WikiVet English - User contributions [en]

Fernando Constantino-Casas

2008-01-15T12:59:17Z

Timscase: New page: '''My name is...'''

'''My name is...'''

Introduction

2007-09-28T14:10:07Z

Timscase:

= WikiPath Community of Practice =
The WikiPath Community of Practice was set up in July 2007 following funding from the HEA Centre for Medicine, Veterinary Medicine and Dentistry and from JISC (via the HEA). This wiki was initiated at the first [[workshop]] held on the 31st July 2007.

=== Who we are ===
[[Image:COP_310707.JPG]] 
Kim, Elisabeth, Linda, Tim, Sarah, Brian, Barbora, Alex, Lizzie, Susan, Nick, Vicki and Alun outside the LIVE Centre, after the 1st WikiPath workshop on the 31st July 2007

* '''Cambridge Vetschool'''
** [[Tim Scase]]
** [[User:Alexm1983|Alex Morley]]
** Kate Read

* '''Edinburgh Royal Dick School of Veterinary Studies'''
** [[Susan Rhind]]
** [[Sarah McFarland]]
**[[Linda Morrison]]

* '''London RVC'''
** [[Ken Smith]]
** [[Alun Williams]]
** [[Lizzie Slack]]
** [[Barbora Stanikova]]
** [[Elisabeth Bachynsky]]

* '''London RVC''' ''eMedia''
** [[Nick Short]]
** [[Brian Cox]]
* '''London RVC''' ''LIVE''
** [[Vicki Dale]]
** [[Kim Whittlestone]]

* '''HEA''' ''Centre for Medicine, Dentistry & Veterinary Education''
** [[Gillian Brown]]

=== Why we are doing this? ===

The WIKI VET Community of Practice has been established to explore the potential of second generation e-learning technologies building on existing collaborative partnerships between the UK veterinary schools. This new Community of Practice will enable academics and technical experts to work together in new ways on developing and sharing innovative e-learning resources.

This project grew out of existing collaborations between veterinary schools including the CLIVE and vetschools.ac.uk initiatives. Whilst these projects have been successful and widely used, there is now a need for the collaboration to evolve in parallel with the explosion of social networking tools such as wikis and blogs. Three of the schools have already taken the initiative in developing a collaborative wiki in the context of undergraduate and postgraduate Veterinary Pathology. The HEA funding will allow this model to be expanded in a more ambitious way to benefit all the UK veterinary schools.

Veterinary students and academic staff are familiar with e-learning as medium to supplement and complement traditional teaching and learning as part of a blended learning approach. However, with the rapid growth of material on the web, it has become increasingly difficult to find appropriate content which has been peer reviewed. This lack of signposting can result in students and staff wasting time searching for material or even chancing across second rate or incorrect information.

Emerging web technologies (sometimes referred to as Web 2.0) could offer a number of solutions to these problems. Crucially they provide a set of social networking tools which enable communities of practice to work effectively together on line. This will be used in the project to enhance existing face to face meetings and create new ways of working together. Wikis and folksonomies offer new ways for the community to order, index, signpost and rate digital content. This content could be in the form of text written collaboratively by the partner institutions or existing resources such as CAL, video, images, documents and Powerpoint (including some previously generated by the CLIVE and vetschools projects).

On a practical basis the project will utilise this wiki as the central framework for content development. It will adopt and extend the preliminary model already being trialled for the collaborative pathology wiki and extend its scope and user base. This work will be overseen by subject experts and enthusiasts who will employ students to help compile and develop the wiki. Good practice in communities of practice (emerging out of the JISC Emerge CoP project and from experience elsewhere) will be drawn upon for the effective functioning of this community.

The initial project steering group (representing Cambridge, Edinburgh and London veterinary schools as well as the LIVE Centre) currently meets on a virtual basis using Skype as a conference facility. However, occasional face to face meetings are also held for example at the AVRTW Conference or LIVE opening events. The intention is to expand the group to include the other UK veterinary schools (contacts at each of the schools have already been established).

=== Expected outcomes ===

• The establishment of a collaborative community of practice linking the UK vetschools with active and committed partners and full institutional support;

• Inter-institutional collaborative education and research projects based on the use of the Wiki Vet in veterinary education;

• Sharing expertise and good pedagogical practice between partner vetschools on the development and use of new e-learning technologies;

• Regular synchronous electronic discussions between steering group members as well as email lists and occasional face to face meetings;

• Building of cross institutional expertise and understanding of the pedagogy associated with the application of wikis and other web technologies in veterinary education;

• Enrichment of existing teaching resources and improved learning opportunities for students through the use of novel and contemporary web technologies

===Workplan===

Work with veterinary schools to discover what tools are in use and what aspects of CLIVE and VetSchools, supplemented by other technologies, would be the most use to them. The main focus in this phase will be on pathology resources but other areas identified will be logged as target areas for future projects; ''April – May 2007''

* Analyse the tools available to assess where JISC services ‘add value’ and can be integrated meaningfully for staff and students; ''June – Sept 2007''

* Set up wiki and media server at the University of London Computer Centre June 2007

* Host first student wiki authoring workshop ''July 2007''

* Run a wiki showcase presentation for veterinary pathologists ''October 2007''

* Pilot the sharing of pathology wiki content with other veterinary schools ''November 2007''

* Upload Creative Commons veterinary educational resources onto server and provide links to wiki ''August 2007 – April 2008''

* Work with all UK veterinary schools to raise awareness of the resources available including presentations and promotional material ''October 2007 – April 2008''

* Evaluate the value of the resource and document the project for the benefit of the JISC ''April 2007 - April 2008''

= BSVP Meeting, Nottingham 2007 =

=== List of Delegates ===

* [[Dr Adrian Philbey]]
* [[Dr Pamela Johnston]]
* [[Mr James Baily]]
* [[Mr Ahmed Mohamed Shoieb]]
* [[Mr Sandy Bjornson]]
* [[Ms Sophie Le Calvez]]
* [[Mr Daren Hanshaw]]
* [[Dr Richard Miller ]]
* [[Dr Irene McCandlish]]
* [[Mr Alan Stevens]]
* [[Dr Mark Obwolo]]
* [[Dr Joyce Bass]]
* [[Mrs Catherine Payne-Johnson]]
* [[Ms Emma Rayner]]
* [[Dr Christiane Krudewig]]
* [[Dr Mark Stidworthy]]
* [[Mr Bob Gumbrell]]
* [[Linda Morrison]]
* [[Mr Bruce Wilson]]
* [[Dr Ross Harley]]
* [[Mrs Jacki House]]
* [[Ms Kate Hughes]]
* [[Dr Sandra Schoeniger]]
* [[Ms Emma Scurrell]]
* [[Mrs Jayne Harris]]
* [[Ms Johanna Smith]]
* [[Dr Tom Vicek]]
* [[Mr Mark Wessels]]
* [[Ms Ann Pocknell]]
* [[Professor Brian Summers]]
* [[Mr Kevin Isaacs]]
* [[Mr Nick Woodger]]
* [[Dr Ann Sharpe]]
* [[Dr Sionagh Smith]]
* [[Mr Ben Strugnell]]
* [[Alun Williams]]
* [[Dr Cheryl Scudamore]]
* [[Mrs Jane Miller]]
* [[Ms Sandra Dawson]]
* [[Mrs Heather Ainsworth]]
* [[Susan Rhind]]
* [[Mr Sean Haugland]]
* [[Dr Joe Cassidy]]
* [[Mr Stephen Spencer ]]
* [[Mr Jonathan Williams]]
* [[Kim Whittlestone]]
* [[Nick Short]]
* [[Barbora Stanikova]]
* [[Lizzie Slack]]
* [[Sarah McFarland]]
* [[Alex Morley]]
* [[Dr Rob Duquette]]
* [[Dr Julio Benavides Silvan]]
* [[Ms Gillian Brown]]
* [[Elizabeth Bachynsky]]
* [[Ken Smith ]]
* [[Professor Don Schlafer]]
* [[Dr David Buxton]]
* [[Ms Katherine Whitwell]]
* [[Dr Tony Blunden]]
* [[Dr Pete Brown]]
* [[Tim Scase]]

Introduction

2007-09-28T14:09:08Z

Timscase: /* List of Delegates */

= WikiPath Community of Practice =
The WikiPath Community of Practice was set up in July 2007 following funding from the HEA Centre for Medicine, Veterinary Medicine and Dentistry and from JISC (via the HEA). This wiki was initiated at the first [[workshop]] held on the 31st July 2007.

=== Who we are ===
[[Image:COP_310707.JPG]] 
Kim, Elisabeth, Linda, Tim, Sarah, Brian, Barbora, Alex, Lizzie, Susan, Nick, Vicki and Alun outside the LIVE Centre, after the 1st WikiPath workshop on the 31st July 2007

* '''Cambridge Vetschool'''
** [[Tim Scase]]
** [[User:Alexm1983|Alex Morley]]
** Kate Read

* '''Edinburgh Royal Dick School of Veterinary Studies'''
** [[Susan Rhind]]
** [[Sarah McFarland]]
**[[Linda Morrison]]

* '''London RVC'''
** [[Ken Smith]]
** [[Alun Williams]]
** [[Lizzie Slack]]
** [[Barbora Stanikova]]
** [[Elisabeth Bachynsky]]

* '''London RVC''' ''eMedia''
** [[Nick Short]]
** [[Brian Cox]]
* '''London RVC''' ''LIVE''
** [[Vicki Dale]]
** [[Kim Whittlestone]]

* '''HEA''' ''Centre for Medicine, Dentistry & Veterinary Education''
** [[Gillian Brown]]

=== Why we are doing this? ===

The WIKI VET Community of Practice has been established to explore the potential of second generation e-learning technologies building on existing collaborative partnerships between the UK veterinary schools. This new Community of Practice will enable academics and technical experts to work together in new ways on developing and sharing innovative e-learning resources.

This project grew out of existing collaborations between veterinary schools including the CLIVE and vetschools.ac.uk initiatives. Whilst these projects have been successful and widely used, there is now a need for the collaboration to evolve in parallel with the explosion of social networking tools such as wikis and blogs. Three of the schools have already taken the initiative in developing a collaborative wiki in the context of undergraduate and postgraduate Veterinary Pathology. The HEA funding will allow this model to be expanded in a more ambitious way to benefit all the UK veterinary schools.

Veterinary students and academic staff are familiar with e-learning as medium to supplement and complement traditional teaching and learning as part of a blended learning approach. However, with the rapid growth of material on the web, it has become increasingly difficult to find appropriate content which has been peer reviewed. This lack of signposting can result in students and staff wasting time searching for material or even chancing across second rate or incorrect information.

Emerging web technologies (sometimes referred to as Web 2.0) could offer a number of solutions to these problems. Crucially they provide a set of social networking tools which enable communities of practice to work effectively together on line. This will be used in the project to enhance existing face to face meetings and create new ways of working together. Wikis and folksonomies offer new ways for the community to order, index, signpost and rate digital content. This content could be in the form of text written collaboratively by the partner institutions or existing resources such as CAL, video, images, documents and Powerpoint (including some previously generated by the CLIVE and vetschools projects).

On a practical basis the project will utilise this wiki as the central framework for content development. It will adopt and extend the preliminary model already being trialled for the collaborative pathology wiki and extend its scope and user base. This work will be overseen by subject experts and enthusiasts who will employ students to help compile and develop the wiki. Good practice in communities of practice (emerging out of the JISC Emerge CoP project and from experience elsewhere) will be drawn upon for the effective functioning of this community.

The initial project steering group (representing Cambridge, Edinburgh and London veterinary schools as well as the LIVE Centre) currently meets on a virtual basis using Skype as a conference facility. However, occasional face to face meetings are also held for example at the AVRTW Conference or LIVE opening events. The intention is to expand the group to include the other UK veterinary schools (contacts at each of the schools have already been established).

=== Expected outcomes ===

• The establishment of a collaborative community of practice linking the UK vetschools with active and committed partners and full institutional support;

• Inter-institutional collaborative education and research projects based on the use of the Wiki Vet in veterinary education;

• Sharing expertise and good pedagogical practice between partner vetschools on the development and use of new e-learning technologies;

• Regular synchronous electronic discussions between steering group members as well as email lists and occasional face to face meetings;

• Building of cross institutional expertise and understanding of the pedagogy associated with the application of wikis and other web technologies in veterinary education;

• Enrichment of existing teaching resources and improved learning opportunities for students through the use of novel and contemporary web technologies

===Workplan===

Work with veterinary schools to discover what tools are in use and what aspects of CLIVE and VetSchools, supplemented by other technologies, would be the most use to them. The main focus in this phase will be on pathology resources but other areas identified will be logged as target areas for future projects; ''April – May 2007''

* Analyse the tools available to assess where JISC services ‘add value’ and can be integrated meaningfully for staff and students; ''June – Sept 2007''

* Set up wiki and media server at the University of London Computer Centre June 2007

* Host first student wiki authoring workshop ''July 2007''

* Run a wiki showcase presentation for veterinary pathologists ''October 2007''

* Pilot the sharing of pathology wiki content with other veterinary schools ''November 2007''

* Upload Creative Commons veterinary educational resources onto server and provide links to wiki ''August 2007 – April 2008''

* Work with all UK veterinary schools to raise awareness of the resources available including presentations and promotional material ''October 2007 – April 2008''

* Evaluate the value of the resource and document the project for the benefit of the JISC ''April 2007 - April 2008''

= BSVP Meeting, Nottingham 2007 =

=== List of Delegates ===

* [[Dr Adrian Philbey]]
* [[Dr Pamela Johnston]]
* [[Mr James Baily]]
* [[Mr Ahmed Mohamed Shoieb]]
* [[Mr Sandy Bjornson]]
* [[Ms Sophie Le Calvez]]
* [[Mr Daren Hanshaw]]
* [[Dr Richard Miller ]]
* [[Dr Irene McCandlish]]
* [[Mr Alan Stevens]]
* [[Dr Mark Obwolo]]
* [[Dr Joyce Bass]]
* [[Mrs Catherine Payne-Johnson]]
* [[Ms Emma Rayner]]
* [[Dr Christiane Krudewig]]
* [[Dr Mark Stidworthy]]
* [[Mr Bob Gumbrell]]
* [[Ms Linda Morrison]]
* [[Mr Bruce Wilson]]
* [[Dr Ross Harley]]
* [[Mrs Jacki House]]
* [[Ms Kate Hughes]]
* [[Dr Sandra Schoeniger]]
* [[Ms Emma Scurrell]]
* [[Mrs Jayne Harris]]
* [[Ms Johanna Smith]]
* [[Dr Tom Vicek]]
* [[Mr Mark Wessels]]
* [[Ms Ann Pocknell]]
* [[Professor Brian Summers]]
* [[Mr Kevin Isaacs]]
* [[Mr Nick Woodger]]
* [[Dr Ann Sharpe]]
* [[Dr Sionagh Smith]]
* [[Mr Ben Strugnell]]
* [[Alun Williams]]
* [[Dr Cheryl Scudamore]]
* [[Mrs Jane Miller]]
* [[Ms Sandra Dawson]]
* [[Mrs Heather Ainsworth]]
* [[Susan Rhind]]
* [[Mr Sean Haugland]]
* [[Dr Joe Cassidy]]
* [[Mr Stephen Spencer ]]
* [[Mr Jonathan Williams]]
* [[Kim Whittlestone]]
* [[Nick Short]]
* [[Barbora Stanikova]]
* [[Lizzie Slack]]
* [[Sarah McFarland]]
* [[Alex Morley]]
* [[Dr Rob Duquette]]
* [[Dr Julio Benavides Silvan]]
* [[Ms Gillian Brown]]
* [[Elizabeth Bachynsky]]
* [[Ken Smith ]]
* [[Professor Don Schlafer]]
* [[Dr David Buxton]]
* [[Ms Katherine Whitwell]]
* [[Dr Tony Blunden]]
* [[Dr Pete Brown]]
* [[Tim Scase]]

Introduction

2007-09-28T14:08:20Z

Timscase: /* List of Delegates */

= WikiPath Community of Practice =
The WikiPath Community of Practice was set up in July 2007 following funding from the HEA Centre for Medicine, Veterinary Medicine and Dentistry and from JISC (via the HEA). This wiki was initiated at the first [[workshop]] held on the 31st July 2007.

=== Who we are ===
[[Image:COP_310707.JPG]] 
Kim, Elisabeth, Linda, Tim, Sarah, Brian, Barbora, Alex, Lizzie, Susan, Nick, Vicki and Alun outside the LIVE Centre, after the 1st WikiPath workshop on the 31st July 2007

* '''Cambridge Vetschool'''
** [[Tim Scase]]
** [[User:Alexm1983|Alex Morley]]
** Kate Read

* '''Edinburgh Royal Dick School of Veterinary Studies'''
** [[Susan Rhind]]
** [[Sarah McFarland]]
**[[Linda Morrison]]

* '''London RVC'''
** [[Ken Smith]]
** [[Alun Williams]]
** [[Lizzie Slack]]
** [[Barbora Stanikova]]
** [[Elisabeth Bachynsky]]

* '''London RVC''' ''eMedia''
** [[Nick Short]]
** [[Brian Cox]]
* '''London RVC''' ''LIVE''
** [[Vicki Dale]]
** [[Kim Whittlestone]]

* '''HEA''' ''Centre for Medicine, Dentistry & Veterinary Education''
** [[Gillian Brown]]

=== Why we are doing this? ===

The WIKI VET Community of Practice has been established to explore the potential of second generation e-learning technologies building on existing collaborative partnerships between the UK veterinary schools. This new Community of Practice will enable academics and technical experts to work together in new ways on developing and sharing innovative e-learning resources.

This project grew out of existing collaborations between veterinary schools including the CLIVE and vetschools.ac.uk initiatives. Whilst these projects have been successful and widely used, there is now a need for the collaboration to evolve in parallel with the explosion of social networking tools such as wikis and blogs. Three of the schools have already taken the initiative in developing a collaborative wiki in the context of undergraduate and postgraduate Veterinary Pathology. The HEA funding will allow this model to be expanded in a more ambitious way to benefit all the UK veterinary schools.

Veterinary students and academic staff are familiar with e-learning as medium to supplement and complement traditional teaching and learning as part of a blended learning approach. However, with the rapid growth of material on the web, it has become increasingly difficult to find appropriate content which has been peer reviewed. This lack of signposting can result in students and staff wasting time searching for material or even chancing across second rate or incorrect information.

Emerging web technologies (sometimes referred to as Web 2.0) could offer a number of solutions to these problems. Crucially they provide a set of social networking tools which enable communities of practice to work effectively together on line. This will be used in the project to enhance existing face to face meetings and create new ways of working together. Wikis and folksonomies offer new ways for the community to order, index, signpost and rate digital content. This content could be in the form of text written collaboratively by the partner institutions or existing resources such as CAL, video, images, documents and Powerpoint (including some previously generated by the CLIVE and vetschools projects).

On a practical basis the project will utilise this wiki as the central framework for content development. It will adopt and extend the preliminary model already being trialled for the collaborative pathology wiki and extend its scope and user base. This work will be overseen by subject experts and enthusiasts who will employ students to help compile and develop the wiki. Good practice in communities of practice (emerging out of the JISC Emerge CoP project and from experience elsewhere) will be drawn upon for the effective functioning of this community.

The initial project steering group (representing Cambridge, Edinburgh and London veterinary schools as well as the LIVE Centre) currently meets on a virtual basis using Skype as a conference facility. However, occasional face to face meetings are also held for example at the AVRTW Conference or LIVE opening events. The intention is to expand the group to include the other UK veterinary schools (contacts at each of the schools have already been established).

=== Expected outcomes ===

• The establishment of a collaborative community of practice linking the UK vetschools with active and committed partners and full institutional support;

• Inter-institutional collaborative education and research projects based on the use of the Wiki Vet in veterinary education;

• Sharing expertise and good pedagogical practice between partner vetschools on the development and use of new e-learning technologies;

• Regular synchronous electronic discussions between steering group members as well as email lists and occasional face to face meetings;

• Building of cross institutional expertise and understanding of the pedagogy associated with the application of wikis and other web technologies in veterinary education;

• Enrichment of existing teaching resources and improved learning opportunities for students through the use of novel and contemporary web technologies

===Workplan===

Work with veterinary schools to discover what tools are in use and what aspects of CLIVE and VetSchools, supplemented by other technologies, would be the most use to them. The main focus in this phase will be on pathology resources but other areas identified will be logged as target areas for future projects; ''April – May 2007''

* Analyse the tools available to assess where JISC services ‘add value’ and can be integrated meaningfully for staff and students; ''June – Sept 2007''

* Set up wiki and media server at the University of London Computer Centre June 2007

* Host first student wiki authoring workshop ''July 2007''

* Run a wiki showcase presentation for veterinary pathologists ''October 2007''

* Pilot the sharing of pathology wiki content with other veterinary schools ''November 2007''

* Upload Creative Commons veterinary educational resources onto server and provide links to wiki ''August 2007 – April 2008''

* Work with all UK veterinary schools to raise awareness of the resources available including presentations and promotional material ''October 2007 – April 2008''

* Evaluate the value of the resource and document the project for the benefit of the JISC ''April 2007 - April 2008''

= BSVP Meeting, Nottingham 2007 =

=== List of Delegates ===

* [[Dr Adrian Philbey]]
* [[Dr Pamela Johnston]]
* [[Mr James Baily]]
* [[Mr Ahmed Mohamed Shoieb]]
* [[Mr Sandy Bjornson]]
* [[Ms Sophie Le Calvez]]
* [[Mr Daren Hanshaw]]
* [[Dr Richard Miller ]]
* [[Dr Irene McCandlish]]
* [[Mr Alan Stevens]]
* [[Dr Mark Obwolo]]
* [[Dr Joyce Bass]]
* [[Mrs Catherine Payne-Johnson]]
* [[Ms Emma Rayner]]
* [[Dr Christiane Krudewig]]
* [[Dr Mark Stidworthy]]
* [[Mr Bob Gumbrell]]
* [[Ms Linda Morrison]]
* [[Mr Bruce Wilson]]
* [[Dr Ross Harley]]
* [[Mrs Jacki House]]
* [[Ms Kate Hughes]]
* [[Dr Sandra Schoeniger]]
* [[Ms Emma Scurrell]]
* [[Mrs Jayne Harris]]
* [[Ms Johanna Smith]]
* [[Dr Tom Vicek]]
* [[Mr Mark Wessels]]
* [[Ms Ann Pocknell]]
* [[Professor Brian Summers]]
* [[Mr Kevin Isaacs]]
* [[Mr Nick Woodger]]
* [[Dr Ann Sharpe]]
* [[Dr Sionagh Smith]]
* [[Mr Ben Strugnell]]
* [[Alun Williams]]
* [[Dr Cheryl Scudamore]]
* [[Mrs Jane Miller]]
* [[Ms Sandra Dawson]]
* [[Mrs Heather Ainsworth]]
* [[Professor Susan Rhind]]
* [[Mr Sean Haugland]]
* [[Dr Joe Cassidy]]
* [[Mr Stephen Spencer ]]
* [[Mr Jonathan Williams]]
* [[Kim Whittlestone]]
* [[Nick Short]]
* [[Barbora Stanikova]]
* [[Lizzie Slack]]
* [[Sarah McFarland]]
* [[Alex Morley]]
* [[Dr Rob Duquette]]
* [[Dr Julio Benavides Silvan]]
* [[Ms Gillian Brown]]
* [[Ms Elizabeth Bachynsky]]
* [[Ken Smith ]]
* [[Professor Don Schlafer]]
* [[Dr David Buxton]]
* [[Ms Katherine Whitwell]]
* [[Dr Tony Blunden]]
* [[Dr Pete Brown]]
* [[Tim Scase]]

Introduction

2007-09-28T13:57:30Z

Timscase: /* List of Delegates */

Introduction

2007-09-28T13:55:49Z

Timscase: /* BSVP Meeting, Nottingham 2007 */

Introduction

2007-09-28T13:55:21Z

Timscase: /* WikiPath Community of Practice */

Introduction

2007-09-03T13:10:08Z

Timscase: /* Who we are */

= WikiPath Community of Practice =
The WikiPath Community of Practice was set up in July 2007 following funding from the HEA Centre for Medicine, Veterinary medicine and Dentistry and from JISC (via the HEA). This wiki was initiated at the first [[workshop]] held on the 31st July 2007.

=== Who we are ===
[[Image:COP_310707.JPG]] 
Kim, Elisabeth, Linda, Tim, Sarah, Brian, Barbora, Alex, Lizzie, Susan, Nick, Vicki and Alun outside the LIVE Centre, after the 1st WikiPath workshop on the 31st July 2007

* '''Cambridge Vetschool'''
** [[Tim Scase]]
** [[User:Alexm1983|Alex Morley]]
** Kate Read

* '''Edinburgh Royal Dick School of Veterinary Studies'''
** [[Susan Rhind]]
** [[Sarah McFarland]]
**[[Linda Morrison]]

* '''London RVC'''
** [[Ken Smith]]
** [[Alun Williams]]
** [[Lizzie Slack]]
** [[Barbora Stanikova]]
** [[Elisabeth Bachynsky]]

* '''London RVC''' ''eMedia''
** [[Nick Short]]
** [[Brian Cox]]
* '''London RVC''' ''LIVE''
** [[Vicki Dale]]
** [[Kim Whittlestone]]

* '''HEA''' ''Centre for Medicine, Dentistry & Veterinary Education''
** [[Gillian Brown]]

=== Why we are doing this? ===

The WIKI VET Community of Practice has been established to explore the potential of second generation e-learning technologies building on existing collaborative partnerships between the UK veterinary schools. This new Community of Practice will enable academics and technical experts to work together in new ways on developing and sharing innovative e-learning resources.

This project grew out of existing collaborations between veterinary schools including the CLIVE and vetschools.ac.uk initiatives. Whilst these projects have been successful and widely used, there is now a need for the collaboration to evolve in parallel with the explosion of social networking tools such as wikis and blogs. Three of the schools have already taken the initiative in developing a collaborative wiki in the context of undergraduate and postgraduate Veterinary Pathology. The HEA funding will allow this model to be expanded in a more ambitious way to benefit all the UK veterinary schools.

Veterinary students and academic staff are familiar with e-learning as medium to supplement and complement traditional teaching and learning as part of a blended learning approach. However, with the rapid growth of material on the web, it has become increasingly difficult to find appropriate content which has been peer reviewed. This lack of signposting can result in students and staff wasting time searching for material or even chancing across second rate or incorrect information.

Emerging web technologies (sometimes referred to as Web 2.0) could offer a number of solutions to these problems. Crucially they provide a set of social networking tools which enable communities of practice to work effectively together on line. This will be used in the project to enhance existing face to face meetings and create new ways of working together. Wikis and folksonomies offer new ways for the community to order, index, signpost and rate digital content. This content could be in the form of text written collaboratively by the partner institutions or existing resources such as CAL, video, images, documents and Powerpoint (including some previously generated by the CLIVE and vetschools projects).

On a practical basis the project will utilise this wiki as the central framework for content development. It will adopt and extend the preliminary model already being trialled for the collaborative pathology wiki and extend its scope and user base. This work will be overseen by subject experts and enthusiasts who will employ students to help compile and develop the wiki. Good practice in communities of practice (emerging out of the JISC Emerge CoP project and from experience elsewhere) will be drawn upon for the effective functioning of this community.

The initial project steering group (representing Cambridge, Edinburgh and London veterinary schools as well as the LIVE Centre) currently meets on a virtual basis using Skype as a conference facility. However, occasional face to face meetings are also held for example at the AVRTW Conference or LIVE opening events. The intention is to expand the group to include the other UK veterinary schools (contacts at each of the schools have already been established).

=== Expected outcomes ===

• The establishment of a collaborative community of practice linking the UK vetschools with active and committed partners and full institutional support;

• Inter-institutional collaborative education and research projects based on the use of the Wiki Vet in veterinary education;

• Sharing expertise and good pedagogical practice between partner vetschools on the development and use of new e-learning technologies;

• Regular synchronous electronic discussions between steering group members as well as email lists and occasional face to face meetings;

• Building of cross institutional expertise and understanding of the pedagogy associated with the application of wikis and other web technologies in veterinary education;

• Enrichment of existing teaching resources and improved learning opportunities for students through the use of novel and contemporary web technologies

===Workplan===

Work with veterinary schools to discover what tools are in use and what aspects of CLIVE and VetSchools, supplemented by other technologies, would be the most use to them. The main focus in this phase will be on pathology resources but other areas identified will be logged as target areas for future projects; ''April – May 2007''

* Analyse the tools available to assess where JISC services ‘add value’ and can be integrated meaningfully for staff and students; ''June – Sept 2007''

* Set up wiki and media server at the University of London Computer Centre June 2007

* Host first student wiki authoring workshop ''July 2007''

* Run a wiki showcase presentation for veterinary pathologists ''October 2007''

* Pilot the sharing of pathology wiki content with other veterinary schools ''November 2007''

* Upload Creative Commons veterinary educational resources onto server and provide links to wiki ''August 2007 – April 2008''

* Work with all UK veterinary schools to raise awareness of the resources available including presentations and promotional material ''October 2007 – April 2008''

* Evaluate the value of the resource and document the project for the benefit of the JISC ''April 2007 - April 2008''

Introduction

2007-09-03T13:09:35Z

Timscase: /* Who we are */

= WikiPath Community of Practice =
The WikiPath Community of Practice was set up in July 2007 following funding from the HEA Centre for Medicine, Veterinary medicine and Dentistry and from JISC (via the HEA). This wiki was initiated at the first [[workshop]] held on the 31st July 2007.

=== Who we are ===
[[Image:COP_310707.JPG]] 
Kim, Elisabeth, Linda, Tim, Sarah, Brian, Barbora, Alex, Lizzie, Susan, Nick, Vicki and Alun outside the LIVE Centre, after the 1st WikiPath workshop on the 31st July 2007

* '''Cambridge Vetschool'''
** [[Tim Scase]] [[Cambridge Pathology]]
** [[User:Alexm1983|Alex Morley]]
** Kate Read

* '''Edinburgh Royal Dick School of Veterinary Studies'''
** [[Susan Rhind]]
** [[Sarah McFarland]]
**[[Linda Morrison]]

* '''London RVC'''
** [[Ken Smith]]
** [[Alun Williams]]
** [[Lizzie Slack]]
** [[Barbora Stanikova]]
** [[Elisabeth Bachynsky]]

* '''London RVC''' ''eMedia''
** [[Nick Short]]
** [[Brian Cox]]
* '''London RVC''' ''LIVE''
** [[Vicki Dale]]
** [[Kim Whittlestone]]

* '''HEA''' ''Centre for Medicine, Dentistry & Veterinary Education''
** [[Gillian Brown]]

=== Why we are doing this? ===

The WIKI VET Community of Practice has been established to explore the potential of second generation e-learning technologies building on existing collaborative partnerships between the UK veterinary schools. This new Community of Practice will enable academics and technical experts to work together in new ways on developing and sharing innovative e-learning resources.

This project grew out of existing collaborations between veterinary schools including the CLIVE and vetschools.ac.uk initiatives. Whilst these projects have been successful and widely used, there is now a need for the collaboration to evolve in parallel with the explosion of social networking tools such as wikis and blogs. Three of the schools have already taken the initiative in developing a collaborative wiki in the context of undergraduate and postgraduate Veterinary Pathology. The HEA funding will allow this model to be expanded in a more ambitious way to benefit all the UK veterinary schools.

Veterinary students and academic staff are familiar with e-learning as medium to supplement and complement traditional teaching and learning as part of a blended learning approach. However, with the rapid growth of material on the web, it has become increasingly difficult to find appropriate content which has been peer reviewed. This lack of signposting can result in students and staff wasting time searching for material or even chancing across second rate or incorrect information.

Emerging web technologies (sometimes referred to as Web 2.0) could offer a number of solutions to these problems. Crucially they provide a set of social networking tools which enable communities of practice to work effectively together on line. This will be used in the project to enhance existing face to face meetings and create new ways of working together. Wikis and folksonomies offer new ways for the community to order, index, signpost and rate digital content. This content could be in the form of text written collaboratively by the partner institutions or existing resources such as CAL, video, images, documents and Powerpoint (including some previously generated by the CLIVE and vetschools projects).

On a practical basis the project will utilise this wiki as the central framework for content development. It will adopt and extend the preliminary model already being trialled for the collaborative pathology wiki and extend its scope and user base. This work will be overseen by subject experts and enthusiasts who will employ students to help compile and develop the wiki. Good practice in communities of practice (emerging out of the JISC Emerge CoP project and from experience elsewhere) will be drawn upon for the effective functioning of this community.

The initial project steering group (representing Cambridge, Edinburgh and London veterinary schools as well as the LIVE Centre) currently meets on a virtual basis using Skype as a conference facility. However, occasional face to face meetings are also held for example at the AVRTW Conference or LIVE opening events. The intention is to expand the group to include the other UK veterinary schools (contacts at each of the schools have already been established).

=== Expected outcomes ===

• The establishment of a collaborative community of practice linking the UK vetschools with active and committed partners and full institutional support;

• Inter-institutional collaborative education and research projects based on the use of the Wiki Vet in veterinary education;

• Sharing expertise and good pedagogical practice between partner vetschools on the development and use of new e-learning technologies;

• Regular synchronous electronic discussions between steering group members as well as email lists and occasional face to face meetings;

• Building of cross institutional expertise and understanding of the pedagogy associated with the application of wikis and other web technologies in veterinary education;

• Enrichment of existing teaching resources and improved learning opportunities for students through the use of novel and contemporary web technologies

===Workplan===

Work with veterinary schools to discover what tools are in use and what aspects of CLIVE and VetSchools, supplemented by other technologies, would be the most use to them. The main focus in this phase will be on pathology resources but other areas identified will be logged as target areas for future projects; ''April – May 2007''

* Analyse the tools available to assess where JISC services ‘add value’ and can be integrated meaningfully for staff and students; ''June – Sept 2007''

* Set up wiki and media server at the University of London Computer Centre June 2007

* Host first student wiki authoring workshop ''July 2007''

* Run a wiki showcase presentation for veterinary pathologists ''October 2007''

* Pilot the sharing of pathology wiki content with other veterinary schools ''November 2007''

* Upload Creative Commons veterinary educational resources onto server and provide links to wiki ''August 2007 – April 2008''

* Work with all UK veterinary schools to raise awareness of the resources available including presentations and promotional material ''October 2007 – April 2008''

* Evaluate the value of the resource and document the project for the benefit of the JISC ''April 2007 - April 2008''

WikiPath

2007-08-31T13:34:15Z

Timscase:

<big>'''[[General Pathology]]'''</big>

<big>'''[[Alimentary - includes liver and pancreas|Alimentary System (including Liver and Pancreas)]]'''</big>

<big>'''[[Respiratory system|Respiratory System]]'''</big>

<big>'''[[Cardiovascular system]]'''</big>

<big>'''[[Nervous System]]'''</big>

<big>'''[[Endocrine]]'''</big>

<big>'''[[Urinary System]]'''</big>

[[Lymphoreticular/Haemotopoietic system]]

[[Integumentary - includes mammary]]

[[Musculoskeletal]]

[[Reproductive]]

[[Special senses]]

<big>'''[[Infectious agents and parasites]]'''</big>

[[Toxicological Pathology]]

[[Clinical Pathology]]

==Wiki Vet Learning Environment==
Patent Pending :oP

<big>
'''[[Flashcard Main Page|Flashcards]]'''

'''[[Concept Maps]]

'''[[Case Studies]]'''

'''[[Personal Experiences]]'''

'''[[Postgraduate / Certificate Material]]'''</big>

Please see [http://meta.wikipedia.org/wiki/MediaWiki_i18n documentation on customizing the interface]
and the [http://meta.wikipedia.org/wiki/MediaWiki_User%27s_Guide User's Guide] for usage and configuration help.

WikiPath

2007-08-31T13:33:57Z

Timscase:

2007-08-01T09:29:07Z

Timscase: Cambridge Pathology moved to WikiPath front page

Talk:Flashcardtestpage

2007-08-01T08:47:06Z

2007-07-31T11:24:32Z

Timscase: /* Viral infections */

==Clinical signs and locations of sinonasal pathology==
[[Image:Clinical_signs_of_URT_disease.png|thumb|center]]

===Nasal discharge===
*Bilateral discharge:
**Lesion is caudal to nasal septum eg: pharyngeal lesion; LRT lesion in horses
**Lesion has resulted in nasal septum destruction
***Neoplasia
***Fungal infection
*Unilateral discharge:
**Lesion is cranial to nasal septum eg: nasal or sinus lesion; pharyngeal or guttaral pouch lesion in horses.

===Type of discharge===
**Serous
**Catarrhal
**Purrulent
**Haemorrhage
===Clinical signs===
**Sneezing - nasal
**Facial swelling - nasal, pharyngeal
**Pain - any location
**Coughing - pharynx, larynx, trachea
**Dyspnoea/altered air flow
**Respiratory noise

==Functional anatomy==
===Mucosa===
*Mucosal epithelium
**Nares and epiglottis- stratified squamous
**Nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, larynx, trachea - pseudostratified, columnar, cilliated
*Submucosa
**Submucosal glands
**Lymphoid tissue
*Blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves
**Very rich blood supply to nasal mucosa
===Nasal chambers and turbinates===
*Scrolls of turbinate bone
*Arrangements vary with species

===Nasal septum===
*Full length of nasal chamber in horses
**2 openings into pharynx
*Partial length in other species
**Single opening into pharynx

===Sinuses===
*Size, arrangement and number vary with species
*Poorly developed in carnivores
**Poor communication of frontal sinus in cats with nasal cavity
***Predisposed to frontal sinus bacterial infections
**Maxillary sinus opening very large - 'maxillary recess'
***Maxillary sinus infections very uncommon in carnivores
**Highly developed in horses
**Slit-like, high openings in horses
**Predisposed to bacterial infections
**Cheek teeth embedded within the maxillary sinuses
**Maxillary sinusitis secondary to tooth root abscesses

===Guttural pouch===
*Horses
**Diverticulum of the eustachian tube with a thin slit-like opening at the rostroventral aspect into the pharynx.
**Mucous secretions drain out of the pouch when the horse lowers its head
**Lined by respiratory epithelium
**Bordered by glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory and hypoglossal nerves; sympathetic trunk; internal and external carotid arteries
*Pathology
**Mycotic infections eg: ''Aspergillus fumigatus''
***Bacterial infections eg: ''Streptococcus equi var. equi'' ('Strangles') or ''S.equi var zooepidemicus''
**Tympany - associated with dysfunction of the pharyngotubal opening resulting from thickening (oedema, inflammation) or obstruction by a mucosal fold (eg: foals)

==Defense mechanisms==
===Particle deposition===
*Coiled nature of turbinates promotes turbulent airflow and impaction of large particles >10 μm in diameter onto the nasal mucosa
===Mucociliary escalator===
*Cilia on the respiratory epithelium beat in a co-ordinated manner
**Cilia beat in a caudal direction in nasal cavity
**Cilia beat in a cranial direction in trachea and lower airways
**Mucus is swallowed when it reaches the nasopharynx
**Constant movement reduces chances that pathogens can adhere to the respiratory epithelium
===Mucus===
*Produced by the goblet cells of the respiratory epithelium and the submucosal glands with contribution from lacrimal glands draining into the nose
*Traps particles for transportation away and subsequent swallowing
*Physical barrier against mucosal damage
*Prevents dessication of the mucosal epithelium
*Contains antimicrobial substances
*Immunoglobulin - IgA
**IgA produced by mucosal plasma cells
**IgA can attach to specific pathogen antigens (viruses, bacteria) trapping them in the mucus for clearance
*Lysosyme
**Direct action on bacterial cell walls
**Lactoferrin
***Inhibits bacterial growth as sequesters iron, an essential co-factor for many bacteria

===Commensal bacteria===
*The normal bacterial flora of the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx and proximal portion of the trachea compete with potentially pathogenic bacteria and help to prevent their colonisation (competitive exclusion).
*The airway environment distal to the mid-portion of the trachea is effectively sterile.

===Reflexes===
*Sneezing

==Pathology of the upper airways==
===Developmental abnormalities===
*Palatoschisis
*Nasal deviation
*All brachycephalic dog and cat breeds!
**Esp. English Bulldogs - stenotic nares, wide/long soft palate, hypoplastic trachea
===CIrculatory diseases===
*Epistaxis
**Haemorrhage from the nose
**Causes
***Inflammation eg: ulcerative rhinitis
***Neoplasia eg: infiltrating tumour, haemangioma
***Trauma
***Clotting defects
**Horse:
***Haemorrhagic nasal polyp
****'Ethmoid haematoma', 'Progressive haematoma' - arise from the ethmoid region and can extend to fill the nasal cavity. They can be difficult to control as they can recur after surgery.
****Histology - multiple areas of acute to chronic haemorrhage within a fibrous tissue stroma.
***Exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage
===Inflammatory disease===

[[Image:URT_mucosal_insult_flow_chart_-_for_resp_lectures.jpg|thumb|center]]
*Inflammation in the URT can be classified on:
**Location
***Nasal cavity - rhinitis
***Paranasal sinuses - sinusitis
***Guttural pouch and eustachian tube - eustachitis
***Pharynx - pharyngitis
**Type
***Grossly many inflammatory processes (eg: response to viral or bacterial infection) in the URT will begin as a serous discharge, and then progress to a catarrhal exudate, and then to purulent/pseudomembranous/haemorrhagic as neutrophils are recruited
***Serous - transparent fluid exudate (acute inflammation)
***Catarrhal - mucous exudation (acute to subacute inflammation)
***Pseudomembrnaous - fibrin exudation
***Purulent - pus
***Ulcerative
***Haemorrhagic
***Granulomatous (chronic inflammation)
***Polypoid (chronic inflammation)
**Timecourse
***Acute, subacute, chronic
**Causes
***Infectious agent - viral, bacterial, fungal, parasitic
***Trauma or foreign body (eg: grass seed)
***Irritant or allergens
***Neoplasia
====Viral infections====

*Bovine herpesvirus -1
**Causes Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR)
**Highly infectious URT disease of cattle
**High morbidity, low mortality
**Aerosol transmission - requires close contact between animals
**BHV-1 infects the respiratory mucosal epithelial cells (intranuclear inclusion eosinophilic inclusion bodies)from nasal mucosa down to bronchioles
***leading to neutrophilic inflammation of varying severity.... serous -> catarrhal -> purulent nasal discharge, sneezing, coughing.
***with secondary bacterial infection (eg: Pasturella spp., Mycoplasma spp., Fusobacterium necrophorum) can lead to fibrinous to necrotizing inflammation; mucosal sloughing, ulceration... pyrexia, dyspnoea ... inhalation pneumonia... death.
**Clinical signs include coughing, discharge, lacrimation, and increased respiratory rate.
**Clinical disease most severe in young calves - can develop mucosal ulcerative lesions in the oesophagus and forestomachs and viraemia with multiorgan infection.
**Cause of abortion >5 months of gestation

TAG-RVC

*Cytomegaloviruses
**Porcine cytomegalovirus
***Causes Inclusion body rhinitis
****Disease of suckling piglets 1-5 wks of age
****Clinical signs: those associated with acute/subacute rhinitis (ie: serous nasal discharge, progressing to catarrhal or purulent discharge with time and secondary bacterial infections; sneezing; pyrexia)
****Morbitity high, mortality low
****Histology: large basophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies in the nasal and sinus respiratory epithelium with lymphocytic infiltration of the mucosa.
****Can develop viraemic stage, with inclusions in other organs eg: renal tubular epithelium. Piglets can die during this phase.
*Equine herpesvirus - 1, 4
*Feline herpesvirus -1
**One of the causes of Feline viral rhinotracheitis
***Viruses and bacteria are involved in the complex. The most frequent aetiologic agent is FHV-1, and less frequently feline calicivirus and/or ''Chlamydophia psittaci'' (NB: previously called Chlamydia psittaci var felis)
***All three agents infect URT respiratory epithelium, although FHV-1 has the highest affinity for this epithelium
***Feline calicivirus more frequently infects the oral mucosa -> ulcerative stomatitis
***C.psittaci more frequently infects the conjunctival epithelium -> chronic conjunctivitis
***Infection of the respiratory epithelium by FHV-1 results in a typical neutrophilic rhinitis with intraepitheial intranuclear eosinophilic inclusion bodies, with expected clinical signs
***Resolution of clinical signs usually occurs by 7-14 days.
***FHV-1 remains latent in the trigeminal ganglion, and can reactivate at times of stress. Can infect the cornea -> ulcerative keratitis.
***Occasional mortality in kitten or immunocompromised animals usually associated with secondary bacterial infection.

====Bacterial infections====
*''Pasturella multocida''
**Atrophic rhinitis in pigs
**Pigs aged 4-12 weeks old show clinical signs
**Catarrhal nasal discharge (due to an acute rhinitis), sneezing, coughing, can progress to dyspnoea and anorexia.
**Shortening and distortion of snout, secondary to nasal turbinate bone loss (histological evidence of osteolysis)
**2 forms of the disease
***'Progressive' atrophic rhinitis
****Due to infection of the nasal turbinates by P.multocida strains carrying the toxA gene that encodes for an osteolytic toxin. ''P.multocida'' adheres poorly to mucous membranes, and therefore requires a predisposing nasal insult to assist colonisation eg: co-infection with ''B.bronchoseptica''; or Porcine cytomegalovirus (inclusion body rhinitis)
****Turbinate bone atrophy is permanent and progressive
***'Non-progressive' atrophic rhinitis
****Due to infection of the nasal turbinates by ''Bordatella bronchoseptica'' strains alone, that carry a gene that encodes for a dermonecrotic toxin.
****Turbinate bone can regenerate by the time of slaughter
**'Snuffles' in rabbits
****Most often ''P.multocida'' and/or ''B.bronchoseptica'' infection of the nasal mucosa
****Clinical signs (nasal discharge, sneezing) result from an acute to chronic rhinitis.
[[:Category:RVC]], [[:Category:R(D)SVS]], [[:Category:CUVS]], [[:Category:PG]],

*''Streptococcus equi''
**''Streptococcus equi subsp. equi''
[[Image:Purulent_nasal_discharge_horse.jpg]]
***Cause of 'Strangles' in horses
***Infection with ''Streptococcus equi'' occurs after contact with contaminated feed, water bowls or an infected carrier horse
***Organism remains viable in environment for months
***Possibility of other sources of infection - in pharynx of in-contact dogs?
***Colonisation of nasopharynx causing:
***Chronic purulent rhinitis, sinusitis, eustachitis
***Can progress to development of nodular masses in the guttural pouch consisting of inspissated pus and viable bacteria (guttural pouch empyema) - 'carrier' state
***Regional suppurative lymphadenitis - can rupture onto skin of neck
***Bacteraemia with abscess formation in other organs (eg: liver, kidneys) - Bastard Strangles!
**''Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus''
***Can infect the respiratory tract (nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, trachea and bronchi/bronchioles)
***URT infection can be indistinguishable clinically from Strangles, but does not cause suppurative lymphadenitis (cf: ''S.equi subsp. equi'')

====Fungal infections====
*Filamentous fungal organisms
**'' [[Aspergillus spp.|Aspergillus]] fumigatus''
***Guttural pouch infections in horses - fungal plaques form on the adventitia of the carotid arteries can lead to catastrophic haemorrhage following erosion of carotid arteries!
***Nasal infection in dogs and cats - plaques develop on the nasal or paranasal sinus epithelium. Result in severe neutrophilic rhinitis/sinusitis. Can occur secondary to areas of mucosal compromise eg: adjacent to a space-occupying lesion.
**''Mucor'' spp.
*Yeast-like fungal organisms
**''Cryptococcus neoformans''
***Most commonly in cats and dogs
***Chronic granulomatous rhinitis
***Can invade through adjacent structures, eg: through the cribiform plate into the brain! These cases therefore can present as a primary neurological disease.

====Parasitic infections ====
*''Oestrus ovis'' larvae in the nasal cavity of sheep and goats = Nasal bots

Diseases of the nasal cavity and sinuses

2007-07-31T11:23:28Z

Timscase: /* Viral infections */

==Clinical signs and locations of sinonasal pathology==
[[Image:Clinical_signs_of_URT_disease.png|thumb|center]]

===Nasal discharge===
*Bilateral discharge:
**Lesion is caudal to nasal septum eg: pharyngeal lesion; LRT lesion in horses
**Lesion has resulted in nasal septum destruction
***Neoplasia
***Fungal infection
*Unilateral discharge:
**Lesion is cranial to nasal septum eg: nasal or sinus lesion; pharyngeal or guttaral pouch lesion in horses.

===Type of discharge===
**Serous
**Catarrhal
**Purrulent
**Haemorrhage
===Clinical signs===
**Sneezing - nasal
**Facial swelling - nasal, pharyngeal
**Pain - any location
**Coughing - pharynx, larynx, trachea
**Dyspnoea/altered air flow
**Respiratory noise

==Functional anatomy==
===Mucosa===
*Mucosal epithelium
**Nares and epiglottis- stratified squamous
**Nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, larynx, trachea - pseudostratified, columnar, cilliated
*Submucosa
**Submucosal glands
**Lymphoid tissue
*Blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves
**Very rich blood supply to nasal mucosa
===Nasal chambers and turbinates===
*Scrolls of turbinate bone
*Arrangements vary with species

===Nasal septum===
*Full length of nasal chamber in horses
**2 openings into pharynx
*Partial length in other species
**Single opening into pharynx

===Sinuses===
*Size, arrangement and number vary with species
*Poorly developed in carnivores
**Poor communication of frontal sinus in cats with nasal cavity
***Predisposed to frontal sinus bacterial infections
**Maxillary sinus opening very large - 'maxillary recess'
***Maxillary sinus infections very uncommon in carnivores
**Highly developed in horses
**Slit-like, high openings in horses
**Predisposed to bacterial infections
**Cheek teeth embedded within the maxillary sinuses
**Maxillary sinusitis secondary to tooth root abscesses

===Guttural pouch===
*Horses
**Diverticulum of the eustachian tube with a thin slit-like opening at the rostroventral aspect into the pharynx.
**Mucous secretions drain out of the pouch when the horse lowers its head
**Lined by respiratory epithelium
**Bordered by glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory and hypoglossal nerves; sympathetic trunk; internal and external carotid arteries
*Pathology
**Mycotic infections eg: ''Aspergillus fumigatus''
***Bacterial infections eg: ''Streptococcus equi var. equi'' ('Strangles') or ''S.equi var zooepidemicus''
**Tympany - associated with dysfunction of the pharyngotubal opening resulting from thickening (oedema, inflammation) or obstruction by a mucosal fold (eg: foals)

==Defense mechanisms==
===Particle deposition===
*Coiled nature of turbinates promotes turbulent airflow and impaction of large particles >10 μm in diameter onto the nasal mucosa
===Mucociliary escalator===
*Cilia on the respiratory epithelium beat in a co-ordinated manner
**Cilia beat in a caudal direction in nasal cavity
**Cilia beat in a cranial direction in trachea and lower airways
**Mucus is swallowed when it reaches the nasopharynx
**Constant movement reduces chances that pathogens can adhere to the respiratory epithelium
===Mucus===
*Produced by the goblet cells of the respiratory epithelium and the submucosal glands with contribution from lacrimal glands draining into the nose
*Traps particles for transportation away and subsequent swallowing
*Physical barrier against mucosal damage
*Prevents dessication of the mucosal epithelium
*Contains antimicrobial substances
*Immunoglobulin - IgA
**IgA produced by mucosal plasma cells
**IgA can attach to specific pathogen antigens (viruses, bacteria) trapping them in the mucus for clearance
*Lysosyme
**Direct action on bacterial cell walls
**Lactoferrin
***Inhibits bacterial growth as sequesters iron, an essential co-factor for many bacteria

===Commensal bacteria===
*The normal bacterial flora of the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx and proximal portion of the trachea compete with potentially pathogenic bacteria and help to prevent their colonisation (competitive exclusion).
*The airway environment distal to the mid-portion of the trachea is effectively sterile.

===Reflexes===
*Sneezing

==Pathology of the upper airways==
===Developmental abnormalities===
*Palatoschisis
*Nasal deviation
*All brachycephalic dog and cat breeds!
**Esp. English Bulldogs - stenotic nares, wide/long soft palate, hypoplastic trachea
===CIrculatory diseases===
*Epistaxis
**Haemorrhage from the nose
**Causes
***Inflammation eg: ulcerative rhinitis
***Neoplasia eg: infiltrating tumour, haemangioma
***Trauma
***Clotting defects
**Horse:
***Haemorrhagic nasal polyp
****'Ethmoid haematoma', 'Progressive haematoma' - arise from the ethmoid region and can extend to fill the nasal cavity. They can be difficult to control as they can recur after surgery.
****Histology - multiple areas of acute to chronic haemorrhage within a fibrous tissue stroma.
***Exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage
===Inflammatory disease===

[[Image:URT_mucosal_insult_flow_chart_-_for_resp_lectures.jpg|thumb|center]]
*Inflammation in the URT can be classified on:
**Location
***Nasal cavity - rhinitis
***Paranasal sinuses - sinusitis
***Guttural pouch and eustachian tube - eustachitis
***Pharynx - pharyngitis
**Type
***Grossly many inflammatory processes (eg: response to viral or bacterial infection) in the URT will begin as a serous discharge, and then progress to a catarrhal exudate, and then to purulent/pseudomembranous/haemorrhagic as neutrophils are recruited
***Serous - transparent fluid exudate (acute inflammation)
***Catarrhal - mucous exudation (acute to subacute inflammation)
***Pseudomembrnaous - fibrin exudation
***Purulent - pus
***Ulcerative
***Haemorrhagic
***Granulomatous (chronic inflammation)
***Polypoid (chronic inflammation)
**Timecourse
***Acute, subacute, chronic
**Causes
***Infectious agent - viral, bacterial, fungal, parasitic
***Trauma or foreign body (eg: grass seed)
***Irritant or allergens
***Neoplasia
====Viral infections====

*Bovine herpesvirus -1
**Causes Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR)
**Highly infectious URT disease of cattle
**High morbidity, low mortality
**Aerosol transmission - requires close contact between animals
**BHV-1 infects the respiratory mucosal epithelial cells (intranuclear inclusion eosinophilic inclusion bodies)from nasal mucosa down to bronchioles
***leading to neutrophilic inflammation of varying severity.... serous -> catarrhal -> purulent nasal discharge, sneezing, coughing.
***with secondary bacterial infection (eg: Pasturella spp., Mycoplasma spp., Fusobacterium necrophorum) can lead to fibrinous to necrotizing inflammation; mucosal sloughing, ulceration... pyrexia, dyspnoea ... inhalation pneumonia... death.
**Clinical signs include coughing, discharge, lacrimation, and increased respiratory rate.
**Clinical disease most severe in young calves - can develop mucosal ulcerative lesions in the oesophagus and forestomachs and viraemia with multiorgan infection.
**Cause of abortion >5 months of gestation

TAG:RVC

*Cytomegaloviruses
**Porcine cytomegalovirus
***Causes Inclusion body rhinitis
****Disease of suckling piglets 1-5 wks of age
****Clinical signs: those associated with acute/subacute rhinitis (ie: serous nasal discharge, progressing to catarrhal or purulent discharge with time and secondary bacterial infections; sneezing; pyrexia)
****Morbitity high, mortality low
****Histology: large basophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies in the nasal and sinus respiratory epithelium with lymphocytic infiltration of the mucosa.
****Can develop viraemic stage, with inclusions in other organs eg: renal tubular epithelium. Piglets can die during this phase.
*Equine herpesvirus - 1, 4
*Feline herpesvirus -1
**One of the causes of Feline viral rhinotracheitis
***Viruses and bacteria are involved in the complex. The most frequent aetiologic agent is FHV-1, and less frequently feline calicivirus and/or ''Chlamydophia psittaci'' (NB: previously called Chlamydia psittaci var felis)
***All three agents infect URT respiratory epithelium, although FHV-1 has the highest affinity for this epithelium
***Feline calicivirus more frequently infects the oral mucosa -> ulcerative stomatitis
***C.psittaci more frequently infects the conjunctival epithelium -> chronic conjunctivitis
***Infection of the respiratory epithelium by FHV-1 results in a typical neutrophilic rhinitis with intraepitheial intranuclear eosinophilic inclusion bodies, with expected clinical signs
***Resolution of clinical signs usually occurs by 7-14 days.
***FHV-1 remains latent in the trigeminal ganglion, and can reactivate at times of stress. Can infect the cornea -> ulcerative keratitis.
***Occasional mortality in kitten or immunocompromised animals usually associated with secondary bacterial infection.

====Bacterial infections====
*''Pasturella multocida''
**Atrophic rhinitis in pigs
**Pigs aged 4-12 weeks old show clinical signs
**Catarrhal nasal discharge (due to an acute rhinitis), sneezing, coughing, can progress to dyspnoea and anorexia.
**Shortening and distortion of snout, secondary to nasal turbinate bone loss (histological evidence of osteolysis)
**2 forms of the disease
***'Progressive' atrophic rhinitis
****Due to infection of the nasal turbinates by P.multocida strains carrying the toxA gene that encodes for an osteolytic toxin. ''P.multocida'' adheres poorly to mucous membranes, and therefore requires a predisposing nasal insult to assist colonisation eg: co-infection with ''B.bronchoseptica''; or Porcine cytomegalovirus (inclusion body rhinitis)
****Turbinate bone atrophy is permanent and progressive
***'Non-progressive' atrophic rhinitis
****Due to infection of the nasal turbinates by ''Bordatella bronchoseptica'' strains alone, that carry a gene that encodes for a dermonecrotic toxin.
****Turbinate bone can regenerate by the time of slaughter
**'Snuffles' in rabbits
****Most often ''P.multocida'' and/or ''B.bronchoseptica'' infection of the nasal mucosa
****Clinical signs (nasal discharge, sneezing) result from an acute to chronic rhinitis.
[[:Category:RVC]], [[:Category:R(D)SVS]], [[:Category:CUVS]], [[:Category:PG]],

*''Streptococcus equi''
**''Streptococcus equi subsp. equi''
[[Image:Purulent_nasal_discharge_horse.jpg]]
***Cause of 'Strangles' in horses
***Infection with ''Streptococcus equi'' occurs after contact with contaminated feed, water bowls or an infected carrier horse
***Organism remains viable in environment for months
***Possibility of other sources of infection - in pharynx of in-contact dogs?
***Colonisation of nasopharynx causing:
***Chronic purulent rhinitis, sinusitis, eustachitis
***Can progress to development of nodular masses in the guttural pouch consisting of inspissated pus and viable bacteria (guttural pouch empyema) - 'carrier' state
***Regional suppurative lymphadenitis - can rupture onto skin of neck
***Bacteraemia with abscess formation in other organs (eg: liver, kidneys) - Bastard Strangles!
**''Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus''
***Can infect the respiratory tract (nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, trachea and bronchi/bronchioles)
***URT infection can be indistinguishable clinically from Strangles, but does not cause suppurative lymphadenitis (cf: ''S.equi subsp. equi'')

====Fungal infections====
*Filamentous fungal organisms
**'' [[Aspergillus spp.|Aspergillus]] fumigatus''
***Guttural pouch infections in horses - fungal plaques form on the adventitia of the carotid arteries can lead to catastrophic haemorrhage following erosion of carotid arteries!
***Nasal infection in dogs and cats - plaques develop on the nasal or paranasal sinus epithelium. Result in severe neutrophilic rhinitis/sinusitis. Can occur secondary to areas of mucosal compromise eg: adjacent to a space-occupying lesion.
**''Mucor'' spp.
*Yeast-like fungal organisms
**''Cryptococcus neoformans''
***Most commonly in cats and dogs
***Chronic granulomatous rhinitis
***Can invade through adjacent structures, eg: through the cribiform plate into the brain! These cases therefore can present as a primary neurological disease.

====Parasitic infections ====
*''Oestrus ovis'' larvae in the nasal cavity of sheep and goats = Nasal bots