] - can you please modify the whole page. If there is a lot of info about all adenomas, it may be worth creating a separate page for perianal adenoma instead, let me know what you find out. '''(Helen)'''

Q14
*Please have another look at [[Squamous Cell Carcinoma]]. I just read the first sentence and it really isn't a suitable start. I haven't read the rest yet but the formatting needs looking at too. '''(Siobhan)'''

Q18
*[[Demodex]] needs larval description, [[Demodicosis]] needs to mention need to identify larvae under diagnosis. '''(Siobhan)'''



'''WHICH QUESTIONS IN WV DO THE PAGES BELOW BELONG TO?''' '''(Helen) We had a little mix-up and I updated articles for all the questions from a list we were given, but only 18 questions were uploaded.. sorry!'''

'''(Helen)'''
Numbers refer to question numbers in the book:

10 - [[Hyperadrenocorticism|Cushings]]: just needs cytology features of liver added '''(Helen)'''

28 - Haemangiopericytoma and spindle cell tumours '''Helen)'''

120 - [[Mammary Neoplasia]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

121 - Mare normal uterine washing findings '''(Siobhan)'''

131 - tuberculosis '''(Helen) I updated [[Tuberculosis - Dogs]] but put info on cats as well. Probably easiest to rename page Tuberculosis - Dogs & Cats'''

132 - [[Trichodectes canis]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

135 - Maybe just need to complete [[Oestrous Cycle - Anatomy & Physiology#Mare|Mare oestrous cycle]] as just talks about uterine washing results during anoestrus '''(Siobhan)'''

137 - [[Transitional Cell Carcinoma]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

146 - [[Melanoma]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

155 - Giant cell tumour of bone needs a page '''(Helen)'''

158 - [[Mesothelial cells]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

161 - several diseases discussed: [[Filaroides osleri]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''



==Feline Medicine==

Q2, 3, 4 - picture needed

Q5 - needs lab results

Q13 - needs lab results

Q14 - has WRONG picture, should be from q185 in book

Q22 and 24- need picture


==Rabbit Medicine and Surgery==

2 - [[Atrial Fibrillation]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

3 - needs a page on scent glands in rabbits? can't find one on wikivet in the anat and phys section '''(Helen)'''

5 - Add info in [[Lead Poisoning]] about clin path '''(Helen)'''

8 - [[Non-Obstructive Ileus – Rabbit]] needs more info, diagnostic, treatment '''(Helen)'''

9 - [[Rabbit Haemorrhatic Disease Virus]] needs more info '''(Helen)'''

10 - [[Pseudopregnancy - Rabbit]] needs a page '''(Helen)'''

11 - Make [[Encephalitozoon cuniculi – Rabbit]] page prettier '''(Helen)'''

12 - Blepharitis needs a page '''(Helen)'''

13 - [[Exophthalmos – Rabbit]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

14 - [[Treponema cuniculi – Rabbit]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

15 - Page on [[Congestive Heart Failure - Rabbit]] maybe? '''(Helen)'''

17 - [[Leporacarus]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

18 - [[Pododermatitis – Rabbit]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

20 - needs something! '''(Helen) probably article on Haematuria'''

21 - [[Uterine Adenocarcinoma - Rabbit]] needs doing '''(Helen)'''

==Small animals ECC==
01 - [[Endocarditis]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

02 - [[Ventricular Tachycardia]] needs completing '''(Siobhan)'''

04 - page on stabilising a cat with dyspnoea '''(Siobhan)'''

05 - [[Collapsing Trachea]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

06 - [[Feline Asthma Syndrome]] needs more info '''(Helen)'''

07 - Carbon Monoxide Poisoning '''(Helen)'''

08 - Either complete [[Diabetes Mellitus]] or create new page, [[Diabetic Ketoacidosis]] '''(Helen)'''

09 - [[Hypocalcaemia]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

10 - Bacterial Prostatitis or just Prostatitis needs a page '''(Helen)'''

11 - [[Uterine Prolapse]] has no small animal info '''(Helen)'''

12 - [[Feline Infectious Anaemia]] needs a bit more info for the question, also [[Administering a Blood Transfusion]] '''(Helen)'''

13 - Lens Luxation needs a page '''(Helen)'''

15 - Atlantoaxial Luxation '''(Helen)'''

16 - [[Intervertebral Disc Degeneration]] needs alot more info '''(Siobhan)'''

17 - Anaphylaxis needs a page '''(Helen)'''

18 - [[Panosteitis]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

19 - Tibial Crest Avulsion needs a page '''(Helen)'''

==Veterinary Dentistry==
1 - [[Temporomandibular Luxation]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

2 - [[Ameloblastoma, Central]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

3 - [[Persistent Deciduous Teeth]] needs doing '''(Helen) also maybe a page on the Triadan System?''' [[Modified Triadan System]]

4 - [[Dental Discolouration]] needs doing '''(Helen)'''

5 - [[Feline Eosinophilic Granuloma]] complete info and add dog there too (?!) '''(Helen)'''

6 - [[Tooth Fractures]] needs doing '''(Helen)'''

7 - [[Acromegaly]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

8 - [[Sialolithiasis]] needs doing, [[Sialolithiasis - Donkey]] can maybe go there too?! - will need to keep the donkey page separate as it is a different source/funding/agreement (BS) '''(Siobhan)'''

9 - some sort of malocclusion page

10 - [[Salivary Mucocele]] needs a few things added maybe '''(Siobhan)'''

11 - Maybe a page on [[Periodontal Pockets]] or complete [[Periodontal Disease]] '''(Helen)'''

12 - Check [[Hyperparathyroidism]] page to see if all info there '''(Siobhan)'''

13 - Either complete [[Odontodystrophy]] or create [[Enamel Hypoplasia]] page

14 - Create [[Halitosis]] page '''(Helen)'''

15 - Complete [[Systemic Lupus Erythematosus]] '''(Helen)'''

16 - [[High-Rise Syndrome]] needs doing '''(Helen)'''

17 - Check [[Uraemia]] for completeness '''(Helen)'''

18 - [[Lip Fold Dermatitis]] needs doing '''(Siobhan)'''

19 - [[Abnormal Wear of Teeth]] needs completing

20 - [[Eruption Cysts]] needs doing '''(Helen)'''

21 - Check [[Incisor Overgrowth – Rabbit]] - didnt think this page needed anything added - Siobhan. [[Cheek Teeth Malocclusion – Rabbit]] '''(Siobhan)'''

22 - [[Cheek Tooth Extraction - Horse]] page? '''(Siobhan)'''

==Small Animal Soft Tissue Surgery==
01 - [[Cleft Palate]] to check '''(Siobhan)'''

02 - [[Gastric Dilatation and Volvulus]] add a bit more on surgery '''(Siobhan)'''

03 - create [[Aortic Thromboembolism]] '''(Siobhan)'''

04 - create [[Tracheal Avulsion]] '''(Helen)''' creating [[Tracheal Trauma]] instead

05 - either complete [[Male External Genitalia - Pathology]] - just made this one look nicer and added links then created new [[Paraphimosis]] page - '''(Siobhan)'''

06 - complete [[Hernia, Peritoneopericardial Diaphragmatic]] '''(Helen)'''

07 - alot to add to [[Brachycephalic Airway Syndrome]] '''(Helen)'''

08 - complete [[Atrial Standstill]] '''(Siobhan)'''

09 - alot to do on [[Hormonal Pyometra]] '''(Siobhan)'''

10 - complete [[Nasopharyngeal Polyp]] '''(Helen)'''

11 - check [[Aspergillosis]] has all info '''(Helen)'''

12 - complete [[Dystocia - Dog & Cat]] '''(Siobhan)'''

13 - complete [[Ureters - Developmental Pathology]] or create [[Ureteral Ectopia]] '''(Helen)'''

14 - check [[Hiatal Hernia]] '''(Helen)'''

15 - do [[Urethral Prolapse]] '''(Helen)'''

16 - check [[Megacolon]] '''(Helen)'''

17 - create [[Aural Haematoma]] '''(Helen)'''

18 - create [[Cholelithiasis]] '''(Helen)'''

19 - check [[Vascular Ring Anomalies]] and add surgical technique '''(Helen)'''

20 - check [[Portosystemic Shunt]] '''(Helen)'''

21 - check [[Pulmonic Stenosis]] '''(Helen)'''

22 - complete [[Laryngeal Paralysis]] '''(Helen)'''

==Small Animal Orthopaedics==
01 - add to [[Degenerative Joint Disease]] '''(Helen)'''

02 - create [[Carpal Hyperextension]] '''(Siobhan)'''

03 - add to [[Mandibular Fractures]] '''(Siobhan)'''

04 - complete [[Hypertrophic Osteodystrophy]] '''(Helen)'''

05 - complete [[Canine Dermatomyositis]] '''(Helen)'''

06 - complete [[Incomplete Ossification of Humeral Condyle]] '''(Helen)'''

07 - create [[Physeal Fractures]] '''(Helen)'''

08 - complete [[Hip Dysplasia]] '''(Helen)'''

09 - complete [[Craniomandibular Osteopathy]] '''(Helen)'''

10 - create [[Gracilis Muscle Avulsion]] '''(Helen) created [[Muscle Strains and Ruptures]]'''

11 - complete [[Osteochondrosis]] or create [[Retained Cartilage Cores]] '''(Helen)'''

12 - complete [[Hypertrophic Osteopathy]] '''(Helen)'''

13 - complete [[Calve Legg-Perthe's Disease]] '''(Helen)'''

14 - create [[Infraspinatus Muscle Contracture]] '''(Helen) created [[Muscle Contracture]]'''

15 - complete [[Infectious Arthritis]] or create dog-specific page

16 - complete [[Patellar Luxation]] '''(Helen)'''

17 - create [[Periosteal Proliferative Polyarthritis]] '''(Helen)'''

18 - complete [[Elbow Dysplasia]]

==Small Animal Abdominal and Metabolic Disorders==
01 - [[Pulmonary Embolism, Thrombosis and Infarction]] already exists, but maybe create [[Pulmonary Thromboembolism]]?

Also complete [[Protein Losing Enteropathy]]

02 - create [[Urethral Sphincter Mechanism Incompetence]] '''(Helen)'''

03 - create [[Vaginal Hyperplasia]] '''(Helen)'''

04 - create [[Hepatocutaneous Syndrome]] '''(Helen)'''

05 - complete [[Cystitis]] '''(Siobhan)'''

06 - check [[Diabetes Mellitus]] '''(Helen)'''

07 - check [[Hypoadrenocorticism]] '''(Helen)'''

08 - complete [[Ovarian Cysts]] '''(Siobhan)'''

09 - check [[Hepatic Lipidosis]] '''(Helen)'''

10 - improve [[Intersex]] '''(Helen)'''

11 - create [[Ovarian Remnant Syndrome]] '''(Siobhan)'''

12 - complete [[Isospora spp.]] '''(Helen)'''

13 - check [[Feline Infectious Peritonitis]] '''(Helen)'''

14 - check [[Intussusception]] '''(Helen)'''

15 - improve [[Helicobacter]] '''(Helen)'''

16 - create [[Pseudopregnancy]] '''(Helen)'''

17 - check [[Hypothyroidism]] '''(Helen)'''

18 - check and improve [[Megacolon]] '''(Helen)'''

19 - improve [[Sertoli Cell Tumour]] '''(Helen)'''

==Reptiles and Amphibians==
01 - check [[Snake Mites]] '''(Siobhan)'''

02 - create [[Hemipenis Prolapse]] '''(Siobhan)'''

03 - improve [[Metabolic Bone Disease]] '''(Siobhan)'''

04 - Spirochaetosis page, not sure how to name it

05 - improve [[Steatitis]]'''(Siobhan)'''

06 - improve [[Metabolic Bone Disease]] '''(Siobhan)'''

07 - check [[Lead Poisoning]] '''(Siobhan)'''

08 - there is [[Aeromonas species in lizards]] which maybe could become 'in reptiles and amphibians'?? '''(Siobhan)''' - created [[Red-leg Syndrome]] which is the condition seen in amphibians, hope thats ok? SB

09 - check [[Hepatic Lipidosis]] '''(Siobhan)'''

10 - Maybe create complete [[Snake Neurological Diseases]]'''(Siobhan)'''

11 - check [[Heterophils]]'''(Siobhan)'''

12 - complete [[Metabolic Bone Disease]] '''(Siobhan)'''

13 - complete [[Lead Poisoning]] '''(Siobhan)'''

14 - complete [[Snake Dysecdysis]] '''(Siobhan)'''

15 - create [[Hypovitaminosis C]]

16 - complete [[Parietal eye]] '''(Siobhan)'''

17 - maybe create new [[Hypothyroidism]] for reptiles page or create [[Iodine Deficiency]].. not sure! - decided to create new [[Hypothyroidism - Reptiles]], think its the simplest way of incuding it - SB '''(Siobhan)'''

18 - maybe complete [[Abnormal Wear of Teeth]] or ceate new page '''(Siobhan)''' - created [[Beak Overgrowth - Chelonia]] - SB

19 - there is already [[Snake Gout]] so not sure if make that into reptile Gout? '''(Siobhan)''' - I created the [[Reptile Gout]] page, and put the snake gout into the delete category, but all the snake info is still on the new page, so if you dont like the new page it'll be easy to change back - SB

20 - check [[Snake Cryptosporidiosis]]'''(Siobhan)'''

21 - check [[Lizard Mites]] '''(Siobhan)'''

22 - maybe create [[Snake Cardiovascular Diseases]]

23 - complete [[Giardiasis]] or create new page '''(Siobhan)'''

24 - complete [[Lizard Musculoskeletal System]] or [[Autotomy]] '''(Siobhan)''' - I added the info to both pages as they were very similar - SB

==Ornamental Fish==
01 - create [[Stress Shock Syndrome]]

02 - new page, Ovaria Prolapse - Fish or Prolapse - Fish

03 - check [[Columnaris Disease]]

04 - create Swim Bladder Disorders

05 - create Carp Pox

06 - create Chlorine Toxicity

07 - create Dropsy

08 - something to do with goitre, or iodine deficiency

09 - create Euthanasia - Fish

10 - create Fish Louse

11 - create New Tank Syndrome

12 - check [[Cold Water Disease]]

13 - create Nitrite Toxicity

14 - create something on Saprolegnia

15 - create henneguya koi page

16 - create Anaesthesia - Fish

17 - create Zinc Toxicity

18 - create Algal Bloom

19 - create page on Trichodina

20 - create Gill Hyperplasia or Gill Irritation

21 - create Fish Handling

22 - create Supersaturation

23 - vitamin C deficiency?

24 - something general about water quality, or Low Dissolved Oxygen - FIsh

25 - Gill Fluke

26 - Head and Lateral Line Erosion

=== Small Mammals ===
DONE

=== Avian Med ===
DONE

===Cattle Medicine===
DONE

===Equine Internal Medicine===
DONE

===Equine Orthopaedics & Rheumatology===
DONE

=== Sheep Medicine ===
DONE

===Small Animal Dermatology===
DONE

Beak Overgrowth - Chelonia

2011-09-14T11:02:41Z

Siobhanbrade: Created page with "==Introduction== '''Beak overgrowth''' is a common problem in chelonia. The animals normally presents with '''malocclusion''', which can be secondary to either the build up of ..."

==Introduction==
'''Beak overgrowth''' is a common problem in chelonia.

The animals normally presents with '''malocclusion''', which can be secondary to either the build up of '''keratinous debris''' or '''overgrowth of the keratinous mouthparts''' themselves. Overgrowth is most commonly seen in the '''upper beak''' - this is known as '''rhamphotheca'''.

There are multiple causes for this overgrowth, including '''inappropriate diet''' (high protein/no abrasive components to the diet), '''nutritional osteodystrophy''' and '''rapid growth'''. It is most commonly a consequence of owners '''not''' providing enough '''abrasive material''' in the diet.

==Clinical Signs==
On presentation, there are signs of beak overgrowth and malocclusion. In severe cases subluxation of the temporomandibular articulation can occur. The animal may have a history of anorexia or difficulty eating.

==Diagnosis==
A diagnosis can be made based on '''history and clinical signs alone'''. Additionally, '''[[Radiology|radiography]]''' should be performed of the skull to determine how much trimming is required.

==Treatment==
The overgrown mouthparts of the chelonia can be '''trimmed''' using a '''burr'''. It there is severe overgrowth, trimming should be '''staged''' so that the mouthparts are gradually returned to their normal size.

If there is a build-up of '''keratinous debris''', this can be removed using a '''small dental instrument'''. Only manual restraint is required for this procedure because the debris should come away from the normal tissue with ease.

==Prevention==
Abrasive food such as '''cuttlefish, periwinkles and other shelled invertebrates''' should be provided for the chelonia. Some '''specialist chelonia feeds''' are also available for this purpose. Additionally, normal food may be placed on a '''hard and abrasive surface''' to encourage beak wear.

==Prognosis==
Prognosis is very '''good''' (unless overgrowth is very severe), however '''management changes''' are necessary to prevent recurrence.

{{Learning
|flashcards = [[Reptiles and Amphibians Q&A 18]]
}}

==References==
Frye, FL & Williams, DL (1995) '''Self-Assessment Colour Review - Reptiles & Amphibians''' ''Manson''

Goodman, G (2007) '''Common dermatoses in reptiles''' ''In Practice 2007 29: 288-293''

[[Category: To Do - Siobhan Brade]]
[[Category:To Do - Manson review]]

Category:To Do - Manson

2011-09-14T08:48:50Z

Siobhanbrade: /* Reptiles and Amphibians */

Pages needed to link to Manson clinical flashcard Q&As:

Once finished with a page, please add it to [[:Category:To Do - Manson review|Category:To Do - Manson review]]

===Equine Reproduction & Stud Medicine===

Q1 - needs [[Blepharitis]] check/add horse info '''(Helen)'''
: - [[Conjunctivitis]] page '''(Helen)'''

Q2 - [[Wry Nose]] needs completion '''(Helen)'''

Q14 - [[Taylorella equigenitalis]] needs adapting '''(Helen)'''

Q20 - [[Dystocia - Horse]] '''(Helen)''' - needs either adding surgery option or separate page "caesarean section" '''(Helen)''' created [[Caesarean Section - Horse]]


===Cytology===


Q2
*please create a page [[Gram Negative Bacteria - Overview]] that will contain general info '''(Helen)'''
*create [[Actinomycetes Overview]] page to include info from [[Actinomyces species - Overview]], staining properties and any other general info for both Actinomyces and Nocardia. Add [[Actinomyces species - Overview]] to delete after. '''(Helen)'''

Q3
* [[Lymphoma]] I decided to combine the two pages into one.
**Can you please add horse related: clinical signs, physical examination, any specific laboratory tests, treatment '''(Siobhan)'''

Q7
*[[Adenoma]] - can you please modify the whole page. If there is a lot of info about all adenomas, it may be worth creating a separate page for perianal adenoma instead, let me know what you find out. '''(Helen)'''

Q14
*Please have another look at [[Squamous Cell Carcinoma]]. I just read the first sentence and it really isn't a suitable start. I haven't read the rest yet but the formatting needs looking at too. '''(Siobhan)'''

Q18
*[[Demodex]] needs larval description, [[Demodicosis]] needs to mention need to identify larvae under diagnosis. '''(Siobhan)'''



'''WHICH QUESTIONS IN WV DO THE PAGES BELOW BELONG TO?''' '''(Helen) We had a little mix-up and I updated articles for all the questions from a list we were given, but only 18 questions were uploaded.. sorry!'''

'''(Helen)'''
Numbers refer to question numbers in the book:

10 - [[Hyperadrenocorticism|Cushings]]: just needs cytology features of liver added '''(Helen)'''

28 - Haemangiopericytoma and spindle cell tumours '''Helen)'''

120 - [[Mammary Neoplasia]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

121 - Mare normal uterine washing findings '''(Siobhan)'''

131 - tuberculosis '''(Helen) I updated [[Tuberculosis - Dogs]] but put info on cats as well. Probably easiest to rename page Tuberculosis - Dogs & Cats'''

132 - [[Trichodectes canis]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

135 - Maybe just need to complete [[Oestrous Cycle - Anatomy & Physiology#Mare|Mare oestrous cycle]] as just talks about uterine washing results during anoestrus '''(Siobhan)'''

137 - [[Transitional Cell Carcinoma]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

146 - [[Melanoma]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

155 - Giant cell tumour of bone needs a page '''(Helen)'''

158 - [[Mesothelial cells]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

161 - several diseases discussed: [[Filaroides osleri]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''



==Feline Medicine==

Q2, 3, 4 - picture needed

Q5 - needs lab results

Q13 - needs lab results

Q14 - has WRONG picture, should be from q185 in book

Q22 and 24- need picture


==Rabbit Medicine and Surgery==

2 - [[Atrial Fibrillation]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

3 - needs a page on scent glands in rabbits? can't find one on wikivet in the anat and phys section '''(Helen)'''

5 - Add info in [[Lead Poisoning]] about clin path '''(Helen)'''

8 - [[Non-Obstructive Ileus – Rabbit]] needs more info, diagnostic, treatment '''(Helen)'''

9 - [[Rabbit Haemorrhatic Disease Virus]] needs more info '''(Helen)'''

10 - [[Pseudopregnancy - Rabbit]] needs a page '''(Helen)'''

11 - Make [[Encephalitozoon cuniculi – Rabbit]] page prettier '''(Helen)'''

12 - Blepharitis needs a page '''(Helen)'''

13 - [[Exophthalmos – Rabbit]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

14 - [[Treponema cuniculi – Rabbit]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

15 - Page on [[Congestive Heart Failure - Rabbit]] maybe? '''(Helen)'''

17 - [[Leporacarus]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

18 - [[Pododermatitis – Rabbit]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

20 - needs something! '''(Helen) probably article on Haematuria'''

21 - [[Uterine Adenocarcinoma - Rabbit]] needs doing '''(Helen)'''

==Small animals ECC==
01 - [[Endocarditis]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

02 - [[Ventricular Tachycardia]] needs completing '''(Siobhan)'''

04 - page on stabilising a cat with dyspnoea '''(Siobhan)'''

05 - [[Collapsing Trachea]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

06 - [[Feline Asthma Syndrome]] needs more info '''(Helen)'''

07 - Carbon Monoxide Poisoning '''(Helen)'''

08 - Either complete [[Diabetes Mellitus]] or create new page, [[Diabetic Ketoacidosis]] '''(Helen)'''

09 - [[Hypocalcaemia]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

10 - Bacterial Prostatitis or just Prostatitis needs a page '''(Helen)'''

11 - [[Uterine Prolapse]] has no small animal info '''(Helen)'''

12 - [[Feline Infectious Anaemia]] needs a bit more info for the question, also [[Administering a Blood Transfusion]] '''(Helen)'''

13 - Lens Luxation needs a page '''(Helen)'''

15 - Atlantoaxial Luxation '''(Helen)'''

16 - [[Intervertebral Disc Degeneration]] needs alot more info '''(Siobhan)'''

17 - Anaphylaxis needs a page '''(Helen)'''

18 - [[Panosteitis]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

19 - Tibial Crest Avulsion needs a page '''(Helen)'''

==Veterinary Dentistry==
1 - [[Temporomandibular Luxation]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

2 - [[Ameloblastoma, Central]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

3 - [[Persistent Deciduous Teeth]] needs doing '''(Helen) also maybe a page on the Triadan System?''' [[Modified Triadan System]]

4 - [[Dental Discolouration]] needs doing '''(Helen)'''

5 - [[Feline Eosinophilic Granuloma]] complete info and add dog there too (?!) '''(Helen)'''

6 - [[Tooth Fractures]] needs doing '''(Helen)'''

7 - [[Acromegaly]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

8 - [[Sialolithiasis]] needs doing, [[Sialolithiasis - Donkey]] can maybe go there too?! - will need to keep the donkey page separate as it is a different source/funding/agreement (BS) '''(Siobhan)'''

9 - some sort of malocclusion page

10 - [[Salivary Mucocele]] needs a few things added maybe '''(Siobhan)'''

11 - Maybe a page on [[Periodontal Pockets]] or complete [[Periodontal Disease]] '''(Helen)'''

12 - Check [[Hyperparathyroidism]] page to see if all info there '''(Siobhan)'''

13 - Either complete [[Odontodystrophy]] or create [[Enamel Hypoplasia]] page

14 - Create [[Halitosis]] page '''(Helen)'''

15 - Complete [[Systemic Lupus Erythematosus]] '''(Helen)'''

16 - [[High-Rise Syndrome]] needs doing '''(Helen)'''

17 - Check [[Uraemia]] for completeness '''(Helen)'''

18 - [[Lip Fold Dermatitis]] needs doing '''(Siobhan)'''

19 - [[Abnormal Wear of Teeth]] needs completing

20 - [[Eruption Cysts]] needs doing '''(Helen)'''

21 - Check [[Incisor Overgrowth – Rabbit]] - didnt think this page needed anything added - Siobhan. [[Cheek Teeth Malocclusion – Rabbit]] '''(Siobhan)'''

22 - [[Cheek Tooth Extraction - Horse]] page? '''(Siobhan)'''

==Small Animal Soft Tissue Surgery==
01 - [[Cleft Palate]] to check '''(Siobhan)'''

02 - [[Gastric Dilatation and Volvulus]] add a bit more on surgery '''(Siobhan)'''

03 - create [[Aortic Thromboembolism]] '''(Siobhan)'''

04 - create [[Tracheal Avulsion]] '''(Helen)''' creating [[Tracheal Trauma]] instead

05 - either complete [[Male External Genitalia - Pathology]] - just made this one look nicer and added links then created new [[Paraphimosis]] page - '''(Siobhan)'''

06 - complete [[Hernia, Peritoneopericardial Diaphragmatic]] '''(Helen)'''

07 - alot to add to [[Brachycephalic Airway Syndrome]] '''(Helen)'''

08 - complete [[Atrial Standstill]] '''(Siobhan)'''

09 - alot to do on [[Hormonal Pyometra]] '''(Siobhan)'''

10 - complete [[Nasopharyngeal Polyp]] '''(Helen)'''

11 - check [[Aspergillosis]] has all info '''(Helen)'''

12 - complete [[Dystocia - Dog & Cat]] '''(Siobhan)'''

13 - complete [[Ureters - Developmental Pathology]] or create [[Ureteral Ectopia]] '''(Helen)'''

14 - check [[Hiatal Hernia]] '''(Helen)'''

15 - do [[Urethral Prolapse]] '''(Helen)'''

16 - check [[Megacolon]] '''(Helen)'''

17 - create [[Aural Haematoma]] '''(Helen)'''

18 - create [[Cholelithiasis]] '''(Helen)'''

19 - check [[Vascular Ring Anomalies]] and add surgical technique '''(Helen)'''

20 - check [[Portosystemic Shunt]] '''(Helen)'''

21 - check [[Pulmonic Stenosis]] '''(Helen)'''

22 - complete [[Laryngeal Paralysis]] '''(Helen)'''

==Small Animal Orthopaedics==
01 - add to [[Degenerative Joint Disease]] '''(Helen)'''

02 - create [[Carpal Hyperextension]] '''(Siobhan)'''

03 - add to [[Mandibular Fractures]] '''(Siobhan)'''

04 - complete [[Hypertrophic Osteodystrophy]] '''(Helen)'''

05 - complete [[Canine Dermatomyositis]] '''(Helen)'''

06 - complete [[Incomplete Ossification of Humeral Condyle]] '''(Helen)'''

07 - create [[Physeal Fractures]] '''(Helen)'''

08 - complete [[Hip Dysplasia]] '''(Helen)'''

09 - complete [[Craniomandibular Osteopathy]] '''(Helen)'''

10 - create [[Gracilis Muscle Avulsion]] '''(Helen) created [[Muscle Strains and Ruptures]]'''

11 - complete [[Osteochondrosis]] or create [[Retained Cartilage Cores]] '''(Helen)'''

12 - complete [[Hypertrophic Osteopathy]] '''(Helen)'''

13 - complete [[Calve Legg-Perthe's Disease]] '''(Helen)'''

14 - create [[Infraspinatus Muscle Contracture]] '''(Helen) created [[Muscle Contracture]]'''

15 - complete [[Infectious Arthritis]] or create dog-specific page

16 - complete [[Patellar Luxation]] '''(Helen)'''

17 - create [[Periosteal Proliferative Polyarthritis]] '''(Helen)'''

18 - complete [[Elbow Dysplasia]]

==Small Animal Abdominal and Metabolic Disorders==
01 - [[Pulmonary Embolism, Thrombosis and Infarction]] already exists, but maybe create [[Pulmonary Thromboembolism]]?

Also complete [[Protein Losing Enteropathy]]

02 - create [[Urethral Sphincter Mechanism Incompetence]] '''(Helen)'''

03 - create [[Vaginal Hyperplasia]] '''(Helen)'''

04 - create [[Hepatocutaneous Syndrome]] '''(Helen)'''

05 - complete [[Cystitis]] '''(Siobhan)'''

06 - check [[Diabetes Mellitus]] '''(Helen)'''

07 - check [[Hypoadrenocorticism]] '''(Helen)'''

08 - complete [[Ovarian Cysts]] '''(Siobhan)'''

09 - check [[Hepatic Lipidosis]] '''(Helen)'''

10 - improve [[Intersex]] '''(Helen)'''

11 - create [[Ovarian Remnant Syndrome]] '''(Siobhan)'''

12 - complete [[Isospora spp.]] '''(Helen)'''

13 - check [[Feline Infectious Peritonitis]] '''(Helen)'''

14 - check [[Intussusception]] '''(Helen)'''

15 - improve [[Helicobacter]] '''(Helen)'''

16 - create [[Pseudopregnancy]] '''(Helen)'''

17 - check [[Hypothyroidism]] '''(Helen)'''

18 - check and improve [[Megacolon]] '''(Helen)'''

19 - improve [[Sertoli Cell Tumour]] '''(Helen)'''

==Reptiles and Amphibians==
01 - check [[Snake Mites]] '''(Siobhan)'''

02 - create [[Hemipenis Prolapse]] '''(Siobhan)'''

03 - improve [[Metabolic Bone Disease]] '''(Siobhan)'''

04 - Spirochaetosis page, not sure how to name it

05 - improve [[Steatitis]]'''(Siobhan)'''

06 - improve [[Metabolic Bone Disease]] '''(Siobhan)'''

07 - check [[Lead Poisoning]] '''(Siobhan)'''

08 - there is [[Aeromonas species in lizards]] which maybe could become 'in reptiles and amphibians'?? '''(Siobhan)''' - created [[Red-leg Syndrome]] which is the condition seen in amphibians, hope thats ok? SB

09 - check [[Hepatic Lipidosis]] '''(Siobhan)'''

10 - Maybe create complete [[Snake Neurological Diseases]]'''(Siobhan)'''

11 - check [[Heterophils]]'''(Siobhan)'''

12 - complete [[Metabolic Bone Disease]] '''(Siobhan)'''

13 - complete [[Lead Poisoning]] '''(Siobhan)'''

14 - complete [[Snake Dysecdysis]] '''(Siobhan)'''

15 - create [[Hypovitaminosis C]]

16 - complete [[Parietal eye]] '''(Siobhan)'''

17 - maybe create new [[Hypothyroidism]] for reptiles page or create [[Iodine Deficiency]].. not sure! - decided to create new [[Hypothyroidism - Reptiles]], think its the simplest way of incuding it - SB '''(Siobhan)'''

18 - maybe complete [[Abnormal Wear of Teeth]] or ceate new page

19 - there is already [[Snake Gout]] so not sure if make that into reptile Gout? '''(Siobhan)''' - I created the [[Reptile Gout]] page, and put the snake gout into the delete category, but all the snake info is still on the new page, so if you dont like the new page it'll be easy to change back - SB

20 - check [[Snake Cryptosporidiosis]]'''(Siobhan)'''

21 - check [[Lizard Mites]] '''(Siobhan)'''

22 - maybe create [[Snake Cardiovascular Diseases]]

23 - complete [[Giardiasis]] or create new page '''(Siobhan)'''

24 - complete [[Lizard Musculoskeletal System]] or [[Autotomy]] '''(Siobhan)''' - I added the info to both pages as they were very similar - SB

==Ornamental Fish==
01 - create [[Stress Shock Syndrome]]

02 - new page, Ovaria Prolapse - Fish or Prolapse - Fish

03 - check [[Columnaris Disease]]

04 - create Swim Bladder Disorders

05 - create Carp Pox

06 - create Chlorine Toxicity

07 - create Dropsy

08 - something to do with goitre, or iodine deficiency

09 - create Euthanasia - Fish

10 - create Fish Louse

11 - create New Tank Syndrome

12 - check [[Cold Water Disease]]

13 - create Nitrite Toxicity

14 - create something on Saprolegnia

15 - create henneguya koi page

16 - create Anaesthesia - Fish

17 - create Zinc Toxicity

18 - create Algal Bloom

19 - create page on Trichodina

20 - create Gill Hyperplasia or Gill Irritation

21 - create Fish Handling

22 - create Supersaturation

23 - vitamin C deficiency?

24 - something general about water quality, or Low Dissolved Oxygen - FIsh

25 - Gill Fluke

26 - Head and Lateral Line Erosion

=== Small Mammals ===
DONE

=== Avian Med ===
DONE

===Cattle Medicine===
DONE

===Equine Internal Medicine===
DONE

===Equine Orthopaedics & Rheumatology===
DONE

=== Sheep Medicine ===
DONE

===Small Animal Dermatology===
DONE

Giardiasis

2011-09-14T08:46:30Z

Siobhanbrade: added Manson flashcard information

Also known as: '''''Giardiosis — Giardosis — Giardia Infection — Lambliasis — Lambliosis

==Introduction==
[[Image:Giardia Cyst.jpg|thumb|right|150px| Giardia cyst from a dog. Source: Wikimedia Commons; Author: Joel Mills (2006)]]
''[[Giardia]]'' is a binucleate, flagellate protozoa that causes enteric infection giardiasis in dogs and occasionally cats and reptiles. ''[[Giardia]]'' species have been reported to be found in 1-39% of faecal samples from dogs and cats, with a higher rate of infection in younger animals. Transmission is via cysts that are shed in the faeces, and may be direct or indirect. Indirect water-borne transmission is the most common modality and is favoured by cool, moist conditions that prolong cyst survival. Once cysts are ingested, motile trophozoites are released and attach to the cells of the small intestinal mucosa via an adhesive disc. Predilection sites in the dog are the duodenum and jejunum, whereas only the duodenum is favoured in cats. Multiplication by binary fission can then occur, and trophozoites encyst to a stage adapted for survival in the external environment. Cysts are seen in the faeces from day 3 post-infection in dogs (5-16 in cats), and can survive in the environment for several months. Animals that mount an immune response to ''[[Giardia]]'' can eliminate infection; however, the immunity acquired does not necessarily prevent re-infection after a short period.

Giardiasis is a condition of significant zoonotic concern. Although the cat protozoa ''G. felis'' seems to be species-specific, dogs can host both the canine-specific ''G. canis'' and ''G. lamblia'' (characterised by twin eye-like anterior nuclei), which has zoonotic genotypes. It is not known how important dogs are as a reservoir for human ''[[Giardia]]'' infection, or how frequently zoonotic transmission occurs. ''G. lamblia'' is the protozoa most often involved in reptilian infections, so should be considered a zoonotic risk. In man, ''[[Giardia]]'' may cause acute diarrhoea, particularly in immunocompromised individuals. Subclinical infections also occur. Therefore strict hygiene should be employed to prevent faecal contamination.

==Signalment==
[[Image:Giardia lamblia.jpg|thumb|right|150px| ''Giardia lamblia''. Source: Wikimedia Commons; Author: Janice Carr (2006)]]
Dogs are more commonly affected than cats. There are no age, breed or sex predispositions for ''[[Giardia]]'' infection, but puppies and kittens are more likely to contract clinical disease than adult animals. Disease may also be seen in immunocompromised or stressed individuals.

Many other pets, including small mammals, reptiles, and livestock can be infected and a source of environmental contamination.

==Diagnosis==
===Clinical Signs===
Clinical signs are most likely to be seen in younger or immunocompromised animals, as healthy, older hosts are usually infected asymptomatically. Signs vary from acute, chronic or intermittent diarrhoea to chronic loose, fould-smelling faeces, and frequency of defaecation is usually increased. The stools are normally light coloured and mucoid and often contain fat. Blood is not normally present in the faeces. Vomiting, flatulence and weight loss/failure to gain weight may be seen in some cases, and the hair coat may be poor. Giardiasis may also cause malabsorption, and there are several proposed mechanisms for this. For example, the small intestinal villi may be grossly atrophied or damaged ultrastructurally, or giardiasis may lead to bacterial overgrowth. There is also evidence that ''[[Giardia]]'' consumes bile acids, preventing digestion of fats.

===Laboratory Tests===
[[Image:Giardiasis duodenum high power.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Giardia trophozoites in the duodenum. Source: Wikimedia Commons; Author: Nephron (2009)]]
Diagnosis is confirmed by demonstrating ''[[Giardia]]'' antigen, trophozoites or cysts in the faeces. The simplest method is to examine fresh faecal smears for cysts (and occasional trophozoites), but sensitivity is improved by using concentration techniques. Centrifugal flotation in zinc sulphate solution or sugar flotation solution are both appropriate, but zinc sulphate solution is preferred as it causes minimal distortion to cysts. In this technique, faecal material is centrifuged and saturated with zinc sulphate mixture before the fluid from the top of the tube is placed on a microscope slide. Diff-Quik or Lugol's iodine are used to stain cysts and trophozoites, a coverslip is applied, and the slide is examined under the microscope. Although infrequently detected, ''[[Giardia]]'' trophozoites are approximately 8 x 15 micron tear-drop shaped organisms which contain two nuclei. They can sometimes be seen to move in a "falling leaf" pattern. Cysts are around 12 microns long and, if not distorted, oval in shape. When looking for cysts, three samples collected at two to three day intervals should be examined as shedding is intermittent.

Commercial [[ELISA testing|ELISA tests]] are now available for the detection of ''[[Giardia]]'' antigen in faeces. These include the Snap ''[[Giardia]]'' test from IDEXX and the ProSpectT/Giardia ELISA from Alexon-Trend.

===Endoscopy===
The above tests may also be performed using duodenal aspirates obtained by endoscopy.

===Pathology===
Gross lesions are not normally found at post-mortem examination. Giardia trophozoites may be seen in the lumen following intestinal biopsy.

==Treatment==
It is particularly important to treat giardiasis in animals owing to its zoonotic potential. In the UK, '''fenbendazole''' is licensed for use against ''[[Giardia]]''. '''Metronidazole''' may also be used in dogs and cats but it is important to confirm the respective doses. However, metronidazole is only 67% effective in dogs and has a bitter taste. A combination of febantel, praziquantel and febantel (Drontal Plus) can be used in dogs. Metronidazole is the recommended treatment for reptiles. Following treatment, it is advisable to repeat faecal examinations to confirm the efficacy of treatment and to detect re-infection. As well as drug therapy, thorough cleaning and disinfection of the environment and the animal's belongings is essential. Shedding of cysts can be difficult to detect and so in contact animals may be treated concurrently.

A vaccine comprising killed trophozoites has been developed and is available in the USA for use in dogs and cats. The vaccine decreases the excretion and viability of ''[[Giardia]]'' cysts, thus reducing the environmental burden.

==Prognosis==
Treatment is usually effective and the prognosis for treated giardiasis in dogs and cats is good. However, chronic infection may lead to debilitation.

{{Learning
|literature search = [http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?q=%28%28title%3A%28Giardiasis%29+OR+title%3A%28Giardiosis+%29+OR+title%3A%28Giardosis+%29+OR+title%3A%28%22Giardia+Infection+%22%29%29%29+OR+%28%28title%3A%28%22Lambliasis+%22%29+OR+title%3A%28lambliosis%29%29%29 Giardiasis publications]
|full text = [http://www.cabi.org/cabdirect/FullTextPDF/2010/20103310400.pdf '''Giardia and giardiasis.''' Ivanov, A. I.; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria, Bulgarian Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 2010, 13, 2, pp 65-80, many ref.]
|flashcards = [[Small Mammals Q&A 11]] [[Reptiles and Amphibians Q&A 23]]
}}

==Links==
*[http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/Factsheets/pdfs/giardiasis.pdf Giardiasis factsheet from The Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University]
*[http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm/bc/21300.htm The Merck Veterinary Manual - Giardiasis]
*[http://www.merck.com/mmhe/sec17/ch196/ch196h.html The Merck Online Medical Library - Giardiasis in humans]
*[http://www1.agric.gov.ab.ca/$department/deptdocs.nsf/all/agdex736 Government of Alberta, Agriculture and Rural Development - Giardia in Dogs]

==References==
*Fisher, M (2002) Endoparasites in the dog and cat: 2. Protozoa. ''In Practice'', '''24(3)''', 146-153.
*Frye, FL & Williams, DL (1995) '''Self-Assessment Colour Review - Reptiles & Amphibians''' ''Manson''
*Taylor, M A and Webster, K A (1998) Recent advances in the diagnosis of Cryptosporidium, Toxoplasma, Giardia and other protozoa of veterinary importance. ''Research in Veterinary Science'', '''65''', 183-193.
*Papasouliotis, K and Gruffydd-Jones, T (1996) Practical Approach to Diarrhoes in the Cat. ''In Practice'', '''18(5)''', 206-214.
*Tilley, L P and Smith, F W K (2007) '''The 5-minute Veterinary Consult (Fourth Edition)''' ''Blackwell Publishing''.
*Rutgers, H C (1989) Diarrhoea in the Cat. ''In Practice'', '''11(4)''', 139-148.
*Merck & Co (2008) '''The Merck Veterinary Manual (Eighth Edition)''' ''Merial''

{{review}}
[[Category:Expert_Review]]
[[Category:Intestinal Diseases - Dog]]
[[Category:Intestinal Diseases - Cat]]
[[Category:Zoonoses]]
[[Category: To Do - Siobhan Brade]]
[[Category:To Do - Manson review]]

Category:To Do - Manson

2011-09-14T08:24:26Z

Siobhanbrade: /* Reptiles and Amphibians */

Pages needed to link to Manson clinical flashcard Q&As:

Once finished with a page, please add it to [[:Category:To Do - Manson review|Category:To Do - Manson review]]

===Equine Reproduction & Stud Medicine===

Q1 - needs [[Blepharitis]] check/add horse info '''(Helen)'''
: - [[Conjunctivitis]] page '''(Helen)'''

Q2 - [[Wry Nose]] needs completion '''(Helen)'''

Q14 - [[Taylorella equigenitalis]] needs adapting '''(Helen)'''

Q20 - [[Dystocia - Horse]] '''(Helen)''' - needs either adding surgery option or separate page "caesarean section" '''(Helen)''' created [[Caesarean Section - Horse]]


===Cytology===


Q2
*please create a page [[Gram Negative Bacteria - Overview]] that will contain general info '''(Helen)'''
*create [[Actinomycetes Overview]] page to include info from [[Actinomyces species - Overview]], staining properties and any other general info for both Actinomyces and Nocardia. Add [[Actinomyces species - Overview]] to delete after. '''(Helen)'''

Q3
* [[Lymphoma]] I decided to combine the two pages into one.
**Can you please add horse related: clinical signs, physical examination, any specific laboratory tests, treatment '''(Siobhan)'''

Q7
*[[Adenoma]] - can you please modify the whole page. If there is a lot of info about all adenomas, it may be worth creating a separate page for perianal adenoma instead, let me know what you find out. '''(Helen)'''

Q14
*Please have another look at [[Squamous Cell Carcinoma]]. I just read the first sentence and it really isn't a suitable start. I haven't read the rest yet but the formatting needs looking at too. '''(Siobhan)'''

Q18
*[[Demodex]] needs larval description, [[Demodicosis]] needs to mention need to identify larvae under diagnosis. '''(Siobhan)'''



'''WHICH QUESTIONS IN WV DO THE PAGES BELOW BELONG TO?''' '''(Helen) We had a little mix-up and I updated articles for all the questions from a list we were given, but only 18 questions were uploaded.. sorry!'''

'''(Helen)'''
Numbers refer to question numbers in the book:

10 - [[Hyperadrenocorticism|Cushings]]: just needs cytology features of liver added '''(Helen)'''

28 - Haemangiopericytoma and spindle cell tumours '''Helen)'''

120 - [[Mammary Neoplasia]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

121 - Mare normal uterine washing findings '''(Siobhan)'''

131 - tuberculosis '''(Helen) I updated [[Tuberculosis - Dogs]] but put info on cats as well. Probably easiest to rename page Tuberculosis - Dogs & Cats'''

132 - [[Trichodectes canis]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

135 - Maybe just need to complete [[Oestrous Cycle - Anatomy & Physiology#Mare|Mare oestrous cycle]] as just talks about uterine washing results during anoestrus '''(Siobhan)'''

137 - [[Transitional Cell Carcinoma]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

146 - [[Melanoma]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

155 - Giant cell tumour of bone needs a page '''(Helen)'''

158 - [[Mesothelial cells]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

161 - several diseases discussed: [[Filaroides osleri]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''



==Feline Medicine==

Q2, 3, 4 - picture needed

Q5 - needs lab results

Q13 - needs lab results

Q14 - has WRONG picture, should be from q185 in book

Q22 and 24- need picture


==Rabbit Medicine and Surgery==

2 - [[Atrial Fibrillation]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

3 - needs a page on scent glands in rabbits? can't find one on wikivet in the anat and phys section '''(Helen)'''

5 - Add info in [[Lead Poisoning]] about clin path '''(Helen)'''

8 - [[Non-Obstructive Ileus – Rabbit]] needs more info, diagnostic, treatment '''(Helen)'''

9 - [[Rabbit Haemorrhatic Disease Virus]] needs more info '''(Helen)'''

10 - [[Pseudopregnancy - Rabbit]] needs a page '''(Helen)'''

11 - Make [[Encephalitozoon cuniculi – Rabbit]] page prettier '''(Helen)'''

12 - Blepharitis needs a page '''(Helen)'''

13 - [[Exophthalmos – Rabbit]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

14 - [[Treponema cuniculi – Rabbit]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

15 - Page on [[Congestive Heart Failure - Rabbit]] maybe? '''(Helen)'''

17 - [[Leporacarus]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

18 - [[Pododermatitis – Rabbit]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

20 - needs something! '''(Helen) probably article on Haematuria'''

21 - [[Uterine Adenocarcinoma - Rabbit]] needs doing '''(Helen)'''

==Small animals ECC==
01 - [[Endocarditis]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

02 - [[Ventricular Tachycardia]] needs completing '''(Siobhan)'''

04 - page on stabilising a cat with dyspnoea '''(Siobhan)'''

05 - [[Collapsing Trachea]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

06 - [[Feline Asthma Syndrome]] needs more info '''(Helen)'''

07 - Carbon Monoxide Poisoning '''(Helen)'''

08 - Either complete [[Diabetes Mellitus]] or create new page, [[Diabetic Ketoacidosis]] '''(Helen)'''

09 - [[Hypocalcaemia]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

10 - Bacterial Prostatitis or just Prostatitis needs a page '''(Helen)'''

11 - [[Uterine Prolapse]] has no small animal info '''(Helen)'''

12 - [[Feline Infectious Anaemia]] needs a bit more info for the question, also [[Administering a Blood Transfusion]] '''(Helen)'''

13 - Lens Luxation needs a page '''(Helen)'''

15 - Atlantoaxial Luxation '''(Helen)'''

16 - [[Intervertebral Disc Degeneration]] needs alot more info '''(Siobhan)'''

17 - Anaphylaxis needs a page '''(Helen)'''

18 - [[Panosteitis]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

19 - Tibial Crest Avulsion needs a page '''(Helen)'''

==Veterinary Dentistry==
1 - [[Temporomandibular Luxation]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

2 - [[Ameloblastoma, Central]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

3 - [[Persistent Deciduous Teeth]] needs doing '''(Helen) also maybe a page on the Triadan System?''' [[Modified Triadan System]]

4 - [[Dental Discolouration]] needs doing '''(Helen)'''

5 - [[Feline Eosinophilic Granuloma]] complete info and add dog there too (?!) '''(Helen)'''

6 - [[Tooth Fractures]] needs doing '''(Helen)'''

7 - [[Acromegaly]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

8 - [[Sialolithiasis]] needs doing, [[Sialolithiasis - Donkey]] can maybe go there too?! - will need to keep the donkey page separate as it is a different source/funding/agreement (BS) '''(Siobhan)'''

9 - some sort of malocclusion page

10 - [[Salivary Mucocele]] needs a few things added maybe '''(Siobhan)'''

11 - Maybe a page on [[Periodontal Pockets]] or complete [[Periodontal Disease]] '''(Helen)'''

12 - Check [[Hyperparathyroidism]] page to see if all info there '''(Siobhan)'''

13 - Either complete [[Odontodystrophy]] or create [[Enamel Hypoplasia]] page

14 - Create [[Halitosis]] page '''(Helen)'''

15 - Complete [[Systemic Lupus Erythematosus]] '''(Helen)'''

16 - [[High-Rise Syndrome]] needs doing '''(Helen)'''

17 - Check [[Uraemia]] for completeness '''(Helen)'''

18 - [[Lip Fold Dermatitis]] needs doing '''(Siobhan)'''

19 - [[Abnormal Wear of Teeth]] needs completing

20 - [[Eruption Cysts]] needs doing '''(Helen)'''

21 - Check [[Incisor Overgrowth – Rabbit]] - didnt think this page needed anything added - Siobhan. [[Cheek Teeth Malocclusion – Rabbit]] '''(Siobhan)'''

22 - [[Cheek Tooth Extraction - Horse]] page? '''(Siobhan)'''

==Small Animal Soft Tissue Surgery==
01 - [[Cleft Palate]] to check '''(Siobhan)'''

02 - [[Gastric Dilatation and Volvulus]] add a bit more on surgery '''(Siobhan)'''

03 - create [[Aortic Thromboembolism]] '''(Siobhan)'''

04 - create [[Tracheal Avulsion]] '''(Helen)''' creating [[Tracheal Trauma]] instead

05 - either complete [[Male External Genitalia - Pathology]] - just made this one look nicer and added links then created new [[Paraphimosis]] page - '''(Siobhan)'''

06 - complete [[Hernia, Peritoneopericardial Diaphragmatic]] '''(Helen)'''

07 - alot to add to [[Brachycephalic Airway Syndrome]] '''(Helen)'''

08 - complete [[Atrial Standstill]] '''(Siobhan)'''

09 - alot to do on [[Hormonal Pyometra]] '''(Siobhan)'''

10 - complete [[Nasopharyngeal Polyp]] '''(Helen)'''

11 - check [[Aspergillosis]] has all info '''(Helen)'''

12 - complete [[Dystocia - Dog & Cat]] '''(Siobhan)'''

13 - complete [[Ureters - Developmental Pathology]] or create [[Ureteral Ectopia]] '''(Helen)'''

14 - check [[Hiatal Hernia]] '''(Helen)'''

15 - do [[Urethral Prolapse]] '''(Helen)'''

16 - check [[Megacolon]] '''(Helen)'''

17 - create [[Aural Haematoma]] '''(Helen)'''

18 - create [[Cholelithiasis]] '''(Helen)'''

19 - check [[Vascular Ring Anomalies]] and add surgical technique '''(Helen)'''

20 - check [[Portosystemic Shunt]] '''(Helen)'''

21 - check [[Pulmonic Stenosis]] '''(Helen)'''

22 - complete [[Laryngeal Paralysis]] '''(Helen)'''

==Small Animal Orthopaedics==
01 - add to [[Degenerative Joint Disease]] '''(Helen)'''

02 - create [[Carpal Hyperextension]] '''(Siobhan)'''

03 - add to [[Mandibular Fractures]] '''(Siobhan)'''

04 - complete [[Hypertrophic Osteodystrophy]] '''(Helen)'''

05 - complete [[Canine Dermatomyositis]] '''(Helen)'''

06 - complete [[Incomplete Ossification of Humeral Condyle]] '''(Helen)'''

07 - create [[Physeal Fractures]] '''(Helen)'''

08 - complete [[Hip Dysplasia]] '''(Helen)'''

09 - complete [[Craniomandibular Osteopathy]] '''(Helen)'''

10 - create [[Gracilis Muscle Avulsion]] '''(Helen) created [[Muscle Strains and Ruptures]]'''

11 - complete [[Osteochondrosis]] or create [[Retained Cartilage Cores]] '''(Helen)'''

12 - complete [[Hypertrophic Osteopathy]] '''(Helen)'''

13 - complete [[Calve Legg-Perthe's Disease]] '''(Helen)'''

14 - create [[Infraspinatus Muscle Contracture]] '''(Helen) created [[Muscle Contracture]]'''

15 - complete [[Infectious Arthritis]] or create dog-specific page

16 - complete [[Patellar Luxation]] '''(Helen)'''

17 - create [[Periosteal Proliferative Polyarthritis]] '''(Helen)'''

18 - complete [[Elbow Dysplasia]]

==Small Animal Abdominal and Metabolic Disorders==
01 - [[Pulmonary Embolism, Thrombosis and Infarction]] already exists, but maybe create [[Pulmonary Thromboembolism]]?

Also complete [[Protein Losing Enteropathy]]

02 - create [[Urethral Sphincter Mechanism Incompetence]] '''(Helen)'''

03 - create [[Vaginal Hyperplasia]] '''(Helen)'''

04 - create [[Hepatocutaneous Syndrome]] '''(Helen)'''

05 - complete [[Cystitis]] '''(Siobhan)'''

06 - check [[Diabetes Mellitus]] '''(Helen)'''

07 - check [[Hypoadrenocorticism]] '''(Helen)'''

08 - complete [[Ovarian Cysts]] '''(Siobhan)'''

09 - check [[Hepatic Lipidosis]] '''(Helen)'''

10 - improve [[Intersex]] '''(Helen)'''

11 - create [[Ovarian Remnant Syndrome]] '''(Siobhan)'''

12 - complete [[Isospora spp.]] '''(Helen)'''

13 - check [[Feline Infectious Peritonitis]] '''(Helen)'''

14 - check [[Intussusception]] '''(Helen)'''

15 - improve [[Helicobacter]] '''(Helen)'''

16 - create [[Pseudopregnancy]] '''(Helen)'''

17 - check [[Hypothyroidism]] '''(Helen)'''

18 - check and improve [[Megacolon]] '''(Helen)'''

19 - improve [[Sertoli Cell Tumour]] '''(Helen)'''

==Reptiles and Amphibians==
01 - check [[Snake Mites]] '''(Siobhan)'''

02 - create [[Hemipenis Prolapse]] '''(Siobhan)'''

03 - improve [[Metabolic Bone Disease]] '''(Siobhan)'''

04 - Spirochaetosis page, not sure how to name it

05 - improve [[Steatitis]]'''(Siobhan)'''

06 - improve [[Metabolic Bone Disease]] '''(Siobhan)'''

07 - check [[Lead Poisoning]] '''(Siobhan)'''

08 - there is [[Aeromonas species in lizards]] which maybe could become 'in reptiles and amphibians'?? '''(Siobhan)''' - created [[Red-leg Syndrome]] which is the condition seen in amphibians, hope thats ok? SB

09 - check [[Hepatic Lipidosis]] '''(Siobhan)'''

10 - Maybe create complete [[Snake Neurological Diseases]]'''(Siobhan)'''

11 - check [[Heterophils]]'''(Siobhan)'''

12 - complete [[Metabolic Bone Disease]] '''(Siobhan)'''

13 - complete [[Lead Poisoning]] '''(Siobhan)'''

14 - complete [[Snake Dysecdysis]] '''(Siobhan)'''

15 - create [[Hypovitaminosis C]]

16 - complete [[Parietal eye]] '''(Siobhan)'''

17 - maybe create new [[Hypothyroidism]] for reptiles page or create [[Iodine Deficiency]].. not sure! - decided to create new [[Hypothyroidism - Reptiles]], think its the simplest way of incuding it - SB '''(Siobhan)'''

18 - maybe complete [[Abnormal Wear of Teeth]] or ceate new page

19 - there is already [[Snake Gout]] so not sure if make that into reptile Gout? '''(Siobhan)''' - I created the [[Reptile Gout]] page, and put the snake gout into the delete category, but all the snake info is still on the new page, so if you dont like the new page it'll be easy to change back - SB

20 - check [[Snake Cryptosporidiosis]]'''(Siobhan)'''

21 - check [[Lizard Mites]] '''(Siobhan)'''

22 - maybe create [[Snake Cardiovascular Diseases]]

23 - complete [[Giardiasis]] or create new page

24 - complete [[Lizard Musculoskeletal System]] or [[Autotomy]] '''(Siobhan)''' - I added the info to both pages as they were very similar - SB

==Ornamental Fish==
01 - create [[Stress Shock Syndrome]]

02 - new page, Ovaria Prolapse - Fish or Prolapse - Fish

03 - check [[Columnaris Disease]]

04 - create Swim Bladder Disorders

05 - create Carp Pox

06 - create Chlorine Toxicity

07 - create Dropsy

08 - something to do with goitre, or iodine deficiency

09 - create Euthanasia - Fish

10 - create Fish Louse

11 - create New Tank Syndrome

12 - check [[Cold Water Disease]]

13 - create Nitrite Toxicity

14 - create something on Saprolegnia

15 - create henneguya koi page

16 - create Anaesthesia - Fish

17 - create Zinc Toxicity

18 - create Algal Bloom

19 - create page on Trichodina

20 - create Gill Hyperplasia or Gill Irritation

21 - create Fish Handling

22 - create Supersaturation

23 - vitamin C deficiency?

24 - something general about water quality, or Low Dissolved Oxygen - FIsh

25 - Gill Fluke

26 - Head and Lateral Line Erosion

=== Small Mammals ===
DONE

=== Avian Med ===
DONE

===Cattle Medicine===
DONE

===Equine Internal Medicine===
DONE

===Equine Orthopaedics & Rheumatology===
DONE

=== Sheep Medicine ===
DONE

===Small Animal Dermatology===
DONE

Red-leg Syndrome

2011-09-14T08:21:45Z

Siobhanbrade: Created page with "Also Known As: '''''Red-leg Disease''''' ==Introduction== '''Red-leg syndrome''' is a serious condition in '''amphibians''' that is caused by '''septicaemia'''. The most common ..."

Also Known As: '''''Red-leg Disease'''''

==Introduction==
'''Red-leg syndrome''' is a serious condition in '''amphibians''' that is caused by '''septicaemia'''. The most common causative organism is '''''[[Aeromonas hydrophila]]''''', but infection with other ''[[Aeromonas species|Aeromonas spp.]]'' and [[Gram Negative Bacteria - Overview|Gram-negative]] organisms such as ''[[Pseudomonas species - Overview|Pseudomonas]]'' and ''[[Proteus|Proteus spp.]]'' can also result in the disease. Infection normally occurs secondary to '''poor husbandry and sanitation''', or the feeding of '''contaminated foodstuffs'''.

==Clinical Signs==
The clinical signs associated with the [[Septicaemia and Enteritis, Bacterial|septicaemia]] are '''erythema''' and '''full-thickness ulceration''' of the skin - particularly on the '''limbs'''. Systemic signs such as anorexia and lethargy are seen prior to '''death'''. Mortality rates are high.

==Diagnosis==
The clinical signs are very suggestive of the condition, but '''specific microbiological culture''' is necessary to confirm diagnosis. A '''thioglycholate broth''' that is incubated at '''30°C''' at a '''reduced oxygen''' atmosphere is used to grow the bacterium.

==Treatment==
Any affected or in-contact frogs should be placed in '''isolation''', in tanks with a low stocking density. High levels of''' hygiene''' should be maintained until healing has occured.

There are two options for medical treatment:
* Administration of an effective '''[[Antibiotics|bacteriocidal antibiotic]]''' (based on culture and sensitivity) '''orally or intramuscularly''' to individual frogs.
* Administration of '''[[Fluoroquinolones|enrofloxacin]]''' to the '''tank water''' of the affected frogs.

==Control==
Husbandry measures such as '''strict quarantine, high hygiene standards and dietary control''' can prevent outbreaks.

==Prognosis==
As Gram-negative organisms are normally very virulent in amphibians, the prognosis is '''guarded to poor'''.

{{Learning
|flashcards = [[Reptiles and Amphibians Q&A 08]]
}}

==References==
Frye, FL & Williams, DL (1995) '''Self-Assessment Colour Review - Reptiles & Amphibians''' ''Manson''

Maclean, B (2006) '''Common dermatoses of ornamental fish and amphibians''' ''In Practice 2006 28: 604-613''

[[Category: To Do - Siobhan Brade]]
[[Category:To Do - Manson review]]

Aeromonas hydrophila

2011-09-14T07:21:41Z

Siobhanbrade: /* Pathogenesis */

{{review}}
==Characteristics==
''Aeromonas hydrophila'' is one of the species belonging to the genus [[Aeromonas species - Overview|''Aeromonas'']]. They are heterotrophic organisms and can exist in both aerobic and anaerobic environments. ''A.hydrophila'' has pilli which allows it to attach to host organisms. It also produces Aerolysin Cytotoxic Enterotoxin (ACT), which causes tissue damage. ''A.hydrophila'' is an opportunistic pathogen.

==Pathogenesis==
''A.hydrophila'' is an oppourtunistic pathogen and can cause pathogenesis in the following species;

Amphibians - [[Red-leg Syndrome]].

Cattlev- Abortion.

Freshwater fish - Haemorrhagic septicaemia

Young dogs - [[Septicaemia and Enteritis, Bacterial|Septicaemia]]

Rabbits - [[Colitis, Granulomatous|Haemorrhagic colitis]]

Humans - Food poisoning

Captive [[:Category:Snake|Snakes]] - [[Lizard and Snake Ulcerative Stomatitis|Ulcerative stomatitis]], [[Snake Respiratory Disease|Pneumonia]] and septicaemia

==Literature Search==
[[File:CABI logo.jpg|left|90px]]

Use these links to find recent scientific publications via CAB Abstracts (log in required unless accessing from a subscribing organisation).
 
[http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?q=%28%28%28%28od%3A%28pigs%29%29%29+OR+%28%28od%3A%28goats%29%29%29+OR+%28%28od%3A%28sheep%29%29%29+OR+%28%28od%3A%28cattle%29%29%29%29%29+AND+%28%28title%3A%28%22Aeromonas+hydrophila%22%29%29%29 ''Aeromonas hydrophila'' in farm animals publications]

[http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?q=title%3A%28%22Aeromonas+hydrophila%22%29+AND+od%3A%28fishes%29 ''Aeromonas hydrophila'' in fish publications]

[http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?q=%28%28od%3A%28dogs%29%29%29+AND+%28%28title%3A%28%22Aeromonas+hydrophila%22%29%29%29 ''Aeromonas hydrophila'' in dogs publications]

[http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?q=%28%28od%3A%28rabbits%29%29%29+AND+%28%28title%3A%28%22Aeromonas+hydrophila%22%29%29%29 ''Aeromonas hydrophila'' in rabbits publications]

[http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?q=%28%28od%3A%28snakes%29%29%29+AND+%28%28title%3A%28%22Aeromonas+hydrophila%22%29%29%29 ''Aeromonas hydrophila'' in snakes publications]

[[Category:Aeromonas_species]]
[[Category:Expert_Review]]

Category:To Do - Manson

2011-09-13T15:03:12Z

Siobhanbrade: /* Reptiles and Amphibians */

Pages needed to link to Manson clinical flashcard Q&As:

Once finished with a page, please add it to [[:Category:To Do - Manson review|Category:To Do - Manson review]]

===Equine Reproduction & Stud Medicine===

Q1 - needs [[Blepharitis]] check/add horse info '''(Helen)'''
: - [[Conjunctivitis]] page '''(Helen)'''

Q2 - [[Wry Nose]] needs completion '''(Helen)'''

Q14 - [[Taylorella equigenitalis]] needs adapting '''(Helen)'''

Q20 - [[Dystocia - Horse]] '''(Helen)''' - needs either adding surgery option or separate page "caesarean section" '''(Helen)''' created [[Caesarean Section - Horse]]


===Cytology===


Q2
*please create a page [[Gram Negative Bacteria - Overview]] that will contain general info '''(Helen)'''
*create [[Actinomycetes Overview]] page to include info from [[Actinomyces species - Overview]], staining properties and any other general info for both Actinomyces and Nocardia. Add [[Actinomyces species - Overview]] to delete after. '''(Helen)'''

Q3
* [[Lymphoma]] I decided to combine the two pages into one.
**Can you please add horse related: clinical signs, physical examination, any specific laboratory tests, treatment '''(Siobhan)'''

Q7
*[[Adenoma]] - can you please modify the whole page. If there is a lot of info about all adenomas, it may be worth creating a separate page for perianal adenoma instead, let me know what you find out. '''(Helen)'''

Q14
*Please have another look at [[Squamous Cell Carcinoma]]. I just read the first sentence and it really isn't a suitable start. I haven't read the rest yet but the formatting needs looking at too. '''(Siobhan)'''

Q18
*[[Demodex]] needs larval description, [[Demodicosis]] needs to mention need to identify larvae under diagnosis. '''(Siobhan)'''



'''WHICH QUESTIONS IN WV DO THE PAGES BELOW BELONG TO?''' '''(Helen) We had a little mix-up and I updated articles for all the questions from a list we were given, but only 18 questions were uploaded.. sorry!'''

'''(Helen)'''
Numbers refer to question numbers in the book:

10 - [[Hyperadrenocorticism|Cushings]]: just needs cytology features of liver added '''(Helen)'''

28 - Haemangiopericytoma and spindle cell tumours '''Helen)'''

120 - [[Mammary Neoplasia]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

121 - Mare normal uterine washing findings '''(Siobhan)'''

131 - tuberculosis '''(Helen) I updated [[Tuberculosis - Dogs]] but put info on cats as well. Probably easiest to rename page Tuberculosis - Dogs & Cats'''

132 - [[Trichodectes canis]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

135 - Maybe just need to complete [[Oestrous Cycle - Anatomy & Physiology#Mare|Mare oestrous cycle]] as just talks about uterine washing results during anoestrus '''(Siobhan)'''

137 - [[Transitional Cell Carcinoma]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

146 - [[Melanoma]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

155 - Giant cell tumour of bone needs a page '''(Helen)'''

158 - [[Mesothelial cells]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

161 - several diseases discussed: [[Filaroides osleri]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''



==Feline Medicine==

Q2, 3, 4 - picture needed

Q5 - needs lab results

Q13 - needs lab results

Q14 - has WRONG picture, should be from q185 in book

Q22 and 24- need picture


==Rabbit Medicine and Surgery==

2 - [[Atrial Fibrillation]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

3 - needs a page on scent glands in rabbits? can't find one on wikivet in the anat and phys section '''(Helen)'''

5 - Add info in [[Lead Poisoning]] about clin path '''(Helen)'''

8 - [[Non-Obstructive Ileus – Rabbit]] needs more info, diagnostic, treatment '''(Helen)'''

9 - [[Rabbit Haemorrhatic Disease Virus]] needs more info '''(Helen)'''

10 - [[Pseudopregnancy - Rabbit]] needs a page '''(Helen)'''

11 - Make [[Encephalitozoon cuniculi – Rabbit]] page prettier '''(Helen)'''

12 - Blepharitis needs a page '''(Helen)'''

13 - [[Exophthalmos – Rabbit]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

14 - [[Treponema cuniculi – Rabbit]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

15 - Page on [[Congestive Heart Failure - Rabbit]] maybe? '''(Helen)'''

17 - [[Leporacarus]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

18 - [[Pododermatitis – Rabbit]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

20 - needs something! '''(Helen) probably article on Haematuria'''

21 - [[Uterine Adenocarcinoma - Rabbit]] needs doing '''(Helen)'''

==Small animals ECC==
01 - [[Endocarditis]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

02 - [[Ventricular Tachycardia]] needs completing '''(Siobhan)'''

04 - page on stabilising a cat with dyspnoea '''(Siobhan)'''

05 - [[Collapsing Trachea]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

06 - [[Feline Asthma Syndrome]] needs more info '''(Helen)'''

07 - Carbon Monoxide Poisoning '''(Helen)'''

08 - Either complete [[Diabetes Mellitus]] or create new page, [[Diabetic Ketoacidosis]] '''(Helen)'''

09 - [[Hypocalcaemia]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

10 - Bacterial Prostatitis or just Prostatitis needs a page '''(Helen)'''

11 - [[Uterine Prolapse]] has no small animal info '''(Helen)'''

12 - [[Feline Infectious Anaemia]] needs a bit more info for the question, also [[Administering a Blood Transfusion]] '''(Helen)'''

13 - Lens Luxation needs a page '''(Helen)'''

15 - Atlantoaxial Luxation '''(Helen)'''

16 - [[Intervertebral Disc Degeneration]] needs alot more info '''(Siobhan)'''

17 - Anaphylaxis needs a page '''(Helen)'''

18 - [[Panosteitis]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

19 - Tibial Crest Avulsion needs a page '''(Helen)'''

==Veterinary Dentistry==
1 - [[Temporomandibular Luxation]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

2 - [[Ameloblastoma, Central]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

3 - [[Persistent Deciduous Teeth]] needs doing '''(Helen) also maybe a page on the Triadan System?''' [[Modified Triadan System]]

4 - [[Dental Discolouration]] needs doing '''(Helen)'''

5 - [[Feline Eosinophilic Granuloma]] complete info and add dog there too (?!) '''(Helen)'''

6 - [[Tooth Fractures]] needs doing '''(Helen)'''

7 - [[Acromegaly]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

8 - [[Sialolithiasis]] needs doing, [[Sialolithiasis - Donkey]] can maybe go there too?! - will need to keep the donkey page separate as it is a different source/funding/agreement (BS) '''(Siobhan)'''

9 - some sort of malocclusion page

10 - [[Salivary Mucocele]] needs a few things added maybe '''(Siobhan)'''

11 - Maybe a page on [[Periodontal Pockets]] or complete [[Periodontal Disease]] '''(Helen)'''

12 - Check [[Hyperparathyroidism]] page to see if all info there '''(Siobhan)'''

13 - Either complete [[Odontodystrophy]] or create [[Enamel Hypoplasia]] page

14 - Create [[Halitosis]] page '''(Helen)'''

15 - Complete [[Systemic Lupus Erythematosus]] '''(Helen)'''

16 - [[High-Rise Syndrome]] needs doing '''(Helen)'''

17 - Check [[Uraemia]] for completeness '''(Helen)'''

18 - [[Lip Fold Dermatitis]] needs doing '''(Siobhan)'''

19 - [[Abnormal Wear of Teeth]] needs completing

20 - [[Eruption Cysts]] needs doing '''(Helen)'''

21 - Check [[Incisor Overgrowth – Rabbit]] - didnt think this page needed anything added - Siobhan. [[Cheek Teeth Malocclusion – Rabbit]] '''(Siobhan)'''

22 - [[Cheek Tooth Extraction - Horse]] page? '''(Siobhan)'''

==Small Animal Soft Tissue Surgery==
01 - [[Cleft Palate]] to check '''(Siobhan)'''

02 - [[Gastric Dilatation and Volvulus]] add a bit more on surgery '''(Siobhan)'''

03 - create [[Aortic Thromboembolism]] '''(Siobhan)'''

04 - create [[Tracheal Avulsion]] '''(Helen)''' creating [[Tracheal Trauma]] instead

05 - either complete [[Male External Genitalia - Pathology]] - just made this one look nicer and added links then created new [[Paraphimosis]] page - '''(Siobhan)'''

06 - complete [[Hernia, Peritoneopericardial Diaphragmatic]] '''(Helen)'''

07 - alot to add to [[Brachycephalic Airway Syndrome]] '''(Helen)'''

08 - complete [[Atrial Standstill]] '''(Siobhan)'''

09 - alot to do on [[Hormonal Pyometra]] '''(Siobhan)'''

10 - complete [[Nasopharyngeal Polyp]] '''(Helen)'''

11 - check [[Aspergillosis]] has all info '''(Helen)'''

12 - complete [[Dystocia - Dog & Cat]] '''(Siobhan)'''

13 - complete [[Ureters - Developmental Pathology]] or create [[Ureteral Ectopia]] '''(Helen)'''

14 - check [[Hiatal Hernia]] '''(Helen)'''

15 - do [[Urethral Prolapse]] '''(Helen)'''

16 - check [[Megacolon]] '''(Helen)'''

17 - create [[Aural Haematoma]] '''(Helen)'''

18 - create [[Cholelithiasis]] '''(Helen)'''

19 - check [[Vascular Ring Anomalies]] and add surgical technique '''(Helen)'''

20 - check [[Portosystemic Shunt]] '''(Helen)'''

21 - check [[Pulmonic Stenosis]] '''(Helen)'''

22 - complete [[Laryngeal Paralysis]] '''(Helen)'''

==Small Animal Orthopaedics==
01 - add to [[Degenerative Joint Disease]] '''(Helen)'''

02 - create [[Carpal Hyperextension]] '''(Siobhan)'''

03 - add to [[Mandibular Fractures]] '''(Siobhan)'''

04 - complete [[Hypertrophic Osteodystrophy]] '''(Helen)'''

05 - complete [[Canine Dermatomyositis]] '''(Helen)'''

06 - complete [[Incomplete Ossification of Humeral Condyle]] '''(Helen)'''

07 - create [[Physeal Fractures]] '''(Helen)'''

08 - complete [[Hip Dysplasia]] '''(Helen)'''

09 - complete [[Craniomandibular Osteopathy]] '''(Helen)'''

10 - create [[Gracilis Muscle Avulsion]] '''(Helen) created [[Muscle Strains and Ruptures]]'''

11 - complete [[Osteochondrosis]] or create [[Retained Cartilage Cores]] '''(Helen)'''

12 - complete [[Hypertrophic Osteopathy]] '''(Helen)'''

13 - complete [[Calve Legg-Perthe's Disease]] '''(Helen)'''

14 - create [[Infraspinatus Muscle Contracture]] '''(Helen) created [[Muscle Contracture]]'''

15 - complete [[Infectious Arthritis]] or create dog-specific page

16 - complete [[Patellar Luxation]] '''(Helen)'''

17 - create [[Periosteal Proliferative Polyarthritis]] '''(Helen)'''

18 - complete [[Elbow Dysplasia]]

==Small Animal Abdominal and Metabolic Disorders==
01 - [[Pulmonary Embolism, Thrombosis and Infarction]] already exists, but maybe create [[Pulmonary Thromboembolism]]?

Also complete [[Protein Losing Enteropathy]]

02 - create [[Urethral Sphincter Mechanism Incompetence]] '''(Helen)'''

03 - create [[Vaginal Hyperplasia]] '''(Helen)'''

04 - create [[Hepatocutaneous Syndrome]] '''(Helen)'''

05 - complete [[Cystitis]] '''(Siobhan)'''

06 - check [[Diabetes Mellitus]] '''(Helen)'''

07 - check [[Hypoadrenocorticism]] '''(Helen)'''

08 - complete [[Ovarian Cysts]] '''(Siobhan)'''

09 - check [[Hepatic Lipidosis]] '''(Helen)'''

10 - improve [[Intersex]] '''(Helen)'''

11 - create [[Ovarian Remnant Syndrome]] '''(Siobhan)'''

12 - complete [[Isospora spp.]] '''(Helen)'''

13 - check [[Feline Infectious Peritonitis]] '''(Helen)'''

14 - check [[Intussusception]] '''(Helen)'''

15 - improve [[Helicobacter]] '''(Helen)'''

16 - create [[Pseudopregnancy]] '''(Helen)'''

17 - check [[Hypothyroidism]] '''(Helen)'''

18 - check and improve [[Megacolon]] '''(Helen)'''

19 - improve [[Sertoli Cell Tumour]] '''(Helen)'''

==Reptiles and Amphibians==
01 - check [[Snake Mites]] '''(Siobhan)'''

02 - create [[Hemipenis Prolapse]] '''(Siobhan)'''

03 - improve [[Metabolic Bone Disease]] '''(Siobhan)'''

04 - Spirochaetosis page, not sure how to name it

05 - improve [[Steatitis]]'''(Siobhan)'''

06 - improve [[Metabolic Bone Disease]] '''(Siobhan)'''

07 - check [[Lead Poisoning]] '''(Siobhan)'''

08 - there is [[Aeromonas species in lizards]] which maybe could become 'in reptiles and amphibians'?? '''(Siobhan)'''

09 - check [[Hepatic Lipidosis]] '''(Siobhan)'''

10 - Maybe create complete [[Snake Neurological Diseases]]'''(Siobhan)'''

11 - check [[Heterophils]]'''(Siobhan)'''

12 - complete [[Metabolic Bone Disease]] '''(Siobhan)'''

13 - complete [[Lead Poisoning]] '''(Siobhan)'''

14 - complete [[Snake Dysecdysis]] '''(Siobhan)'''

15 - create [[Hypovitaminosis C]]

16 - complete [[Parietal eye]] '''(Siobhan)'''

17 - maybe create new [[Hypothyroidism]] for reptiles page or create [[Iodine Deficiency]].. not sure! - decided to create new [[Hypothyroidism - Reptiles]], think its the simplest way of incuding it - SB '''(Siobhan)'''

18 - maybe complete [[Abnormal Wear of Teeth]] or ceate new page

19 - there is already [[Snake Gout]] so not sure if make that into reptile Gout? '''(Siobhan)''' - I created the [[Reptile Gout]] page, and put the snake gout into the delete category, but all the snake info is still on the new page, so if you dont like the new page it'll be easy to change back - SB

20 - check [[Snake Cryptosporidiosis]]'''(Siobhan)'''

21 - check [[Lizard Mites]] '''(Siobhan)'''

22 - maybe create [[Snake Cardiovascular Diseases]]

23 - complete [[Giardiasis]] or create new page

24 - complete [[Lizard Musculoskeletal System]] or [[Autotomy]] '''(Siobhan)''' - I added the info to both pages as they were very similar - SB

==Ornamental Fish==
01 - create [[Stress Shock Syndrome]]

02 - new page, Ovaria Prolapse - Fish or Prolapse - Fish

03 - check [[Columnaris Disease]]

04 - create Swim Bladder Disorders

05 - create Carp Pox

06 - create Chlorine Toxicity

07 - create Dropsy

08 - something to do with goitre, or iodine deficiency

09 - create Euthanasia - Fish

10 - create Fish Louse

11 - create New Tank Syndrome

12 - check [[Cold Water Disease]]

13 - create Nitrite Toxicity

14 - create something on Saprolegnia

15 - create henneguya koi page

16 - create Anaesthesia - Fish

17 - create Zinc Toxicity

18 - create Algal Bloom

19 - create page on Trichodina

20 - create Gill Hyperplasia or Gill Irritation

21 - create Fish Handling

22 - create Supersaturation

23 - vitamin C deficiency?

24 - something general about water quality, or Low Dissolved Oxygen - FIsh

25 - Gill Fluke

26 - Head and Lateral Line Erosion

=== Small Mammals ===
DONE

=== Avian Med ===
DONE

===Cattle Medicine===
DONE

===Equine Internal Medicine===
DONE

===Equine Orthopaedics & Rheumatology===
DONE

=== Sheep Medicine ===
DONE

===Small Animal Dermatology===
DONE

Snake Gout

2011-09-13T14:53:48Z

Siobhanbrade: Replaced content with "Category: Delete"

[[Category: Delete]]

Gout - Reptiles

2011-09-13T14:53:16Z

Siobhanbrade: Created page with "{{review}} =Introduction= '''Biopsy of this swelling revealed renal gout''' © RVC Gout is a metabolic disease where there is a '''precipit..."

{{review}}

=Introduction=
[[Image:Bump2.jpg|200px|thumb|right|'''Biopsy of this swelling revealed renal gout''' © RVC]]
Gout is a metabolic disease where there is a '''precipitation''' of '''urate crystals''' in tissue. There are two types of gout in animals.
*In '''primary gout''' there is an overproduction of [[Uric acid|uric acid]] related to an innate metabolic problem.
*In '''secondary gout''', acquired disease interferes with the [[Uric acid|uric acid]] metabolism. Terrestrial reptiles are predisposed to secondary gout since nitrogenous waste is excreted as [[Uric acid|uric acid]].

'''For more information on excretion, see''' [[Lizard and Snake Excretion]].

=Snakes=
In snakes, kidney disease often leads to the development of a '''visceral gout''' where '''uric acid crystals''' (tophi) are deposited in subcutaneous and internal tissues.

==Examination==
History may show '''poor husbandry''' including limited access to water. Snakes often present as anorexic and lethargic. Often if kidney disease is involved there is a palpable lump in the caudal third.

For a differential diagnosis list of other causes of lumps in the body, see [[Snake Lumps and Bumps]].
[[Image:Necropsy_copy.jpg|200px|thumb|right|'''Tophi in renal tissue''' - © RVC]]

==Diagnosis==
The diagnosis of gout may be suspected on history and physical examination. [[Lizard and Snake Biochemistry|Biochemistry]] may indicate a [[Lizard_and_Snake_Biochemistry#Hyperuricaemia|hyperuricaemia]]. Sometimes [[Lizard and Snake Imaging|radiography]] is useful if calcium is deposited with the urate crystals. Biopsy of any lumps may be useful. A definite diagnosis is the demonstration of '''tophi''' in diseased tissue.

'''For more information on physical examinations, see''' [[Snake Physical Examination]].

'''For more information on biopsy collection, see''' [[Lizard and Snake Specimen Collection and Evaluation|Specimen Collection and Evaluation]].
[[Image:Renal_gout_python_regius.jpg|200px|thumb|right|'''Tophi in diseased tissue''' © RVC]]

==Therapy==
'''Supportive treatment''' especially aimed at rehydration may be useful but gout carries a poor prognosis. Previously allopurinol (a xanthine oxidase inhibitor that decreases formation of uric acid) has been recommended as a treatment of hyperuricaemia in reptiles and birds but in fact appears to be of little use. Other drugs such as uricases (enzymes involved in the degradation of uric acid to allantoin) may be more useful.

'''For more information, see''' [[Snake Supportive Care]].

==Prevention==
Any bouts of '''dehydration''' will predispose to the development of gout so good husbandry is important in prevention. Vets should ensure adequate hydration of reptiles prior to any drug therapy but especially when using nephrotoxic drugs.

'''For more information on good husbandry practices, see''' [[:Category: Snake Husbandry| Snake Husbandry]].

=Other Reptiles=
Gout is a common condition in various species of '''captive reptiles'''. High-protein or poor quality protein diets, [[Dehydration|dehydration]] and [[Lizard and Snake Renal Disease|renal disease]] are all thought to contribute to its development - as they increase levels of uric acid. Urate crystals can precipitate in the '''joints, kidneys, and other internal organs'''.

==Examination==
There may be a history of poor husbandry, including limited access to water and the feeding of a low quality protein diet. On clinical exam, there may be '''swelling of the joints''' and the animal will appear''' painful and reluctant to move'''.

==Diagnosis==
The diagnosis of gout may be suspected on history and physical examination and [[Lizard and Snake Biochemistry|Biochemistry]] may show a [[Lizard_and_Snake_Biochemistry#Hyperuricaemia|hyperuricaemia]]. Sometimes [[Lizard and Snake Imaging|radiography]] is useful if calcium is deposited with the urate crystals. Biopsy of any lumps may be useful.

'''For more information on physical examinations, see''' [[Lizard Physical Examination]].

'''For more information on biopsy collection, see''' [[Lizard and Snake Specimen Collection and Evaluation|Specimen Collection and Evaluation]].

==Therapy==
The '''hydration''' of the reptile should be improved by providing ample water and feeding moisture-laden food such as soft fruits.
If the reptile is '''omnivorous''', levels of animal protein should be decreased. If the reptile is '''carnivorous''', instead of decreasing levels of proetin in the diet, you should ensure that the protein fed is of a high quality.

Additionally, allopurinol can be given orally on a daily basis. It decreases the quantity of urate salts produced by the liver, but does not help to remove the crystals that have already precipitated around the joints and organs, so is often of little use.

'''Pain relief''' can be provided using [[NSAIDs]], but gastrointestinal side effects may be seen.

==Prevention==
'''[[Lizard Husbandry|Good husbandry]]''' is the best way to prevent the development of gout. Ample water, and the correct amount of high quality protein (variable according to species) should be provided for the reptile. Before the administration of any drug therapy (particularly nephrotoxic drugs) the hydration status of the animal should be checked.

{{Learning
|flashcards = [[Reptiles and Amphibians Q&A 19]]
}}

=Literature Search=
[[File:CABI logo.jpg|left|90px]]

Use these links to find recent scientific publications via CAB Abstracts (log in required unless accessing from a subscribing organisation).
 
[http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?q=(title:(snake)+OR+ab:(snake)+OR+od:(snake))+AND+(title:(gout)+OR+title:(urate+crystals)) Snake Gout publications]

[http://www.cabi.org/cabdirect/FullTextPDF/2009/20093069421.pdf ''' Reptilian gout: clinical overview.''' Mader, D. R.; Association of Reptilian and Amphibian Veterinarians, Chester Heights, USA, Proceedings of the Association of Reptilian and Amphibian Veterinarians, 14th Annual Conference, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA, 14-18 April, 2007, 2007, pp 110-115, 4 ref. - '''Full Text Article''']

==References==
Frye, FL & Williams, DL (1995) '''Self-Assessment Colour Review - Reptiles & Amphibians''' ''Manson''

Merck & Co (2009) '''The Merck Veterinary Manual''' (Ninth Edition), ''Merial''

[[Category: To Do - Siobhan Brade]]
[[Category:To Do - Manson review]]

[[Category:Snake_Diseases]]

Snake Gout

2011-09-13T12:11:56Z

Siobhanbrade:

{{review}}

=Introduction=
[[Image:Bump2.jpg|200px|thumb|right|'''Biopsy of this swelling revealed renal gout''' © RVC]]
Gout is a metabolic disease where there is a precipitation of urate crystals in tissue. There are two types of gout in animals.
*In primary gout there is an overproduction of [[Uric acid|uric acid]] related to an innate metabolic problem.
*In secondary gout, acquired disease interferes with the [[Uric acid|uric acid]] metabolism. Terrestrial reptiles are predisposed to secondary gout since nitrogenous waste is excreted as [[Uric acid|uric acid]].

In snakes, kidney disease often leads to the development of a visceral gout where uric acid crystals (tophi) are deposited in subcutaneous and internal tissues.

'''For more information on excretion, see''' [[Lizard and Snake Excretion]].

=Snakes=

==Examination==
History may show poor husbandry including limited access to water. Snakes often present as anorexic and lethargic. Often if kidney disease is involved there is a palpable lump in the caudal third.

For a differential diagnosis list of other causes of lumps in the body, see [[Snake Lumps and Bumps]].
[[Image:Necropsy_copy.jpg|200px|thumb|right|'''Tophi in renal tissue''' - © RVC]]

==Diagnosis==
The diagnosis of gout may be suspected on history and physical examination. [[Lizard and Snake Biochemistry|Biochemistry]] may indicate a [[Lizard_and_Snake_Biochemistry#Hyperuricaemia|hyperuricaemia]]. Sometimes [[Lizard and Snake Imaging|radiography]] is useful if calcium is deposited with the urate crystals. Biopsy of any lumps may be useful. A definite diagnosis is the demonstration of tophi in diseased tissue.

'''For more information on physical examinations, see''' [[Snake Physical Examination]].

'''For more information on biopsy collection, see''' [[Lizard and Snake Specimen Collection and Evaluation|Specimen Collection and Evaluation]].
[[Image:Renal_gout_python_regius.jpg|200px|thumb|right|'''Tophi in diseased tissue''' © RVC]]

==Therapy==
Supportive treatment especially aimed at rehydration may be useful but gout carries a poor prognosis. Previously allopurinol (a xanthine oxidase inhibitor that decreases formation of uric acid) has been recommended as a treatment of hyperuricaemia in reptiles and birds but in fact appears to be of little use. Other drugs such as uricases (enzymes involved in the degradation of uric acid to allantoin) may be more useful.

'''For more information, see''' [[Snake Supportive Care]].

==Prevention==
Any bouts of dehydration will predispose to the development of gout so good husbandry is important in prevention. Vets should ensure adequate hydration of reptiles prior to any drug therapy but especially when using nephrotoxic drugs.

'''For more information on good husbandry practices, see''' [[:Category: Snake Husbandry| Snake Husbandry]].

=Reptiles=
Gout is a common condition in various species of captive reptiles. High-protein or poor quality protein diets, dehydration and renal disease are all thought to contribute to its development as they increase levels of uric acid. Urate crystals can precipitate in the joints, kidneys, and other internal organs.

==Examination==
There may be a history of poor husbandry, including limited access to water and the feeding of a low quality protein diet. On clinical exam, there may be swelling of the joints and the animal will normally appear painful and reluctant to move.

==Diagnosis==
The diagnosis of gout may be suspected on history and physical examination and [[Lizard and Snake Biochemistry|Biochemistry]] may show a [[Lizard_and_Snake_Biochemistry#Hyperuricaemia|hyperuricaemia]]. Sometimes [[Lizard and Snake Imaging|radiography]] is useful if calcium is deposited with the urate crystals. Biopsy of any lumps may be useful.

A definite diagnosis is the demonstration of tophi in diseased tissue.

'''For more information on physical examinations, see''' [[Lizard Physical Examination]].

'''For more information on biopsy collection, see''' [[Lizard and Snake Specimen Collection and Evaluation|Specimen Collection and Evaluation]].

==Therapy==
The hydration of the reptile should be improved by providing ample water and feeding moisture-laden food such as soft fruits.
If the reptile is omnivorous, levels of animal protein should be decreased. If the reptile is carnivorous, instead of decreasing levels of proetin in the diet, you should ensure that the protein fed is of a high quality.

Additionally, allopurinol can be given orally on a daily basis. This decreases the quantity of urate salts produced by the liver, but does not help to remove the crystals that have already precipitated around the joints and organs.

Pain relief can be provided using NSAIDs, but gastrointestinal side effects may be seen.

==Prevention==
Good husbandry is the best way to prevent the development of gout. Ample water, and the correct amount of high quality protein (variable according to species) should be provided for the reptile. Before the administration of any drug therapy (particularly nephrotoxic drugs) the hydration status of the animal should be checked.

=Literature Search=
[[File:CABI logo.jpg|left|90px]]

Use these links to find recent scientific publications via CAB Abstracts (log in required unless accessing from a subscribing organisation).
 
[http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?q=(title:(snake)+OR+ab:(snake)+OR+od:(snake))+AND+(title:(gout)+OR+title:(urate+crystals)) Snake Gout publications]

[http://www.cabi.org/cabdirect/FullTextPDF/2009/20093069421.pdf ''' Reptilian gout: clinical overview.''' Mader, D. R.; Association of Reptilian and Amphibian Veterinarians, Chester Heights, USA, Proceedings of the Association of Reptilian and Amphibian Veterinarians, 14th Annual Conference, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA, 14-18 April, 2007, 2007, pp 110-115, 4 ref. - '''Full Text Article''']

[[Category:Snake_Diseases]]

Category:To Do - Manson

2011-09-13T10:28:18Z

Siobhanbrade: /* Reptiles and Amphibians */

Pages needed to link to Manson clinical flashcard Q&As:

Once finished with a page, please add it to [[:Category:To Do - Manson review|Category:To Do - Manson review]]

===Equine Reproduction & Stud Medicine===

Q1 - needs [[Blepharitis]] check/add horse info '''(Helen)'''
: - [[Conjunctivitis]] page '''(Helen)'''

Q2 - [[Wry Nose]] needs completion '''(Helen)'''

Q14 - [[Taylorella equigenitalis]] needs adapting '''(Helen)'''

Q20 - [[Dystocia - Horse]] '''(Helen)''' - needs either adding surgery option or separate page "caesarean section" '''(Helen)''' created [[Caesarean Section - Horse]]


===Cytology===


Q2
*please create a page [[Gram Negative Bacteria - Overview]] that will contain general info '''(Helen)'''
*create [[Actinomycetes Overview]] page to include info from [[Actinomyces species - Overview]], staining properties and any other general info for both Actinomyces and Nocardia. Add [[Actinomyces species - Overview]] to delete after. '''(Helen)'''

Q3
* [[Lymphoma]] I decided to combine the two pages into one.
**Can you please add horse related: clinical signs, physical examination, any specific laboratory tests, treatment '''(Siobhan)'''

Q7
*[[Adenoma]] - can you please modify the whole page. If there is a lot of info about all adenomas, it may be worth creating a separate page for perianal adenoma instead, let me know what you find out. '''(Helen)'''

Q14
*Please have another look at [[Squamous Cell Carcinoma]]. I just read the first sentence and it really isn't a suitable start. I haven't read the rest yet but the formatting needs looking at too. '''(Siobhan)'''

Q18
*[[Demodex]] needs larval description, [[Demodicosis]] needs to mention need to identify larvae under diagnosis. '''(Siobhan)'''



'''WHICH QUESTIONS IN WV DO THE PAGES BELOW BELONG TO?''' '''(Helen) We had a little mix-up and I updated articles for all the questions from a list we were given, but only 18 questions were uploaded.. sorry!'''

'''(Helen)'''
Numbers refer to question numbers in the book:

10 - [[Hyperadrenocorticism|Cushings]]: just needs cytology features of liver added '''(Helen)'''

28 - Haemangiopericytoma and spindle cell tumours '''Helen)'''

120 - [[Mammary Neoplasia]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

121 - Mare normal uterine washing findings '''(Siobhan)'''

131 - tuberculosis '''(Helen) I updated [[Tuberculosis - Dogs]] but put info on cats as well. Probably easiest to rename page Tuberculosis - Dogs & Cats'''

132 - [[Trichodectes canis]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

135 - Maybe just need to complete [[Oestrous Cycle - Anatomy & Physiology#Mare|Mare oestrous cycle]] as just talks about uterine washing results during anoestrus '''(Siobhan)'''

137 - [[Transitional Cell Carcinoma]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

146 - [[Melanoma]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

155 - Giant cell tumour of bone needs a page '''(Helen)'''

158 - [[Mesothelial cells]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

161 - several diseases discussed: [[Filaroides osleri]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''



==Feline Medicine==

Q2, 3, 4 - picture needed

Q5 - needs lab results

Q13 - needs lab results

Q14 - has WRONG picture, should be from q185 in book

Q22 and 24- need picture


==Rabbit Medicine and Surgery==

2 - [[Atrial Fibrillation]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

3 - needs a page on scent glands in rabbits? can't find one on wikivet in the anat and phys section '''(Helen)'''

5 - Add info in [[Lead Poisoning]] about clin path '''(Helen)'''

8 - [[Non-Obstructive Ileus – Rabbit]] needs more info, diagnostic, treatment '''(Helen)'''

9 - [[Rabbit Haemorrhatic Disease Virus]] needs more info '''(Helen)'''

10 - [[Pseudopregnancy - Rabbit]] needs a page '''(Helen)'''

11 - Make [[Encephalitozoon cuniculi – Rabbit]] page prettier '''(Helen)'''

12 - Blepharitis needs a page '''(Helen)'''

13 - [[Exophthalmos – Rabbit]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

14 - [[Treponema cuniculi – Rabbit]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

15 - Page on [[Congestive Heart Failure - Rabbit]] maybe? '''(Helen)'''

17 - [[Leporacarus]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

18 - [[Pododermatitis – Rabbit]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

20 - needs something! '''(Helen) probably article on Haematuria'''

21 - [[Uterine Adenocarcinoma - Rabbit]] needs doing '''(Helen)'''

==Small animals ECC==
01 - [[Endocarditis]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

02 - [[Ventricular Tachycardia]] needs completing '''(Siobhan)'''

04 - page on stabilising a cat with dyspnoea '''(Siobhan)'''

05 - [[Collapsing Trachea]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

06 - [[Feline Asthma Syndrome]] needs more info '''(Helen)'''

07 - Carbon Monoxide Poisoning '''(Helen)'''

08 - Either complete [[Diabetes Mellitus]] or create new page, [[Diabetic Ketoacidosis]] '''(Helen)'''

09 - [[Hypocalcaemia]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

10 - Bacterial Prostatitis or just Prostatitis needs a page '''(Helen)'''

11 - [[Uterine Prolapse]] has no small animal info '''(Helen)'''

12 - [[Feline Infectious Anaemia]] needs a bit more info for the question, also [[Administering a Blood Transfusion]] '''(Helen)'''

13 - Lens Luxation needs a page '''(Helen)'''

15 - Atlantoaxial Luxation '''(Helen)'''

16 - [[Intervertebral Disc Degeneration]] needs alot more info '''(Siobhan)'''

17 - Anaphylaxis needs a page '''(Helen)'''

18 - [[Panosteitis]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

19 - Tibial Crest Avulsion needs a page '''(Helen)'''

==Veterinary Dentistry==
1 - [[Temporomandibular Luxation]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

2 - [[Ameloblastoma, Central]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

3 - [[Persistent Deciduous Teeth]] needs doing '''(Helen) also maybe a page on the Triadan System?''' [[Modified Triadan System]]

4 - [[Dental Discolouration]] needs doing '''(Helen)'''

5 - [[Feline Eosinophilic Granuloma]] complete info and add dog there too (?!) '''(Helen)'''

6 - [[Tooth Fractures]] needs doing '''(Helen)'''

7 - [[Acromegaly]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

8 - [[Sialolithiasis]] needs doing, [[Sialolithiasis - Donkey]] can maybe go there too?! - will need to keep the donkey page separate as it is a different source/funding/agreement (BS) '''(Siobhan)'''

9 - some sort of malocclusion page

10 - [[Salivary Mucocele]] needs a few things added maybe '''(Siobhan)'''

11 - Maybe a page on [[Periodontal Pockets]] or complete [[Periodontal Disease]] '''(Helen)'''

12 - Check [[Hyperparathyroidism]] page to see if all info there '''(Siobhan)'''

13 - Either complete [[Odontodystrophy]] or create [[Enamel Hypoplasia]] page

14 - Create [[Halitosis]] page '''(Helen)'''

15 - Complete [[Systemic Lupus Erythematosus]] '''(Helen)'''

16 - [[High-Rise Syndrome]] needs doing '''(Helen)'''

17 - Check [[Uraemia]] for completeness '''(Helen)'''

18 - [[Lip Fold Dermatitis]] needs doing '''(Siobhan)'''

19 - [[Abnormal Wear of Teeth]] needs completing

20 - [[Eruption Cysts]] needs doing '''(Helen)'''

21 - Check [[Incisor Overgrowth – Rabbit]] - didnt think this page needed anything added - Siobhan. [[Cheek Teeth Malocclusion – Rabbit]] '''(Siobhan)'''

22 - [[Cheek Tooth Extraction - Horse]] page? '''(Siobhan)'''

==Small Animal Soft Tissue Surgery==
01 - [[Cleft Palate]] to check '''(Siobhan)'''

02 - [[Gastric Dilatation and Volvulus]] add a bit more on surgery '''(Siobhan)'''

03 - create [[Aortic Thromboembolism]] '''(Siobhan)'''

04 - create [[Tracheal Avulsion]] '''(Helen)''' creating [[Tracheal Trauma]] instead

05 - either complete [[Male External Genitalia - Pathology]] - just made this one look nicer and added links then created new [[Paraphimosis]] page - '''(Siobhan)'''

06 - complete [[Hernia, Peritoneopericardial Diaphragmatic]] '''(Helen)'''

07 - alot to add to [[Brachycephalic Airway Syndrome]] '''(Helen)'''

08 - complete [[Atrial Standstill]] '''(Siobhan)'''

09 - alot to do on [[Hormonal Pyometra]] '''(Siobhan)'''

10 - complete [[Nasopharyngeal Polyp]] '''(Helen)'''

11 - check [[Aspergillosis]] has all info '''(Helen)'''

12 - complete [[Dystocia - Dog & Cat]] '''(Siobhan)'''

13 - complete [[Ureters - Developmental Pathology]] or create [[Ureteral Ectopia]] '''(Helen)'''

14 - check [[Hiatal Hernia]] '''(Helen)'''

15 - do [[Urethral Prolapse]] '''(Helen)'''

16 - check [[Megacolon]] '''(Helen)'''

17 - create [[Aural Haematoma]] '''(Helen)'''

18 - create [[Cholelithiasis]] '''(Helen)'''

19 - check [[Vascular Ring Anomalies]] and add surgical technique '''(Helen)'''

20 - check [[Portosystemic Shunt]] '''(Helen)'''

21 - check [[Pulmonic Stenosis]] '''(Helen)'''

22 - complete [[Laryngeal Paralysis]] '''(Helen)'''

==Small Animal Orthopaedics==
01 - add to [[Degenerative Joint Disease]] '''(Helen)'''

02 - create [[Carpal Hyperextension]] '''(Siobhan)'''

03 - add to [[Mandibular Fractures]] '''(Siobhan)'''

04 - complete [[Hypertrophic Osteodystrophy]] '''(Helen)'''

05 - complete [[Canine Dermatomyositis]] '''(Helen)'''

06 - complete [[Incomplete Ossification of Humeral Condyle]] '''(Helen)'''

07 - create [[Physeal Fractures]] '''(Helen)'''

08 - complete [[Hip Dysplasia]] '''(Helen)'''

09 - complete [[Craniomandibular Osteopathy]] '''(Helen)'''

10 - create [[Gracilis Muscle Avulsion]] '''(Helen) created [[Muscle Strains and Ruptures]]'''

11 - complete [[Osteochondrosis]] or create [[Retained Cartilage Cores]] '''(Helen)'''

12 - complete [[Hypertrophic Osteopathy]] '''(Helen)'''

13 - complete [[Calve Legg-Perthe's Disease]] '''(Helen)'''

14 - create [[Infraspinatus Muscle Contracture]] '''(Helen) created [[Muscle Contracture]]'''

15 - complete [[Infectious Arthritis]] or create dog-specific page

16 - complete [[Patellar Luxation]] '''(Helen)'''

17 - create [[Periosteal Proliferative Polyarthritis]] '''(Helen)'''

18 - complete [[Elbow Dysplasia]]

==Small Animal Abdominal and Metabolic Disorders==
01 - [[Pulmonary Embolism, Thrombosis and Infarction]] already exists, but maybe create [[Pulmonary Thromboembolism]]?

Also complete [[Protein Losing Enteropathy]]

02 - create [[Urethral Sphincter Mechanism Incompetence]] '''(Helen)'''

03 - create [[Vaginal Hyperplasia]] '''(Helen)'''

04 - create [[Hepatocutaneous Syndrome]] '''(Helen)'''

05 - complete [[Cystitis]] '''(Siobhan)'''

06 - check [[Diabetes Mellitus]] '''(Helen)'''

07 - check [[Hypoadrenocorticism]] '''(Helen)'''

08 - complete [[Ovarian Cysts]] '''(Siobhan)'''

09 - check [[Hepatic Lipidosis]] '''(Helen)'''

10 - improve [[Intersex]] '''(Helen)'''

11 - create [[Ovarian Remnant Syndrome]] '''(Siobhan)'''

12 - complete [[Isospora spp.]] '''(Helen)'''

13 - check [[Feline Infectious Peritonitis]] '''(Helen)'''

14 - check [[Intussusception]] '''(Helen)'''

15 - improve [[Helicobacter]] '''(Helen)'''

16 - create [[Pseudopregnancy]] '''(Helen)'''

17 - check [[Hypothyroidism]] '''(Helen)'''

18 - check and improve [[Megacolon]] '''(Helen)'''

19 - improve [[Sertoli Cell Tumour]] '''(Helen)'''

==Reptiles and Amphibians==
01 - check [[Snake Mites]] '''(Siobhan)'''

02 - create [[Hemipenis Prolapse]] '''(Siobhan)'''

03 - improve [[Metabolic Bone Disease]] '''(Siobhan)'''

04 - Spirochaetosis page, not sure how to name it

05 - improve [[Steatitis]]'''(Siobhan)'''

06 - improve [[Metabolic Bone Disease]] '''(Siobhan)'''

07 - check [[Lead Poisoning]] '''(Siobhan)'''

08 - there is [[Aeromonas species in lizards]] which maybe could become 'in reptiles and amphibians'?? '''(Siobhan)'''

09 - check [[Hepatic Lipidosis]] '''(Siobhan)'''

10 - Maybe create complete [[Snake Neurological Diseases]]'''(Siobhan)'''

11 - check [[Heterophils]]'''(Siobhan)'''

12 - complete [[Metabolic Bone Disease]] '''(Siobhan)'''

13 - complete [[Lead Poisoning]] '''(Siobhan)'''

14 - complete [[Snake Dysecdysis]] '''(Siobhan)'''

15 - create [[Hypovitaminosis C]]

16 - complete [[Parietal eye]] '''(Siobhan)'''

17 - maybe create new [[Hypothyroidism]] for reptiles page or create [[Iodine Deficiency]].. not sure! - decided to create new [[Hypothyroidism - Reptiles]], think its the simplest way of incuding it - SB '''(Siobhan)'''

18 - maybe complete [[Abnormal Wear of Teeth]] or ceate new page

19 - there is already [[Snake Gout]] so not sure if make that into Reptile Gout? '''(Siobhan)'''

20 - check [[Snake Cryptosporidiosis]]'''(Siobhan)'''

21 - check [[Lizard Mites]] '''(Siobhan)'''

22 - maybe create [[Snake Cardiovascular Diseases]]

23 - complete [[Giardiasis]] or create new page

24 - complete [[Lizard Musculoskeletal System]] or [[Autotomy]] '''(Siobhan)''' - I added the info to both pages as they were very similar - SB

==Ornamental Fish==
01 - create [[Stress Shock Syndrome]]

02 - new page, Ovaria Prolapse - Fish or Prolapse - Fish

03 - check [[Columnaris Disease]]

04 - create Swim Bladder Disorders

05 - create Carp Pox

06 - create Chlorine Toxicity

07 - create Dropsy

08 - something to do with goitre, or iodine deficiency

09 - create Euthanasia - Fish

10 - create Fish Louse

11 - create New Tank Syndrome

12 - check [[Cold Water Disease]]

13 - create Nitrite Toxicity

14 - create something on Saprolegnia

15 - create henneguya koi page

16 - create Anaesthesia - Fish

17 - create Zinc Toxicity

18 - create Algal Bloom

19 - create page on Trichodina

20 - create Gill Hyperplasia or Gill Irritation

21 - create Fish Handling

22 - create Supersaturation

23 - vitamin C deficiency?

24 - something general about water quality, or Low Dissolved Oxygen - FIsh

25 - Gill Fluke

26 - Head and Lateral Line Erosion

=== Small Mammals ===
DONE

=== Avian Med ===
DONE

===Cattle Medicine===
DONE

===Equine Internal Medicine===
DONE

===Equine Orthopaedics & Rheumatology===
DONE

=== Sheep Medicine ===
DONE

===Small Animal Dermatology===
DONE

Category:To Do - Manson

2011-09-13T10:26:41Z

Siobhanbrade: /* Reptiles and Amphibians */

Pages needed to link to Manson clinical flashcard Q&As:

Once finished with a page, please add it to [[:Category:To Do - Manson review|Category:To Do - Manson review]]

===Equine Reproduction & Stud Medicine===

Q1 - needs [[Blepharitis]] check/add horse info '''(Helen)'''
: - [[Conjunctivitis]] page '''(Helen)'''

Q2 - [[Wry Nose]] needs completion '''(Helen)'''

Q14 - [[Taylorella equigenitalis]] needs adapting '''(Helen)'''

Q20 - [[Dystocia - Horse]] '''(Helen)''' - needs either adding surgery option or separate page "caesarean section" '''(Helen)''' created [[Caesarean Section - Horse]]


===Cytology===


Q2
*please create a page [[Gram Negative Bacteria - Overview]] that will contain general info '''(Helen)'''
*create [[Actinomycetes Overview]] page to include info from [[Actinomyces species - Overview]], staining properties and any other general info for both Actinomyces and Nocardia. Add [[Actinomyces species - Overview]] to delete after. '''(Helen)'''

Q3
* [[Lymphoma]] I decided to combine the two pages into one.
**Can you please add horse related: clinical signs, physical examination, any specific laboratory tests, treatment '''(Siobhan)'''

Q7
*[[Adenoma]] - can you please modify the whole page. If there is a lot of info about all adenomas, it may be worth creating a separate page for perianal adenoma instead, let me know what you find out. '''(Helen)'''

Q14
*Please have another look at [[Squamous Cell Carcinoma]]. I just read the first sentence and it really isn't a suitable start. I haven't read the rest yet but the formatting needs looking at too. '''(Siobhan)'''

Q18
*[[Demodex]] needs larval description, [[Demodicosis]] needs to mention need to identify larvae under diagnosis. '''(Siobhan)'''



'''WHICH QUESTIONS IN WV DO THE PAGES BELOW BELONG TO?''' '''(Helen) We had a little mix-up and I updated articles for all the questions from a list we were given, but only 18 questions were uploaded.. sorry!'''

'''(Helen)'''
Numbers refer to question numbers in the book:

10 - [[Hyperadrenocorticism|Cushings]]: just needs cytology features of liver added '''(Helen)'''

28 - Haemangiopericytoma and spindle cell tumours '''Helen)'''

120 - [[Mammary Neoplasia]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

121 - Mare normal uterine washing findings '''(Siobhan)'''

131 - tuberculosis '''(Helen) I updated [[Tuberculosis - Dogs]] but put info on cats as well. Probably easiest to rename page Tuberculosis - Dogs & Cats'''

132 - [[Trichodectes canis]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

135 - Maybe just need to complete [[Oestrous Cycle - Anatomy & Physiology#Mare|Mare oestrous cycle]] as just talks about uterine washing results during anoestrus '''(Siobhan)'''

137 - [[Transitional Cell Carcinoma]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

146 - [[Melanoma]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

155 - Giant cell tumour of bone needs a page '''(Helen)'''

158 - [[Mesothelial cells]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

161 - several diseases discussed: [[Filaroides osleri]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''



==Feline Medicine==

Q2, 3, 4 - picture needed

Q5 - needs lab results

Q13 - needs lab results

Q14 - has WRONG picture, should be from q185 in book

Q22 and 24- need picture


==Rabbit Medicine and Surgery==

2 - [[Atrial Fibrillation]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

3 - needs a page on scent glands in rabbits? can't find one on wikivet in the anat and phys section '''(Helen)'''

5 - Add info in [[Lead Poisoning]] about clin path '''(Helen)'''

8 - [[Non-Obstructive Ileus – Rabbit]] needs more info, diagnostic, treatment '''(Helen)'''

9 - [[Rabbit Haemorrhatic Disease Virus]] needs more info '''(Helen)'''

10 - [[Pseudopregnancy - Rabbit]] needs a page '''(Helen)'''

11 - Make [[Encephalitozoon cuniculi – Rabbit]] page prettier '''(Helen)'''

12 - Blepharitis needs a page '''(Helen)'''

13 - [[Exophthalmos – Rabbit]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

14 - [[Treponema cuniculi – Rabbit]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

15 - Page on [[Congestive Heart Failure - Rabbit]] maybe? '''(Helen)'''

17 - [[Leporacarus]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

18 - [[Pododermatitis – Rabbit]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

20 - needs something! '''(Helen) probably article on Haematuria'''

21 - [[Uterine Adenocarcinoma - Rabbit]] needs doing '''(Helen)'''

==Small animals ECC==
01 - [[Endocarditis]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

02 - [[Ventricular Tachycardia]] needs completing '''(Siobhan)'''

04 - page on stabilising a cat with dyspnoea '''(Siobhan)'''

05 - [[Collapsing Trachea]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

06 - [[Feline Asthma Syndrome]] needs more info '''(Helen)'''

07 - Carbon Monoxide Poisoning '''(Helen)'''

08 - Either complete [[Diabetes Mellitus]] or create new page, [[Diabetic Ketoacidosis]] '''(Helen)'''

09 - [[Hypocalcaemia]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

10 - Bacterial Prostatitis or just Prostatitis needs a page '''(Helen)'''

11 - [[Uterine Prolapse]] has no small animal info '''(Helen)'''

12 - [[Feline Infectious Anaemia]] needs a bit more info for the question, also [[Administering a Blood Transfusion]] '''(Helen)'''

13 - Lens Luxation needs a page '''(Helen)'''

15 - Atlantoaxial Luxation '''(Helen)'''

16 - [[Intervertebral Disc Degeneration]] needs alot more info '''(Siobhan)'''

17 - Anaphylaxis needs a page '''(Helen)'''

18 - [[Panosteitis]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

19 - Tibial Crest Avulsion needs a page '''(Helen)'''

==Veterinary Dentistry==
1 - [[Temporomandibular Luxation]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

2 - [[Ameloblastoma, Central]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

3 - [[Persistent Deciduous Teeth]] needs doing '''(Helen) also maybe a page on the Triadan System?''' [[Modified Triadan System]]

4 - [[Dental Discolouration]] needs doing '''(Helen)'''

5 - [[Feline Eosinophilic Granuloma]] complete info and add dog there too (?!) '''(Helen)'''

6 - [[Tooth Fractures]] needs doing '''(Helen)'''

7 - [[Acromegaly]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

8 - [[Sialolithiasis]] needs doing, [[Sialolithiasis - Donkey]] can maybe go there too?! - will need to keep the donkey page separate as it is a different source/funding/agreement (BS) '''(Siobhan)'''

9 - some sort of malocclusion page

10 - [[Salivary Mucocele]] needs a few things added maybe '''(Siobhan)'''

11 - Maybe a page on [[Periodontal Pockets]] or complete [[Periodontal Disease]] '''(Helen)'''

12 - Check [[Hyperparathyroidism]] page to see if all info there '''(Siobhan)'''

13 - Either complete [[Odontodystrophy]] or create [[Enamel Hypoplasia]] page

14 - Create [[Halitosis]] page '''(Helen)'''

15 - Complete [[Systemic Lupus Erythematosus]] '''(Helen)'''

16 - [[High-Rise Syndrome]] needs doing '''(Helen)'''

17 - Check [[Uraemia]] for completeness '''(Helen)'''

18 - [[Lip Fold Dermatitis]] needs doing '''(Siobhan)'''

19 - [[Abnormal Wear of Teeth]] needs completing

20 - [[Eruption Cysts]] needs doing '''(Helen)'''

21 - Check [[Incisor Overgrowth – Rabbit]] - didnt think this page needed anything added - Siobhan. [[Cheek Teeth Malocclusion – Rabbit]] '''(Siobhan)'''

22 - [[Cheek Tooth Extraction - Horse]] page? '''(Siobhan)'''

==Small Animal Soft Tissue Surgery==
01 - [[Cleft Palate]] to check '''(Siobhan)'''

02 - [[Gastric Dilatation and Volvulus]] add a bit more on surgery '''(Siobhan)'''

03 - create [[Aortic Thromboembolism]] '''(Siobhan)'''

04 - create [[Tracheal Avulsion]] '''(Helen)''' creating [[Tracheal Trauma]] instead

05 - either complete [[Male External Genitalia - Pathology]] - just made this one look nicer and added links then created new [[Paraphimosis]] page - '''(Siobhan)'''

06 - complete [[Hernia, Peritoneopericardial Diaphragmatic]] '''(Helen)'''

07 - alot to add to [[Brachycephalic Airway Syndrome]] '''(Helen)'''

08 - complete [[Atrial Standstill]] '''(Siobhan)'''

09 - alot to do on [[Hormonal Pyometra]] '''(Siobhan)'''

10 - complete [[Nasopharyngeal Polyp]] '''(Helen)'''

11 - check [[Aspergillosis]] has all info '''(Helen)'''

12 - complete [[Dystocia - Dog & Cat]] '''(Siobhan)'''

13 - complete [[Ureters - Developmental Pathology]] or create [[Ureteral Ectopia]] '''(Helen)'''

14 - check [[Hiatal Hernia]] '''(Helen)'''

15 - do [[Urethral Prolapse]] '''(Helen)'''

16 - check [[Megacolon]] '''(Helen)'''

17 - create [[Aural Haematoma]] '''(Helen)'''

18 - create [[Cholelithiasis]] '''(Helen)'''

19 - check [[Vascular Ring Anomalies]] and add surgical technique '''(Helen)'''

20 - check [[Portosystemic Shunt]] '''(Helen)'''

21 - check [[Pulmonic Stenosis]] '''(Helen)'''

22 - complete [[Laryngeal Paralysis]] '''(Helen)'''

==Small Animal Orthopaedics==
01 - add to [[Degenerative Joint Disease]] '''(Helen)'''

02 - create [[Carpal Hyperextension]] '''(Siobhan)'''

03 - add to [[Mandibular Fractures]] '''(Siobhan)'''

04 - complete [[Hypertrophic Osteodystrophy]] '''(Helen)'''

05 - complete [[Canine Dermatomyositis]] '''(Helen)'''

06 - complete [[Incomplete Ossification of Humeral Condyle]] '''(Helen)'''

07 - create [[Physeal Fractures]] '''(Helen)'''

08 - complete [[Hip Dysplasia]] '''(Helen)'''

09 - complete [[Craniomandibular Osteopathy]] '''(Helen)'''

10 - create [[Gracilis Muscle Avulsion]] '''(Helen) created [[Muscle Strains and Ruptures]]'''

11 - complete [[Osteochondrosis]] or create [[Retained Cartilage Cores]] '''(Helen)'''

12 - complete [[Hypertrophic Osteopathy]] '''(Helen)'''

13 - complete [[Calve Legg-Perthe's Disease]] '''(Helen)'''

14 - create [[Infraspinatus Muscle Contracture]] '''(Helen) created [[Muscle Contracture]]'''

15 - complete [[Infectious Arthritis]] or create dog-specific page

16 - complete [[Patellar Luxation]] '''(Helen)'''

17 - create [[Periosteal Proliferative Polyarthritis]] '''(Helen)'''

18 - complete [[Elbow Dysplasia]]

==Small Animal Abdominal and Metabolic Disorders==
01 - [[Pulmonary Embolism, Thrombosis and Infarction]] already exists, but maybe create [[Pulmonary Thromboembolism]]?

Also complete [[Protein Losing Enteropathy]]

02 - create [[Urethral Sphincter Mechanism Incompetence]] '''(Helen)'''

03 - create [[Vaginal Hyperplasia]] '''(Helen)'''

04 - create [[Hepatocutaneous Syndrome]] '''(Helen)'''

05 - complete [[Cystitis]] '''(Siobhan)'''

06 - check [[Diabetes Mellitus]] '''(Helen)'''

07 - check [[Hypoadrenocorticism]] '''(Helen)'''

08 - complete [[Ovarian Cysts]] '''(Siobhan)'''

09 - check [[Hepatic Lipidosis]] '''(Helen)'''

10 - improve [[Intersex]] '''(Helen)'''

11 - create [[Ovarian Remnant Syndrome]] '''(Siobhan)'''

12 - complete [[Isospora spp.]] '''(Helen)'''

13 - check [[Feline Infectious Peritonitis]] '''(Helen)'''

14 - check [[Intussusception]] '''(Helen)'''

15 - improve [[Helicobacter]] '''(Helen)'''

16 - create [[Pseudopregnancy]] '''(Helen)'''

17 - check [[Hypothyroidism]] '''(Helen)'''

18 - check and improve [[Megacolon]] '''(Helen)'''

19 - improve [[Sertoli Cell Tumour]] '''(Helen)'''

==Reptiles and Amphibians==
01 - check [[Snake Mites]] '''(Siobhan)'''

02 - create [[Hemipenis Prolapse]] '''(Siobhan)'''

03 - improve [[Metabolic Bone Disease]] '''(Siobhan)'''

04 - Spirochaetosis page, not sure how to name it

05 - improve [[Steatitis]]'''(Siobhan)'''

06 - improve [[Metabolic Bone Disease]] '''(Siobhan)'''

07 - check [[Lead Poisoning]] '''(Siobhan)'''

08 - there is [[Aeromonas species in lizards]] which maybe could become 'in reptiles and amphibians'??

09 - check [[Hepatic Lipidosis]] '''(Siobhan)'''

10 - Maybe create complete [[Snake Neurological Diseases]]'''(Siobhan)'''

11 - check [[Heterophils]]'''(Siobhan)'''

12 - complete [[Metabolic Bone Disease]] '''(Siobhan)'''

13 - complete [[Lead Poisoning]] '''(Siobhan)'''

14 - complete [[Snake Dysecdysis]] '''(Siobhan)'''

15 - create [[Hypovitaminosis C]]

16 - complete [[Parietal eye]] '''(Siobhan)'''

17 - maybe create new [[Hypothyroidism]] for reptiles page or create [[Iodine Deficiency]].. not sure! - decided to create new [[Hypothyroidism - Reptiles]], think its the simplest way of incuding it - SB '''(Siobhan)'''

18 - maybe complete [[Abnormal Wear of Teeth]] or ceate new page

19 - there is already [[Snake Gout]] so not sure if make that into Reptile Gout?

20 - check [[Snake Cryptosporidiosis]]'''(Siobhan)'''

21 - check [[Lizard Mites]] '''(Siobhan)'''

22 - maybe create [[Snake Cardiovascular Diseases]]

23 - complete [[Giardiasis]] or create new page

24 - complete [[Lizard Musculoskeletal System]] or [[Autotomy]] '''(Siobhan)''' - I added the info to both pages as they were very similar - SB

==Ornamental Fish==
01 - create [[Stress Shock Syndrome]]

02 - new page, Ovaria Prolapse - Fish or Prolapse - Fish

03 - check [[Columnaris Disease]]

04 - create Swim Bladder Disorders

05 - create Carp Pox

06 - create Chlorine Toxicity

07 - create Dropsy

08 - something to do with goitre, or iodine deficiency

09 - create Euthanasia - Fish

10 - create Fish Louse

11 - create New Tank Syndrome

12 - check [[Cold Water Disease]]

13 - create Nitrite Toxicity

14 - create something on Saprolegnia

15 - create henneguya koi page

16 - create Anaesthesia - Fish

17 - create Zinc Toxicity

18 - create Algal Bloom

19 - create page on Trichodina

20 - create Gill Hyperplasia or Gill Irritation

21 - create Fish Handling

22 - create Supersaturation

23 - vitamin C deficiency?

24 - something general about water quality, or Low Dissolved Oxygen - FIsh

25 - Gill Fluke

26 - Head and Lateral Line Erosion

=== Small Mammals ===
DONE

=== Avian Med ===
DONE

===Cattle Medicine===
DONE

===Equine Internal Medicine===
DONE

===Equine Orthopaedics & Rheumatology===
DONE

=== Sheep Medicine ===
DONE

===Small Animal Dermatology===
DONE

Autotomy

2011-09-13T10:25:53Z

Siobhanbrade: added Manson flashcard information

Several families of '''lizard''' can voluntarily '''discard the tail''' when seized by a predator. This is known as''' [[Autotomy|autotomy]]'''. The discarded wriggling tail is thought to '''distract the attention of the predator''', enabling the lizard to escape.

Lizards that are capable of [[Autotomy|autotomy]] have a '''vertical fracture plane''' through the body and part of the neural arch of the tail vertebrae. This is a '''plate''' of '''cartilage or connective tissue''' that develops after ossification. The vasculature supplying the tail immediately '''spasms''' when autotomy occurs, which stops any [[Haemorrhage|haemorrhage]]. If the tail is completely discarded, it '''cannot be reattached''' because to disruption to the blood supply of the tail. The animal is able to '''grow a new tail''' - growth normally begins after approximately one month, and is complete after approximately one to two years. The regenerated tail is '''never as long or well formed''' as the original and may have a slightly different scale colour and pattern.

In a '''clinical scenario''', autotomy may occur when the lizard is being '''restrained'''. It is important to be prepared for (and try to prevent) this occurrence.

Autotomy and regeneration occur in many '''[[Lizard Classification|iguanid]]''' species but not in many [[Lizard Classification|agamids]], [[Monitor|monitors]] and [[Chameleon|chameleons]].

{{Learning
|flashcards = [[Reptiles and Amphibians Q&A 24]]
}}

==References==
* Frye, FL & Williams, DL (1995) '''Self-Assessment Colour Review - Reptiles & Amphibians''' ''Manson''

[[Category: To Do - Siobhan Brade]]
[[Category:To Do - Manson review]]

[[Category:Lizard_and_Snake_Glossary]]

Lizard Musculoskeletal System

2011-09-13T10:25:46Z

Siobhanbrade: added Manson flashcard information

{{review}}
[[Image:Lizard_autotomy.jpg|300px|thumb|right|'''Lizard tail after autotomy''' (© Metatron, Wikimedia Commons]]
Like other reptiles, lizards have a single occiptal condyle. Ribs are present on all vertebrae except tail and cervical vertebrae.

==Autotomy==

Several families of lizard can '''voluntarily discard the tail''' when seized by a predator, this is known as [[Autotomy|autotomy]]. The discarded wriggling tail is thought to '''distract the attention of the predator''', enabling the lizard to escape.

Lizards that are capable of [[Autotomy|autotomy]] have a '''vertical fracture plane''' through the body and part of the neural arch of the tail vertebrae. This is a plate of '''cartilage or connective tissue''' that develops after ossification. The '''vasculature''' supplying the tail immediately '''spasms''' when autotomy occurs, which stops any [[Haemorrhage|haemorrhage]]. If the tail is completely discarded, it '''cannot be reattached''' because to disruption to the blood supply of the tail. The animal is able to '''grow a new tail''' - growth normally begins after about one month, and is complete after approximately one to two years. The regenerated tail is '''never as long or well formed''' as the original and may have a slightly different scale colour and pattern.

In a '''clinical scenario''', autotomy may occur when the lizard is being '''restrained'''. It is important to be prepared for (and try to prevent) this occurrence.

Autotomy and regeneration occur in many '''[[Lizard Classification|iguanid]]''' species but not in many [[Lizard Classification|agamids]], [[Monitor|monitors]] and [[Chameleon|chameleons]].

{{Learning
|flashcards = [[Reptiles and Amphibians Q&A 24]]
}}

==References==
* Frye, FL & Williams, DL (1995) '''Self-Assessment Colour Review - Reptiles & Amphibians''' ''Manson''
* Mader, DR (2005) '''Reptile Medicine and Surgery''' Saunders. ''pp. 1264. ISBN 072169327X''

[[Category:Lizard_Anatomy|M]]

[[Category: To Do - Siobhan Brade]]
[[Category:To Do - Manson review]]

Hypothyroidism - Reptiles

2011-09-13T09:53:13Z

Siobhanbrade: Created page with "'''Galapagos Tortoises are a commonly affected species (Wikimedia Commons) ==Introduction== '''Hyp..."

[[File:Galapagos_giant_tortoise_Geochelone_elephantopus.jpg|200px|thumb|right|'''Galapagos Tortoises are a commonly affected species (Wikimedia Commons)]]
==Introduction==
'''Hypothyroidism''' can be seen in '''herbivorous reptiles''' that are fed a diet '''deficient in iodine'''. This is most commonly seen in species that evolved in an '''volcanic environment''' such as Galapagos tortoises, as plants that hold large quantities of '''halogens''' (such as iodine and bromine) are plentiful in these areas. Problems are often exacerbated by the feeding of plants that actually decrease [[Thyroid Gland - Anatomy & Physiology|thyroid gland function]], such as cabbages.

==Clinical Signs & Diagnosis==
The reptile normally presents with '''large fibrous [[Goitre|goitres]]'''. When combined with the history and signalment this should be diagnositic. Normal thyroid hormone values are not normally available for the affected species, therefore it is of little use to measure them.

==Treatment & Prevention==
'''Iodine''' supplementation should be given either '''orally or intravenously''' approximately once a week.

The condition can be prevented by supplementing the diet with '''kelp tablets''', which are a non-toxic source of iodine.

{{Learning
|flashcards = [[Reptiles and Amphibians Q&A 17]]
}}

==References==
Frye, FL & Williams, DL (1995) '''Self-Assessment Colour Review - Reptiles & Amphibians''' ''Manson''

Norton, TM & Jacobson ER (1989) '''Medical Management of a Galapagos Tortoise with Hypothyroidism''' Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine ''Vol. 20, No. 2, Jun. 1989''

[[Category: To Do - Siobhan Brade]]
[[Category:To Do - Manson review]]

Category:To Do - Manson

2011-09-13T09:13:12Z

Siobhanbrade: /* Reptiles and Amphibians */

Pages needed to link to Manson clinical flashcard Q&As:

Once finished with a page, please add it to [[:Category:To Do - Manson review|Category:To Do - Manson review]]

===Equine Reproduction & Stud Medicine===

Q1 - needs [[Blepharitis]] check/add horse info '''(Helen)'''
: - [[Conjunctivitis]] page '''(Helen)'''

Q2 - [[Wry Nose]] needs completion '''(Helen)'''

Q14 - [[Taylorella equigenitalis]] needs adapting '''(Helen)'''

Q20 - [[Dystocia - Horse]] '''(Helen)''' - needs either adding surgery option or separate page "caesarean section" '''(Helen)''' created [[Caesarean Section - Horse]]


===Cytology===


Q2
*please create a page [[Gram Negative Bacteria - Overview]] that will contain general info '''(Helen)'''
*create [[Actinomycetes Overview]] page to include info from [[Actinomyces species - Overview]], staining properties and any other general info for both Actinomyces and Nocardia. Add [[Actinomyces species - Overview]] to delete after. '''(Helen)'''

Q3
* [[Lymphoma]] I decided to combine the two pages into one.
**Can you please add horse related: clinical signs, physical examination, any specific laboratory tests, treatment '''(Siobhan)'''

Q7
*[[Adenoma]] - can you please modify the whole page. If there is a lot of info about all adenomas, it may be worth creating a separate page for perianal adenoma instead, let me know what you find out. '''(Helen)'''

Q14
*Please have another look at [[Squamous Cell Carcinoma]]. I just read the first sentence and it really isn't a suitable start. I haven't read the rest yet but the formatting needs looking at too. '''(Siobhan)'''

Q18
*[[Demodex]] needs larval description, [[Demodicosis]] needs to mention need to identify larvae under diagnosis. '''(Siobhan)'''



'''WHICH QUESTIONS IN WV DO THE PAGES BELOW BELONG TO?''' '''(Helen) We had a little mix-up and I updated articles for all the questions from a list we were given, but only 18 questions were uploaded.. sorry!'''

'''(Helen)'''
Numbers refer to question numbers in the book:

10 - [[Hyperadrenocorticism|Cushings]]: just needs cytology features of liver added '''(Helen)'''

28 - Haemangiopericytoma and spindle cell tumours '''Helen)'''

120 - [[Mammary Neoplasia]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

121 - Mare normal uterine washing findings '''(Siobhan)'''

131 - tuberculosis '''(Helen) I updated [[Tuberculosis - Dogs]] but put info on cats as well. Probably easiest to rename page Tuberculosis - Dogs & Cats'''

132 - [[Trichodectes canis]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

135 - Maybe just need to complete [[Oestrous Cycle - Anatomy & Physiology#Mare|Mare oestrous cycle]] as just talks about uterine washing results during anoestrus '''(Siobhan)'''

137 - [[Transitional Cell Carcinoma]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

146 - [[Melanoma]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

155 - Giant cell tumour of bone needs a page '''(Helen)'''

158 - [[Mesothelial cells]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

161 - several diseases discussed: [[Filaroides osleri]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''



==Feline Medicine==

Q2, 3, 4 - picture needed

Q5 - needs lab results

Q13 - needs lab results

Q14 - has WRONG picture, should be from q185 in book

Q22 and 24- need picture


==Rabbit Medicine and Surgery==

2 - [[Atrial Fibrillation]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

3 - needs a page on scent glands in rabbits? can't find one on wikivet in the anat and phys section '''(Helen)'''

5 - Add info in [[Lead Poisoning]] about clin path '''(Helen)'''

8 - [[Non-Obstructive Ileus – Rabbit]] needs more info, diagnostic, treatment '''(Helen)'''

9 - [[Rabbit Haemorrhatic Disease Virus]] needs more info '''(Helen)'''

10 - [[Pseudopregnancy - Rabbit]] needs a page '''(Helen)'''

11 - Make [[Encephalitozoon cuniculi – Rabbit]] page prettier '''(Helen)'''

12 - Blepharitis needs a page '''(Helen)'''

13 - [[Exophthalmos – Rabbit]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

14 - [[Treponema cuniculi – Rabbit]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

15 - Page on [[Congestive Heart Failure - Rabbit]] maybe? '''(Helen)'''

17 - [[Leporacarus]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

18 - [[Pododermatitis – Rabbit]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

20 - needs something! '''(Helen) probably article on Haematuria'''

21 - [[Uterine Adenocarcinoma - Rabbit]] needs doing '''(Helen)'''

==Small animals ECC==
01 - [[Endocarditis]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

02 - [[Ventricular Tachycardia]] needs completing '''(Siobhan)'''

04 - page on stabilising a cat with dyspnoea '''(Siobhan)'''

05 - [[Collapsing Trachea]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

06 - [[Feline Asthma Syndrome]] needs more info '''(Helen)'''

07 - Carbon Monoxide Poisoning '''(Helen)'''

08 - Either complete [[Diabetes Mellitus]] or create new page, [[Diabetic Ketoacidosis]] '''(Helen)'''

09 - [[Hypocalcaemia]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

10 - Bacterial Prostatitis or just Prostatitis needs a page '''(Helen)'''

11 - [[Uterine Prolapse]] has no small animal info '''(Helen)'''

12 - [[Feline Infectious Anaemia]] needs a bit more info for the question, also [[Administering a Blood Transfusion]] '''(Helen)'''

13 - Lens Luxation needs a page '''(Helen)'''

15 - Atlantoaxial Luxation '''(Helen)'''

16 - [[Intervertebral Disc Degeneration]] needs alot more info '''(Siobhan)'''

17 - Anaphylaxis needs a page '''(Helen)'''

18 - [[Panosteitis]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

19 - Tibial Crest Avulsion needs a page '''(Helen)'''

==Veterinary Dentistry==
1 - [[Temporomandibular Luxation]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

2 - [[Ameloblastoma, Central]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

3 - [[Persistent Deciduous Teeth]] needs doing '''(Helen) also maybe a page on the Triadan System?''' [[Modified Triadan System]]

4 - [[Dental Discolouration]] needs doing '''(Helen)'''

5 - [[Feline Eosinophilic Granuloma]] complete info and add dog there too (?!) '''(Helen)'''

6 - [[Tooth Fractures]] needs doing '''(Helen)'''

7 - [[Acromegaly]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

8 - [[Sialolithiasis]] needs doing, [[Sialolithiasis - Donkey]] can maybe go there too?! - will need to keep the donkey page separate as it is a different source/funding/agreement (BS) '''(Siobhan)'''

9 - some sort of malocclusion page

10 - [[Salivary Mucocele]] needs a few things added maybe '''(Siobhan)'''

11 - Maybe a page on [[Periodontal Pockets]] or complete [[Periodontal Disease]] '''(Helen)'''

12 - Check [[Hyperparathyroidism]] page to see if all info there '''(Siobhan)'''

13 - Either complete [[Odontodystrophy]] or create [[Enamel Hypoplasia]] page

14 - Create [[Halitosis]] page '''(Helen)'''

15 - Complete [[Systemic Lupus Erythematosus]] '''(Helen)'''

16 - [[High-Rise Syndrome]] needs doing '''(Helen)'''

17 - Check [[Uraemia]] for completeness '''(Helen)'''

18 - [[Lip Fold Dermatitis]] needs doing '''(Siobhan)'''

19 - [[Abnormal Wear of Teeth]] needs completing

20 - [[Eruption Cysts]] needs doing '''(Helen)'''

21 - Check [[Incisor Overgrowth – Rabbit]] - didnt think this page needed anything added - Siobhan. [[Cheek Teeth Malocclusion – Rabbit]] '''(Siobhan)'''

22 - [[Cheek Tooth Extraction - Horse]] page? '''(Siobhan)'''

==Small Animal Soft Tissue Surgery==
01 - [[Cleft Palate]] to check '''(Siobhan)'''

02 - [[Gastric Dilatation and Volvulus]] add a bit more on surgery '''(Siobhan)'''

03 - create [[Aortic Thromboembolism]] '''(Siobhan)'''

04 - create [[Tracheal Avulsion]] '''(Helen)''' creating [[Tracheal Trauma]] instead

05 - either complete [[Male External Genitalia - Pathology]] - just made this one look nicer and added links then created new [[Paraphimosis]] page - '''(Siobhan)'''

06 - complete [[Hernia, Peritoneopericardial Diaphragmatic]] '''(Helen)'''

07 - alot to add to [[Brachycephalic Airway Syndrome]] '''(Helen)'''

08 - complete [[Atrial Standstill]] '''(Siobhan)'''

09 - alot to do on [[Hormonal Pyometra]] '''(Siobhan)'''

10 - complete [[Nasopharyngeal Polyp]] '''(Helen)'''

11 - check [[Aspergillosis]] has all info '''(Helen)'''

12 - complete [[Dystocia - Dog & Cat]] '''(Siobhan)'''

13 - complete [[Ureters - Developmental Pathology]] or create [[Ureteral Ectopia]] '''(Helen)'''

14 - check [[Hiatal Hernia]] '''(Helen)'''

15 - do [[Urethral Prolapse]] '''(Helen)'''

16 - check [[Megacolon]] '''(Helen)'''

17 - create [[Aural Haematoma]] '''(Helen)'''

18 - create [[Cholelithiasis]] '''(Helen)'''

19 - check [[Vascular Ring Anomalies]] and add surgical technique '''(Helen)'''

20 - check [[Portosystemic Shunt]] '''(Helen)'''

21 - check [[Pulmonic Stenosis]] '''(Helen)'''

22 - complete [[Laryngeal Paralysis]] '''(Helen)'''

==Small Animal Orthopaedics==
01 - add to [[Degenerative Joint Disease]] '''(Helen)'''

02 - create [[Carpal Hyperextension]] '''(Siobhan)'''

03 - add to [[Mandibular Fractures]] '''(Siobhan)'''

04 - complete [[Hypertrophic Osteodystrophy]] '''(Helen)'''

05 - complete [[Canine Dermatomyositis]] '''(Helen)'''

06 - complete [[Incomplete Ossification of Humeral Condyle]] '''(Helen)'''

07 - create [[Physeal Fractures]] '''(Helen)'''

08 - complete [[Hip Dysplasia]] '''(Helen)'''

09 - complete [[Craniomandibular Osteopathy]] '''(Helen)'''

10 - create [[Gracilis Muscle Avulsion]] '''(Helen) created [[Muscle Strains and Ruptures]]'''

11 - complete [[Osteochondrosis]] or create [[Retained Cartilage Cores]] '''(Helen)'''

12 - complete [[Hypertrophic Osteopathy]] '''(Helen)'''

13 - complete [[Calve Legg-Perthe's Disease]] '''(Helen)'''

14 - create [[Infraspinatus Muscle Contracture]] '''(Helen) created [[Muscle Contracture]]'''

15 - complete [[Infectious Arthritis]] or create dog-specific page

16 - complete [[Patellar Luxation]] '''(Helen)'''

17 - create [[Periosteal Proliferative Polyarthritis]] '''(Helen)'''

18 - complete [[Elbow Dysplasia]]

==Small Animal Abdominal and Metabolic Disorders==
01 - [[Pulmonary Embolism, Thrombosis and Infarction]] already exists, but maybe create [[Pulmonary Thromboembolism]]?

Also complete [[Protein Losing Enteropathy]]

02 - create [[Urethral Sphincter Mechanism Incompetence]] '''(Helen)'''

03 - create [[Vaginal Hyperplasia]] '''(Helen)'''

04 - create [[Hepatocutaneous Syndrome]] '''(Helen)'''

05 - complete [[Cystitis]] '''(Siobhan)'''

06 - check [[Diabetes Mellitus]] '''(Helen)'''

07 - check [[Hypoadrenocorticism]] '''(Helen)'''

08 - complete [[Ovarian Cysts]] '''(Siobhan)'''

09 - check [[Hepatic Lipidosis]] '''(Helen)'''

10 - improve [[Intersex]] '''(Helen)'''

11 - create [[Ovarian Remnant Syndrome]] '''(Siobhan)'''

12 - complete [[Isospora spp.]] '''(Helen)'''

13 - check [[Feline Infectious Peritonitis]] '''(Helen)'''

14 - check [[Intussusception]] '''(Helen)'''

15 - improve [[Helicobacter]] '''(Helen)'''

16 - create [[Pseudopregnancy]] '''(Helen)'''

17 - check [[Hypothyroidism]] '''(Helen)'''

18 - check and improve [[Megacolon]] '''(Helen)'''

19 - improve [[Sertoli Cell Tumour]] '''(Helen)'''

==Reptiles and Amphibians==
01 - check [[Snake Mites]] '''(Siobhan)'''

02 - create [[Hemipenis Prolapse]] '''(Siobhan)'''

03 - improve [[Metabolic Bone Disease]] '''(Siobhan)'''

04 - Spirochaetosis page, not sure how to name it

05 - improve [[Steatitis]]'''(Siobhan)'''

06 - improve [[Metabolic Bone Disease]] '''(Siobhan)'''

07 - check [[Lead Poisoning]] '''(Siobhan)'''

08 - there is [[Aeromonas species in lizards]] which maybe could become 'in reptiles and amphibians'??

09 - check [[Hepatic Lipidosis]] '''(Siobhan)'''

10 - Maybe create complete [[Snake Neurological Diseases]]'''(Siobhan)'''

11 - check [[Heterophils]]'''(Siobhan)'''

12 - complete [[Metabolic Bone Disease]] '''(Siobhan)'''

13 - complete [[Lead Poisoning]] '''(Siobhan)'''

14 - complete [[Snake Dysecdysis]] '''(Siobhan)'''

15 - create [[Hypovitaminosis C]]

16 - complete [[Parietal eye]] '''(Siobhan)'''

17 - maybe create new [[Hypothyroidism]] for reptiles page or create [[Iodine Deficiency]].. not sure!'''(Siobhan)'''

18 - maybe complete [[Abnormal Wear of Teeth]] or ceate new page

19 - there is already [[Snake Gout]] so not sure if make that into Reptile Gout?

20 - check [[Snake Cryptosporidiosis]]'''(Siobhan)'''

21 - check [[Lizard Mites]] '''(Siobhan)'''

22 - maybe create [[Snake Cardiovascular Diseases]]

23 - complete [[Giardiasis]] or create new page

24 - complete [[Lizard Musculoskeletal System]] or [[Autotomy]] '''(Siobhan)'''

==Ornamental Fish==
01 - create [[Stress Shock Syndrome]]

02 - new page, Ovaria Prolapse - Fish or Prolapse - Fish

03 - check [[Columnaris Disease]]

04 - create Swim Bladder Disorders

05 - create Carp Pox

06 - create Chlorine Toxicity

07 - create Dropsy

08 - something to do with goitre, or iodine deficiency

09 - create Euthanasia - Fish

10 - create Fish Louse

11 - create New Tank Syndrome

12 - check [[Cold Water Disease]]

13 - create Nitrite Toxicity

14 - create something on Saprolegnia

15 - create henneguya koi page

16 - create Anaesthesia - Fish

17 - create Zinc Toxicity

18 - create Algal Bloom

19 - create page on Trichodina

20 - create Gill Hyperplasia or Gill Irritation

21 - create Fish Handling

22 - create Supersaturation

23 - vitamin C deficiency?

24 - something general about water quality, or Low Dissolved Oxygen - FIsh

25 - Gill Fluke

26 - Head and Lateral Line Erosion

=== Small Mammals ===
DONE

=== Avian Med ===
DONE

===Cattle Medicine===
DONE

===Equine Internal Medicine===
DONE

===Equine Orthopaedics & Rheumatology===
DONE

=== Sheep Medicine ===
DONE

===Small Animal Dermatology===
DONE

Snake Neurological Diseases

2011-09-13T09:11:47Z

Siobhanbrade: added Manson flashcard information

{{review}}
[[Image:Star-gazing_boa-1ed.jpg|300px|thumb|right|'''Typical "star-gazing" posture of a snake with neurological disease''' © RVC]]
Neurological disease is relatively common in snakes. Viral infections may present with neurological signs and [[Snake Hypothiaminosis|hypothiaminosis]] is very common in [[Garter Snake|garter snakes]].
==Examination==
As with other problems of snakes, [[Lizard and Snake Taking a History|history-taking]] is critical for diagnosis. Signalment information can help determine the cause since many neurological diseases are more prevalent in certain taxa. Husbandry information will help to determine whether the nervous system is involved specifically or secondarily. Clinical signs of neurological disease in snakes vary from very subtle to severe. There may be only a mild decrease in activity and a drop off in appetite. More obvious signs include disorientation, incoordination, loss of righting reflex, paresis, paralysis, head tremors, opisthotonous and convulsions.

==Diagnosis==
The aetiology of neurological disease can be suggested by signalment. [[Inclusion Body Disease|Inclusion body disease (IBD)]] is almost always seen in [[Boidae]]. [[Ophidian Paramyxovirus|Ophidian paramyxovirus]] (OPMV) occurs principally in [[Viperidae]]. Hypothiaminosis is common in fish-eating snakes such as [[Garter Snake|garter snakes]]. Disorientation and sluggishness may be attributed to a wide variety of causes but may be simply caused by an inappropriate environmental temperature. Stargazing in very suggestive of meningoencephalitis. [[Snake Physical Examination|Physical examination]] may rule out cases of trauma. The use of diagnostic aids may identify the cause: [[Lizard and Snake Imaging|radiography]] may reveal fractures, [[Lizard and Snake Haematology|haematology]] may indicate an infectious cause, and serology may identify [[Ophidian Paramyxovirus|OPMV]]. Response to thiamine is diagnostic for [[Snake Hypothiaminosis|hypothiaminosis]]. However sometimes the aetiology is only found upon [[Snake Necropsy|necropsy]]. Perivascular cuffing in CNS issue may be associated with viral infections.

==Causes of neurological disease==
There are many causes of neurological disease in snakes. Here’s a brief overview.

*'''Viral''' - Several viral infections have been reported to cause neurological problems in snakes – including [[Inclusion Body Disease]], [[Ophidian Paramyxovirus|OMPV]], reovirus and lentivirus infections. [[Ophidian Paramyxovirus|OPMV]] is primarily associated with [[Snake Respiratory Disease|respiratory pathology]] but can be associated with CNS disease. The clinical significance of infection with western equine encephalitis and Venezuelan equine encephalitis is unknown.

*'''Bacterial''' - Bacterial infections, including Staphylococcus aureus and mycobacteria, have been reported to cause neurological disease and abscesses in the vertebral canal.

*'''Fungal''' - ''Cryptococcus neoformans'' has been associated with neurological disease. Diagnosis can be confirmed by serology or isolation from CSF.

*'''Parasitic''' - Protozoal neurological disease has been reported in snakes. Acanthmoebic encephalitis causes spasmodic opisthotonus and toxoplasmosis has been associated with meningoencephalitis.

*'''Nutritional''' - Thiamine deficiency is the most common nutritional cause of neurological disease in snakes. Snakes fed incorrectly prepared fish are at risk. Hypobiotinosis may develop from feeding raw egg whites containing avidin, which has anti-biotin activity.

*'''Trauma''' - Trauma neuropathies may occur after direct trauma to the head and vertebral column.

*'''Congenital''' - A caudal coiling problem has been seen in newborn [[Boa constrictor|boa constrictors]]. At necropsy there was a lymphocytic infiltrate in the perimysium of the epaxial muscles.

*'''Metabolic''' - [[Snake Gout|Gout]]-associated neurological disease may result from formation of tophi in CNS tissue.

*'''Toxicosis''' - Insecticide poisoning, most commonly organophosphate, has been reported in snakes and caused convulsions. Ivermectin overdose has been reported to cause neuromuscular weakness.

*'''Neoplasia''' - Reports of neoplasia of the nervous system of snakes are uncommon but leukaemias have been associated with neurological disease.

*'''Behavioural''' - Aggressive behaviour may be normal in some species such as [[Anaconda|anacondas]]. However, aggression in large [[Python|pythons]] has been associated with sudden changes in the [[Snake Diet|diet]]. Some large pythons also become conditioned to become aggressive by some feeding techniques.

==Therapy==
Treatment of neurological disease involves both supportive care and aetiology related therapy. Some forms of neurological disease such as trauma may require up to one year of supportive care before snakes will begin to take prey spontaneously. Months of supportive care are often required for neurological deficits to repair but in many cases they may never be restored to full function. In some cases [[Lizard and Snake Euthanasia|euthanasia]] is probably the most humane act. Aetiology related therapy may not be possible in many cases.

'''For more information, see''' [[Snake Supportive Care]].

==Prognosis==
If the snake develops severe neurological signs such as ‘star-gazing’ prognosis is generally poor. This is because damage to nervous tissue is irreversible, as this tissue has very poor regenerative qualities.

==Prevention==
Attention to diet and husbandry is usually the most important part of disease prevention.

'''For further information, see''' [[Snake Feeding and Digestion]] '''and''' [[Snake Housing]].

{{Learning
|flashcards = [[Reptiles and Amphibians Q&A 10]]
}}

==Literature Search==
[[File:CABI logo.jpg|left|90px]]

Use these links to find recent scientific publications via CAB Abstracts (log in required unless accessing from a subscribing organisation).
 
[http://www.cabi.org/cabdirect/FullTextPDF/2009/20093118384.pdf '''Neurologic examination in reptiles - Part I: Cranial nerve examination.''' Bennett, R. A.; The North American Veterinary Conference, Gainesville, USA, Small animal and exotics. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference, Orlando, Florida, USA, 17-21 January, 2009, 2009, pp 1766-1767 - '''Full Text Article''']

[http://www.cabi.org/cabdirect/FullTextPDF/2009/20093118385.pdf '''Neurologic examination in reptiles - Part II: Localizing neurologic dysfunction.''' Bennett, R. A.; The North American Veterinary Conference, Gainesville, USA, Small animal and exotics. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference, Orlando, Florida, USA, 17-21 January, 2009, 2009, pp 1768-1769 - '''Full Text Article''']

==References==
Frye, FL & Williams, DL (1995) '''Self-Assessment Colour Review - Reptiles & Amphibians''' ''Manson''

[[Category: To Do - Siobhan Brade]]
[[Category:To Do - Manson review]]

[[Category:Snake_Diseases]]

User:Siobhanbrade

2011-09-13T08:39:20Z

Siobhanbrade: /* Hours Worked */

{{UserPage
|Name=Siobhan Brade
|Occupation= Veterinary Surgeon
|School= UK - Royal Veterinary College
|Year= 2011
|Image= Siobhan.jpg
}}

Click [[:Category: To Do - Siobhan Brade|here]] for pages that Siobhan is working on

Click [[:Category: To Do - Manson|here]] for pages from Manson that need working on

==Hours Worked==

{| class="wikitable collapsible"
|Day
|'''Week 6''' (27 June - 3 July)
|'''Week 7''' (4-10 July)
|'''Week 8''' (11-17 July)
|'''Week 9''' (18-24 July)
|'''Week 10''' (25-31 July)
|-
|Monday
|2
|1
|
|
|4.5
|-
|Tuesday
|
|5
|
|
|6
|-
|Wednesday
|
|4.5
|
|
|5.5
|-
|Thursday
|
|3
|
|
|8
|-
|Friday
| 2
|
|
|
|5.5
|-
|Saturday
|
|2
|
|
|
|-
|Sunday
|
|1
|
|7.5
|
|-
|'''Total hours'''
|4
|16.5
|
|7.5
|29.5
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable collapsible"
|Day
|'''Week 11''' (1-7 aug)
|'''Week 12''' (8-14 aug)
|'''Week 13''' (15-21 aug)
|'''Week 14''' (22-28 aug)
|'''Week 15''' (29-4 aug)
|-
|Monday
|6.5
|2
|5
|7
|2
|-
|Tuesday
|7.5
|4.5
|2
|7
|6
|-
|Wednesday
|6
|6
|6.5
|6.5
|9
|-
|Thursday
|3
|6
|3.5
|3
|9
|-
|Friday
|0
|5
|2.5
|0
|2
|-
|Saturday
|1.5
|0
|5
|0
|3
|-
|Sunday
|9
|8.5
|7.5
|0
|7.5
|-
|'''Total hours'''
|33.5
|32
|32
|23.5
|38.5
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable collapsible"
|Day
|'''Week 16''' (sep)
|'''Week 17''' (sep)
|'''Week 18''' (sep)
|'''Week 19''' (sep)
|'''Week 21''' (sep)
|-
|Monday
|5.5
|5
|
|
|
|-
|Tuesday
|7
|
|
|
|
|-
|Wednesday
|7.5
|
|
|
|
|-
|Thursday
|7
|
|
|
|
|-
|Friday
|6.5
|
|
|
|
|-
|Saturday
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Sunday
|0.5
|
|
|
|
|-
|'''Total hours'''
|34
|
|
|
|
|-
|}

=Heading 1=
==Heading 2==
===Heading 3===
[[File:Siobhan.jpg|right|75px|thumb|Here is a picture of Siobhan on her birthday]]
'''Bold''' 
''italics'' 
'''''bold and italic'''''

I'm being helped out by [[User:Ctrace|Chris]]

Check me out on [http://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=278600484 Facebook]!

*Bullet point 1
*Bullet point 2
**offset bullet 1
**offset bullet 2

#number 1
#number 2
##number 1
##number 2
#number 3

Click here for [[:Category:Respiratory Diseases - Pig|respiratory disease of the pig]]

[[File:Belgische haas (konijnenras).jpg|Belgische haas (konijnenras)]]

Category:To Do - Manson

2011-09-12T20:00:04Z

Siobhanbrade: /* Reptiles and Amphibians */

Pages needed to link to Manson clinical flashcard Q&As:

Once finished with a page, please add it to [[:Category:To Do - Manson review|Category:To Do - Manson review]]

===Equine Reproduction & Stud Medicine===

Q1 - needs [[Blepharitis]] check/add horse info '''(Helen)'''
: - [[Conjunctivitis]] page '''(Helen)'''

Q2 - [[Wry Nose]] needs completion '''(Helen)'''

Q14 - [[Taylorella equigenitalis]] needs adapting '''(Helen)'''

Q20 - [[Dystocia - Horse]] '''(Helen)''' - needs either adding surgery option or separate page "caesarean section" '''(Helen)''' created [[Caesarean Section - Horse]]


===Cytology===


Q2
*please create a page [[Gram Negative Bacteria - Overview]] that will contain general info '''(Helen)'''
*create [[Actinomycetes Overview]] page to include info from [[Actinomyces species - Overview]], staining properties and any other general info for both Actinomyces and Nocardia. Add [[Actinomyces species - Overview]] to delete after. '''(Helen)'''

Q3
* [[Lymphoma]] I decided to combine the two pages into one.
**Can you please add horse related: clinical signs, physical examination, any specific laboratory tests, treatment '''(Siobhan)'''

Q7
*[[Adenoma]] - can you please modify the whole page. If there is a lot of info about all adenomas, it may be worth creating a separate page for perianal adenoma instead, let me know what you find out. '''(Helen)'''

Q14
*Please have another look at [[Squamous Cell Carcinoma]]. I just read the first sentence and it really isn't a suitable start. I haven't read the rest yet but the formatting needs looking at too. '''(Siobhan)'''

Q18
*[[Demodex]] needs larval description, [[Demodicosis]] needs to mention need to identify larvae under diagnosis. '''(Siobhan)'''



'''WHICH QUESTIONS IN WV DO THE PAGES BELOW BELONG TO?''' '''(Helen) We had a little mix-up and I updated articles for all the questions from a list we were given, but only 18 questions were uploaded.. sorry!'''

'''(Helen)'''
Numbers refer to question numbers in the book:

10 - [[Hyperadrenocorticism|Cushings]]: just needs cytology features of liver added '''(Helen)'''

28 - Haemangiopericytoma and spindle cell tumours '''Helen)'''

120 - [[Mammary Neoplasia]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

121 - Mare normal uterine washing findings '''(Siobhan)'''

131 - tuberculosis '''(Helen) I updated [[Tuberculosis - Dogs]] but put info on cats as well. Probably easiest to rename page Tuberculosis - Dogs & Cats'''

132 - [[Trichodectes canis]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

135 - Maybe just need to complete [[Oestrous Cycle - Anatomy & Physiology#Mare|Mare oestrous cycle]] as just talks about uterine washing results during anoestrus '''(Siobhan)'''

137 - [[Transitional Cell Carcinoma]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

146 - [[Melanoma]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

155 - Giant cell tumour of bone needs a page '''(Helen)'''

158 - [[Mesothelial cells]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

161 - several diseases discussed: [[Filaroides osleri]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''



==Feline Medicine==

Q2, 3, 4 - picture needed

Q5 - needs lab results

Q13 - needs lab results

Q14 - has WRONG picture, should be from q185 in book

Q22 and 24- need picture


==Rabbit Medicine and Surgery==

2 - [[Atrial Fibrillation]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

3 - needs a page on scent glands in rabbits? can't find one on wikivet in the anat and phys section '''(Helen)'''

5 - Add info in [[Lead Poisoning]] about clin path '''(Helen)'''

8 - [[Non-Obstructive Ileus – Rabbit]] needs more info, diagnostic, treatment '''(Helen)'''

9 - [[Rabbit Haemorrhatic Disease Virus]] needs more info '''(Helen)'''

10 - [[Pseudopregnancy - Rabbit]] needs a page '''(Helen)'''

11 - Make [[Encephalitozoon cuniculi – Rabbit]] page prettier '''(Helen)'''

12 - Blepharitis needs a page '''(Helen)'''

13 - [[Exophthalmos – Rabbit]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

14 - [[Treponema cuniculi – Rabbit]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

15 - Page on [[Congestive Heart Failure - Rabbit]] maybe? '''(Helen)'''

17 - [[Leporacarus]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

18 - [[Pododermatitis – Rabbit]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

20 - needs something! '''(Helen) probably article on Haematuria'''

21 - [[Uterine Adenocarcinoma - Rabbit]] needs doing '''(Helen)'''

==Small animals ECC==
01 - [[Endocarditis]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

02 - [[Ventricular Tachycardia]] needs completing '''(Siobhan)'''

04 - page on stabilising a cat with dyspnoea '''(Siobhan)'''

05 - [[Collapsing Trachea]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

06 - [[Feline Asthma Syndrome]] needs more info '''(Helen)'''

07 - Carbon Monoxide Poisoning '''(Helen)'''

08 - Either complete [[Diabetes Mellitus]] or create new page, [[Diabetic Ketoacidosis]] '''(Helen)'''

09 - [[Hypocalcaemia]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

10 - Bacterial Prostatitis or just Prostatitis needs a page '''(Helen)'''

11 - [[Uterine Prolapse]] has no small animal info '''(Helen)'''

12 - [[Feline Infectious Anaemia]] needs a bit more info for the question, also [[Administering a Blood Transfusion]] '''(Helen)'''

13 - Lens Luxation needs a page '''(Helen)'''

15 - Atlantoaxial Luxation '''(Helen)'''

16 - [[Intervertebral Disc Degeneration]] needs alot more info '''(Siobhan)'''

17 - Anaphylaxis needs a page '''(Helen)'''

18 - [[Panosteitis]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

19 - Tibial Crest Avulsion needs a page '''(Helen)'''

==Veterinary Dentistry==
1 - [[Temporomandibular Luxation]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

2 - [[Ameloblastoma, Central]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

3 - [[Persistent Deciduous Teeth]] needs doing '''(Helen) also maybe a page on the Triadan System?''' [[Modified Triadan System]]

4 - [[Dental Discolouration]] needs doing '''(Helen)'''

5 - [[Feline Eosinophilic Granuloma]] complete info and add dog there too (?!) '''(Helen)'''

6 - [[Tooth Fractures]] needs doing '''(Helen)'''

7 - [[Acromegaly]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

8 - [[Sialolithiasis]] needs doing, [[Sialolithiasis - Donkey]] can maybe go there too?! - will need to keep the donkey page separate as it is a different source/funding/agreement (BS) '''(Siobhan)'''

9 - some sort of malocclusion page

10 - [[Salivary Mucocele]] needs a few things added maybe '''(Siobhan)'''

11 - Maybe a page on [[Periodontal Pockets]] or complete [[Periodontal Disease]] '''(Helen)'''

12 - Check [[Hyperparathyroidism]] page to see if all info there '''(Siobhan)'''

13 - Either complete [[Odontodystrophy]] or create [[Enamel Hypoplasia]] page

14 - Create [[Halitosis]] page '''(Helen)'''

15 - Complete [[Systemic Lupus Erythematosus]] '''(Helen)'''

16 - [[High-Rise Syndrome]] needs doing '''(Helen)'''

17 - Check [[Uraemia]] for completeness '''(Helen)'''

18 - [[Lip Fold Dermatitis]] needs doing '''(Siobhan)'''

19 - [[Abnormal Wear of Teeth]] needs completing

20 - [[Eruption Cysts]] needs doing '''(Helen)'''

21 - Check [[Incisor Overgrowth – Rabbit]] - didnt think this page needed anything added - Siobhan. [[Cheek Teeth Malocclusion – Rabbit]] '''(Siobhan)'''

22 - [[Cheek Tooth Extraction - Horse]] page? '''(Siobhan)'''

==Small Animal Soft Tissue Surgery==
01 - [[Cleft Palate]] to check '''(Siobhan)'''

02 - [[Gastric Dilatation and Volvulus]] add a bit more on surgery '''(Siobhan)'''

03 - create [[Aortic Thromboembolism]] '''(Siobhan)'''

04 - create [[Tracheal Avulsion]] '''(Helen)''' creating [[Tracheal Trauma]] instead

05 - either complete [[Male External Genitalia - Pathology]] - just made this one look nicer and added links then created new [[Paraphimosis]] page - '''(Siobhan)'''

06 - complete [[Hernia, Peritoneopericardial Diaphragmatic]] '''(Helen)'''

07 - alot to add to [[Brachycephalic Airway Syndrome]] '''(Helen)'''

08 - complete [[Atrial Standstill]] '''(Siobhan)'''

09 - alot to do on [[Hormonal Pyometra]] '''(Siobhan)'''

10 - complete [[Nasopharyngeal Polyp]] '''(Helen)'''

11 - check [[Aspergillosis]] has all info '''(Helen)'''

12 - complete [[Dystocia - Dog & Cat]] '''(Siobhan)'''

13 - complete [[Ureters - Developmental Pathology]] or create [[Ureteral Ectopia]] '''(Helen)'''

14 - check [[Hiatal Hernia]] '''(Helen)'''

15 - do [[Urethral Prolapse]] '''(Helen)'''

16 - check [[Megacolon]] '''(Helen)'''

17 - create [[Aural Haematoma]] '''(Helen)'''

18 - create [[Cholelithiasis]] '''(Helen)'''

19 - check [[Vascular Ring Anomalies]] and add surgical technique '''(Helen)'''

20 - check [[Portosystemic Shunt]] '''(Helen)'''

21 - check [[Pulmonic Stenosis]] '''(Helen)'''

22 - complete [[Laryngeal Paralysis]] '''(Helen)'''

==Small Animal Orthopaedics==
01 - add to [[Degenerative Joint Disease]] '''(Helen)'''

02 - create [[Carpal Hyperextension]] '''(Siobhan)'''

03 - add to [[Mandibular Fractures]] '''(Siobhan)'''

04 - complete [[Hypertrophic Osteodystrophy]] '''(Helen)'''

05 - complete [[Canine Dermatomyositis]] '''(Helen)'''

06 - complete [[Incomplete Ossification of Humeral Condyle]] '''(Helen)'''

07 - create [[Physeal Fractures]] '''(Helen)'''

08 - complete [[Hip Dysplasia]] '''(Helen)'''

09 - complete [[Craniomandibular Osteopathy]] '''(Helen)'''

10 - create [[Gracilis Muscle Avulsion]] '''(Helen) created [[Muscle Strains and Ruptures]]'''

11 - complete [[Osteochondrosis]] or create [[Retained Cartilage Cores]] '''(Helen)'''

12 - complete [[Hypertrophic Osteopathy]] '''(Helen)'''

13 - complete [[Calve Legg-Perthe's Disease]] '''(Helen)'''

14 - create [[Infraspinatus Muscle Contracture]] '''(Helen) created [[Muscle Contracture]]'''

15 - complete [[Infectious Arthritis]] or create dog-specific page

16 - complete [[Patellar Luxation]] '''(Helen)'''

17 - create [[Periosteal Proliferative Polyarthritis]] '''(Helen)'''

18 - complete [[Elbow Dysplasia]]

==Small Animal Abdominal and Metabolic Disorders==
01 - [[Pulmonary Embolism, Thrombosis and Infarction]] already exists, but maybe create [[Pulmonary Thromboembolism]]?

Also complete [[Protein Losing Enteropathy]]

02 - create [[Urethral Sphincter Mechanism Incompetence]] '''(Helen)'''

03 - create [[Vaginal Hyperplasia]] '''(Helen)'''

04 - create [[Hepatocutaneous Syndrome]] '''(Helen)'''

05 - complete [[Cystitis]] '''(Siobhan)'''

06 - check [[Diabetes Mellitus]] '''(Helen)'''

07 - check [[Hypoadrenocorticism]] '''(Helen)'''

08 - complete [[Ovarian Cysts]] '''(Siobhan)'''

09 - check [[Hepatic Lipidosis]] '''(Helen)'''

10 - improve [[Intersex]] '''(Helen)'''

11 - create [[Ovarian Remnant Syndrome]] '''(Siobhan)'''

12 - complete [[Isospora spp.]] '''(Helen)'''

13 - check [[Feline Infectious Peritonitis]] '''(Helen)'''

14 - check [[Intussusception]] '''(Helen)'''

15 - improve [[Helicobacter]] '''(Helen)'''

16 - create [[Pseudopregnancy]] '''(Helen)'''

17 - check [[Hypothyroidism]] '''(Helen)'''

18 - check and improve [[Megacolon]] '''(Helen)'''

19 - improve [[Sertoli Cell Tumour]] '''(Helen)'''

==Reptiles and Amphibians==
01 - check [[Snake Mites]] '''(Siobhan)'''

02 - create [[Hemipenis Prolapse]] '''(Siobhan)'''

03 - improve [[Metabolic Bone Disease]] '''(Siobhan)'''

04 - Spirochaetosis page, not sure how to name it

05 - improve [[Steatitis]]'''(Siobhan)'''

06 - improve [[Metabolic Bone Disease]] '''(Siobhan)'''

07 - check [[Lead Poisoning]] '''(Siobhan)'''

08 - there is [[Aeromonas species in lizards]] which maybe could become 'in reptiles and amphibians'??

09 - check [[Hepatic Lipidosis]] '''(Siobhan)'''

10 - Maybe create complete [[Snake Neurological Diseases]]

11 - check [[Heterophils]]'''(Siobhan)'''

12 - complete [[Metabolic Bone Disease]] '''(Siobhan)'''

13 - complete [[Lead Poisoning]] '''(Siobhan)'''

14 - complete [[Snake Dysecdysis]] '''(Siobhan)'''

15 - create [[Hypovitaminosis C]]

16 - complete [[Parietal eye]] '''(Siobhan)'''

17 - maybe create new [[Hypothyroidism]] for reptiles page or create [[Iodine Deficiency]].. not sure!

18 - maybe complete [[Abnormal Wear of Teeth]] or ceate new page

19 - there is already [[Snake Gout]] so not sure if make that into Reptile Gout?

20 - check [[Snake Cryptosporidiosis]]'''(Siobhan)'''

21 - check [[Lizard Mites]] '''(Siobhan)'''

22 - maybe create [[Snake Cardiovascular Diseases]]

23 - complete [[Giardiasis]] or create new page

24 - complete [[Lizard Musculoskeletal System]] or [[Autotomy]]

==Ornamental Fish==
01 - create [[Stress Shock Syndrome]]

02 - new page, Ovaria Prolapse - Fish or Prolapse - Fish

03 - check [[Columnaris Disease]]

04 - create Swim Bladder Disorders

05 - create Carp Pox

06 - create Chlorine Toxicity

07 - create Dropsy

08 - something to do with goitre, or iodine deficiency

09 - create Euthanasia - Fish

10 - create Fish Louse

11 - create New Tank Syndrome

12 - check [[Cold Water Disease]]

13 - create Nitrite Toxicity

14 - create something on Saprolegnia

15 - create henneguya koi page

16 - create Anaesthesia - Fish

17 - create Zinc Toxicity

18 - create Algal Bloom

19 - create page on Trichodina

20 - create Gill Hyperplasia or Gill Irritation

21 - create Fish Handling

22 - create Supersaturation

23 - vitamin C deficiency?

24 - something general about water quality, or Low Dissolved Oxygen - FIsh

25 - Gill Fluke

26 - Head and Lateral Line Erosion

=== Small Mammals ===
DONE

=== Avian Med ===
DONE

===Cattle Medicine===
DONE

===Equine Internal Medicine===
DONE

===Equine Orthopaedics & Rheumatology===
DONE

=== Sheep Medicine ===
DONE

===Small Animal Dermatology===
DONE

Parietal eye

2011-09-12T19:58:57Z

Siobhanbrade:

[[File:Anolis carolinensis parietal eye.JPG|180px|thumb|right|'''The Parietal Eye of a Lizard (Wikimedia Commons)]]
Also Known As: '''''Pineal Eye''''' — '''''Third Eye'''''

==Introduction==
The '''parietal eye''' is a '''small degenerate eye''' (containing a rudimentary lens and retina) situated on the '''dorsal midline''' between the normal eyes of some '''lizards''', including the green iguana. It is commonly referred to as the ''''pineal eye'''' or ''''third eye''''. It detects both UV light and heat, connecting with the '''pineal body'''.

==Function==
The parietal eye appears to be involved in '''hormone production''' and '''thermoregulation''' (by acting as a light dosimeter). It is '''photosensitive''', detecting '''light and dark''' - which allowing lizards to detect the '''movement of predators'''. [[Category:Lizard_and_Snake_Glossary]]

{{Learning
|flashcards = [[Reptiles and Amphibians Q&A 16]]
}}

==References==
Fowkes, R (2008) '''Endocrinology of Special Species''' BVetMed Integrated Course ''RVC''

Frye, FL & Williams, DL (1995) '''Self-Assessment Colour Review - Reptiles & Amphibians''' ''Manson''

[[Category: To Do - Siobhan Brade]]
[[Category:To Do - Manson review]]

Snake Dysecdysis

2011-09-12T19:43:51Z

Siobhanbrade: /* Dysecdysis */

{{review}}
[[Image:Boa_with_dys_ed.jpg|350px|thumb|right|'''Dysecdysis in Boa constrictor''' © RVC]]
==Introduction to shedding==
The entire [[Snake Skin|skin]] is shed on a regular basis, often two to four times a year. The frequency depends upon the rapidity of growth, age, nutritional state, size and environmental factors.

'''Find out more about the funcion and morphology of ''' [[Snake Skin]] .
'''Find out more about normal''' [[Snake Shedding|shedding]] '''in snakes'''

==The process==
Prior to [[Snake Shedding|shedding]] there is an inactive period of about a week during which the spectacle becomes opaque. Fissure-like clefts form between the inner dividing epidermal cells and the older cells as these migrate outward. A new three layered epidermis is formed under the old outer layers. Lymph diffuses into the area between the old and new skin and enzymes form a cleavage zone. Air is present between the two layers and interferes with [[Lizard and Snake Imaging|ultrasonography]]. Ecdysis (shedding)then occurs as the snake rubs itself on objects in the environment to loosen the old skin. Most snakes shed their skin in one piece, except for the giant snakes that may tear their moult. The process takes in total about two weeks.

==Spectacle==
Prior to shedding the [[Spectacle|spectacle]] becomes opaque and bluish-white from its normally transparent state. This results from a separation of the spectacle layers by a lymph-like fluid. In the wild this may render the snake partially blind and vulnerable to attack. During the actual shedding the spectacle returns to the transparent state. It is shed with the rest of the skin during [[Ecdysis|ecdysis]].
==Dysecdysis==
Dysecdysis is improper or incomplete shedding. It may occur for various reasons including disease ([[Snake Mites|mites]], endocrinopathies, malnutrition, dermatitis or trauma) and problems of captivity (incorrect humidity, incorrect handling). Sometimes the spectacle fails to shed and remains as an opaque cover over the eye, restricting vision.

===Treatment===
Any snake with dysecdysis should be placed in a bath of tepid water for a minimum of 30 minutes and then placed between layers of dampened towels. As the animal crawls through the towel, this loosens and removes the soft epidermis. Additional treatment includes the application of contact lens solution on retained tertiary spectacles.

===Prevention===
A bath large enough for the snake to lie in should be placed in the cage. Sturdy rocks and logs should also be placed in the cage so the snake can start moulting by rubbing its chin on those structures.

'''Find out more information about helping to prevent dysecdysis using [[Snake Housing|good husbandry]].
[[Category:Snake_Skin_Diseases]]

{{Learning
|flashcards = [[Reptiles and Amphibians Q&A 14]]
}}

==References==
Frye, FL & Williams, DL (1995) '''Self-Assessment Colour Review - Reptiles & Amphibians''' ''Manson''

[[Category: To Do - Siobhan Brade]]
[[Category:To Do - Manson review]]

Snake Dysecdysis

2011-09-12T19:19:14Z

Siobhanbrade: added Manson flashcard information

{{review}}
[[Image:Boa_with_dys_ed.jpg|350px|thumb|right|'''Dysecdysis in Boa constrictor''' © RVC]]
==Introduction to shedding==
The entire [[Snake Skin|skin]] is shed on a regular basis, often two to four times a year. The frequency depends upon the rapidity of growth, age, nutritional state, size and environmental factors.

'''Find out more about the funcion and morphology of ''' [[Snake Skin]] .
'''Find out more about normal''' [[Snake Shedding|shedding]] '''in snakes'''

==The process==
Prior to [[Snake Shedding|shedding]] there is an inactive period of about a week during which the spectacle becomes opaque. Fissure-like clefts form between the inner dividing epidermal cells and the older cells as these migrate outward. A new three layered epidermis is formed under the old outer layers. Lymph diffuses into the area between the old and new skin and enzymes form a cleavage zone. Air is present between the two layers and interferes with [[Lizard and Snake Imaging|ultrasonography]]. Ecdysis (shedding)then occurs as the snake rubs itself on objects in the environment to loosen the old skin. Most snakes shed their skin in one piece, except for the giant snakes that may tear their moult. The process takes in total about two weeks.

==Spectacle==
Prior to shedding the [[Spectacle|spectacle]] becomes opaque and bluish-white from its normally transparent state. This results from a separation of the spectacle layers by a lymph-like fluid. In the wild this may render the snake partially blind and vulnerable to attack. During the actual shedding the spectacle returns to the transparent state. It is shed with the rest of the skin during [[Ecdysis|ecdysis]].
==Dysecdysis==
Dysecdysis is improper or incomplete shedding. It may occur for various reasons including disease ([[Snake Mites|mites]], malnutrition, dermatitis or trauma) and problems of captivity (incorrect humidity, incorrect handling). Sometimes the spectacle fails to shed and remains as an opaque cover over the eye, restricting vision.

===Treatment===
Any snake with dysecdysis should be placed in a bath of tepid water for a minimum of 30 minutes and then placed between layers of dampened towels. As the animal crawls through the towel, this loosens and removes the soft epidermis. Additional treatment includes the application of contact lens solution on retained tertiary spectacles.

===Prevention===
A bath large enough for the snake to lie in should be placed in the cage. Sturdy rocks and logs should also be placed in the cage so the snake can start moulting by rubbing its chin on those structures.

'''Find out more information about helping to prevent dysecdysis using [[Snake Housing|good husbandry]].
[[Category:Snake_Skin_Diseases]]

{{Learning
|flashcards = [[Reptiles and Amphibians Q&A 14]]
}}

==References==
Frye, FL & Williams, DL (1995) '''Self-Assessment Colour Review - Reptiles & Amphibians''' ''Manson''

[[Category: To Do - Siobhan Brade]]
[[Category:To Do - Manson review]]

Category:To Do - Manson

2011-09-12T18:50:05Z

Siobhanbrade: /* Reptiles and Amphibians */

Pages needed to link to Manson clinical flashcard Q&As:

Once finished with a page, please add it to [[:Category:To Do - Manson review|Category:To Do - Manson review]]

===Equine Reproduction & Stud Medicine===

Q1 - needs [[Blepharitis]] check/add horse info '''(Helen)'''
: - [[Conjunctivitis]] page '''(Helen)'''

Q2 - [[Wry Nose]] needs completion '''(Helen)'''

Q14 - [[Taylorella equigenitalis]] needs adapting '''(Helen)'''

Q20 - [[Dystocia - Horse]] '''(Helen)''' - needs either adding surgery option or separate page "caesarean section" '''(Helen)''' created [[Caesarean Section - Horse]]


===Cytology===


Q2
*please create a page [[Gram Negative Bacteria - Overview]] that will contain general info '''(Helen)'''
*create [[Actinomycetes Overview]] page to include info from [[Actinomyces species - Overview]], staining properties and any other general info for both Actinomyces and Nocardia. Add [[Actinomyces species - Overview]] to delete after. '''(Helen)'''

Q3
* [[Lymphoma]] I decided to combine the two pages into one.
**Can you please add horse related: clinical signs, physical examination, any specific laboratory tests, treatment '''(Siobhan)'''

Q7
*[[Adenoma]] - can you please modify the whole page. If there is a lot of info about all adenomas, it may be worth creating a separate page for perianal adenoma instead, let me know what you find out. '''(Helen)'''

Q14
*Please have another look at [[Squamous Cell Carcinoma]]. I just read the first sentence and it really isn't a suitable start. I haven't read the rest yet but the formatting needs looking at too. '''(Siobhan)'''

Q18
*[[Demodex]] needs larval description, [[Demodicosis]] needs to mention need to identify larvae under diagnosis. '''(Siobhan)'''



'''WHICH QUESTIONS IN WV DO THE PAGES BELOW BELONG TO?''' '''(Helen) We had a little mix-up and I updated articles for all the questions from a list we were given, but only 18 questions were uploaded.. sorry!'''

'''(Helen)'''
Numbers refer to question numbers in the book:

10 - [[Hyperadrenocorticism|Cushings]]: just needs cytology features of liver added '''(Helen)'''

28 - Haemangiopericytoma and spindle cell tumours '''Helen)'''

120 - [[Mammary Neoplasia]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

121 - Mare normal uterine washing findings '''(Siobhan)'''

131 - tuberculosis '''(Helen) I updated [[Tuberculosis - Dogs]] but put info on cats as well. Probably easiest to rename page Tuberculosis - Dogs & Cats'''

132 - [[Trichodectes canis]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

135 - Maybe just need to complete [[Oestrous Cycle - Anatomy & Physiology#Mare|Mare oestrous cycle]] as just talks about uterine washing results during anoestrus '''(Siobhan)'''

137 - [[Transitional Cell Carcinoma]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

146 - [[Melanoma]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

155 - Giant cell tumour of bone needs a page '''(Helen)'''

158 - [[Mesothelial cells]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

161 - several diseases discussed: [[Filaroides osleri]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''



==Feline Medicine==

Q2, 3, 4 - picture needed

Q5 - needs lab results

Q13 - needs lab results

Q14 - has WRONG picture, should be from q185 in book

Q22 and 24- need picture


==Rabbit Medicine and Surgery==

2 - [[Atrial Fibrillation]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

3 - needs a page on scent glands in rabbits? can't find one on wikivet in the anat and phys section '''(Helen)'''

5 - Add info in [[Lead Poisoning]] about clin path '''(Helen)'''

8 - [[Non-Obstructive Ileus – Rabbit]] needs more info, diagnostic, treatment '''(Helen)'''

9 - [[Rabbit Haemorrhatic Disease Virus]] needs more info '''(Helen)'''

10 - [[Pseudopregnancy - Rabbit]] needs a page '''(Helen)'''

11 - Make [[Encephalitozoon cuniculi – Rabbit]] page prettier '''(Helen)'''

12 - Blepharitis needs a page '''(Helen)'''

13 - [[Exophthalmos – Rabbit]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

14 - [[Treponema cuniculi – Rabbit]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

15 - Page on [[Congestive Heart Failure - Rabbit]] maybe? '''(Helen)'''

17 - [[Leporacarus]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

18 - [[Pododermatitis – Rabbit]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

20 - needs something! '''(Helen) probably article on Haematuria'''

21 - [[Uterine Adenocarcinoma - Rabbit]] needs doing '''(Helen)'''

==Small animals ECC==
01 - [[Endocarditis]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

02 - [[Ventricular Tachycardia]] needs completing '''(Siobhan)'''

04 - page on stabilising a cat with dyspnoea '''(Siobhan)'''

05 - [[Collapsing Trachea]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

06 - [[Feline Asthma Syndrome]] needs more info '''(Helen)'''

07 - Carbon Monoxide Poisoning '''(Helen)'''

08 - Either complete [[Diabetes Mellitus]] or create new page, [[Diabetic Ketoacidosis]] '''(Helen)'''

09 - [[Hypocalcaemia]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

10 - Bacterial Prostatitis or just Prostatitis needs a page '''(Helen)'''

11 - [[Uterine Prolapse]] has no small animal info '''(Helen)'''

12 - [[Feline Infectious Anaemia]] needs a bit more info for the question, also [[Administering a Blood Transfusion]] '''(Helen)'''

13 - Lens Luxation needs a page '''(Helen)'''

15 - Atlantoaxial Luxation '''(Helen)'''

16 - [[Intervertebral Disc Degeneration]] needs alot more info '''(Siobhan)'''

17 - Anaphylaxis needs a page '''(Helen)'''

18 - [[Panosteitis]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

19 - Tibial Crest Avulsion needs a page '''(Helen)'''

==Veterinary Dentistry==
1 - [[Temporomandibular Luxation]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

2 - [[Ameloblastoma, Central]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

3 - [[Persistent Deciduous Teeth]] needs doing '''(Helen) also maybe a page on the Triadan System?''' [[Modified Triadan System]]

4 - [[Dental Discolouration]] needs doing '''(Helen)'''

5 - [[Feline Eosinophilic Granuloma]] complete info and add dog there too (?!) '''(Helen)'''

6 - [[Tooth Fractures]] needs doing '''(Helen)'''

7 - [[Acromegaly]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

8 - [[Sialolithiasis]] needs doing, [[Sialolithiasis - Donkey]] can maybe go there too?! - will need to keep the donkey page separate as it is a different source/funding/agreement (BS) '''(Siobhan)'''

9 - some sort of malocclusion page

10 - [[Salivary Mucocele]] needs a few things added maybe '''(Siobhan)'''

11 - Maybe a page on [[Periodontal Pockets]] or complete [[Periodontal Disease]] '''(Helen)'''

12 - Check [[Hyperparathyroidism]] page to see if all info there '''(Siobhan)'''

13 - Either complete [[Odontodystrophy]] or create [[Enamel Hypoplasia]] page

14 - Create [[Halitosis]] page '''(Helen)'''

15 - Complete [[Systemic Lupus Erythematosus]] '''(Helen)'''

16 - [[High-Rise Syndrome]] needs doing '''(Helen)'''

17 - Check [[Uraemia]] for completeness '''(Helen)'''

18 - [[Lip Fold Dermatitis]] needs doing '''(Siobhan)'''

19 - [[Abnormal Wear of Teeth]] needs completing

20 - [[Eruption Cysts]] needs doing '''(Helen)'''

21 - Check [[Incisor Overgrowth – Rabbit]] - didnt think this page needed anything added - Siobhan. [[Cheek Teeth Malocclusion – Rabbit]] '''(Siobhan)'''

22 - [[Cheek Tooth Extraction - Horse]] page? '''(Siobhan)'''

==Small Animal Soft Tissue Surgery==
01 - [[Cleft Palate]] to check '''(Siobhan)'''

02 - [[Gastric Dilatation and Volvulus]] add a bit more on surgery '''(Siobhan)'''

03 - create [[Aortic Thromboembolism]] '''(Siobhan)'''

04 - create [[Tracheal Avulsion]] '''(Helen)''' creating [[Tracheal Trauma]] instead

05 - either complete [[Male External Genitalia - Pathology]] - just made this one look nicer and added links then created new [[Paraphimosis]] page - '''(Siobhan)'''

06 - complete [[Hernia, Peritoneopericardial Diaphragmatic]] '''(Helen)'''

07 - alot to add to [[Brachycephalic Airway Syndrome]] '''(Helen)'''

08 - complete [[Atrial Standstill]] '''(Siobhan)'''

09 - alot to do on [[Hormonal Pyometra]] '''(Siobhan)'''

10 - complete [[Nasopharyngeal Polyp]] '''(Helen)'''

11 - check [[Aspergillosis]] has all info '''(Helen)'''

12 - complete [[Dystocia - Dog & Cat]] '''(Siobhan)'''

13 - complete [[Ureters - Developmental Pathology]] or create [[Ureteral Ectopia]] '''(Helen)'''

14 - check [[Hiatal Hernia]] '''(Helen)'''

15 - do [[Urethral Prolapse]] '''(Helen)'''

16 - check [[Megacolon]] '''(Helen)'''

17 - create [[Aural Haematoma]] '''(Helen)'''

18 - create [[Cholelithiasis]] '''(Helen)'''

19 - check [[Vascular Ring Anomalies]] and add surgical technique '''(Helen)'''

20 - check [[Portosystemic Shunt]] '''(Helen)'''

21 - check [[Pulmonic Stenosis]] '''(Helen)'''

22 - complete [[Laryngeal Paralysis]] '''(Helen)'''

==Small Animal Orthopaedics==
01 - add to [[Degenerative Joint Disease]] '''(Helen)'''

02 - create [[Carpal Hyperextension]] '''(Siobhan)'''

03 - add to [[Mandibular Fractures]] '''(Siobhan)'''

04 - complete [[Hypertrophic Osteodystrophy]] '''(Helen)'''

05 - complete [[Canine Dermatomyositis]] '''(Helen)'''

06 - complete [[Incomplete Ossification of Humeral Condyle]] '''(Helen)'''

07 - create [[Physeal Fractures]] '''(Helen)'''

08 - complete [[Hip Dysplasia]] '''(Helen)'''

09 - complete [[Craniomandibular Osteopathy]] '''(Helen)'''

10 - create [[Gracilis Muscle Avulsion]] '''(Helen) created [[Muscle Strains and Ruptures]]'''

11 - complete [[Osteochondrosis]] or create [[Retained Cartilage Cores]] '''(Helen)'''

12 - complete [[Hypertrophic Osteopathy]] '''(Helen)'''

13 - complete [[Calve Legg-Perthe's Disease]] '''(Helen)'''

14 - create [[Infraspinatus Muscle Contracture]] '''(Helen) created [[Muscle Contracture]]'''

15 - complete [[Infectious Arthritis]] or create dog-specific page

16 - complete [[Patellar Luxation]] '''(Helen)'''

17 - create [[Periosteal Proliferative Polyarthritis]] '''(Helen)'''

18 - complete [[Elbow Dysplasia]]

==Small Animal Abdominal and Metabolic Disorders==
01 - [[Pulmonary Embolism, Thrombosis and Infarction]] already exists, but maybe create [[Pulmonary Thromboembolism]]?

Also complete [[Protein Losing Enteropathy]]

02 - create [[Urethral Sphincter Mechanism Incompetence]] '''(Helen)'''

03 - create [[Vaginal Hyperplasia]] '''(Helen)'''

04 - create [[Hepatocutaneous Syndrome]] '''(Helen)'''

05 - complete [[Cystitis]] '''(Siobhan)'''

06 - check [[Diabetes Mellitus]] '''(Helen)'''

07 - check [[Hypoadrenocorticism]] '''(Helen)'''

08 - complete [[Ovarian Cysts]] '''(Siobhan)'''

09 - check [[Hepatic Lipidosis]] '''(Helen)'''

10 - improve [[Intersex]] '''(Helen)'''

11 - create [[Ovarian Remnant Syndrome]] '''(Siobhan)'''

12 - complete [[Isospora spp.]] '''(Helen)'''

13 - check [[Feline Infectious Peritonitis]] '''(Helen)'''

14 - check [[Intussusception]] '''(Helen)'''

15 - improve [[Helicobacter]] '''(Helen)'''

16 - create [[Pseudopregnancy]] '''(Helen)'''

17 - check [[Hypothyroidism]] '''(Helen)'''

18 - check and improve [[Megacolon]] '''(Helen)'''

19 - improve [[Sertoli Cell Tumour]] '''(Helen)'''

==Reptiles and Amphibians==
01 - check [[Snake Mites]] '''(Siobhan)'''

02 - create [[Hemipenis Prolapse]] '''(Siobhan)'''

03 - improve [[Metabolic Bone Disease]] '''(Siobhan)'''

04 - Spirochaetosis page, not sure how to name it

05 - improve [[Steatitis]]'''(Siobhan)'''

06 - improve [[Metabolic Bone Disease]] '''(Siobhan)'''

07 - check [[Lead Poisoning]] '''(Siobhan)'''

08 - there is [[Aeromonas species in lizards]] which maybe could become 'in reptiles and amphibians'??

09 - check [[Hepatic Lipidosis]] '''(Siobhan)'''

10 - Maybe create complete [[Snake Neurological Diseases]]

11 - check [[Heterophils]]'''(Siobhan)'''

12 - complete [[Metabolic Bone Disease]] '''(Siobhan)'''

13 - complete [[Lead Poisoning]] '''(Siobhan)'''

14 - complete [[Snake Dysecdysis]] '''(Siobhan)'''

15 - create [[Hypovitaminosis C]]

16 - complete [[Parietal eye]]

17 - maybe create new [[Hypothyroidism]] for reptiles page or create [[Iodine Deficiency]].. not sure!

18 - maybe complete [[Abnormal Wear of Teeth]] or ceate new page

19 - there is already [[Snake Gout]] so not sure if make that into Reptile Gout?

20 - check [[Snake Cryptosporidiosis]]'''(Siobhan)'''

21 - check [[Lizard Mites]] '''(Siobhan)'''

22 - maybe create [[Snake Cardiovascular Diseases]]

23 - complete [[Giardiasis]] or create new page

24 - complete [[Lizard Musculoskeletal System]] or [[Autotomy]]

==Ornamental Fish==
01 - create [[Stress Shock Syndrome]]

02 - new page, Ovaria Prolapse - Fish or Prolapse - Fish

03 - check [[Columnaris Disease]]

04 - create Swim Bladder Disorders

05 - create Carp Pox

06 - create Chlorine Toxicity

07 - create Dropsy

08 - something to do with goitre, or iodine deficiency

09 - create Euthanasia - Fish

10 - create Fish Louse

11 - create New Tank Syndrome

12 - check [[Cold Water Disease]]

13 - create Nitrite Toxicity

14 - create something on Saprolegnia

15 - create henneguya koi page

16 - create Anaesthesia - Fish

17 - create Zinc Toxicity

18 - create Algal Bloom

19 - create page on Trichodina

20 - create Gill Hyperplasia or Gill Irritation

21 - create Fish Handling

22 - create Supersaturation

23 - vitamin C deficiency?

24 - something general about water quality, or Low Dissolved Oxygen - FIsh

25 - Gill Fluke

26 - Head and Lateral Line Erosion

=== Small Mammals ===
DONE

=== Avian Med ===
DONE

===Cattle Medicine===
DONE

===Equine Internal Medicine===
DONE

===Equine Orthopaedics & Rheumatology===
DONE

=== Sheep Medicine ===
DONE

===Small Animal Dermatology===
DONE

Hemipenis Prolapse

2011-09-12T18:48:26Z

Siobhanbrade: Created page with "'''Normal Hemipenes in a Snake''' (Wikimedia Commons) ==Introduction== '''Prolapse''' of the one or both of the '''[[Hemipe..."

[[File:Rattlesnake Hemipenes 2.jpg|thumb|180px|right|'''Normal Hemipenes in a Snake''' (Wikimedia Commons)]]
==Introduction==
'''Prolapse''' of the one or both of the '''[[Hemipenes|hemipenes]]''' can occur in the '''male snake'''. This condition can occur secondary to '''irritation/inflammation''' of the hemipenes, inflamation/irritation of the surrounding sheath tissues, '''trauma''' or '''neurological damage''' to the '''[[Snake Reproductive System|retractor penis muscles]]''' or the presence of a '''foreign body'''.

==Clinical Signs==
The snake will present with one or both of the hemepenes '''extruded'''. Severe '''swelling''' is common. There may also be evidence of '''infection, paralysis, maceration or severe trauma'''.

==Treatment==
It the snake is presented to the vet shortly after the prolapse has occured, it should be possible to '''return''' to hemipenis to its sheath relatively easily once it has been '''cleaned'''.

It is more common for the snake to present with a '''severely swollen and firm hemipenis''', and it is impossible to replace it within the sheath. In these cases '''sugar solutions''' should be applied to the hemipenis in an attempt to reduce swelling. If this is successful then the hemipenis should be return to the sheath using ample '''lubrication'''.

Once the hemipenis has been replaced within the sheath, a '''purse-string suture''' should be placed in the '''pericloacal vent rim''' to prevent recurrence. It should be left lose enough to allow the passage of [[Snake Digestive System|urinary wastes and faeces]]. This should be removed after '''one week'''.

'''Amputation''' will be required if the hemepenis '''cannot be returned''' to the sheath, or if there are signs of '''infection, paralysis''' or significant '''trauma'''.

==Prognosis==
Prognosis is very '''good''' if amputation is '''not''' required, with snakes returning to their '''[[Snake Reproductive System|full breeding potential]]'''.

{{Learning
|flashcards = [[Reptiles and Amphibians Q&A 02]]
}}

==References==
Frye, FL & Williams, DL (1995) '''Self-Assessment Colour Review - Reptiles & Amphibians''' ''Manson''

[[Category: To Do - Siobhan Brade]]
[[Category:To Do - Manson review]]

Steatitis

2011-09-12T18:09:02Z

Siobhanbrade:

Also Known As: '''''Yellow Fat Disease'''''

==Introduction==
'''Steatitis''' is also known as ''''yellow fat disease''''. It occurs in many species including cats, reptiles and mink. It is not seen in ruminants.

The condition occurs in animals fed on a '''fat-laden diet''',''' high in polyunsaturated fat and low in tocopherols'''. This causes an '''[[Inflammation|inflammatory response]]''' of '''adipose tissue''' due to '''oxidative damage'''. [[Vitamin E Deficiency|Vitamin E deficiency]] is thought to contribute to the condition.

==Clinical Signs==
The animal normally presents with '''firm nodules in subcutaneous tissue''' that are '''yellow or orange in colour'''. Mink may also present with abnormal locomotion and sudden death.

==Treatment & Prevention==
The condition is '''vitamin E responsive''', therefore affected animals should be treated with oral or injectable vitamin E supplementation and fed on a '''low fat diet'''.

The condition is prevented by feeding an '''appropriate diet''' (low in polyunsaturated fat) and supplementing the diet with '''vitamin E'''.

==Prognosis==
If the condition is recognised when the signs are mild, then prognosis is good - with complete reversal of signs. More chronic lesions are harder to treat as they may be walled off by a dense capsule of fibrocollagenous [[Connective Tissue Histology resource|connective tissue]].

{{Learning
|flashcards = [[Reptiles and Amphibians Q&A 05]]
}}

==External Links==
* [http://w3.vet.cornell.edu/nst/nst.asp?Fun=Image&imgID=595 Image of yellow fat disease in a cat from Cornell Veterinary Medicine]

==References==
Frye, FL & Williams, DL (1995) '''Self-Assessment Colour Review - Reptiles & Amphibians''' ''Manson''

Merck & Co (2009) '''The Merck Veterinary Manual''' (Ninth Edition), ''Merial''

[[Category:Peritoneal_Cavity_-_Degenerative_Pathology]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_Clinical]]
[[Category: To Do - Siobhan Brade]]
[[Category:To Do - Manson review]]

Category:To Do - Manson

2011-09-12T16:04:30Z

Siobhanbrade: /* Reptiles and Amphibians */

Pages needed to link to Manson clinical flashcard Q&As:

Once finished with a page, please add it to [[:Category:To Do - Manson review|Category:To Do - Manson review]]

===Equine Reproduction & Stud Medicine===

Q1 - needs [[Blepharitis]] check/add horse info '''(Helen)'''
: - [[Conjunctivitis]] page '''(Helen)'''

Q2 - [[Wry Nose]] needs completion '''(Helen)'''

Q14 - [[Taylorella equigenitalis]] needs adapting '''(Helen)'''

Q20 - [[Dystocia - Horse]] '''(Helen)''' - needs either adding surgery option or separate page "caesarean section" '''(Helen)''' created [[Caesarean Section - Horse]]


===Cytology===


Q2
*please create a page [[Gram Negative Bacteria - Overview]] that will contain general info '''(Helen)'''
*create [[Actinomycetes Overview]] page to include info from [[Actinomyces species - Overview]], staining properties and any other general info for both Actinomyces and Nocardia. Add [[Actinomyces species - Overview]] to delete after. '''(Helen)'''

Q3
* [[Lymphoma]] I decided to combine the two pages into one.
**Can you please add horse related: clinical signs, physical examination, any specific laboratory tests, treatment '''(Siobhan)'''

Q7
*[[Adenoma]] - can you please modify the whole page. If there is a lot of info about all adenomas, it may be worth creating a separate page for perianal adenoma instead, let me know what you find out. '''(Helen)'''

Q14
*Please have another look at [[Squamous Cell Carcinoma]]. I just read the first sentence and it really isn't a suitable start. I haven't read the rest yet but the formatting needs looking at too. '''(Siobhan)'''

Q18
*[[Demodex]] needs larval description, [[Demodicosis]] needs to mention need to identify larvae under diagnosis. '''(Siobhan)'''



'''WHICH QUESTIONS IN WV DO THE PAGES BELOW BELONG TO?''' '''(Helen) We had a little mix-up and I updated articles for all the questions from a list we were given, but only 18 questions were uploaded.. sorry!'''

'''(Helen)'''
Numbers refer to question numbers in the book:

10 - [[Hyperadrenocorticism|Cushings]]: just needs cytology features of liver added '''(Helen)'''

28 - Haemangiopericytoma and spindle cell tumours '''Helen)'''

120 - [[Mammary Neoplasia]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

121 - Mare normal uterine washing findings '''(Siobhan)'''

131 - tuberculosis '''(Helen) I updated [[Tuberculosis - Dogs]] but put info on cats as well. Probably easiest to rename page Tuberculosis - Dogs & Cats'''

132 - [[Trichodectes canis]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

135 - Maybe just need to complete [[Oestrous Cycle - Anatomy & Physiology#Mare|Mare oestrous cycle]] as just talks about uterine washing results during anoestrus '''(Siobhan)'''

137 - [[Transitional Cell Carcinoma]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

146 - [[Melanoma]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

155 - Giant cell tumour of bone needs a page '''(Helen)'''

158 - [[Mesothelial cells]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

161 - several diseases discussed: [[Filaroides osleri]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''



==Feline Medicine==

Q2, 3, 4 - picture needed

Q5 - needs lab results

Q13 - needs lab results

Q14 - has WRONG picture, should be from q185 in book

Q22 and 24- need picture


==Rabbit Medicine and Surgery==

2 - [[Atrial Fibrillation]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

3 - needs a page on scent glands in rabbits? can't find one on wikivet in the anat and phys section '''(Helen)'''

5 - Add info in [[Lead Poisoning]] about clin path '''(Helen)'''

8 - [[Non-Obstructive Ileus – Rabbit]] needs more info, diagnostic, treatment '''(Helen)'''

9 - [[Rabbit Haemorrhatic Disease Virus]] needs more info '''(Helen)'''

10 - [[Pseudopregnancy - Rabbit]] needs a page '''(Helen)'''

11 - Make [[Encephalitozoon cuniculi – Rabbit]] page prettier '''(Helen)'''

12 - Blepharitis needs a page '''(Helen)'''

13 - [[Exophthalmos – Rabbit]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

14 - [[Treponema cuniculi – Rabbit]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

15 - Page on [[Congestive Heart Failure - Rabbit]] maybe? '''(Helen)'''

17 - [[Leporacarus]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

18 - [[Pododermatitis – Rabbit]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

20 - needs something! '''(Helen) probably article on Haematuria'''

21 - [[Uterine Adenocarcinoma - Rabbit]] needs doing '''(Helen)'''

==Small animals ECC==
01 - [[Endocarditis]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

02 - [[Ventricular Tachycardia]] needs completing '''(Siobhan)'''

04 - page on stabilising a cat with dyspnoea '''(Siobhan)'''

05 - [[Collapsing Trachea]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

06 - [[Feline Asthma Syndrome]] needs more info '''(Helen)'''

07 - Carbon Monoxide Poisoning '''(Helen)'''

08 - Either complete [[Diabetes Mellitus]] or create new page, [[Diabetic Ketoacidosis]] '''(Helen)'''

09 - [[Hypocalcaemia]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

10 - Bacterial Prostatitis or just Prostatitis needs a page '''(Helen)'''

11 - [[Uterine Prolapse]] has no small animal info '''(Helen)'''

12 - [[Feline Infectious Anaemia]] needs a bit more info for the question, also [[Administering a Blood Transfusion]] '''(Helen)'''

13 - Lens Luxation needs a page '''(Helen)'''

15 - Atlantoaxial Luxation '''(Helen)'''

16 - [[Intervertebral Disc Degeneration]] needs alot more info '''(Siobhan)'''

17 - Anaphylaxis needs a page '''(Helen)'''

18 - [[Panosteitis]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

19 - Tibial Crest Avulsion needs a page '''(Helen)'''

==Veterinary Dentistry==
1 - [[Temporomandibular Luxation]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

2 - [[Ameloblastoma, Central]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

3 - [[Persistent Deciduous Teeth]] needs doing '''(Helen) also maybe a page on the Triadan System?''' [[Modified Triadan System]]

4 - [[Dental Discolouration]] needs doing '''(Helen)'''

5 - [[Feline Eosinophilic Granuloma]] complete info and add dog there too (?!) '''(Helen)'''

6 - [[Tooth Fractures]] needs doing '''(Helen)'''

7 - [[Acromegaly]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

8 - [[Sialolithiasis]] needs doing, [[Sialolithiasis - Donkey]] can maybe go there too?! - will need to keep the donkey page separate as it is a different source/funding/agreement (BS) '''(Siobhan)'''

9 - some sort of malocclusion page

10 - [[Salivary Mucocele]] needs a few things added maybe '''(Siobhan)'''

11 - Maybe a page on [[Periodontal Pockets]] or complete [[Periodontal Disease]] '''(Helen)'''

12 - Check [[Hyperparathyroidism]] page to see if all info there '''(Siobhan)'''

13 - Either complete [[Odontodystrophy]] or create [[Enamel Hypoplasia]] page

14 - Create [[Halitosis]] page '''(Helen)'''

15 - Complete [[Systemic Lupus Erythematosus]] '''(Helen)'''

16 - [[High-Rise Syndrome]] needs doing '''(Helen)'''

17 - Check [[Uraemia]] for completeness '''(Helen)'''

18 - [[Lip Fold Dermatitis]] needs doing '''(Siobhan)'''

19 - [[Abnormal Wear of Teeth]] needs completing

20 - [[Eruption Cysts]] needs doing '''(Helen)'''

21 - Check [[Incisor Overgrowth – Rabbit]] - didnt think this page needed anything added - Siobhan. [[Cheek Teeth Malocclusion – Rabbit]] '''(Siobhan)'''

22 - [[Cheek Tooth Extraction - Horse]] page? '''(Siobhan)'''

==Small Animal Soft Tissue Surgery==
01 - [[Cleft Palate]] to check '''(Siobhan)'''

02 - [[Gastric Dilatation and Volvulus]] add a bit more on surgery '''(Siobhan)'''

03 - create [[Aortic Thromboembolism]] '''(Siobhan)'''

04 - create [[Tracheal Avulsion]] '''(Helen)''' creating [[Tracheal Trauma]] instead

05 - either complete [[Male External Genitalia - Pathology]] - just made this one look nicer and added links then created new [[Paraphimosis]] page - '''(Siobhan)'''

06 - complete [[Hernia, Peritoneopericardial Diaphragmatic]] '''(Helen)'''

07 - alot to add to [[Brachycephalic Airway Syndrome]] '''(Helen)'''

08 - complete [[Atrial Standstill]] '''(Siobhan)'''

09 - alot to do on [[Hormonal Pyometra]] '''(Siobhan)'''

10 - complete [[Nasopharyngeal Polyp]] '''(Helen)'''

11 - check [[Aspergillosis]] has all info '''(Helen)'''

12 - complete [[Dystocia - Dog & Cat]] '''(Siobhan)'''

13 - complete [[Ureters - Developmental Pathology]] or create [[Ureteral Ectopia]] '''(Helen)'''

14 - check [[Hiatal Hernia]] '''(Helen)'''

15 - do [[Urethral Prolapse]] '''(Helen)'''

16 - check [[Megacolon]] '''(Helen)'''

17 - create [[Aural Haematoma]] '''(Helen)'''

18 - create [[Cholelithiasis]] '''(Helen)'''

19 - check [[Vascular Ring Anomalies]] and add surgical technique '''(Helen)'''

20 - check [[Portosystemic Shunt]] '''(Helen)'''

21 - check [[Pulmonic Stenosis]] '''(Helen)'''

22 - complete [[Laryngeal Paralysis]] '''(Helen)'''

==Small Animal Orthopaedics==
01 - add to [[Degenerative Joint Disease]] '''(Helen)'''

02 - create [[Carpal Hyperextension]] '''(Siobhan)'''

03 - add to [[Mandibular Fractures]] '''(Siobhan)'''

04 - complete [[Hypertrophic Osteodystrophy]] '''(Helen)'''

05 - complete [[Canine Dermatomyositis]] '''(Helen)'''

06 - complete [[Incomplete Ossification of Humeral Condyle]] '''(Helen)'''

07 - create [[Physeal Fractures]] '''(Helen)'''

08 - complete [[Hip Dysplasia]] '''(Helen)'''

09 - complete [[Craniomandibular Osteopathy]] '''(Helen)'''

10 - create [[Gracilis Muscle Avulsion]] '''(Helen) created [[Muscle Strains and Ruptures]]'''

11 - complete [[Osteochondrosis]] or create [[Retained Cartilage Cores]] '''(Helen)'''

12 - complete [[Hypertrophic Osteopathy]] '''(Helen)'''

13 - complete [[Calve Legg-Perthe's Disease]] '''(Helen)'''

14 - create [[Infraspinatus Muscle Contracture]] '''(Helen) created [[Muscle Contracture]]'''

15 - complete [[Infectious Arthritis]] or create dog-specific page

16 - complete [[Patellar Luxation]] '''(Helen)'''

17 - create [[Periosteal Proliferative Polyarthritis]] '''(Helen)'''

18 - complete [[Elbow Dysplasia]]

==Small Animal Abdominal and Metabolic Disorders==
01 - [[Pulmonary Embolism, Thrombosis and Infarction]] already exists, but maybe create [[Pulmonary Thromboembolism]]?

Also complete [[Protein Losing Enteropathy]]

02 - create [[Urethral Sphincter Mechanism Incompetence]] '''(Helen)'''

03 - create [[Vaginal Hyperplasia]] '''(Helen)'''

04 - create [[Hepatocutaneous Syndrome]] '''(Helen)'''

05 - complete [[Cystitis]] '''(Siobhan)'''

06 - check [[Diabetes Mellitus]] '''(Helen)'''

07 - check [[Hypoadrenocorticism]] '''(Helen)'''

08 - complete [[Ovarian Cysts]] '''(Siobhan)'''

09 - check [[Hepatic Lipidosis]] '''(Helen)'''

10 - improve [[Intersex]] '''(Helen)'''

11 - create [[Ovarian Remnant Syndrome]] '''(Siobhan)'''

12 - complete [[Isospora spp.]] '''(Helen)'''

13 - check [[Feline Infectious Peritonitis]] '''(Helen)'''

14 - check [[Intussusception]] '''(Helen)'''

15 - improve [[Helicobacter]] '''(Helen)'''

16 - create [[Pseudopregnancy]] '''(Helen)'''

17 - check [[Hypothyroidism]] '''(Helen)'''

18 - check and improve [[Megacolon]] '''(Helen)'''

19 - improve [[Sertoli Cell Tumour]] '''(Helen)'''

==Reptiles and Amphibians==
01 - check [[Snake Mites]] '''(Siobhan)'''

02 - create [[Hemipenis Prolapse]] '''(Siobhan)'''

03 - improve [[Metabolic Bone Disease]] '''(Siobhan)'''

04 - Spirochaetosis page, not sure how to name it

05 - improve [[Steatitis]]'''(Siobhan)'''

06 - improve [[Metabolic Bone Disease]] '''(Siobhan)'''

07 - check [[Lead Poisoning]] '''(Siobhan)'''

08 - there is [[Aeromonas species in lizards]] which maybe could become 'in reptiles and amphibians'??

09 - check [[Hepatic Lipidosis]] '''(Siobhan)'''

10 - Maybe create complete [[Snake Neurological Diseases]]

11 - check [[Heterophils]]'''(Siobhan)'''

12 - complete [[Metabolic Bone Disease]] '''(Siobhan)'''

13 - complete [[Lead Poisoning]] '''(Siobhan)'''

14 - complete [[Snake Dysecdysis]]

15 - create [[Hypovitaminosis C]]

16 - complete [[Parietal eye]]

17 - maybe create new [[Hypothyroidism]] for reptiles page or create [[Iodine Deficiency]].. not sure!

18 - maybe complete [[Abnormal Wear of Teeth]] or ceate new page

19 - there is already [[Snake Gout]] so not sure if make that into Reptile Gout?

20 - check [[Snake Cryptosporidiosis]]'''(Siobhan)'''

21 - check [[Lizard Mites]] '''(Siobhan)'''

22 - maybe create [[Snake Cardiovascular Diseases]]

23 - complete [[Giardiasis]] or create new page

24 - complete [[Lizard Musculoskeletal System]] or [[Autotomy]]

==Ornamental Fish==
01 - create [[Stress Shock Syndrome]]

02 - new page, Ovaria Prolapse - Fish or Prolapse - Fish

03 - check [[Columnaris Disease]]

04 - create Swim Bladder Disorders

05 - create Carp Pox

06 - create Chlorine Toxicity

07 - create Dropsy

08 - something to do with goitre, or iodine deficiency

09 - create Euthanasia - Fish

10 - create Fish Louse

11 - create New Tank Syndrome

12 - check [[Cold Water Disease]]

13 - create Nitrite Toxicity

14 - create something on Saprolegnia

15 - create henneguya koi page

16 - create Anaesthesia - Fish

17 - create Zinc Toxicity

18 - create Algal Bloom

19 - create page on Trichodina

20 - create Gill Hyperplasia or Gill Irritation

21 - create Fish Handling

22 - create Supersaturation

23 - vitamin C deficiency?

24 - something general about water quality, or Low Dissolved Oxygen - FIsh

25 - Gill Fluke

26 - Head and Lateral Line Erosion

=== Small Mammals ===
DONE

=== Avian Med ===
DONE

===Cattle Medicine===
DONE

===Equine Internal Medicine===
DONE

===Equine Orthopaedics & Rheumatology===
DONE

=== Sheep Medicine ===
DONE

===Small Animal Dermatology===
DONE

Snake Cryptosporidiosis

2011-09-12T16:03:20Z

Siobhanbrade: /* Prevention */

{{review}}
[[Image:Crypto_lump_copy.jpg|100px|thumb|right|'''Mid-body swelling''' © RVC]]
==Introduction==
[[Cryptosporidium|''Cryptosporidium'']] spp. are [[Protozoa|protozoa]] of the phylum Apicomplexa and commonly cause gastrointestinal disease in animals. ''Cryptosporidium serpentis'' infection in snakes causes gastric hypertrophy and consequent clinical signs. The mode of transmission is oral-faecal. The disease can either be subclinical with intermittent shedding or clinical with gastrointestinal disease. Non-[[Ophidian|ophidian]] reptiles may also be carriers.

==Examination==
Regurgitation of mucus covered prey three to four days after eating, weight loss and a firm mid-body swelling are the usual clinical signs. Regurgitation may be episodic.

'''For more information on physical examinations of snakes, see''' [[Snake Physical Examination]].

==Diagnosis==
Cryptosporidiosis can be insidious and go unnoticed until pathologic changes are advanced. It is diagnosed by several methods, but often established on [[Snake Necropsy|necropsy]].

* Cryptosporidial oocysts (about 6 µm diameter) can be detected in faeces. Modified acid fast staining helps to detect them. Due to inconsistent shedding, four consecutive negative faecal tests are necessary to establish a ''Cryptosporidium''-free snake.

* Samples for microscopy may be collected by stomach wash. ''Cryptosporidia'' may sometimes be seen in the mucous of regurgitated food.

* [[ELISA testing|ELISA]] detectable ''Cryptosporidium''-specific antibody titres are available but are not necessarily specific for ''C. serpentis''.

* Histopathology can establish a positive diagnosis from endoscopic biopsy or surgical biopsy. Negative histology does not rule out cryptosporidiosis because of the non-uniform distribution of ''Cryptosporidia''.

'''For more information on diagnostics, see''' [[Lizard and Snake Specimen Collection and Evaluation|Specimen Collection and Evaluation]].
[[Image:Clinical_cryptosporidiosis_snow_corn_snake.jpg|300px|thumb|right|© RVC]]

==Therapy==
Treatment can be supportive but death usually occurs from a few months to a year after the clinical signs are first noticed. Treatment with immunoglobulins may be helpful. [[Lizard and Snake Euthanasia|Euthanasia]] may be the most realistic option. If not, strict [[Lizard and Snake Quarantine|quarantine]] of any infected snakes is very important to stop the spread of infection. Disinfection of contaminated areas can be carried out with 5% ammonia or 10% formalin. Hypochlorite at 3% is not effective.

'''For more vivarium disinfectants, see''' [[Lizard and Snake Day to Day Practice]].

If multiple snakes within a colony are found to be infected, the following steps should be followed:

'''1)''' Euthanize any infected animals

'''2)''' Prevent any movement in or out of the colony

'''3)''' Use the above mentioned disinfectants on all cages and equipment

'''4)''' Test food and water for the presence of cryptosporidium

'''5)''' Quarantine any new arrivals for an appropriate period to prevent reintroduction of infection.

==Prevention==
Good husbandry practices will always be invaluable as part of a preventive medicine program. Limiting stressors and maintaining good hygiene will decrease the spread of cryptosporidiosis. Snakes should not be housed with other reptiles since they are susceptible to the excreted oocysts from carriers. ''Cryptosporidium'' spp. that infect mammals do not infect snakes and it appears that ''Cryptosporidium serpentis'' is not adapted to poikilotherms and therefore not contagious to mammals.

'''For more information on good husbandry, see''' [[:Category: Snake Husbandry|Snake Husbandry]].

{{Learning
|flashcards = [[Reptiles and Amphibians Q&A 20]]
}}

==Literature Search==
[[File:CABI logo.jpg|left|90px]]

Use these links to find recent scientific publications via CAB Abstracts (log in required unless accessing from a subscribing organisation).
 
[http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?q=(title:(snake)+OR+ab:(snake)+OR+od:(snake))+AND+(title:(cryptosporidi*)) Snake Cryptosporidiosis publications]

[http://www.cabi.org/cabdirect/FullTextPDF/2009/20093231161.pdf ''' Cryptosporidium and cryptosporidiosis: a brief review.''' Siddiki, A. M. A. M. Z.; Masuduzzaman, M.; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria, Bulgarian Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 2009, 12, 2, pp 91-111, many ref. - '''Full Text Article''']

==References==
Frye, FL & Williams, DL (1995) '''Self-Assessment Colour Review - Reptiles & Amphibians''' ''Manson''

[[Category:Snake_Diseases]]
[[Category: To Do - Siobhan Brade]]
[[Category:To Do - Manson review]]

Snake Cryptosporidiosis

2011-09-12T16:02:56Z

Siobhanbrade: added Manson flashcard information

{{review}}
[[Image:Crypto_lump_copy.jpg|100px|thumb|right|'''Mid-body swelling''' © RVC]]
==Introduction==
[[Cryptosporidium|''Cryptosporidium'']] spp. are [[Protozoa|protozoa]] of the phylum Apicomplexa and commonly cause gastrointestinal disease in animals. ''Cryptosporidium serpentis'' infection in snakes causes gastric hypertrophy and consequent clinical signs. The mode of transmission is oral-faecal. The disease can either be subclinical with intermittent shedding or clinical with gastrointestinal disease. Non-[[Ophidian|ophidian]] reptiles may also be carriers.

==Examination==
Regurgitation of mucus covered prey three to four days after eating, weight loss and a firm mid-body swelling are the usual clinical signs. Regurgitation may be episodic.

'''For more information on physical examinations of snakes, see''' [[Snake Physical Examination]].

==Diagnosis==
Cryptosporidiosis can be insidious and go unnoticed until pathologic changes are advanced. It is diagnosed by several methods, but often established on [[Snake Necropsy|necropsy]].

* Cryptosporidial oocysts (about 6 µm diameter) can be detected in faeces. Modified acid fast staining helps to detect them. Due to inconsistent shedding, four consecutive negative faecal tests are necessary to establish a ''Cryptosporidium''-free snake.

* Samples for microscopy may be collected by stomach wash. ''Cryptosporidia'' may sometimes be seen in the mucous of regurgitated food.

* [[ELISA testing|ELISA]] detectable ''Cryptosporidium''-specific antibody titres are available but are not necessarily specific for ''C. serpentis''.

* Histopathology can establish a positive diagnosis from endoscopic biopsy or surgical biopsy. Negative histology does not rule out cryptosporidiosis because of the non-uniform distribution of ''Cryptosporidia''.

'''For more information on diagnostics, see''' [[Lizard and Snake Specimen Collection and Evaluation|Specimen Collection and Evaluation]].
[[Image:Clinical_cryptosporidiosis_snow_corn_snake.jpg|300px|thumb|right|© RVC]]

==Therapy==
Treatment can be supportive but death usually occurs from a few months to a year after the clinical signs are first noticed. Treatment with immunoglobulins may be helpful. [[Lizard and Snake Euthanasia|Euthanasia]] may be the most realistic option. If not, strict [[Lizard and Snake Quarantine|quarantine]] of any infected snakes is very important to stop the spread of infection. Disinfection of contaminated areas can be carried out with 5% ammonia or 10% formalin. Hypochlorite at 3% is not effective.

'''For more vivarium disinfectants, see''' [[Lizard and Snake Day to Day Practice]].

If multiple snakes within a colony are found to be infected, the following steps should be followed:

'''1)''' Euthanize any infected animals

'''2)''' Prevent any movement in or out of the colony

'''3)''' Use the above mentioned disinfectants on all cages and equipment

'''4)''' Test food and water for the presence of cryptosporidium

'''5)''' Quarantine any new arrivals for an appropriate period to prevent reintroduction of infection.

==Prevention==
Good husbandry practices will always be invaluable as part of a preventive medicine program. Limiting stressors and maintaining good hygiene will decrease the spread of cryptosporidiosis. Snakes should not be housed with other reptiles since they are susceptible to the excreted oocysts from carriers. ''Cryptosporidium'' spp. that infect mammals do not infect snakes and it appears that ''Cryptosporidium serpentis'' is not adapted to poikilotherms and therefore not contagious to mammals.

'''For more information on good husbandry, see''' [[:Category: Snake Husbandry|Snake Husbandry]].

{{Learning
|flashcards = [[Reptiles and Amphibians Q&A 21]]
}}

==Literature Search==
[[File:CABI logo.jpg|left|90px]]

Use these links to find recent scientific publications via CAB Abstracts (log in required unless accessing from a subscribing organisation).
 
[http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?q=(title:(snake)+OR+ab:(snake)+OR+od:(snake))+AND+(title:(cryptosporidi*)) Snake Cryptosporidiosis publications]

[http://www.cabi.org/cabdirect/FullTextPDF/2009/20093231161.pdf ''' Cryptosporidium and cryptosporidiosis: a brief review.''' Siddiki, A. M. A. M. Z.; Masuduzzaman, M.; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria, Bulgarian Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 2009, 12, 2, pp 91-111, many ref. - '''Full Text Article''']

==References==
Frye, FL & Williams, DL (1995) '''Self-Assessment Colour Review - Reptiles & Amphibians''' ''Manson''

[[Category:Snake_Diseases]]
[[Category: To Do - Siobhan Brade]]
[[Category:To Do - Manson review]]

Heterophils

2011-09-12T15:46:34Z

Siobhanbrade: added Manson flashcard information

==Introduction==
[[Image:Heterophil.jpg|150px|thumb|right|'''Heterophil''' (Copyright © RVC)]]
Heterophils are the most abundant '''granulocyte''' in most '''avian species''' and occur alongside [[lymphocytes]], [[monocytes]], [[eosinophils]] and [[basophils]] in avian blood. These cells are also found in some '''reptile and mammalian species'''.

==Development==
Heterophils have a similar development to other granulocytes; this process is called [[Leukopoiesis#Granulopoiesis|granulopoiesis]].

==Appearance==
The cytoplasm of normal heterophils appears '''colourless''' and contains '''eosinophilic granules''' (dark orange to brown-red) with Romanowsky stains. The cytoplasmic granules are elongated (rod or spiculated shape) but they may appear oval to round in some species.

The granules frequently have a distinct central body that appears to be refractile. The granules may be affected by the staining process and appear atypical.

The nucleus of mature heterophils is '''lobed''' (usually two to three) with coarse, clumped chromatin that stains purple. The nucleus is often partially hidden by the cytoplasmic granules.

==Function==
Heterophils are functionally '''equivalent to [[Neutrophils|neutrophils]]'''. They actively participate in '''inflammatory lesions''' and are '''phagocytic'''.

The cytoplasmic granules of heterophils contain lysozyme and proteins needed for bactericidal activity, although chicken heterophils lack peroxydase activity.

==Changes==
===Immature Heterophils===
These have '''increased cytoplasmic basophilia''', '''non-segmented nuclei''' and '''immature granules''' compared with normal, mature heterophils.

The immature heterocytes most frequently encountered in blood are '''myelocytes and metamyelocytes'''. Myelocytes are larger than mature heterophils and they have a blue cytoplasm as well as secondary, rod-shaped granules and a round to oval non-segmented nucleus. Metamyelocytes resemble myelocytes except that the nucleus is indented and the rod-shaped granules occupy more than half the cytoplasmic space.

'''Band heterophils''' resemble mature heterophils, except that the nucleus is not lobed. The nucleus is often hidden behind the cytoplasmic granules, and it can be difficult to identify a band heterophil. Special stains can help with this.

===Toxic Heterophils===
Heterophils exhibit '''toxic changes in response to severe systemic illness'''.

These changes are quantified as to the number of toxic cells and the severity of the toxicity.

Toxic heterophils have '''increased cytoplasmic basophilia, vacuolisation, abnormal granulation (degranulation, deeply basophilic granules, coalescing granules) and degeneration of the cell nucleus'''.

The degree of toxicity can be rated on a '''scale''' of 1+ to 4+:
:1+ toxicity: heterophils exhibit increased cytoplasmic basophilia
:2+ toxicity: heterophils have deeper cytoplasmic basophilia and partial degranulation
:3+ toxicity: heterophils have deep cytoplasmic basophilia, moderate degranulation, abnormal granules and cytoplasmic vacuolisation
:4+ toxicity: heterophils have deep cytoplasmic basophilia, moderate to marked degranulation with abnormal granules, cytoplasmic vacuolisation and karyorrhexis or karyolysis.

The number of toxic heterophils is graded as few (5-10%), moderate (11-30%) or marked (>30%).

{{Learning
|flashcards = [[Avian Medicine Q&A 21]] [[Reptiles and Amphibians Q&A 11]]
}}

==References==
Thrall, M. (2004) '''Veterinary haematology and clinical chemistry''' ''Wiley-Blackwell''

Fudge, A. (2000) '''Laboratory medicine: avian and exotic pets''' ''Elsevier Health Sciences''

Feldman, B. (2000) '''Schalm's Veterinary haematology''' ''Wiley-Blackwell''

Frye, FL & Williams, DL (1995) '''Self-Assessment Colour Review - Reptiles & Amphibians''' ''Manson''

{{review}}
[[Category:Expert Review - Bird]]
[[Category:Blood Cells]]
[[Category:Lizard_and_Snake_Glossary]]
[[Category: To Do - Siobhan Brade]]
[[Category:To Do - Manson review]]

Category:To Do - Manson

2011-09-12T15:41:27Z

Siobhanbrade: /* Reptiles and Amphibians */

Pages needed to link to Manson clinical flashcard Q&As:

Once finished with a page, please add it to [[:Category:To Do - Manson review|Category:To Do - Manson review]]

===Equine Reproduction & Stud Medicine===

Q1 - needs [[Blepharitis]] check/add horse info '''(Helen)'''
: - [[Conjunctivitis]] page '''(Helen)'''

Q2 - [[Wry Nose]] needs completion '''(Helen)'''

Q14 - [[Taylorella equigenitalis]] needs adapting '''(Helen)'''

Q20 - [[Dystocia - Horse]] '''(Helen)''' - needs either adding surgery option or separate page "caesarean section" '''(Helen)''' created [[Caesarean Section - Horse]]


===Cytology===


Q2
*please create a page [[Gram Negative Bacteria - Overview]] that will contain general info '''(Helen)'''
*create [[Actinomycetes Overview]] page to include info from [[Actinomyces species - Overview]], staining properties and any other general info for both Actinomyces and Nocardia. Add [[Actinomyces species - Overview]] to delete after. '''(Helen)'''

Q3
* [[Lymphoma]] I decided to combine the two pages into one.
**Can you please add horse related: clinical signs, physical examination, any specific laboratory tests, treatment '''(Siobhan)'''

Q7
*[[Adenoma]] - can you please modify the whole page. If there is a lot of info about all adenomas, it may be worth creating a separate page for perianal adenoma instead, let me know what you find out. '''(Helen)'''

Q14
*Please have another look at [[Squamous Cell Carcinoma]]. I just read the first sentence and it really isn't a suitable start. I haven't read the rest yet but the formatting needs looking at too. '''(Siobhan)'''

Q18
*[[Demodex]] needs larval description, [[Demodicosis]] needs to mention need to identify larvae under diagnosis. '''(Siobhan)'''



'''WHICH QUESTIONS IN WV DO THE PAGES BELOW BELONG TO?''' '''(Helen) We had a little mix-up and I updated articles for all the questions from a list we were given, but only 18 questions were uploaded.. sorry!'''

'''(Helen)'''
Numbers refer to question numbers in the book:

10 - [[Hyperadrenocorticism|Cushings]]: just needs cytology features of liver added '''(Helen)'''

28 - Haemangiopericytoma and spindle cell tumours '''Helen)'''

120 - [[Mammary Neoplasia]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

121 - Mare normal uterine washing findings '''(Siobhan)'''

131 - tuberculosis '''(Helen) I updated [[Tuberculosis - Dogs]] but put info on cats as well. Probably easiest to rename page Tuberculosis - Dogs & Cats'''

132 - [[Trichodectes canis]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

135 - Maybe just need to complete [[Oestrous Cycle - Anatomy & Physiology#Mare|Mare oestrous cycle]] as just talks about uterine washing results during anoestrus '''(Siobhan)'''

137 - [[Transitional Cell Carcinoma]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

146 - [[Melanoma]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

155 - Giant cell tumour of bone needs a page '''(Helen)'''

158 - [[Mesothelial cells]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

161 - several diseases discussed: [[Filaroides osleri]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''



==Feline Medicine==

Q2, 3, 4 - picture needed

Q5 - needs lab results

Q13 - needs lab results

Q14 - has WRONG picture, should be from q185 in book

Q22 and 24- need picture


==Rabbit Medicine and Surgery==

2 - [[Atrial Fibrillation]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

3 - needs a page on scent glands in rabbits? can't find one on wikivet in the anat and phys section '''(Helen)'''

5 - Add info in [[Lead Poisoning]] about clin path '''(Helen)'''

8 - [[Non-Obstructive Ileus – Rabbit]] needs more info, diagnostic, treatment '''(Helen)'''

9 - [[Rabbit Haemorrhatic Disease Virus]] needs more info '''(Helen)'''

10 - [[Pseudopregnancy - Rabbit]] needs a page '''(Helen)'''

11 - Make [[Encephalitozoon cuniculi – Rabbit]] page prettier '''(Helen)'''

12 - Blepharitis needs a page '''(Helen)'''

13 - [[Exophthalmos – Rabbit]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

14 - [[Treponema cuniculi – Rabbit]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

15 - Page on [[Congestive Heart Failure - Rabbit]] maybe? '''(Helen)'''

17 - [[Leporacarus]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

18 - [[Pododermatitis – Rabbit]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

20 - needs something! '''(Helen) probably article on Haematuria'''

21 - [[Uterine Adenocarcinoma - Rabbit]] needs doing '''(Helen)'''

==Small animals ECC==
01 - [[Endocarditis]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

02 - [[Ventricular Tachycardia]] needs completing '''(Siobhan)'''

04 - page on stabilising a cat with dyspnoea '''(Siobhan)'''

05 - [[Collapsing Trachea]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

06 - [[Feline Asthma Syndrome]] needs more info '''(Helen)'''

07 - Carbon Monoxide Poisoning '''(Helen)'''

08 - Either complete [[Diabetes Mellitus]] or create new page, [[Diabetic Ketoacidosis]] '''(Helen)'''

09 - [[Hypocalcaemia]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

10 - Bacterial Prostatitis or just Prostatitis needs a page '''(Helen)'''

11 - [[Uterine Prolapse]] has no small animal info '''(Helen)'''

12 - [[Feline Infectious Anaemia]] needs a bit more info for the question, also [[Administering a Blood Transfusion]] '''(Helen)'''

13 - Lens Luxation needs a page '''(Helen)'''

15 - Atlantoaxial Luxation '''(Helen)'''

16 - [[Intervertebral Disc Degeneration]] needs alot more info '''(Siobhan)'''

17 - Anaphylaxis needs a page '''(Helen)'''

18 - [[Panosteitis]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

19 - Tibial Crest Avulsion needs a page '''(Helen)'''

==Veterinary Dentistry==
1 - [[Temporomandibular Luxation]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

2 - [[Ameloblastoma, Central]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

3 - [[Persistent Deciduous Teeth]] needs doing '''(Helen) also maybe a page on the Triadan System?''' [[Modified Triadan System]]

4 - [[Dental Discolouration]] needs doing '''(Helen)'''

5 - [[Feline Eosinophilic Granuloma]] complete info and add dog there too (?!) '''(Helen)'''

6 - [[Tooth Fractures]] needs doing '''(Helen)'''

7 - [[Acromegaly]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

8 - [[Sialolithiasis]] needs doing, [[Sialolithiasis - Donkey]] can maybe go there too?! - will need to keep the donkey page separate as it is a different source/funding/agreement (BS) '''(Siobhan)'''

9 - some sort of malocclusion page

10 - [[Salivary Mucocele]] needs a few things added maybe '''(Siobhan)'''

11 - Maybe a page on [[Periodontal Pockets]] or complete [[Periodontal Disease]] '''(Helen)'''

12 - Check [[Hyperparathyroidism]] page to see if all info there '''(Siobhan)'''

13 - Either complete [[Odontodystrophy]] or create [[Enamel Hypoplasia]] page

14 - Create [[Halitosis]] page '''(Helen)'''

15 - Complete [[Systemic Lupus Erythematosus]] '''(Helen)'''

16 - [[High-Rise Syndrome]] needs doing '''(Helen)'''

17 - Check [[Uraemia]] for completeness '''(Helen)'''

18 - [[Lip Fold Dermatitis]] needs doing '''(Siobhan)'''

19 - [[Abnormal Wear of Teeth]] needs completing

20 - [[Eruption Cysts]] needs doing '''(Helen)'''

21 - Check [[Incisor Overgrowth – Rabbit]] - didnt think this page needed anything added - Siobhan. [[Cheek Teeth Malocclusion – Rabbit]] '''(Siobhan)'''

22 - [[Cheek Tooth Extraction - Horse]] page? '''(Siobhan)'''

==Small Animal Soft Tissue Surgery==
01 - [[Cleft Palate]] to check '''(Siobhan)'''

02 - [[Gastric Dilatation and Volvulus]] add a bit more on surgery '''(Siobhan)'''

03 - create [[Aortic Thromboembolism]] '''(Siobhan)'''

04 - create [[Tracheal Avulsion]] '''(Helen)''' creating [[Tracheal Trauma]] instead

05 - either complete [[Male External Genitalia - Pathology]] - just made this one look nicer and added links then created new [[Paraphimosis]] page - '''(Siobhan)'''

06 - complete [[Hernia, Peritoneopericardial Diaphragmatic]] '''(Helen)'''

07 - alot to add to [[Brachycephalic Airway Syndrome]] '''(Helen)'''

08 - complete [[Atrial Standstill]] '''(Siobhan)'''

09 - alot to do on [[Hormonal Pyometra]] '''(Siobhan)'''

10 - complete [[Nasopharyngeal Polyp]] '''(Helen)'''

11 - check [[Aspergillosis]] has all info '''(Helen)'''

12 - complete [[Dystocia - Dog & Cat]] '''(Siobhan)'''

13 - complete [[Ureters - Developmental Pathology]] or create [[Ureteral Ectopia]] '''(Helen)'''

14 - check [[Hiatal Hernia]] '''(Helen)'''

15 - do [[Urethral Prolapse]] '''(Helen)'''

16 - check [[Megacolon]] '''(Helen)'''

17 - create [[Aural Haematoma]] '''(Helen)'''

18 - create [[Cholelithiasis]] '''(Helen)'''

19 - check [[Vascular Ring Anomalies]] and add surgical technique '''(Helen)'''

20 - check [[Portosystemic Shunt]] '''(Helen)'''

21 - check [[Pulmonic Stenosis]] '''(Helen)'''

22 - complete [[Laryngeal Paralysis]] '''(Helen)'''

==Small Animal Orthopaedics==
01 - add to [[Degenerative Joint Disease]] '''(Helen)'''

02 - create [[Carpal Hyperextension]] '''(Siobhan)'''

03 - add to [[Mandibular Fractures]] '''(Siobhan)'''

04 - complete [[Hypertrophic Osteodystrophy]] '''(Helen)'''

05 - complete [[Canine Dermatomyositis]] '''(Helen)'''

06 - complete [[Incomplete Ossification of Humeral Condyle]] '''(Helen)'''

07 - create [[Physeal Fractures]] '''(Helen)'''

08 - complete [[Hip Dysplasia]] '''(Helen)'''

09 - complete [[Craniomandibular Osteopathy]] '''(Helen)'''

10 - create [[Gracilis Muscle Avulsion]] '''(Helen) created [[Muscle Strains and Ruptures]]'''

11 - complete [[Osteochondrosis]] or create [[Retained Cartilage Cores]] '''(Helen)'''

12 - complete [[Hypertrophic Osteopathy]] '''(Helen)'''

13 - complete [[Calve Legg-Perthe's Disease]] '''(Helen)'''

14 - create [[Infraspinatus Muscle Contracture]] '''(Helen) created [[Muscle Contracture]]'''

15 - complete [[Infectious Arthritis]] or create dog-specific page

16 - complete [[Patellar Luxation]] '''(Helen)'''

17 - create [[Periosteal Proliferative Polyarthritis]] '''(Helen)'''

18 - complete [[Elbow Dysplasia]]

==Small Animal Abdominal and Metabolic Disorders==
01 - [[Pulmonary Embolism, Thrombosis and Infarction]] already exists, but maybe create [[Pulmonary Thromboembolism]]?

Also complete [[Protein Losing Enteropathy]]

02 - create [[Urethral Sphincter Mechanism Incompetence]] '''(Helen)'''

03 - create [[Vaginal Hyperplasia]] '''(Helen)'''

04 - create [[Hepatocutaneous Syndrome]] '''(Helen)'''

05 - complete [[Cystitis]] '''(Siobhan)'''

06 - check [[Diabetes Mellitus]] '''(Helen)'''

07 - check [[Hypoadrenocorticism]] '''(Helen)'''

08 - complete [[Ovarian Cysts]] '''(Siobhan)'''

09 - check [[Hepatic Lipidosis]] '''(Helen)'''

10 - improve [[Intersex]] '''(Helen)'''

11 - create [[Ovarian Remnant Syndrome]] '''(Siobhan)'''

12 - complete [[Isospora spp.]] '''(Helen)'''

13 - check [[Feline Infectious Peritonitis]] '''(Helen)'''

14 - check [[Intussusception]] '''(Helen)'''

15 - improve [[Helicobacter]] '''(Helen)'''

16 - create [[Pseudopregnancy]] '''(Helen)'''

17 - check [[Hypothyroidism]] '''(Helen)'''

18 - check and improve [[Megacolon]] '''(Helen)'''

19 - improve [[Sertoli Cell Tumour]] '''(Helen)'''

==Reptiles and Amphibians==
01 - check [[Snake Mites]] '''(Siobhan)'''

02 - create [[Hemipenis Prolapse]]

03 - improve [[Metabolic Bone Disease]] '''(Siobhan)'''

04 - Spirochaetosis page, not sure how to name it

05 - improve [[Steatitis]]

06 - improve [[Metabolic Bone Disease]] '''(Siobhan)'''

07 - check [[Lead Poisoning]] '''(Siobhan)'''

08 - there is [[Aeromonas species in lizards]] which maybe could become 'in reptiles and amphibians'??

09 - check [[Hepatic Lipidosis]] '''(Siobhan)'''

10 - Maybe create complete [[Snake Neurological Diseases]]

11 - check [[Heterophils]]'''(Siobhan)'''

12 - complete [[Metabolic Bone Disease]] '''(Siobhan)'''

13 - complete [[Lead Poisoning]] '''(Siobhan)'''

14 - complete [[Snake Dysecdysis]]

15 - create [[Hypovitaminosis C]]

16 - complete [[Parietal eye]]

17 - maybe create new [[Hypothyroidism]] for reptiles page or create [[Iodine Deficiency]].. not sure!

18 - maybe complete [[Abnormal Wear of Teeth]] or ceate new page

19 - there is already [[Snake Gout]] so not sure if make that into Reptile Gout?

20 - check [[Snake Cryptosporidiosis]]'''(Siobhan)'''

21 - check [[Lizard Mites]] '''(Siobhan)'''

22 - maybe create [[Snake Cardiovascular Diseases]]

23 - complete [[Giardiasis]] or create new page

24 - complete [[Lizard Musculoskeletal System]] or [[Autotomy]]

==Ornamental Fish==
01 - create [[Stress Shock Syndrome]]

02 - new page, Ovaria Prolapse - Fish or Prolapse - Fish

03 - check [[Columnaris Disease]]

04 - create Swim Bladder Disorders

05 - create Carp Pox

06 - create Chlorine Toxicity

07 - create Dropsy

08 - something to do with goitre, or iodine deficiency

09 - create Euthanasia - Fish

10 - create Fish Louse

11 - create New Tank Syndrome

12 - check [[Cold Water Disease]]

13 - create Nitrite Toxicity

14 - create something on Saprolegnia

15 - create henneguya koi page

16 - create Anaesthesia - Fish

17 - create Zinc Toxicity

18 - create Algal Bloom

19 - create page on Trichodina

20 - create Gill Hyperplasia or Gill Irritation

21 - create Fish Handling

22 - create Supersaturation

23 - vitamin C deficiency?

24 - something general about water quality, or Low Dissolved Oxygen - FIsh

25 - Gill Fluke

26 - Head and Lateral Line Erosion

=== Small Mammals ===
DONE

=== Avian Med ===
DONE

===Cattle Medicine===
DONE

===Equine Internal Medicine===
DONE

===Equine Orthopaedics & Rheumatology===
DONE

=== Sheep Medicine ===
DONE

===Small Animal Dermatology===
DONE

Metabolic Bone Disease

2011-09-12T15:31:54Z

Siobhanbrade:

[[File:Green Iguana.jpg|Green Iguana|right|thumb|200px|Green Iguanas are the most commonly affected species (Wikimedia Commons)]]
==Introduction==
Metabolic bone disease affects reptiles in captivity, particularly '''young green iguanas'''. The condition is caused by a '''diet low in [[Calcium|calcium]] and high in [[Phosphorus - Reptiles|phosphorous]] ([[Hyperparathyroidism|secondary nutritional hyperparathyroidism]]), [[Calcium|vitamin D]] deficiency (due to poor lighting)''', certain toxicities and diseases of the [[Kidney - Anatomy & Physiology|kidneys]], [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]] or rarely, the [[Category:Parathyroid Glands - Pathology|parathyroid gland]].

==Clinical Signs==
Clinical signs include:
* '''Lethargy'''
* '''Inability to support weight'''
* '''Rounded skull'''
* '''Spontaneous/pathological fractures''' - particularly the long bones
* '''Adult animals also show signs of [[Hypocalcaemia|hypocalcaemia]]''' such as muscle tremors
* '''Anorexia'''
* '''Dystocia in pregnant females'''
* '''Curvature of the spine'''
* '''Soft, flat and misshapen shell in chelonia'''
* '''Bowing, swelling and shortening of bones''' - particularly the mandible and long bones
* '''Impaction''' - secondary to the ingestion of large amounts of calcareous material, in an attempt to correct the nutritional imbalance
* '''Small''' in comparison to litter mates

==Diagnosis==
As the condition is normally caused by nutritional and management factors it is important to take a detailed history of the animals diet and husbandry.

'''Radiographs''' of the patient should be obtained. The skeleton shows '''reduced density''', and '''[[Fractures|pathological fractures]]''' may be present, particularly in the '''long bones''' of the hindlimbs. Large quanitites of radiopaque material may be seen in the intestines following the ingestion of calcareous material.

'''Haematology and biochemistry''' should be performed to measure '''calcium levels''' and assess kidney function. '''Renal failure''' is a common complication and a poor prognostic indicator.

==Treatment==
Nutritional calcium deficiencies need to be addressed by '''dietary supplementation''' (oral/injectable calcium lactate or calcium gluconate ).
Management should also be changed, to ensure the animal is exposed to sufficient levels of sunlight and '''vitamin D'''. Oral vitamin D supplements are also available to treat this deficiency.

Impaction cases should be treated with laxative such as milk of magnesia or petroleum jelly as this should help the animal pass the foreign material.

==Prevention==

It is important that owners of reptiles are properly educated with regards to the '''nutritional and husbandry requirements''' of each individual species in order to prevent conditions such as metabolic bone disease occurring.

===Nutrition===
'''Insectivorous''' reptiles should be fed a variety of insects such as earthworms, locusts and fruitflies. However as many insects do not provide reptiles with the appropriate calcium:phosphorous balance, '''supplementation''' is required. This can be provided by''' dusting insects''' with a supplement before they are fed to the reptile, or by feeding the insects themselves a '''diet with a high calcium:phosphorous ratio''' for an appropriate time before they are fed to the reptile.

'''Herbivores''' should be offered a '''variety of fresh fruit and vegetables''' with appropriate levels of calcium, phosphorous and fibre. '''Carnivorous''' reptiles should be fed on '''lean whole mammals'''. Providing a '''reptile-specific dietary supplement''' is highly recommended in both herbivore and carnivore diets. Additional sources of calcium include fish, collard leaves, and algae.

==Prognosis==
If the animal presents with chronic or severe signs, prognosis is''' poor'''. Early recognition of the condition and mild signs offer an improved prognosis. Any deformities are unlikely to resolve.

{{Learning
|flashcards = [[Reptiles and Amphibians Q&A 03]] [[Reptiles and Amphibians Q&A 06]] [[Reptiles and Amphibians Q&A 12]]
}}

==References==
Divers, S (1996) '''Basic reptile husbandry, history taking and clinical exam''' ''In Practice 1996 18: 51-65''

Frye, FL & Williams, DL (1995) '''Self-Assessment Colour Review - Reptiles & Amphibians''' ''Manson''

Merck & Co (2009) '''The Merck Veterinary Manual''' (Ninth Edition), ''Merial''

Rowland, M (2009) '''Veterinary care of bearded dragons''' ''In Practice 2009 31: 506-511''

[[Category:Parathyroid Glands - Pathology]]
[[Category:To Do - Major]]
[[Category: To Do - Siobhan Brade]]
[[Category:To Do - Manson review]]

Category:To Do - Manson

2011-09-10T09:39:24Z

Siobhanbrade: /* Reptiles and Amphibians */

Pages needed to link to Manson clinical flashcard Q&As:

Once finished with a page, please add it to [[:Category:To Do - Manson review|Category:To Do - Manson review]]

===Equine Reproduction & Stud Medicine===

Q1 - needs [[Blepharitis]] check/add horse info '''(Helen)'''
: - [[Conjunctivitis]] page '''(Helen)'''

Q2 - [[Wry Nose]] needs completion '''(Helen)'''

Q14 - [[Taylorella equigenitalis]] needs adapting '''(Helen)'''

Q20 - [[Dystocia - Horse]] '''(Helen)''' - needs either adding surgery option or separate page "caesarean section" '''(Helen)''' created [[Caesarean Section - Horse]]


===Cytology===


Q2
*please create a page [[Gram Negative Bacteria - Overview]] that will contain general info '''(Helen)'''
*create [[Actinomycetes Overview]] page to include info from [[Actinomyces species - Overview]], staining properties and any other general info for both Actinomyces and Nocardia. Add [[Actinomyces species - Overview]] to delete after. '''(Helen)'''

Q3
* [[Lymphoma]] I decided to combine the two pages into one.
**Can you please add horse related: clinical signs, physical examination, any specific laboratory tests, treatment '''(Siobhan)'''

Q7
*[[Adenoma]] - can you please modify the whole page. If there is a lot of info about all adenomas, it may be worth creating a separate page for perianal adenoma instead, let me know what you find out. '''(Helen)'''

Q14
*Please have another look at [[Squamous Cell Carcinoma]]. I just read the first sentence and it really isn't a suitable start. I haven't read the rest yet but the formatting needs looking at too. '''(Siobhan)'''

Q18
*[[Demodex]] needs larval description, [[Demodicosis]] needs to mention need to identify larvae under diagnosis. '''(Siobhan)'''



'''WHICH QUESTIONS IN WV DO THE PAGES BELOW BELONG TO?''' '''(Helen) We had a little mix-up and I updated articles for all the questions from a list we were given, but only 18 questions were uploaded.. sorry!'''

'''(Helen)'''
Numbers refer to question numbers in the book:

10 - [[Hyperadrenocorticism|Cushings]]: just needs cytology features of liver added '''(Helen)'''

28 - Haemangiopericytoma and spindle cell tumours '''Helen)'''

120 - [[Mammary Neoplasia]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

121 - Mare normal uterine washing findings '''(Siobhan)'''

131 - tuberculosis '''(Helen) I updated [[Tuberculosis - Dogs]] but put info on cats as well. Probably easiest to rename page Tuberculosis - Dogs & Cats'''

132 - [[Trichodectes canis]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

135 - Maybe just need to complete [[Oestrous Cycle - Anatomy & Physiology#Mare|Mare oestrous cycle]] as just talks about uterine washing results during anoestrus '''(Siobhan)'''

137 - [[Transitional Cell Carcinoma]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

146 - [[Melanoma]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

155 - Giant cell tumour of bone needs a page '''(Helen)'''

158 - [[Mesothelial cells]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

161 - several diseases discussed: [[Filaroides osleri]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''



==Feline Medicine==

Q2, 3, 4 - picture needed

Q5 - needs lab results

Q13 - needs lab results

Q14 - has WRONG picture, should be from q185 in book

Q22 and 24- need picture


==Rabbit Medicine and Surgery==

2 - [[Atrial Fibrillation]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

3 - needs a page on scent glands in rabbits? can't find one on wikivet in the anat and phys section '''(Helen)'''

5 - Add info in [[Lead Poisoning]] about clin path '''(Helen)'''

8 - [[Non-Obstructive Ileus – Rabbit]] needs more info, diagnostic, treatment '''(Helen)'''

9 - [[Rabbit Haemorrhatic Disease Virus]] needs more info '''(Helen)'''

10 - [[Pseudopregnancy - Rabbit]] needs a page '''(Helen)'''

11 - Make [[Encephalitozoon cuniculi – Rabbit]] page prettier '''(Helen)'''

12 - Blepharitis needs a page '''(Helen)'''

13 - [[Exophthalmos – Rabbit]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

14 - [[Treponema cuniculi – Rabbit]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

15 - Page on [[Congestive Heart Failure - Rabbit]] maybe? '''(Helen)'''

17 - [[Leporacarus]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

18 - [[Pododermatitis – Rabbit]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

20 - needs something! '''(Helen) probably article on Haematuria'''

21 - [[Uterine Adenocarcinoma - Rabbit]] needs doing '''(Helen)'''

==Small animals ECC==
01 - [[Endocarditis]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

02 - [[Ventricular Tachycardia]] needs completing '''(Siobhan)'''

04 - page on stabilising a cat with dyspnoea '''(Siobhan)'''

05 - [[Collapsing Trachea]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

06 - [[Feline Asthma Syndrome]] needs more info '''(Helen)'''

07 - Carbon Monoxide Poisoning '''(Helen)'''

08 - Either complete [[Diabetes Mellitus]] or create new page, [[Diabetic Ketoacidosis]] '''(Helen)'''

09 - [[Hypocalcaemia]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

10 - Bacterial Prostatitis or just Prostatitis needs a page '''(Helen)'''

11 - [[Uterine Prolapse]] has no small animal info '''(Helen)'''

12 - [[Feline Infectious Anaemia]] needs a bit more info for the question, also [[Administering a Blood Transfusion]] '''(Helen)'''

13 - Lens Luxation needs a page '''(Helen)'''

15 - Atlantoaxial Luxation '''(Helen)'''

16 - [[Intervertebral Disc Degeneration]] needs alot more info '''(Siobhan)'''

17 - Anaphylaxis needs a page '''(Helen)'''

18 - [[Panosteitis]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

19 - Tibial Crest Avulsion needs a page '''(Helen)'''

==Veterinary Dentistry==
1 - [[Temporomandibular Luxation]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

2 - [[Ameloblastoma, Central]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

3 - [[Persistent Deciduous Teeth]] needs doing '''(Helen) also maybe a page on the Triadan System?''' [[Modified Triadan System]]

4 - [[Dental Discolouration]] needs doing '''(Helen)'''

5 - [[Feline Eosinophilic Granuloma]] complete info and add dog there too (?!) '''(Helen)'''

6 - [[Tooth Fractures]] needs doing '''(Helen)'''

7 - [[Acromegaly]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

8 - [[Sialolithiasis]] needs doing, [[Sialolithiasis - Donkey]] can maybe go there too?! - will need to keep the donkey page separate as it is a different source/funding/agreement (BS) '''(Siobhan)'''

9 - some sort of malocclusion page

10 - [[Salivary Mucocele]] needs a few things added maybe '''(Siobhan)'''

11 - Maybe a page on [[Periodontal Pockets]] or complete [[Periodontal Disease]] '''(Helen)'''

12 - Check [[Hyperparathyroidism]] page to see if all info there '''(Siobhan)'''

13 - Either complete [[Odontodystrophy]] or create [[Enamel Hypoplasia]] page

14 - Create [[Halitosis]] page '''(Helen)'''

15 - Complete [[Systemic Lupus Erythematosus]] '''(Helen)'''

16 - [[High-Rise Syndrome]] needs doing '''(Helen)'''

17 - Check [[Uraemia]] for completeness '''(Helen)'''

18 - [[Lip Fold Dermatitis]] needs doing '''(Siobhan)'''

19 - [[Abnormal Wear of Teeth]] needs completing

20 - [[Eruption Cysts]] needs doing '''(Helen)'''

21 - Check [[Incisor Overgrowth – Rabbit]] - didnt think this page needed anything added - Siobhan. [[Cheek Teeth Malocclusion – Rabbit]] '''(Siobhan)'''

22 - [[Cheek Tooth Extraction - Horse]] page? '''(Siobhan)'''

==Small Animal Soft Tissue Surgery==
01 - [[Cleft Palate]] to check '''(Siobhan)'''

02 - [[Gastric Dilatation and Volvulus]] add a bit more on surgery '''(Siobhan)'''

03 - create [[Aortic Thromboembolism]] '''(Siobhan)'''

04 - create [[Tracheal Avulsion]] '''(Helen)''' creating [[Tracheal Trauma]] instead

05 - either complete [[Male External Genitalia - Pathology]] - just made this one look nicer and added links then created new [[Paraphimosis]] page - '''(Siobhan)'''

06 - complete [[Hernia, Peritoneopericardial Diaphragmatic]] '''(Helen)'''

07 - alot to add to [[Brachycephalic Airway Syndrome]] '''(Helen)'''

08 - complete [[Atrial Standstill]] '''(Siobhan)'''

09 - alot to do on [[Hormonal Pyometra]] '''(Siobhan)'''

10 - complete [[Nasopharyngeal Polyp]] '''(Helen)'''

11 - check [[Aspergillosis]] has all info '''(Helen)'''

12 - complete [[Dystocia - Dog & Cat]] '''(Siobhan)'''

13 - complete [[Ureters - Developmental Pathology]] or create [[Ureteral Ectopia]] '''(Helen)'''

14 - check [[Hiatal Hernia]] '''(Helen)'''

15 - do [[Urethral Prolapse]] '''(Helen)'''

16 - check [[Megacolon]] '''(Helen)'''

17 - create [[Aural Haematoma]] '''(Helen)'''

18 - create [[Cholelithiasis]] '''(Helen)'''

19 - check [[Vascular Ring Anomalies]] and add surgical technique '''(Helen)'''

20 - check [[Portosystemic Shunt]] '''(Helen)'''

21 - check [[Pulmonic Stenosis]] '''(Helen)'''

22 - complete [[Laryngeal Paralysis]] '''(Helen)'''

==Small Animal Orthopaedics==
01 - add to [[Degenerative Joint Disease]] '''(Helen)'''

02 - create [[Carpal Hyperextension]] '''(Siobhan)'''

03 - add to [[Mandibular Fractures]] '''(Siobhan)'''

04 - complete [[Hypertrophic Osteodystrophy]] '''(Helen)'''

05 - complete [[Canine Dermatomyositis]] '''(Helen)'''

06 - complete [[Incomplete Ossification of Humeral Condyle]] '''(Helen)'''

07 - create [[Physeal Fractures]] '''(Helen)'''

08 - complete [[Hip Dysplasia]] '''(Helen)'''

09 - complete [[Craniomandibular Osteopathy]] '''(Helen)'''

10 - create [[Gracilis Muscle Avulsion]] '''(Helen) created [[Muscle Strains and Ruptures]]'''

11 - complete [[Osteochondrosis]] or create [[Retained Cartilage Cores]] '''(Helen)'''

12 - complete [[Hypertrophic Osteopathy]] '''(Helen)'''

13 - complete [[Calve Legg-Perthe's Disease]] '''(Helen)'''

14 - create [[Infraspinatus Muscle Contracture]] '''(Helen) created [[Muscle Contracture]]'''

15 - complete [[Infectious Arthritis]] or create dog-specific page

16 - complete [[Patellar Luxation]] '''(Helen)'''

17 - create [[Periosteal Proliferative Polyarthritis]] '''(Helen)'''

18 - complete [[Elbow Dysplasia]]

==Small Animal Abdominal and Metabolic Disorders==
01 - [[Pulmonary Embolism, Thrombosis and Infarction]] already exists, but maybe create [[Pulmonary Thromboembolism]]?

Also complete [[Protein Losing Enteropathy]]

02 - create [[Urethral Sphincter Mechanism Incompetence]] '''(Helen)'''

03 - create [[Vaginal Hyperplasia]] '''(Helen)'''

04 - create [[Hepatocutaneous Syndrome]] '''(Helen)'''

05 - complete [[Cystitis]] '''(Siobhan)'''

06 - check [[Diabetes Mellitus]] '''(Helen)'''

07 - check [[Hypoadrenocorticism]] '''(Helen)'''

08 - complete [[Ovarian Cysts]] '''(Siobhan)'''

09 - check [[Hepatic Lipidosis]] '''(Helen)'''

10 - improve [[Intersex]] '''(Helen)'''

11 - create [[Ovarian Remnant Syndrome]] '''(Siobhan)'''

12 - complete [[Isospora spp.]] '''(Helen)'''

13 - check [[Feline Infectious Peritonitis]] '''(Helen)'''

14 - check [[Intussusception]] '''(Helen)'''

15 - improve [[Helicobacter]] '''(Helen)'''

16 - create [[Pseudopregnancy]] '''(Helen)'''

17 - check [[Hypothyroidism]] '''(Helen)'''

18 - check and improve [[Megacolon]] '''(Helen)'''

19 - improve [[Sertoli Cell Tumour]] '''(Helen)'''

==Reptiles and Amphibians==
01 - check [[Snake Mites]] '''(Siobhan)'''

02 - create [[Hemipenis Prolapse]]

03 - improve [[Metabolic Bone Disease]] '''(Siobhan)'''

04 - Spirochaetosis page, not sure how to name it

05 - improve [[Steatitis]]

06 - improve [[Metabolic Bone Disease]] '''(Siobhan)'''

07 - check [[Lead Poisoning]] '''(Siobhan)'''

08 - there is [[Aeromonas species in lizards]] which maybe could become 'in reptiles and amphibians'??

09 - check [[Hepatic Lipidosis]] '''(Siobhan)'''

10 - Maybe create complete [[Snake Neurological Diseases]]

11 - check [[Heterophils]]

12 - complete [[Metabolic Bone Disease]] '''(Siobhan)'''

13 - complete [[Lead Poisoning]] '''(Siobhan)'''

14 - complete [[Snake Dysecdysis]]

15 - create [[Hypovitaminosis C]]

16 - complete [[Parietal eye]]

17 - maybe create new [[Hypothyroidism]] for reptiles page or create [[Iodine Deficiency]].. not sure!

18 - maybe complete [[Abnormal Wear of Teeth]] or ceate new page

19 - there is already [[Snake Gout]] so not sure if make that into Reptile Gout?

20 - check [[Snake Cryptosporidiosis]]

21 - check [[Lizard Mites]] '''(Siobhan)'''

22 - maybe create [[Snake Cardiovascular Diseases]]

23 - complete [[Giardiasis]] or create new page

24 - complete [[Lizard Musculoskeletal System]] or [[Autotomy]]

==Ornamental Fish==
01 - create [[Stress Shock Syndrome]]

02 - new page, Ovaria Prolapse - Fish or Prolapse - Fish

03 - check [[Columnaris Disease]]

04 - create Swim Bladder Disorders

05 - create Carp Pox

06 - create Chlorine Toxicity

07 - create Dropsy

08 - something to do with goitre, or iodine deficiency

09 - create Euthanasia - Fish

10 - create Fish Louse

11 - create New Tank Syndrome

12 - check [[Cold Water Disease]]

13 - create Nitrite Toxicity

14 - create something on Saprolegnia

15 - create henneguya koi page

16 - create Anaesthesia - Fish

17 - create Zinc Toxicity

18 - create Algal Bloom

19 - create page on Trichodina

20 - create Gill Hyperplasia or Gill Irritation

21 - create Fish Handling

22 - create Supersaturation

23 - vitamin C deficiency?

24 - something general about water quality, or Low Dissolved Oxygen - FIsh

25 - Gill Fluke

26 - Head and Lateral Line Erosion

=== Small Mammals ===
DONE

=== Avian Med ===
DONE

===Cattle Medicine===
DONE

===Equine Internal Medicine===
DONE

===Equine Orthopaedics & Rheumatology===
DONE

=== Sheep Medicine ===
DONE

===Small Animal Dermatology===
DONE

Lizard Mites

2011-09-10T09:38:28Z

Siobhanbrade: added manson flashcard info

{{review}}

[[Image:Lizard_mites.jpg|400px|thumb|right|'''Signs of a mite infestation''' (Copyright © RVC)]]
[[Image:Lizard_mite.jpg|200px|thumb|right|'''Lizard mite (''Hirstiella trombidiiformis'') visible on magnification''' (Copyright © RVC)]]

==Mite Infestation==

Ectoparasites are a common problem in captive lizards. Mite infestation may result in a pigmented 'black' dermatitis commonly known as "black skin disease", but ticks are rare. As the mites are usually quite ubiquitous, snake mites can infest lizards and vice versa. ''Hirstiella trombidiiformis'' is the common lizard mite, and it can be differentiated from another common mite, ''Ophionyssus natricis'' by the presence of a pointed protruberance at the caudal end of its abdomen.

===Clinical signs and Diagnosis===

The ectoparasites can usually be found in the axillae and stifle skinfolds of lizards. The tissue damage created by the mite causes swelling, irritation, erythema and even secondary bacterial infection; the skin appears as raised areas of colour change on the skin, generally on the ventral abdomen and limbs. In more serious cases, mite infestation can lead to [[Lizard Dysecdysis|dysecdysis]], anaemia and transmission of bacterial and viral agents (e.g. ''[[Aeromonas species|Aeromonas hydrophila]]'' septicaemia, haemoparasites and inclusion body disease).

Individual mites are visible on magnification. They can be seen moving on the host, sometimes in small numbers. They can also be found drowned in the affected animal's water dishes.

===Treatment===

The animal and its environment need to be treated as a big part of the parasite's life cycle is spent off the host.

* Initially, a bath in warm water will rid the animal of some of the mites. Alternatively, a cotton bud sprayed with an insecticide (licensed for use in puppies and kittens) can be used to remove groups of mites.
* Oral or subcutaneous ivermectin PO or SC, repeat in 2 weeks; the environment should also be sprayed with ivermectin diluted in water.
* Topical insecticides (e.g. Frontline) can be applied using a sponge.

===Prevention===

* Preventive medicine including [[Lizard and Snake Quarantine|quarantine]] and appropriate [[Lizard Husbandry Requirements|husbandry]].

{{Learning
|flashcards = [[Reptiles and Amphibians Q&A 21]]
}}

==Literature Search==
[[File:CABI logo.jpg|left|90px]]

Use these links to find recent scientific publications via CAB Abstracts (log in required unless accessing from a subscribing organisation).
 
[http://www.cabi.org/cabdirect/FullTextPDF/2010/20103181765.pdf '''Reptile ectoparasites - how to kill those little buggers.''' Greek, T.; The North American Veterinary Conference, Gainesville, USA, Small animal and exotics. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference, Orlando, Florida, USA, 16-20 January 2010, 2010, pp 1676-1677 - '''Full Text Article''']

[http://www.cabi.org/cabdirect/FullTextPDF/2009/20093118403.pdf ''' Reptile parasitology: what is that and how do I treat that?''' Wright, K.; The North American Veterinary Conference, Gainesville, USA, Small animal and exotics. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference, Orlando, Florida, USA, 17-21 January, 2009, 2009, pp 1817-1821 - '''Full Text Article''']

==References==
Frye, FL & Williams, DL (1995) '''Self-Assessment Colour Review - Reptiles & Amphibians''' ''Manson''

[[Category:Lizard Skin Diseases|M]]
[[Category: To Do - Siobhan Brade]]
[[Category:To Do - Manson review]]

Lead Poisoning

2011-09-09T17:04:18Z

Siobhanbrade: added Manson flashcard information

Also known as: '''''Plumbism — Saturnism'''''

==Introduction==
Lead poisoning is a condition caused by increased levels of lead in the body and is most common in dogs and cattle. It can also occur in birds and chelonia, but disease in other animals is limited by reduced accessibility, selective eating habits or lower susceptibility.

Lead poisoning usually occurs following ingestion of '''paint, lead weights, lead shot and used oil and batteries'''.

Absorbed lead enters blood and soft tissues and eventually '''redistributes to bone'''. The degree of absorption can vary, and in ruminants, particles of lead lodged in the reticulum can dissolve slowly and lead to chronic lead poisoning.

Lead has a profound effect on antioxydant enzymes involved in the protection of erythrocytes and lead to '''capillary damage'''. Lead is also '''irritating, immunosuppressive, teratogenic, nephrotoxic and toxic to the haematopoietic system'''.

In young animals ingesting a large dose at once, it causes '''malfunction of osteoclasts''' and increased density of the metaphysis on radiographs.

==Clinical Signs==
Lead poisoning is most common in young animals. Clinical signs are associated with the '''gastro-intestinal and nervous systems'''.

In '''cattle''' acute signs include: ataxia, blindness, salivation, bruxism, muscle tremors and convulsions.

The chronic disease is characterised by: anorexia, rumen stasis and colic, followed by diarrhoea, blindness, head pressing and death.

'''Dogs''' can show gastrointestinal signs such as anorexia, diarrhoea and vomiting. Hysterical barking, jaw champing, salivation, blindness, ataxia and convulsions may also develop.

'''Horses''' usually show chronic signs such as weight loss, colic, depression, laryngeal paralysis and dysphagia.

'''Birds''' often show the acute form of poisoning: depression, lethargy, regurgitation, vomiting, diarrhoea, ataxia and wing and leg weakness.

==Diagnosis==
'''Haematology''' may show changes consistent but not pathognomonic for lead poisoning: normocytic, normochromic [[:Category:Anaemia|anaemia]] with basophilic stippling and nucleated [[erythrocytes]] out of proportion to the degree of anaemia. The anaemia is sometimes polychromatic and anisocytic, indicating a regenerative process.

'''Biochemistry''': may reveal hepatic damage and elevations in ALP, ALT and [[bilirubin]] levels.

Measurement of '''lead levels''' in various tissues may be useful to evaluate excessive accumulation and to reflect the level of exposure, severity and prognosis. Concentrations of lead in the blood at 0.35 ppm, liver at 10 ppm, or kidney cortex at 10 ppm are consistent with a diagnosis of lead poisoning in most species.

'''Post mortem''' examination may reveal evidence of gastroenteritis. In the nervous system, oedema and congestion of the cerebral cortex and flattening of the cortical gyri are present. Histologically, endothelial swelling, laminar cortical necrosis, and oedema of the white matter may be evident. There is also tubular necrosis and degeneration in the kidneys.

'''Radiographs''' may be useful to reveal metal particles in the gastrointestinal tract. They are particularly recommended in birds where metal particles within the [[ventriculus]] should not be confused with grit.

Other diseases may '''mimic''' the clinical signs of lead poisoning and in cattle, polioencephalomalacia, nervous coccidiosis, [[tetanus]], [[hypovitaminosis A]], [[Hypomagnesaemia|hypomagnesemic tetany]], nervous [[Ketosis of Cattle|acetonemia]], arsenic or mercury poisoning, brain abscess or neoplasia, [[rabies]], [[listeriosis]], and [[:Category:Haemophilus species|''Haemophilus'']] infections should be considered.

In dogs, rabies, [[distemper]], and [[Infectious Canine Hepatitis|hepatitis]] may appear similar to lead poisoning.

==Treatment==
Treatment may not be successful if tissue damage, particularly to the nervous system, is excessive.

In livestock, calcium disodium edetate (Ca-EDTA) is given IV or SC for 3 days. In dogs, a similar dose divided into 4 treatments/day is administered SC in 5% dextrose for 2-5 days. After a one week rest period, an additional 5-day treatment may be required if clinical signs persist. No approved veterinary product containing Ca-EDTA is commercially available at present.

Thiamine alleviates clinical manifestations and reduces tissue deposition of lead. '''Combined Ca-EDTA and thiamine''' treatment appears to produce the most beneficial response.

'''Succimer (meso 2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid, DMSA)''' is a chelating agent that has proven to be effective in dogs and is also useful in birds. Fewer side effects have been associated with DMSA as compared with Ca-EDTA.

Cathartics such as magnesium sulfate or a rumenotomy may be useful to '''remove lead from the GI tract'''.

'''Barbiturates or tranquilizers''' may be indicated to control convulsions.

Chelation therapy, in combination with '''antioxidant treatment''', may limit oxidative damage associated with acute lead poisoning. Antioxidants such as n-acetylcysteine have been used in combination with DMSA.

In chelonia it is possible to remove the ingested lead fragments from the stomach using endoscopically-guided forceps. This should be followed with two weeks medical therapy with Ca-EDTA.

{{Learning
|flashcards = [[Avian Medicine Q&A 25]] [[Rabbit Medicine and Surgery Q&A 05]] [[Reptiles and Amphibians Q&A 07]] [[Reptiles and Amphibians Q&A 13]]
}}

==References==
Frye, FL & Williams, DL (1995) '''Self-Assessment Colour Review - Reptiles & Amphibians''' ''Manson''

Kahn, C. (2005) '''Merck Veterinary Manual''' 9th Edition ''Merck and Co''

Kaneka, J. (2008) '''Clinical Biochemistry of Domestic Animals''' ''Academic Press''

Payne, J. (2010) '''Lead poisoning in Cattle and Sheep''' ''In Practice'' 32, 64-69

{{review}}
[[Category:Bones - Metabolic Pathology]]
[[Category:Toxicology]]
[[Category:Expert Review]]
[[Category: To Do - Siobhan Brade]]
[[Category:To Do - Manson review]]

Hepatic Lipidosis

2011-09-09T16:43:55Z

Siobhanbrade: added Manson flashcard information

Also known as: '''''Lipid Mobilisation Syndrome '''''

== Introduction ==

Hepatic lipidosis describes a syndrome caused by derangements in lipid and protein metabolism. It occurs in cats, dogs and chelonia but produces a more important clinical syndrome in cats. Similar phenomena occur in [[Hyperlipaemia - Horse|horses]], [[Hyperlipaemia - Donkey|donkeys]], [[Fatty Liver Syndrome|cattle]] and [[Pregnancy Toxaemia|sheep]] when they are exposed to periods of metabolic stress. Hepatic lipidosis may be '''primary''' (or idiopathic) or it may be '''secondary''' to another disease.

=== Primary Lipidosis ===

'''Primary or idiopathic hepatic lipidosis''' is most commonly recognised in '''obese indoor cats''' following a period of anorexia or stress. It is the most common hepatic disease of cats in North America but it is becoming more common in Europe. It occurs due to the accumulation of large amounts of lipid in hepatocytes, altering the morphology of the cells and producing an acute hepatopathy. The mortality rate of this disease is high unless it is treated aggressively.

The lipid that accumulates within hepatocytes is composed of triglyceride which is synthesised from circulating fatty acids in the liver. Circulating fatty acid concentrations are regulated by a number of hormonal factors that act on the enzymes hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) and lipoprotein lipase (LPL). HSL is responsible for releasing fatty acids from adipose tissue and its action is stimulated by catecholamines, [[glucagon]], corticosteroids and [[Thyroid Gland - Anatomy & Physiology#Thyroid Hormone Physiology|thyroid hormones]] but inhibited by [[insulin]]. LPL degrades circulating lipoprotein complexes allowing fatty acids to be taken back up into adipose stores. The liver and other tissues usually oxidise fatty acids via the Krebs cycle within mitochondria but this pathway is downregulated in animals that receive excessive dietary calories. Additionally, hepatocytes are able to package fatty acids into very low lipoprotein complexes (VLDLs) that are released back into the circulation. If the apolipoproteins that partly constitute the VLDLs are deficient, fatty acids may not be dispatched from the liver. The accumulation of triglycerides in the liver reflects an imbalance between the processes that cause lipid mobilisation, those that lead to fatty acid oxidation and dispatch and those that encourage storage in adipose tissue. One or more mechanisms may be involved and these include increased activation of HSL by '''catecholamines''' released in response to stress, failure to produce sufficient '''insulin''' (in [[Diabetes Mellitus|diabetes mellitus]]) results in uncontrolled HSL activity and excessive lipid mobilisation induced by '''anorexia''', '''starvation''' or '''illness''', partly under the influence of glucagon on HSL. '''Deficiency of dietary proteins''' and other nutrients, which reduces the capacity of the liver to produce lipid transport (apolipo-)proteins and to metabolise fat. Recognised micronutrient deficiencies include '''arginine''', '''carnitine''', '''taurine''' and '''methionine'''. Carnitine has a vital role in carrying fatty acids across the inner mitochondrial membrane and also disturbances in the neural and hormonal mechanisms that control '''appetite''' and satiety resulting in inappropriate anorexia, are other factors.

=== Secondary Lipidosis ===

'''Secondary hepatic lipidosis''' is a neuroendocrine response to other diseases, including [[Pancreatitis|pancreatitis]], [[Diabetes Mellitus|diabetes mellitus]], [[Inflammatory Bowel Disease|inflammatory bowel disease]] and primary hypertriglyceridaemia. Secondary hepatic lipidosis is therefore less closely associated with obesity and it may be seen in normal or even thin cats. In dogs, this secondary lipid accumulation rarely contributes to the clinical syndrome but in cats, it may greatly exacerbate the disease suffered by the affected animal. ''Secondary lipidosis is much more common than primary in cats in the UK. ''

== Signalment ==

Indoor and obese cats are more prone to the development of primary hepatic lipidosis during periods of stress or anorexia. Most cases occur in middle-aged cats with no apparent breed predisposition. The development of hepatic lipidosis in chelonia is most commonly a consequence of feeding a high fat diet such as commercial pet food, so there are no age, breed or sex predispositions.

== Clinical Signs ==
[[Image:Jaundiced cat.jpg|thumb|Image of a jaundiced cat that was suffering from hepatic lipidosis. Note the icteric pinnae. Copyright Sabar 2007 Wikimedia Commons]]
Clinical signs may appear to be non-specific at first. These include severe persistent '''anorexia''' with lethargy. Cats may lose weight and have an unkempt appearance.[[Icterus|'''Jaundice''']] may or may not occur. It is a form of intra-hepatic icterus as the swollen hepatocytes partially obstruct the flow of bile in the canaliculi. [[Hepatic Encephalopathy|'''Hepatic encephalopathy''']] may manifest mainly as depression and hypersalivation. [[Diarrhoea|'''Diarrhoea''']] and [[Vomiting|'''vomiting''']] do not occur with all cases of hepatic lipidosis. '''Palpable hepatomegaly''' may be appreciable as the liver enlarges with the storage of lipid in hepatocytes. '''Coagulopathies''' sometimes occur in affected animals and may manifest as spontaneous subcutaneous, intra-articular or intra-cavitatory haemorrhage. The syndrome develops due to reduced absorption of vitamin K or failure to reclaim vitamin K in the liver due to diffuse hepatic disease.

== Diagnosis ==

=== Laboratory Tests ===

==== Haematology ====

Affected animals may have red blood cells of varying morphology ('''poikilocytosis''') and this may be related to alterations in erythrocyte membrane lipid content. Cats with hepatic lipidosis are also prone to the development of Heinz body '''anaemia''' and haemolysis due to hypophosphataemia.

==== Biochemistry ====

Cholestatic enzymes are usually elevated due to intra-hepatic cholestasis but the exact pattern observed varies between species. In cats, an elevated concentration of '''ALP''' is more sensitive for the detection of hepatic lipidosis and this enzyme is often greatly elevated while the level of GGT remains normal. In dogs, an elevated serum concentration of '''GGT''' is more sensitive than ALP for the detection of hepatic lipidosis.

[[Bilirubin|'''Hyperbilirubinaemia''']] often occurs and this may be clinically evident as [[Icterus|icterus]].

Animals that have been inappetant for some time or which have vomited recently are likely to be '''hypokalaemic''' and it is important that this deficiency is treated for the patient to regain voluntary intake of food. Animals with hepatic lipidosis often become '''hypophosphataemic''' but this may only occur with refeeding as the blood concentrations of glucose and insulin rise, driving phosphate intracellularly. A similar phenomenon occur when animals with [[Diabetes Mellitus|diabetic ketoacidosis]] are first treated with insulin.

==== Other Tests ====

Where this is available, proteins produced in the absence of vitamin K (PIVKAs) and '''clotting times''' may be measured to determine whether the animal has a coagulopathy.

Urinalysis may reveal '''bilirubinuria''' as the serum bilirubin concentration is increased as in any cholestatic disease.

Cats with hepatic lipidosis often become deficient of vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin), especially if they also suffer from [[Inflammatory Bowel Disease|inflammatory bowel disease]] or [[Pancreatitis|pancreatitis]].

=== Diagnostic Imaging ===

==== Radiography ====

'''Plain radiographs of the abdomen''' usually show only marked hepatomegaly with a right shift of the gastric axis when viewed on a right lateral film. The borders of the liver lobes will be rounded and extensive intra-abdominal fat reserves may be evident in obese cats giving excellent serosal detail.

==== Ultrasonography ====
[[Image:Sono Hepatische Lipidose Katze 0.jpg|thumb|Ultrasonographic image of a feline liver affected by hepatic lipidosis. The liver has a similar echogenicity to the surrounding fat. Copyright Kalumet 2009 Wikimedia Commons]] An abdominal ultrasound scan will reveal an enlarged and '''diffusely hyperechoeic''' liver. The underlying cause of the liver disease may also be apparent.

=== Pathology ===
[[Image:Hepatic lipidosis histology.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Histological image of a section of liver with lipidosis. Note the many vacuoles that push the hepatocyte nuclei aside. Copyright Karin Allenspach 2008 RVC]]
Grossly, the liver will appear to be enlarged with rounded edges. The tissue may be white/yellow in colour and the cut surface will be uniform and greasy to handle.

Histopathology:

Fine needle aspiration of the liver (preferably under ultrasound guidance) is often sufficient to make a diagnosis of hepatic lipidosis. Cytological examination of the sample reveals that the hepatocytes are swollen with lipid ([[Hydropic Degeneration|cytoplasmic vacuoles]]) which pushes the nuclei aside. Where possible, biopsy of liver tissue and aspiration of bile are indicated to determine the underlying cause of the disease.

== Treatment ==
[[Image:FelineHepaticLipidosisEsophagealFeedingTube.jpg|thumb|Image of a cat receving nutritional support via an oesophagostomy tube Released into the Public Domain]]
Intensive treatment of cats is required as the disease has a high mortality if not managed aggressively. Owners should be warned that long-term nutritional support will be required to achieve a successful outcome. In cases of secondary lipidosis, the underlying cause of disease should be treated.

Nutritional Support is generally required for a period of 4 - 6 weeks but longer durations may be necessary if the animal fails to eat voluntarily. The two major considerations are the route of feeding and the composition of the diet that is fed.

==== Route of Feeding ====

Naso-oesophageal feeding tubes may be used temporarily to stabilise affected animals but this type of tube is likely to discourage voluntary feeding and it may traumatise the oesophagus. Oesophagostomy tube or gastrostomy tubes are better suited to long-term management of patients with hepatic lipidosis and both may be placed during a short general anaesthetic. Gastrostomy tubes may be placed under endoscopic guidance and these represent the best option if the animal has evidence of [[Oesophagitis|oesophagitis]] or chronic [[Vomiting|vomiting]].

==== Composition of the Diet ====

The fat content of the diet should be restricted to limit post-prandial hypertriglyceridaemia and the carbohydrate content should be limited as high concentrations will reduce the oxidation of fatty acids. In cats, a diet of the '''highest possible protein content''' is indicated unless the animal is showing signs of hepatic encephalopathy. Even in this situation, it is preferable to attempt to manage the signs of encephalopathy medically while continuing to feed a diet with a moderate protein content.

Specific nutrients such as arginine, taurine, or carnitine may also be added and there is some evidence to suggest that carnitine supplementation may be beneficial in cats with hepatic lipidosis. B vitamins, particularly B12 in cats, should be supplemented if they are thought to be deficient. Antioxidants (including s-adenosyl methionine (SAMe) and vitamin E can be added to the diet to limit oxidative Heinz body anaemia that occurs with hepatic lipidosis and to limit inflammatory liver pathology.

=== [[Hepatic Encephalopathy#Medical_Management|Hepatic Encephalopathy]] ===

This syndrome should be treated specifically if it occurs.

=== Gastro-intestinal Drugs ===

Episodes of vomiting may cause dehydration and electrolyte imbalances and it is therefore important that this is prevented. '''Maropitant''' (an NK1 receptor antagonist) is often used as an anti-emetic as it has both central and peripheral actions and this is often combined with [[Gastroprotective Drugs#Histamine_.28H2.29_Receptor_Antagonists|'''ranitidine''']] which acts as a gastric acid secretory inhibitor and a prokinetic (by preventing the degradation of intestinal acetylcholine). Ranitidine or [[Drugs Acting on the Intestines#Drugs_Acting_on_5-HT4_Receptors|'''metoclopromide''']] may also be appropriate if the vomiting is thought to result from delayed gastric emptying or intestinal ileus.

=== Fluid Therapy ===

Intravenous fluid therapy is often warranted in the early stages of disease when the patient is likely to be dehydrated and to have marked electrolyte imbalances. Blood glucose concentration should be monitored but supplementation with dextrose solutions should be sparing as this is likely to inhibit fatty acid oxidation. Of the electrolytes, potassium and chloride are most likely to be deficient at presentation and potassium should be supplemented if its concentration can be measured regularly. As feeding is introduced, hypophosphataemia may occur as part of a '''refeeding syndrome''' and this should be supplemented as necessary.

=== Coagulopathy ===

Supplementation with '''vitamin K''' may be required by subcutaneous injection if the coagulopathy is significant.

== Prognosis ==

This is dependent on the underlying cause and the way in which the patient is managed. If treated appropriately, 85% of severely affected animals will recover. In cats this percentage is only around 50%.

==Links==
<big>See also:
:'''Hyperlipaemia''' in [[Hyperlipaemia - Horse|'''horses''']] and [[Hyperlipaemia - Donkey|'''donkeys''']]
:'''[[Fatty Liver Syndrome]]''' in '''cattle'''
:'''[[White Liver Disease - Sheep|White liver disease]]''' and '''[[Pregnancy Toxaemia|pregnancy toxaemia]]''' in '''sheep'''
</big>

{{Learning
|flashcards = [[Liver Flashcards - Pathology|Liver Pathology Flashcards]]
[[Cytology Q&A 06]]

[[Small Animal Abdominal and Metabolic Disorders Q&A 09]]
}}

== References ==

*Ettinger, S.J. and Feldman, E. C. (2000) '''Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine Diseases of the Dog and Cat Volume 2''' (Fifth Edition) ''W.B. Saunders Company''.
*Hall, E.J, Simpson, J.W. and Williams, D.A. (2005) '''BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Gastroenterology (2nd Edition)''' ''BSAVA''
*Nelson, R.W. and Couto, C.G. (2009) '''Small Animal Internal Medicine (Fourth Edition)''' ''Mosby Elsevier''.
*Tilley, L. P. & Smith, F. W. K. (2007) '''Blackwell's Five-minute Veterinary Consult: Canine & Feline (Fourth Edition)''' ''Blackwell Publishing''

{{review}}
[[Category:Liver_-_Degenerative_Pathology]] [[Category:Liver_Diseases_-_Cat]] [[Category:Expert_Review]] [[Category:Liver_Diseases_-_Dog]]
[[Category: To Do - Siobhan Brade]] [[Category:To Do - Manson review]]

Category:To Do - Manson

2011-09-09T16:43:31Z

Siobhanbrade: /* Reptiles and Amphibians */

Pages needed to link to Manson clinical flashcard Q&As:

Once finished with a page, please add it to [[:Category:To Do - Manson review|Category:To Do - Manson review]]

===Equine Reproduction & Stud Medicine===

Q1 - needs [[Blepharitis]] check/add horse info '''(Helen)'''
: - [[Conjunctivitis]] page '''(Helen)'''

Q2 - [[Wry Nose]] needs completion '''(Helen)'''

Q14 - [[Taylorella equigenitalis]] needs adapting '''(Helen)'''

Q20 - [[Dystocia - Horse]] '''(Helen)''' - needs either adding surgery option or separate page "caesarean section" '''(Helen)''' created [[Caesarean Section - Horse]]


===Cytology===


Q2
*please create a page [[Gram Negative Bacteria - Overview]] that will contain general info '''(Helen)'''
*create [[Actinomycetes Overview]] page to include info from [[Actinomyces species - Overview]], staining properties and any other general info for both Actinomyces and Nocardia. Add [[Actinomyces species - Overview]] to delete after. '''(Helen)'''

Q3
* [[Lymphoma]] I decided to combine the two pages into one.
**Can you please add horse related: clinical signs, physical examination, any specific laboratory tests, treatment '''(Siobhan)'''

Q7
*[[Adenoma]] - can you please modify the whole page. If there is a lot of info about all adenomas, it may be worth creating a separate page for perianal adenoma instead, let me know what you find out. '''(Helen)'''

Q14
*Please have another look at [[Squamous Cell Carcinoma]]. I just read the first sentence and it really isn't a suitable start. I haven't read the rest yet but the formatting needs looking at too. '''(Siobhan)'''

Q18
*[[Demodex]] needs larval description, [[Demodicosis]] needs to mention need to identify larvae under diagnosis. '''(Siobhan)'''



'''WHICH QUESTIONS IN WV DO THE PAGES BELOW BELONG TO?''' '''(Helen) We had a little mix-up and I updated articles for all the questions from a list we were given, but only 18 questions were uploaded.. sorry!'''

'''(Helen)'''
Numbers refer to question numbers in the book:

10 - [[Hyperadrenocorticism|Cushings]]: just needs cytology features of liver added '''(Helen)'''

28 - Haemangiopericytoma and spindle cell tumours '''Helen)'''

120 - [[Mammary Neoplasia]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

121 - Mare normal uterine washing findings '''(Siobhan)'''

131 - tuberculosis '''(Helen) I updated [[Tuberculosis - Dogs]] but put info on cats as well. Probably easiest to rename page Tuberculosis - Dogs & Cats'''

132 - [[Trichodectes canis]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

135 - Maybe just need to complete [[Oestrous Cycle - Anatomy & Physiology#Mare|Mare oestrous cycle]] as just talks about uterine washing results during anoestrus '''(Siobhan)'''

137 - [[Transitional Cell Carcinoma]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

146 - [[Melanoma]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

155 - Giant cell tumour of bone needs a page '''(Helen)'''

158 - [[Mesothelial cells]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

161 - several diseases discussed: [[Filaroides osleri]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''



==Feline Medicine==

Q2, 3, 4 - picture needed

Q5 - needs lab results

Q7 - needs [[Regurgitation]] page '''(Helen)'''

Q13 - needs lab results

Q14 - has WRONG picture, should be from q185 in book

Q22 and 24- need picture


==Rabbit Medicine and Surgery==

2 - [[Atrial Fibrillation]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

3 - needs a page on scent glands in rabbits? can't find one on wikivet in the anat and phys section '''(Helen)'''

5 - Add info in [[Lead Poisoning]] about clin path '''(Helen)'''

8 - [[Non-Obstructive Ileus – Rabbit]] needs more info, diagnostic, treatment '''(Helen)'''

9 - [[Rabbit Haemorrhatic Disease Virus]] needs more info '''(Helen)'''

10 - [[Pseudopregnancy - Rabbit]] needs a page '''(Helen)'''

11 - Make [[Encephalitozoon cuniculi – Rabbit]] page prettier '''(Helen)'''

12 - Blepharitis needs a page '''(Helen)'''

13 - [[Exophthalmos – Rabbit]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

14 - [[Treponema cuniculi – Rabbit]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

15 - Page on [[Congestive Heart Failure - Rabbit]] maybe? '''(Helen)'''

17 - [[Leporacarus]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

18 - [[Pododermatitis – Rabbit]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

20 - needs something! '''(Helen) probably article on Haematuria'''

21 - [[Uterine Adenocarcinoma - Rabbit]] needs doing '''(Helen)'''

==Small animals ECC==
01 - [[Endocarditis]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

02 - [[Ventricular Tachycardia]] needs completing '''(Siobhan)'''

04 - page on stabilising a cat with dyspnoea '''(Siobhan)'''

05 - [[Collapsing Trachea]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

06 - [[Feline Asthma Syndrome]] needs more info '''(Helen)'''

07 - Carbon Monoxide Poisoning '''(Helen)'''

08 - Either complete [[Diabetes Mellitus]] or create new page, [[Diabetic Ketoacidosis]] '''(Helen)'''

09 - [[Hypocalcaemia]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

10 - Bacterial Prostatitis or just Prostatitis needs a page '''(Helen)'''

11 - [[Uterine Prolapse]] has no small animal info '''(Helen)'''

12 - [[Feline Infectious Anaemia]] needs a bit more info for the question, also [[Administering a Blood Transfusion]] '''(Helen)'''

13 - Lens Luxation needs a page '''(Helen)'''

15 - Atlantoaxial Luxation '''(Helen)'''

16 - [[Intervertebral Disc Degeneration]] needs alot more info '''(Siobhan)'''

17 - Anaphylaxis needs a page '''(Helen)'''

18 - [[Panosteitis]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

19 - Tibial Crest Avulsion needs a page '''(Helen)'''

==Veterinary Dentistry==
1 - [[Temporomandibular Luxation]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

2 - [[Ameloblastoma, Central]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

3 - [[Persistent Deciduous Teeth]] needs doing '''(Helen) also maybe a page on the Triadan System?''' [[Modified Triadan System]]

4 - [[Dental Discolouration]] needs doing '''(Helen)'''

5 - [[Feline Eosinophilic Granuloma]] complete info and add dog there too (?!) '''(Helen)'''

6 - [[Tooth Fractures]] needs doing '''(Helen)'''

7 - [[Acromegaly]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

8 - [[Sialolithiasis]] needs doing, [[Sialolithiasis - Donkey]] can maybe go there too?! - will need to keep the donkey page separate as it is a different source/funding/agreement (BS) '''(Siobhan)'''

9 - some sort of malocclusion page

10 - [[Salivary Mucocele]] needs a few things added maybe '''(Siobhan)'''

11 - Maybe a page on [[Periodontal Pockets]] or complete [[Periodontal Disease]] '''(Helen)'''

12 - Check [[Hyperparathyroidism]] page to see if all info there '''(Siobhan)'''

13 - Either complete [[Odontodystrophy]] or create [[Enamel Hypoplasia]] page

14 - Create [[Halitosis]] page '''(Helen)'''

15 - Complete [[Systemic Lupus Erythematosus]] '''(Helen)'''

16 - [[High-Rise Syndrome]] needs doing '''(Helen)'''

17 - Check [[Uraemia]] for completeness '''(Helen)'''

18 - [[Lip Fold Dermatitis]] needs doing '''(Siobhan)'''

19 - [[Abnormal Wear of Teeth]] needs completing

20 - [[Eruption Cysts]] needs doing '''(Helen)'''

21 - Check [[Incisor Overgrowth – Rabbit]] - didnt think this page needed anything added - Siobhan. [[Cheek Teeth Malocclusion – Rabbit]] '''(Siobhan)'''

22 - [[Cheek Tooth Extraction - Horse]] page? '''(Siobhan)'''

==Small Animal Soft Tissue Surgery==
01 - [[Cleft Palate]] to check '''(Siobhan)'''

02 - [[Gastric Dilatation and Volvulus]] add a bit more on surgery '''(Siobhan)'''

03 - create [[Aortic Thromboembolism]] '''(Siobhan)'''

04 - create [[Tracheal Avulsion]] '''(Helen)''' creating [[Tracheal Trauma]] instead

05 - either complete [[Male External Genitalia - Pathology]] - just made this one look nicer and added links then created new [[Paraphimosis]] page - '''(Siobhan)'''

06 - complete [[Hernia, Peritoneopericardial Diaphragmatic]] '''(Helen)'''

07 - alot to add to [[Brachycephalic Airway Syndrome]] '''(Helen)'''

08 - complete [[Atrial Standstill]] '''(Siobhan)'''

09 - alot to do on [[Hormonal Pyometra]] '''(Siobhan)'''

10 - complete [[Nasopharyngeal Polyp]] '''(Helen)'''

11 - check [[Aspergillosis]] has all info '''(Helen)'''

12 - complete [[Dystocia - Dog & Cat]] '''(Siobhan)'''

13 - complete [[Ureters - Developmental Pathology]] or create [[Ureteral Ectopia]] '''(Helen)'''

14 - check [[Hiatal Hernia]] '''(Helen)'''

15 - do [[Urethral Prolapse]] '''(Helen)'''

16 - check [[Megacolon]] '''(Helen)'''

17 - create [[Aural Haematoma]] '''(Helen)'''

18 - create [[Cholelithiasis]] '''(Helen)'''

19 - check [[Vascular Ring Anomalies]] and add surgical technique '''(Helen)'''

20 - check [[Portosystemic Shunt]] '''(Helen)'''

21 - check [[Pulmonic Stenosis]] '''(Helen)'''

22 - complete [[Laryngeal Paralysis]] '''(Helen)'''

==Small Animal Orthopaedics==
01 - add to [[Degenerative Joint Disease]] '''(Helen)'''

02 - create [[Carpal Hyperextension]] '''(Siobhan)'''

03 - add to [[Mandibular Fractures]] '''(Siobhan)'''

04 - complete [[Hypertrophic Osteodystrophy]] '''(Helen)'''

05 - complete [[Canine Dermatomyositis]] '''(Helen)'''

06 - complete [[Incomplete Ossification of Humeral Condyle]] '''(Helen)'''

07 - create [[Physeal Fractures]] '''(Helen)'''

08 - complete [[Hip Dysplasia]] '''(Helen)'''

09 - complete [[Craniomandibular Osteopathy]] '''(Helen)'''

10 - create [[Gracilis Muscle Avulsion]] '''(Helen) created [[Muscle Strains and Ruptures]]'''

11 - complete [[Osteochondrosis]] or create [[Retained Cartilage Cores]] '''(Helen)'''

12 - complete [[Hypertrophic Osteopathy]] '''(Helen)'''

13 - complete [[Calve Legg-Perthe's Disease]] '''(Helen)'''

14 - create [[Infraspinatus Muscle Contracture]] '''(Helen) created [[Muscle Contracture]]'''

15 - complete [[Infectious Arthritis]] or create dog-specific page

16 - complete [[Patellar Luxation]] '''(Helen)'''

17 - create [[Periosteal Proliferative Polyarthritis]] '''(Helen)'''

18 - complete [[Elbow Dysplasia]]

==Small Animal Abdominal and Metabolic Disorders==
01 - [[Pulmonary Embolism, Thrombosis and Infarction]] already exists, but maybe create [[Pulmonary Thromboembolism]]?

Also complete [[Protein Losing Enteropathy]]

02 - create [[Urethral Sphincter Mechanism Incompetence]] '''(Helen)'''

03 - create [[Vaginal Hyperplasia]] '''(Helen)'''

04 - create [[Hepatocutaneous Syndrome]] '''(Helen)'''

05 - complete [[Cystitis]] '''(Siobhan)'''

06 - check [[Diabetes Mellitus]] '''(Helen)'''

07 - check [[Hypoadrenocorticism]] '''(Helen)'''

08 - complete [[Ovarian Cysts]] '''(Siobhan)'''

09 - check [[Hepatic Lipidosis]] '''(Helen)'''

10 - improve [[Intersex]] '''(Helen)'''

11 - create [[Ovarian Remnant Syndrome]] '''(Siobhan)'''

12 - complete [[Isospora spp.]] '''(Helen)'''

13 - check [[Feline Infectious Peritonitis]] '''(Helen)'''

14 - check [[Intussusception]] '''(Helen)'''

15 - improve [[Helicobacter]] '''(Helen)'''

16 - create [[Pseudopregnancy]] '''(Helen)'''

17 - check [[Hypothyroidism]] '''(Helen)'''

18 - check and improve [[Megacolon]] '''(Helen)'''

19 - improve [[Sertoli Cell Tumour]] '''(Helen)'''

==Reptiles and Amphibians==
01 - check [[Snake Mites]] '''(Siobhan)'''

02 - create [[Hemipenis Prolapse]]

03 - improve [[Metabolic Bone Disease]] '''(Siobhan)'''

04 - Spirochaetosis page, not sure how to name it

05 - improve [[Steatitis]]

06 - improve [[Metabolic Bone Disease]] '''(Siobhan)'''

07 - check [[Lead Poisoning]] '''(Siobhan)'''

08 - there is [[Aeromonas species in lizards]] which maybe could become 'in reptiles and amphibians'??

09 - check [[Hepatic Lipidosis]] '''(Siobhan)'''

10 - Maybe create complete [[Snake Neurological Diseases]]

11 - check [[Heterophils]]

12 - complete [[Metabolic Bone Disease]] '''(Siobhan)'''

13 - complete [[Lead Poisoning]] '''(Siobhan)'''

14 - complete [[Snake Dysecdysis]]

15 - create [[Hypovitaminosis C]]

16 - complete [[Parietal eye]]

17 - maybe create new [[Hypothyroidism]] for reptiles page or create [[Iodine Deficiency]].. not sure!

18 - maybe complete [[Abnormal Wear of Teeth]] or ceate new page

19 - there is already [[Snake Gout]] so not sure if make that into Reptile Gout?

20 - check [[Snake Cryptosporidiosis]]

21 - check [[Lizard Mites]]

22 - maybe create [[Snake Cardiovascular Diseases]]

23 - complete [[Giardiasis]] or create new page

24 - complete [[Lizard Musculoskeletal System]] or [[Autotomy]]

==Ornamental Fish==
01 - create [[Stress Shock Syndrome]]

02 - new page, Ovaria Prolapse - Fish or Prolapse - Fish

03 - check [[Columnaris Disease]]

04 - create Swim Bladder Disorders

05 - create Carp Pox

06 - create Chlorine Toxicity

07 - create Dropsy

08 - something to do with goitre, or iodine deficiency

09 - create Euthanasia - Fish

10 - create Fish Louse

11 - create New Tank Syndrome

12 - check [[Cold Water Disease]]

13 - create Nitrite Toxicity

14 - create something on Saprolegnia

15 - create henneguya koi page

16 - create Anaesthesia - Fish

17 - create Zinc Toxicity

18 - create Algal Bloom

19 - create page on Trichodina

20 - create Gill Hyperplasia or Gill Irritation

21 - create Fish Handling

22 - create Supersaturation

23 - vitamin C deficiency?

24 - something general about water quality, or Low Dissolved Oxygen - FIsh

25 - Gill Fluke

26 - Head and Lateral Line Erosion

=== Small Mammals ===
DONE

=== Avian Med ===
DONE

===Cattle Medicine===
DONE

===Equine Internal Medicine===
DONE

===Equine Orthopaedics & Rheumatology===
DONE

=== Sheep Medicine ===
DONE

===Small Animal Dermatology===
DONE

Lead Poisoning

2011-09-09T16:25:35Z

Siobhanbrade: added Manson flashcard information

Also known as: '''''Plumbism — Saturnism'''''

==Introduction==
Lead poisoning is a condition caused by increased levels of lead in the body and is most common in dogs and cattle. It can also occur in birds, but disease in other animals is limited by reduced accessibility, selective eating habits or lower susceptibility.

Lead poisoning usually occurs following ingestion of '''paint, lead weights, lead shot and used oil and batteries'''.

Absorbed lead enters blood and soft tissues and eventually '''redistributes to bone'''. The degree of absorption can vary, and in ruminants, particles of lead lodged in the reticulum can dissolve slowly and lead to chronic lead poisoning.

Lead has a profound effect on antioxydant enzymes involved in the protection of erythrocytes and lead to '''capillary damage'''. Lead is also '''irritating, immunosuppressive, teratogenic, nephrotoxic and toxic to the haematopoietic system'''.

In young animals ingesting a large dose at once, it causes '''malfunction of osteoclasts''' and increased density of the metaphysis on radiographs.

==Clinical Signs==
Lead poisoning is most common in young animals. Clinical signs are associated with the '''gastro-intestinal and nervous systems'''.

In '''cattle''' acute signs include: ataxia, blindness, salivation, bruxism, muscle tremors and convulsions.

The chronic disease is characterised by: anorexia, rumen stasis and colic, followed by diarrhoea, blindness, head pressing and death.

'''Dogs''' can show gastrointestinal signs such as anorexia, diarrhoea and vomiting. Hysterical barking, jaw champing, salivation, blindness, ataxia and convulsions may also develop.

'''Horses''' usually show chronic signs such as weight loss, colic, depression, laryngeal paralysis and dysphagia.

'''Birds''' often show the acute form of poisoning: depression, lethargy, regurgitation, vomiting, diarrhoea, ataxia and wing and leg weakness.

==Diagnosis==
'''Haematology''' may show changes consistent but not pathognomonic for lead poisoning: normocytic, normochromic [[:Category:Anaemia|anaemia]] with basophilic stippling and nucleated [[erythrocytes]] out of proportion to the degree of anaemia. The anaemia is sometimes polychromatic and anisocytic, indicating a regenerative process.

'''Biochemistry''': may reveal hepatic damage and elevations in ALP, ALT and [[bilirubin]] levels.

Measurement of '''lead levels''' in various tissues may be useful to evaluate excessive accumulation and to reflect the level of exposure, severity and prognosis. Concentrations of lead in the blood at 0.35 ppm, liver at 10 ppm, or kidney cortex at 10 ppm are consistent with a diagnosis of lead poisoning in most species.

'''Post mortem''' examination may reveal evidence of gastroenteritis. In the nervous system, oedema and congestion of the cerebral cortex and flattening of the cortical gyri are present. Histologically, endothelial swelling, laminar cortical necrosis, and oedema of the white matter may be evident. There is also tubular necrosis and degeneration in the kidneys.

'''Radiographs''' may be useful to reveal metal particles in the gastrointestinal tract. They are particularly recommended in birds where metal particles within the [[ventriculus]] should not be confused with grit.

Other diseases may '''mimic''' the clinical signs of lead poisoning and in cattle, polioencephalomalacia, nervous coccidiosis, [[tetanus]], [[hypovitaminosis A]], [[Hypomagnesaemia|hypomagnesemic tetany]], nervous [[Ketosis of Cattle|acetonemia]], arsenic or mercury poisoning, brain abscess or neoplasia, [[rabies]], [[listeriosis]], and [[:Category:Haemophilus species|''Haemophilus'']] infections should be considered.

In dogs, rabies, [[distemper]], and [[Infectious Canine Hepatitis|hepatitis]] may appear similar to lead poisoning.

==Treatment==
Treatment may not be successful if tissue damage, particularly to the nervous system, is excessive.

In livestock, calcium disodium edetate (Ca-EDTA) is given IV or SC for 3 days. In dogs, a similar dose divided into 4 treatments/day is administered SC in 5% dextrose for 2-5 days. After a one week rest period, an additional 5-day treatment may be required if clinical signs persist. No approved veterinary product containing Ca-EDTA is commercially available at present.

Thiamine alleviates clinical manifestations and reduces tissue deposition of lead. '''Combined Ca-EDTA and thiamine''' treatment appears to produce the most beneficial response.

'''Succimer (meso 2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid, DMSA)''' is a chelating agent that has proven to be effective in dogs and is also useful in birds. Fewer side effects have been associated with DMSA as compared with Ca-EDTA.

Cathartics such as magnesium sulfate or a rumenotomy may be useful to '''remove lead from the GI tract'''.

'''Barbiturates or tranquilizers''' may be indicated to control convulsions.

Chelation therapy, in combination with '''antioxidant treatment''', may limit oxidative damage associated with acute lead poisoning. Antioxidants such as n-acetylcysteine have been used in combination with DMSA.

{{Learning
|flashcards = [[Avian Medicine Q&A 25]] [[Rabbit Medicine and Surgery Q&A 05]] [[Reptiles and Amphibians Q&A 07]]
}}

==References==
Frye, FL & Williams, DL (1995) '''Self-Assessment Colour Review - Reptiles & Amphibians''' ''Manson''

Kahn, C. (2005) '''Merck Veterinary Manual''' 9th Edition ''Merck and Co''

Kaneka, J. (2008) '''Clinical Biochemistry of Domestic Animals''' ''Academic Press''

Payne, J. (2010) '''Lead poisoning in Cattle and Sheep''' ''In Practice'' 32, 64-69

{{review}}
[[Category:Bones - Metabolic Pathology]]
[[Category:Toxicology]]
[[Category:Expert Review]]
[[Category: To Do - Siobhan Brade]]
[[Category:To Do - Manson review]]

Snake Mite Infestation

2011-09-09T16:20:10Z

Siobhanbrade:

{{review}}
[[Image:Mite.jpg|300px|thumb|right|© RVC]]
==Introduction==
The snake mite (''Ophionyssus natricis'') is a common and significant ectoparasite of captive snakes. The feeding of the mites causes irritation and clinical disease. They are suspected of being a mechanical vector for [[Ophidian Paramyxovirus|ophidian paramyxovirus]] and [[Inclusion Body Disease|inclusion body disease]]. Snake mites will also feed on other animals including humans but may not complete their [[Snake Mite Life Cycle|life cycle]] when infecting alternative hosts. They require a blood meal before they are able to reproduce.
==Examination==
The owner may note black parasites in the snake's water bowl, a white powder on the skin (the mite moulds and faeces) and long periods of soaking. Visual inspection of the [[Snake Skin|skin]] may reveal mites (the engorged female is the most obvious stage - see [[Snake Mite Life Cycle]]). The most common sites for mites are the gular and periocular regions, labial pits and commissures of the mouth. On the body, the ventrolateral aspect (scale rows one and two) is often colonised. Skin lesions range from very mild to severe. Mite feeding is irritating to the host and causes oedema and erythema. Clinical signs include [[Snake Dysecdysis|dysecdysis]] often with retained spectacles, anorexia, weight loss and lethargy. Very heavy infestations may result in anaemia, dehydration and death.
==Diagnosis==
Diagnosis is suspected from [[Lizard and Snake Taking a History|history]] and [[Snake Physical Examination|physical examination]]. Microscopy of the mite is the definitive diagnosis. [[Lizard and Snake Specimen Collection and Evaluation|Biopsy]] and histopathology of skin lesions may be performed.
==Prevention==
Acariasis is usually associated with poor hygiene or lack of [[Lizard and Snake Quarantine|quarantine]] for recent imports. Unfed mites can survive for prolonged periods of time under favourable environmental conditions so attention to [[Lizard and Snake Day to Day Practice|hygiene]] is importance. Regular cleaning, preferably steam cleaning, of the environment is a must. New reptiles should be [[Lizard and Snake Quarantine|quarantined]] and prophylactic treatments carried out. Prevention includes monitoring snake behaviour, close examination of the bottom and the water surface of water bowls. Also owners should check their own hands after [[Snake Handling and Restraint|handling the snake]]. Species that require humid surroundings (e.g., many tropical boids) are at high risk of mite infestation.
==Therapy of snake mites==
Acariasis is highly contagious and can be very difficult to eliminate. There are various treatments but all must treat the environment as well as the host. Insecticides that have been advised include pyrethrins and pyrethroids, organophosphates and ivermectin. More recent treatments include the use of chitin disregulators such as lufenuron.

Treatment must be directed at the environment as well as the host and protocols should continue for at least six weeks. Environmental treatment must include the cage and all areas and objects within the room. All crevices and corners need to be treated as snake mites prefer darkness. Discard any cage objects that cannot be thoroughly cleaned. The substrate should be replaced twice a week during the parasitic treatment. Sprays can be used in the environment and on the animal.
*'''Water''' - Steam cleaning of the environment is extremely useful since all stages of mites are susceptible to both drowning and high temperatures. Infested snakes find some relief by soaking themselves. Water can therefore be used as a non-toxic adjunct treatment. Affected snakes, especially those that are severely compromised, can benefit from daily soaks of at least one hour.
*'''Desiccants''' - Mites are very susceptible to desiccation but their use may not help in their eradication. Mites travel up cage walls rather than staying in the substrate so they may not come into contact with the desiccant. Silica gel desiccants may detrimentally affect smaller snakes and could be carcinogenic in humans.
*'''Insecticides'''
**Organophosphates (OPs), including trichlorphon and dichlorvos, have been recommended for treating snake mite infestation. However, due to the possible toxicity for both humans and reptiles the use of these products should be discouraged. Pyrethrins and pyrethroids have been recommended as treatments for snake mites.
**'''Pyrethrins''' and '''pyrethroids''' have been used on the snake as well as the environment. Permethrin is a commonly available pyrethroid and can be made into a solution for spraying at 10 day intervals.
**'''Ivermectin''' is an effective acaricide by oral, parenteral or topical administration.
**'''Fipronil''' is an effective topical acaricide that may last several months with one application. The environment may also be treated. It appears to be safe and effective.

*'''Insect growth regulators''' - Lufenuron inhibits chitin synthesis and appears to be very safe and effective. For long-term treatment in most situations lufenuron is the treatment of choice.

The best way to apply acaricidal sprays is to spray a cloth with the product, and then allow the snake to move through the cloth as this spreads the treatment all over the skin.

{{Learning
|flashcards = [[Reptiles and Amphibians Q&A 01]]
}}
==Literature Search==
[[File:CABI logo.jpg|left|90px]]

Use these links to find recent scientific publications via CAB Abstracts (log in required unless accessing from a subscribing organisation).
 
[http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?q=(title:(snake)+OR+ab:(snake)+OR+od:(snake))+AND+(title:(mites)+OR+subject:(mites)+OR+ab:(mites)+OR+title:(Ophionyssus+natricis)+OR+subject:(Ophionyssus+natricis)+OR+ab:(Ophionyssus+natricis)+)&fq=sc:%22ve%22 Snake Mite publications]

[http://www.cabi.org/cabdirect/FullTextPDF/2010/20103181765.pdf '''Reptile ectoparasites - how to kill those little buggers.''' Greek, T.; The North American Veterinary Conference, Gainesville, USA, Small animal and exotics. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference, Orlando, Florida, USA, 16-20 January 2010, 2010, pp 1676-1677 - '''Full Text Article''']

[http://www.cabi.org/cabdirect/FullTextPDF/2009/20093118403.pdf ''' Reptile parasitology: what is that and how do I treat that?''' Wright, K.; The North American Veterinary Conference, Gainesville, USA, Small animal and exotics. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference, Orlando, Florida, USA, 17-21 January, 2009, 2009, pp 1817-1821 - '''Full Text Article''']

==References==
Frye, FL & Williams, DL (1995) '''Self-Assessment Colour Review - Reptiles & Amphibians''' ''Manson''

[[Category:Snake Skin Diseases]]
[[Category: To Do - Siobhan Brade]]
[[Category:To Do - Manson review]]

Category:To Do - Manson

2011-09-09T16:04:54Z

Siobhanbrade: /* Reptiles and Amphibians */

Pages needed to link to Manson clinical flashcard Q&As:

Once finished with a page, please add it to [[:Category:To Do - Manson review|Category:To Do - Manson review]]

===Equine Reproduction & Stud Medicine===

Q1 - needs [[Blepharitis]] check/add horse info '''(Helen)'''
: - [[Conjunctivitis]] page '''(Helen)'''

Q2 - [[Wry Nose]] needs completion '''(Helen)'''

Q14 - [[Taylorella equigenitalis]] needs adapting '''(Helen)'''

Q20 - [[Dystocia - Horse]] '''(Helen)''' - needs either adding surgery option or separate page "caesarean section" '''(Helen)''' created [[Caesarean Section - Horse]]


===Cytology===


Q2
*please create a page [[Gram Negative Bacteria - Overview]] that will contain general info '''(Helen)'''
*create [[Actinomycetes Overview]] page to include info from [[Actinomyces species - Overview]], staining properties and any other general info for both Actinomyces and Nocardia. Add [[Actinomyces species - Overview]] to delete after. '''(Helen)'''

Q3
* [[Lymphoma]] I decided to combine the two pages into one.
**Can you please add horse related: clinical signs, physical examination, any specific laboratory tests, treatment '''(Siobhan)'''

Q7
*[[Adenoma]] - can you please modify the whole page. If there is a lot of info about all adenomas, it may be worth creating a separate page for perianal adenoma instead, let me know what you find out. '''(Helen)'''

Q14
*Please have another look at [[Squamous Cell Carcinoma]]. I just read the first sentence and it really isn't a suitable start. I haven't read the rest yet but the formatting needs looking at too. '''(Siobhan)'''

Q18
*[[Demodex]] needs larval description, [[Demodicosis]] needs to mention need to identify larvae under diagnosis. '''(Siobhan)'''



'''WHICH QUESTIONS IN WV DO THE PAGES BELOW BELONG TO?''' '''(Helen) We had a little mix-up and I updated articles for all the questions from a list we were given, but only 18 questions were uploaded.. sorry!'''

'''(Helen)'''
Numbers refer to question numbers in the book:

10 - [[Hyperadrenocorticism|Cushings]]: just needs cytology features of liver added '''(Helen)'''

28 - Haemangiopericytoma and spindle cell tumours '''Helen)'''

120 - [[Mammary Neoplasia]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

121 - Mare normal uterine washing findings '''(Siobhan)'''

131 - tuberculosis '''(Helen) I updated [[Tuberculosis - Dogs]] but put info on cats as well. Probably easiest to rename page Tuberculosis - Dogs & Cats'''

132 - [[Trichodectes canis]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

135 - Maybe just need to complete [[Oestrous Cycle - Anatomy & Physiology#Mare|Mare oestrous cycle]] as just talks about uterine washing results during anoestrus '''(Siobhan)'''

137 - [[Transitional Cell Carcinoma]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

146 - [[Melanoma]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

155 - Giant cell tumour of bone needs a page '''(Helen)'''

158 - [[Mesothelial cells]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

161 - several diseases discussed: [[Filaroides osleri]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''



==Feline Medicine==

Q2, 3, 4 - picture needed

Q5 - needs lab results

Q7 - needs [[Regurgitation]] page '''(Helen)'''

Q13 - needs lab results

Q14 - has WRONG picture, should be from q185 in book

Q22 - needs picture


Q&A 24 - Do page [[Acute Renal Failure]], especially treatment '''(Siobhan)'''

==Rabbit Medicine and Surgery==

2 - [[Atrial Fibrillation]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

3 - needs a page on scent glands in rabbits? can't find one on wikivet in the anat and phys section '''(Helen)'''

5 - Add info in [[Lead Poisoning]] about clin path '''(Helen)'''

8 - [[Non-Obstructive Ileus – Rabbit]] needs more info, diagnostic, treatment '''(Helen)'''

9 - [[Rabbit Haemorrhatic Disease Virus]] needs more info '''(Helen)'''

10 - [[Pseudopregnancy - Rabbit]] needs a page '''(Helen)'''

11 - Make [[Encephalitozoon cuniculi – Rabbit]] page prettier '''(Helen)'''

12 - Blepharitis needs a page '''(Helen)'''

13 - [[Exophthalmos – Rabbit]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

14 - [[Treponema cuniculi – Rabbit]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

15 - Page on [[Congestive Heart Failure - Rabbit]] maybe? '''(Helen)'''

17 - [[Leporacarus]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

18 - [[Pododermatitis – Rabbit]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

20 - needs something! '''(Helen) probably article on Haematuria'''

21 - [[Uterine Adenocarcinoma - Rabbit]] needs doing '''(Helen)'''

==Small animals ECC==
01 - [[Endocarditis]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

02 - [[Ventricular Tachycardia]] needs completing '''(Siobhan)'''

04 - page on stabilising a cat with dyspnoea '''(Siobhan)'''

05 - [[Collapsing Trachea]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

06 - [[Feline Asthma Syndrome]] needs more info '''(Helen)'''

07 - Carbon Monoxide Poisoning '''(Helen)'''

08 - Either complete [[Diabetes Mellitus]] or create new page, [[Diabetic Ketoacidosis]] '''(Helen)'''

09 - [[Hypocalcaemia]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

10 - Bacterial Prostatitis or just Prostatitis needs a page '''(Helen)'''

11 - [[Uterine Prolapse]] has no small animal info '''(Helen)'''

12 - [[Feline Infectious Anaemia]] needs a bit more info for the question, also [[Administering a Blood Transfusion]] '''(Helen)'''

13 - Lens Luxation needs a page '''(Helen)'''

15 - Atlantoaxial Luxation '''(Helen)'''

16 - [[Intervertebral Disc Degeneration]] needs alot more info '''(Siobhan)'''

17 - Anaphylaxis needs a page '''(Helen)'''

18 - [[Panosteitis]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

19 - Tibial Crest Avulsion needs a page '''(Helen)'''

==Veterinary Dentistry==
1 - [[Temporomandibular Luxation]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

2 - [[Ameloblastoma, Central]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

3 - [[Persistent Deciduous Teeth]] needs doing '''(Helen) also maybe a page on the Triadan System?''' [[Modified Triadan System]]

4 - [[Dental Discolouration]] needs doing '''(Helen)'''

5 - [[Feline Eosinophilic Granuloma]] complete info and add dog there too (?!) '''(Helen)'''

6 - [[Tooth Fractures]] needs doing '''(Helen)'''

7 - [[Acromegaly]] needs completing '''(Helen)'''

8 - [[Sialolithiasis]] needs doing, [[Sialolithiasis - Donkey]] can maybe go there too?! - will need to keep the donkey page separate as it is a different source/funding/agreement (BS) '''(Siobhan)'''

9 - some sort of malocclusion page

10 - [[Salivary Mucocele]] needs a few things added maybe '''(Siobhan)'''

11 - Maybe a page on [[Periodontal Pockets]] or complete [[Periodontal Disease]] '''(Helen)'''

12 - Check [[Hyperparathyroidism]] page to see if all info there '''(Siobhan)'''

13 - Either complete [[Odontodystrophy]] or create [[Enamel Hypoplasia]] page

14 - Create [[Halitosis]] page '''(Helen)'''

15 - Complete [[Systemic Lupus Erythematosus]] '''(Helen)'''

16 - [[High-Rise Syndrome]] needs doing '''(Helen)'''

17 - Check [[Uraemia]] for completeness '''(Helen)'''

18 - [[Lip Fold Dermatitis]] needs doing '''(Siobhan)'''

19 - [[Abnormal Wear of Teeth]] needs completing

20 - [[Eruption Cysts]] needs doing '''(Helen)'''

21 - Check [[Incisor Overgrowth – Rabbit]] - didnt think this page needed anything added - Siobhan. [[Cheek Teeth Malocclusion – Rabbit]] '''(Siobhan)'''

22 - [[Cheek Tooth Extraction - Horse]] page? '''(Siobhan)'''

==Small Animal Soft Tissue Surgery==
01 - [[Cleft Palate]] to check '''(Siobhan)'''

02 - [[Gastric Dilatation and Volvulus]] add a bit more on surgery '''(Siobhan)'''

03 - create [[Aortic Thromboembolism]] '''(Siobhan)'''

04 - create [[Tracheal Avulsion]] '''(Helen)''' creating [[Tracheal Trauma]] instead

05 - either complete [[Male External Genitalia - Pathology]] - just made this one look nicer and added links then created new [[Paraphimosis]] page - '''(Siobhan)'''

06 - complete [[Hernia, Peritoneopericardial Diaphragmatic]] '''(Helen)'''

07 - alot to add to [[Brachycephalic Airway Syndrome]] '''(Helen)'''

08 - complete [[Atrial Standstill]] '''(Siobhan)'''

09 - alot to do on [[Hormonal Pyometra]] '''(Siobhan)'''

10 - complete [[Nasopharyngeal Polyp]] '''(Helen)'''

11 - check [[Aspergillosis]] has all info '''(Helen)'''

12 - complete [[Dystocia - Dog & Cat]] '''(Siobhan)'''

13 - complete [[Ureters - Developmental Pathology]] or create [[Ureteral Ectopia]] '''(Helen)'''

14 - check [[Hiatal Hernia]] '''(Helen)'''

15 - do [[Urethral Prolapse]] '''(Helen)'''

16 - check [[Megacolon]] '''(Helen)'''

17 - create [[Aural Haematoma]] '''(Helen)'''

18 - create [[Cholelithiasis]] '''(Helen)'''

19 - check [[Vascular Ring Anomalies]] and add surgical technique '''(Helen)'''

20 - check [[Portosystemic Shunt]] '''(Helen)'''

21 - check [[Pulmonic Stenosis]] '''(Helen)'''

22 - complete [[Laryngeal Paralysis]] '''(Helen)'''

==Small Animal Orthopaedics==
01 - add to [[Degenerative Joint Disease]] '''(Helen)'''

02 - create [[Carpal Hyperextension]] '''(Siobhan)'''

03 - add to [[Mandibular Fractures]] '''(Siobhan)'''

04 - complete [[Hypertrophic Osteodystrophy]] '''(Helen)'''

05 - complete [[Canine Dermatomyositis]] '''(Helen)'''

06 - complete [[Incomplete Ossification of Humeral Condyle]] '''(Helen)'''

07 - create [[Physeal Fractures]] '''(Helen)'''

08 - complete [[Hip Dysplasia]] '''(Helen)'''

09 - complete [[Craniomandibular Osteopathy]] '''(Helen)'''

10 - create [[Gracilis Muscle Avulsion]] '''(Helen) created [[Muscle Strains and Ruptures]]'''

11 - complete [[Osteochondrosis]] or create [[Retained Cartilage Cores]] '''(Helen)'''

12 - complete [[Hypertrophic Osteopathy]] '''(Helen)'''

13 - complete [[Calve Legg-Perthe's Disease]] '''(Helen)'''

14 - create [[Infraspinatus Muscle Contracture]] '''(Helen) created [[Muscle Contracture]]'''

15 - complete [[Infectious Arthritis]] or create dog-specific page

16 - complete [[Patellar Luxation]] '''(Helen)'''

17 - create [[Periosteal Proliferative Polyarthritis]] '''(Helen)'''

18 - complete [[Elbow Dysplasia]]

==Small Animal Abdominal and Metabolic Disorders==
01 - [[Pulmonary Embolism, Thrombosis and Infarction]] already exists, but maybe create [[Pulmonary Thromboembolism]]?

Also complete [[Protein Losing Enteropathy]]

02 - create [[Urethral Sphincter Mechanism Incompetence]] '''(Helen)'''

03 - create [[Vaginal Hyperplasia]] '''(Helen)'''

04 - create [[Hepatocutaneous Syndrome]] '''(Helen)'''

05 - complete [[Cystitis]] '''(Siobhan)'''

06 - check [[Diabetes Mellitus]] '''(Helen)'''

07 - check [[Hypoadrenocorticism]] '''(Helen)'''

08 - complete [[Ovarian Cysts]] '''(Siobhan)'''

09 - check [[Hepatic Lipidosis]] '''(Helen)'''

10 - improve [[Intersex]] '''(Helen)'''

11 - create [[Ovarian Remnant Syndrome]] '''(Siobhan)'''

12 - complete [[Isospora spp.]] '''(Helen)'''

13 - check [[Feline Infectious Peritonitis]] '''(Helen)'''

14 - check [[Intussusception]] '''(Helen)'''

15 - improve [[Helicobacter]] '''(Helen)'''

16 - create [[Pseudopregnancy]] '''(Helen)'''

17 - check [[Hypothyroidism]] '''(Helen)'''

18 - check and improve [[Megacolon]] '''(Helen)'''

19 - improve [[Sertoli Cell Tumour]] '''(Helen)'''

==Reptiles and Amphibians==
01 - check [[Snake Mites]] '''(Siobhan)'''

02 - create [[Hemipenis Prolapse]]

03 - improve [[Metabolic Bone Disease]] '''(Siobhan)'''

04 - Spirochaetosis page, not sure how to name it

05 - improve [[Steatitis]]

06 - improve [[Metabolic Bone Disease]]

07 - check [[Lead Poisoning]] '''(Siobhan)'''

08 - there is [[Aeromonas species in lizards]] which maybe could become 'in reptiles and amphibians'??

09 - check [[Hepatic Lipidosis]] '''(Siobhan)'''

10 - Maybe create complete [[Snake Neurological Diseases]]

11 - check [[Heterophils]]

12 - complete [[Metabolic Bone Disease]] '''(Siobhan)'''

13 - complete [[Lead Poisoning]]

14 - complete [[Snake Dysecdysis]]

15 - create [[Hypovitaminosis C]]

16 - complete [[Parietal eye]]

17 - maybe create new [[Hypothyroidism]] for reptiles page or create [[Iodine Deficiency]].. not sure!

18 - maybe complete [[Abnormal Wear of Teeth]] or ceate new page

19 - there is already [[Snake Gout]] so not sure if make that into Reptile Gout?

20 - check [[Snake Cryptosporidiosis]]

21 - check [[Lizard Mites]]

22 - maybe create [[Snake Cardiovascular Diseases]]

23 - complete [[Giardiasis]] or create new page

24 - complete [[Lizard Musculoskeletal System]] or [[Autotomy]]

==Ornamental Fish==
01 - create [[Stress Shock Syndrome]]

02 - new page, Ovaria Prolapse - Fish or Prolapse - Fish

03 - check [[Columnaris Disease]]

04 - create Swim Bladder Disorders

05 - create Carp Pox

06 - create Chlorine Toxicity

07 - create Dropsy

08 - something to do with goitre, or iodine deficiency

09 - create Euthanasia - Fish

10 - create Fish Louse

11 - create New Tank Syndrome

12 - check [[Cold Water Disease]]

13 - create Nitrite Toxicity

14 - create something on Saprolegnia

15 - create henneguya koi page

16 - create Anaesthesia - Fish

17 - create Zinc Toxicity

18 - create Algal Bloom

19 - create page on Trichodina

20 - create Gill Hyperplasia or Gill Irritation

21 - create Fish Handling

22 - create Supersaturation

23 - vitamin C deficiency?

24 - something general about water quality, or Low Dissolved Oxygen - FIsh

25 - Gill Fluke

26 - Head and Lateral Line Erosion

=== Small Mammals ===
DONE

=== Avian Med ===
DONE

===Cattle Medicine===
DONE

===Equine Internal Medicine===
DONE

===Equine Orthopaedics & Rheumatology===
DONE

=== Sheep Medicine ===
DONE

===Small Animal Dermatology===
DONE

Ovarian Cysts

2011-09-09T14:05:03Z

Siobhanbrade:

=Introduction=
Cysts associated with the ovary and surrounding structures are common. They may be '''congenital''' or '''acquired'''.

=Types of Cyst=

==Congenital==
Congenital cysts are common in the '''dog, cat and horse'''. Cysts located within the ovary itself are known as '''intraovarian''' cysts, and cysts outside the ovary are known as '''paraovarian''' cysts, and this form is more common. Intraovarian cysts may be '''functional''', but paraovarian cysts are normally an '''incidental''' finding.

==Acquired==
===Follicular Cysts===
These are also known as '''''Cystic Graffian Follices'''''.
Follicular cysts are '''thin-walled, fluid-filled cysts'''. '''Multiple''' cysts are often seen and they can grow quite '''large''' (greater than 2.5cm in the cow). They develop when the follicle fails to ovulate due to '''low levels of LH'''. Luteinization does not occur. This is known as '''Cystic Ovarian Disease (COD)'''. Underlying causes include uterine infection, high milk yeild and stress. They are seen in cattle and pigs, rarely in small animals but not at all in mares.

These cysts may secrete '''[[Ovaries Endocrine Function - Anatomy & Physiology|oestrogen]]''' which can alternate cyclic activity leading to '''[[Oestrous Cycle - Anatomy & Physiology|anoestrus]] or nymphomania''' and changes in rest of '''reproductive tract''', e.g. cystic endometrium and mammary hyperplasia in the large animal. Small animals are more likely to suffer from a '''persistent oestrus''' (and the associated clinical signs), and can ultimately suffer '''[[Bone Marrow|bone marrow]] suppression''' (causing [[Anaemia|anaemia]] and [[Platelet Abnormalities|thrombocytopaenia]]) as result of [[Hyperoestrogenism - Dog|high oestrogen levels]].

'''Ultrasonographic findings''' (identification of a thin-walled fluid filled cyst) are combined with the '''history''' and '''clinical signs''' to make a diagnosis. '''Rectal examination''' can be used in large animals to make a presumptive diagnosis.

Treatment in large animals is the administration of '''[[Oestrous Cycle Pharmacological Manipulation - Anatomy & Physiology|chorionic gonadotrophin or GnRH]]'''. Prolonged [[Oestrous Cycle Pharmacological Manipulation - Anatomy & Physiology|progesterone treatment]] ('''PRID''') can also be used. First-line treatment in small animals the administration of '''[[Oestrous Cycle Pharmacological Manipulation - Anatomy & Physiology|HCG or progestagens]]''', which should induce [[Ovulation - Anatomy & Physiology|ovulation or luteinization]] and return the animal to normal cyclical activity. They can sometimes recur following treatment. Alternatively, definitive treatment is '''ovariohysterectomy'''.

===Luteinised Cysts===
The failure to ovulate due to inadequate or delayed LH release results in '''theca luteinisation'''.
Luteinised cysts are '''firm and thick-walled cyts''', consisting of a central cystic cavity surrounded by a thin layer of fibrous tissue and a thick layer of theca cells. They cysts secreted [[Ovaries Endocrine Function - Anatomy & Physiology|progesterone]]. This can cause anoestrus and cystic ovarian disease in large animals and prolonged dioestrus, anoestrus, and pyometra in small animals.

In large animals '''rectal examination''' (palpation of a firm cyst) and '''ultrasonography''' (identification of a thick-walled cyst) are combined with the '''history''' and '''clinical signs''' to make a diagnosis. In small animals, persistently '''high''' levels of '''serum progesterone''' are diagnostic.

Treatment in large animals is a dose of '''[[Oestrous Cycle Pharmacological Manipulation - Anatomy & Physiology|prostaglandins]]''' to induce '''luteolysis''' and return the cow to cyclic activity or alternatively prolonged [[Oestrous Cycle Pharmacological Manipulation - Anatomy & Physiology|progesterone treatment]] ('''PRID'''). Treatment in small animals is '''ovariohysterectomy'''.

'''NB.''' In large animals, if the type of cyst cannot be identified, treatment with the following hormones can be attempted. [[Oestrous Cycle Pharmacological Manipulation - Anatomy & Physiology||GnRH followed prostaglandin]] administration approximately two wees later, or the use of a [[Oestrous Cycle Pharmacological Manipulation - Anatomy & Physiology|PRID and prostaglandins]].

===Cystic Corpora Lutea===
Cystic corpora lutea are a '''clinically normal''' feature that develop after ovulation. An ovulation papilla can be seen on the cyst surface.

They '''do not cause infertility''' and are of no clinical significance.

===Others===
These include '''tuboovarian cysts''' in cattle, '''cystic ovarian bursa''', '''mesonephric duct remnant cysts'''.

{{Learning
|flashcards = [[Small Animal Abdominal and Metabolic Disorders Q&A 08]]}}

==References==
Information by permission of '''Professor RW Else'''

Jeckel, S (2009) '''Pathology of the Female Genital Tract - Urogenital System''' ''RVC Course Notes''

Noakes, D (2009) '''Infertility in the cow: Ovarian problems - Urogenital System''' ''RVC Course Notes''

Tennant, B (1999) '''Self-Assessment Colour Review Small Animal Abdominal & Metabolic Disorders''' ''Manson''

Tivers, M & Baines, S (2010) '''Surgical diseases of the female genital tract 1. Ovaries and uterus''' ''In Practice 2010;32:292-299''

[[Category:To Do - Reproductive]]
[[Category:Ovaries - Pathology]]
[[Category: To Do - Siobhan Brade]]
[[Category:To Do - Manson review]]