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Strongyloides

2019-05-31T14:10:40Z

Xxaoifedxx: /* Clinical Signs */

{{Taxobox
|name =''Strongyloides spp.''
|kingdom =Animalia
|sub-kingdom =
|phylum =[[:Category:Nematodes|Nematoda]]
|super-class =
|class = Chromadorea
|sub-class =
|super-order =
|order = Rhabditida
|sub-order = Rhabditina
|super-family =Rhabditoidea
|family =Strongyloididae
|sub-family =
|genus =Strongloides
|species =''S. westeri''
}}
[[Image:Strongyloides stercoralis 2.jpg|thumb|right|150px|''Strongyloides stercoralis'' - Courtesy of the Laboratory of Parasitology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine]]
[[Image:Strongyloides stercoralis.jpg|thumb|right|150px|''Strongyloides stercoralis'' - Joaquim Castellà Veterinary Parasitology Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona]]
[[Image:Strongyloides larvae.jpg|thumb|right|150px|''Strongyloides'' larvae - Joaquim Castellà Veterinary Parasitology Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona]]
[[Image:Strongyloides.jpg|thumb|right|150px|''Strongyloides'' - Joaquim Castellà Veterinary Parasitology Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona]]
==Overview==
This is the only genus of veterinary importance in the super-family Rhabditoidea. There are a number of species that are of particular importance and these are mainly host specific.

=== ''Strongyloides westeri'' ===
This is a parasite of the horse and is most commonly seen in young foals, less than six months in age. This is usually the fisrt parasite to which foals are exposed and therfore they have very little immunity to these infections. The predeliction site for these worms is the small intestine.
==== Morphology ====
The distinguishing features of this worm are:
*Very small, 6-9mm long
*Slender, hair-like
*Long oesophagus (up to one third of body length).
*Intestines and ovaries intertwined in caudal body
*Blunt ended tail
The eggs are small and oval with a thin shell, they will often hatch in the large intestine so L1 larvae are expelled in the hosts faeces.
==== Life-Cycle ====
''S. westeri'' has a typical [[:Category:Rhabditoidea|strongyloides]] life cycle, with both a free living and parasitic cycle. The free living cycle involves male and female worms reproducing sexually on the ground, this can occur for several generation with no parasitism taking place. The parasitic phase involves only female worms and occurs from ingesion of L3 larvae or their penetration through the hosts skin. Infection my also be transmissed vertically from the dam to the foal by larval migration to the mammary tissue and ingestion by the foal with the dams milk. Once in the host the larvae migrate to the small intestine where they tunnel into the epithelium at the base of the villi and moult to L4 and then adult females. Females produce eggs without sexual interaction that can develop to become both male and female larvae. The pre patent period is between 1 and 2 weeks dependant on the level of infection.

==== Pathogenicity ====
Pathology is rarely seen in adult horses due to the development of immunity, though penetration of the skin by larvae may still cause irritation anddermatitis. Adults with larvae in beneath the skin and in the abdomen can act as carriers. In foals heavy infections can cause severe enteritis and diarrhoea. It should be noted that apparently healthy animals can still have high faecal egg counts.
Some clinical symptoms that may occur include: acute diarrhoea, loss of weight, coughing, dehydration, slight to moderate anaemia.

==== Control ====
The number and spread of ''S. westeri'' is best controlled by good hygeine such as the removal of faeces from pasture and stabling and the provision of clean, dry bedding. Foals are often treated with anthelmintics at 2 weeks old against ''S. westeri''.

===''Strongyloides papillosus''===
This is a nematode of cattle and small ruminants and is found throughout the world. As with ‘’S. westeri’’ above clinical signs are normally only seen in young animals as older animals develop immunity.
====Morphology====
The morphology of ''S. papillosus’’ is the same as that of the ‘’S. westeri’’. The eggs hatch inside the host and so L1 larvae are released with the faeces.
====Life Cycle====
The life cylce of ''S. papillosus'' is typical of [[:Category:Rhabditoidea|strongyloides]] species with both parasitic and free living cycles. As adults animals will become immune to infection the primary method of infection for young animals is through the milk of the dam, this still involves only females as males are only present in the environment as 'free-living' nematodes.

[[Category:Rhabditoidea]][[Category:Horse Nematodes]][[Category:Sheep Nematodes]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_Parasites]][[Category:To Do - Major]]

Strongyloides

2019-05-31T14:10:23Z

Xxaoifedxx: /* Diagnosis */

{{Taxobox
|name =''Strongyloides spp.''
|kingdom =Animalia
|sub-kingdom =
|phylum =[[:Category:Nematodes|Nematoda]]
|super-class =
|class = Chromadorea
|sub-class =
|super-order =
|order = Rhabditida
|sub-order = Rhabditina
|super-family =Rhabditoidea
|family =Strongyloididae
|sub-family =
|genus =Strongloides
|species =''S. westeri''
}}
[[Image:Strongyloides stercoralis 2.jpg|thumb|right|150px|''Strongyloides stercoralis'' - Courtesy of the Laboratory of Parasitology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine]]
[[Image:Strongyloides stercoralis.jpg|thumb|right|150px|''Strongyloides stercoralis'' - Joaquim Castellà Veterinary Parasitology Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona]]
[[Image:Strongyloides larvae.jpg|thumb|right|150px|''Strongyloides'' larvae - Joaquim Castellà Veterinary Parasitology Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona]]
[[Image:Strongyloides.jpg|thumb|right|150px|''Strongyloides'' - Joaquim Castellà Veterinary Parasitology Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona]]
==Overview==
This is the only genus of veterinary importance in the super-family Rhabditoidea. There are a number of species that are of particular importance and these are mainly host specific.

=== ''Strongyloides westeri'' ===
This is a parasite of the horse and is most commonly seen in young foals, less than six months in age. This is usually the fisrt parasite to which foals are exposed and therfore they have very little immunity to these infections. The predeliction site for these worms is the small intestine.
==== Morphology ====
The distinguishing features of this worm are:
*Very small, 6-9mm long
*Slender, hair-like
*Long oesophagus (up to one third of body length).
*Intestines and ovaries intertwined in caudal body
*Blunt ended tail
The eggs are small and oval with a thin shell, they will often hatch in the large intestine so L1 larvae are expelled in the hosts faeces.
==== Life-Cycle ====
''S. westeri'' has a typical [[:Category:Rhabditoidea|strongyloides]] life cycle, with both a free living and parasitic cycle. The free living cycle involves male and female worms reproducing sexually on the ground, this can occur for several generation with no parasitism taking place. The parasitic phase involves only female worms and occurs from ingesion of L3 larvae or their penetration through the hosts skin. Infection my also be transmissed vertically from the dam to the foal by larval migration to the mammary tissue and ingestion by the foal with the dams milk. Once in the host the larvae migrate to the small intestine where they tunnel into the epithelium at the base of the villi and moult to L4 and then adult females. Females produce eggs without sexual interaction that can develop to become both male and female larvae. The pre patent period is between 1 and 2 weeks dependant on the level of infection.

==== Pathogenicity ====
Pathology is rarely seen in adult horses due to the development of immunity, though penetration of the skin by larvae may still cause irritation anddermatitis. Adults with larvae in beneath the skin and in the abdomen can act as carriers. In foals heavy infections can cause severe enteritis and diarrhoea. It should be noted that apparently healthy animals can still have high faecal egg counts.
Some clinical symptoms that may occur include: acute diarrhoea, loss of weight, coughing, dehydration, slight to moderate anaemia.

==== Control ====
The number and spread of ''S. westeri'' is best controlled by good hygeine such as the removal of faeces from pasture and stabling and the provision of clean, dry bedding. Foals are often treated with anthelmintics at 2 weeks old against ''S. westeri''.

===''Strongyloides papillosus''===
This is a nematode of cattle and small ruminants and is found throughout the world. As with ‘’S. westeri’’ above clinical signs are normally only seen in young animals as older animals develop immunity.
====Morphology====
The morphology of ''S. papillosus’’ is the same as that of the ‘’S. westeri’’. The eggs hatch inside the host and so L1 larvae are released with the faeces.
====Life Cycle====
The life cylce of ''S. papillosus'' is typical of [[:Category:Rhabditoidea|strongyloides]] species with both parasitic and free living cycles. As adults animals will become immune to infection the primary method of infection for young animals is through the milk of the dam, this still involves only females as males are only present in the environment as 'free-living' nematodes.
== Clinical Signs ==
Not obvious. Slight unthriftiness. Maybe diarrhoea which is sometimes watery. Unkept coats.

[[Category:Rhabditoidea]][[Category:Horse Nematodes]][[Category:Sheep Nematodes]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_Parasites]][[Category:To Do - Major]]

Strongyloides

2019-05-31T14:10:10Z

Xxaoifedxx: /* Clinical Signs */

{{Taxobox
|name =''Strongyloides spp.''
|kingdom =Animalia
|sub-kingdom =
|phylum =[[:Category:Nematodes|Nematoda]]
|super-class =
|class = Chromadorea
|sub-class =
|super-order =
|order = Rhabditida
|sub-order = Rhabditina
|super-family =Rhabditoidea
|family =Strongyloididae
|sub-family =
|genus =Strongloides
|species =''S. westeri''
}}
[[Image:Strongyloides stercoralis 2.jpg|thumb|right|150px|''Strongyloides stercoralis'' - Courtesy of the Laboratory of Parasitology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine]]
[[Image:Strongyloides stercoralis.jpg|thumb|right|150px|''Strongyloides stercoralis'' - Joaquim Castellà Veterinary Parasitology Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona]]
[[Image:Strongyloides larvae.jpg|thumb|right|150px|''Strongyloides'' larvae - Joaquim Castellà Veterinary Parasitology Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona]]
[[Image:Strongyloides.jpg|thumb|right|150px|''Strongyloides'' - Joaquim Castellà Veterinary Parasitology Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona]]
==Overview==
This is the only genus of veterinary importance in the super-family Rhabditoidea. There are a number of species that are of particular importance and these are mainly host specific.

=== ''Strongyloides westeri'' ===
This is a parasite of the horse and is most commonly seen in young foals, less than six months in age. This is usually the fisrt parasite to which foals are exposed and therfore they have very little immunity to these infections. The predeliction site for these worms is the small intestine.
==== Morphology ====
The distinguishing features of this worm are:
*Very small, 6-9mm long
*Slender, hair-like
*Long oesophagus (up to one third of body length).
*Intestines and ovaries intertwined in caudal body
*Blunt ended tail
The eggs are small and oval with a thin shell, they will often hatch in the large intestine so L1 larvae are expelled in the hosts faeces.
==== Life-Cycle ====
''S. westeri'' has a typical [[:Category:Rhabditoidea|strongyloides]] life cycle, with both a free living and parasitic cycle. The free living cycle involves male and female worms reproducing sexually on the ground, this can occur for several generation with no parasitism taking place. The parasitic phase involves only female worms and occurs from ingesion of L3 larvae or their penetration through the hosts skin. Infection my also be transmissed vertically from the dam to the foal by larval migration to the mammary tissue and ingestion by the foal with the dams milk. Once in the host the larvae migrate to the small intestine where they tunnel into the epithelium at the base of the villi and moult to L4 and then adult females. Females produce eggs without sexual interaction that can develop to become both male and female larvae. The pre patent period is between 1 and 2 weeks dependant on the level of infection.

==== Pathogenicity ====
Pathology is rarely seen in adult horses due to the development of immunity, though penetration of the skin by larvae may still cause irritation anddermatitis. Adults with larvae in beneath the skin and in the abdomen can act as carriers. In foals heavy infections can cause severe enteritis and diarrhoea. It should be noted that apparently healthy animals can still have high faecal egg counts.
Some clinical symptoms that may occur include: acute diarrhoea, loss of weight, coughing, dehydration, slight to moderate anaemia.

==== Control ====
The number and spread of ''S. westeri'' is best controlled by good hygeine such as the removal of faeces from pasture and stabling and the provision of clean, dry bedding. Foals are often treated with anthelmintics at 2 weeks old against ''S. westeri''.

===''Strongyloides papillosus''===
This is a nematode of cattle and small ruminants and is found throughout the world. As with ‘’S. westeri’’ above clinical signs are normally only seen in young animals as older animals develop immunity.
====Morphology====
The morphology of ''S. papillosus’’ is the same as that of the ‘’S. westeri’’. The eggs hatch inside the host and so L1 larvae are released with the faeces.
====Life Cycle====
The life cylce of ''S. papillosus'' is typical of [[:Category:Rhabditoidea|strongyloides]] species with both parasitic and free living cycles. As adults animals will become immune to infection the primary method of infection for young animals is through the milk of the dam, this still involves only females as males are only present in the environment as 'free-living' nematodes.
== Clinical Signs ==
Not obvious. Slight unthriftiness. Maybe diarrhoea which is sometimes watery. Unkept coats.
== Diagnosis ==
Faecal examination

[[Category:Rhabditoidea]][[Category:Horse Nematodes]][[Category:Sheep Nematodes]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_Parasites]][[Category:To Do - Major]]

Strongyloides

2019-05-31T14:09:57Z

Xxaoifedxx: /* Pathology */

{{Taxobox
|name =''Strongyloides spp.''
|kingdom =Animalia
|sub-kingdom =
|phylum =[[:Category:Nematodes|Nematoda]]
|super-class =
|class = Chromadorea
|sub-class =
|super-order =
|order = Rhabditida
|sub-order = Rhabditina
|super-family =Rhabditoidea
|family =Strongyloididae
|sub-family =
|genus =Strongloides
|species =''S. westeri''
}}
[[Image:Strongyloides stercoralis 2.jpg|thumb|right|150px|''Strongyloides stercoralis'' - Courtesy of the Laboratory of Parasitology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine]]
[[Image:Strongyloides stercoralis.jpg|thumb|right|150px|''Strongyloides stercoralis'' - Joaquim Castellà Veterinary Parasitology Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona]]
[[Image:Strongyloides larvae.jpg|thumb|right|150px|''Strongyloides'' larvae - Joaquim Castellà Veterinary Parasitology Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona]]
[[Image:Strongyloides.jpg|thumb|right|150px|''Strongyloides'' - Joaquim Castellà Veterinary Parasitology Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona]]
==Overview==
This is the only genus of veterinary importance in the super-family Rhabditoidea. There are a number of species that are of particular importance and these are mainly host specific.

=== ''Strongyloides westeri'' ===
This is a parasite of the horse and is most commonly seen in young foals, less than six months in age. This is usually the fisrt parasite to which foals are exposed and therfore they have very little immunity to these infections. The predeliction site for these worms is the small intestine.
==== Morphology ====
The distinguishing features of this worm are:
*Very small, 6-9mm long
*Slender, hair-like
*Long oesophagus (up to one third of body length).
*Intestines and ovaries intertwined in caudal body
*Blunt ended tail
The eggs are small and oval with a thin shell, they will often hatch in the large intestine so L1 larvae are expelled in the hosts faeces.
==== Life-Cycle ====
''S. westeri'' has a typical [[:Category:Rhabditoidea|strongyloides]] life cycle, with both a free living and parasitic cycle. The free living cycle involves male and female worms reproducing sexually on the ground, this can occur for several generation with no parasitism taking place. The parasitic phase involves only female worms and occurs from ingesion of L3 larvae or their penetration through the hosts skin. Infection my also be transmissed vertically from the dam to the foal by larval migration to the mammary tissue and ingestion by the foal with the dams milk. Once in the host the larvae migrate to the small intestine where they tunnel into the epithelium at the base of the villi and moult to L4 and then adult females. Females produce eggs without sexual interaction that can develop to become both male and female larvae. The pre patent period is between 1 and 2 weeks dependant on the level of infection.

==== Pathogenicity ====
Pathology is rarely seen in adult horses due to the development of immunity, though penetration of the skin by larvae may still cause irritation anddermatitis. Adults with larvae in beneath the skin and in the abdomen can act as carriers. In foals heavy infections can cause severe enteritis and diarrhoea. It should be noted that apparently healthy animals can still have high faecal egg counts.
Some clinical symptoms that may occur include: acute diarrhoea, loss of weight, coughing, dehydration, slight to moderate anaemia.

==== Control ====
The number and spread of ''S. westeri'' is best controlled by good hygeine such as the removal of faeces from pasture and stabling and the provision of clean, dry bedding. Foals are often treated with anthelmintics at 2 weeks old against ''S. westeri''.

===''Strongyloides papillosus''===
This is a nematode of cattle and small ruminants and is found throughout the world. As with ‘’S. westeri’’ above clinical signs are normally only seen in young animals as older animals develop immunity.
====Morphology====
The morphology of ''S. papillosus’’ is the same as that of the ‘’S. westeri’’. The eggs hatch inside the host and so L1 larvae are released with the faeces.
====Life Cycle====
The life cylce of ''S. papillosus'' is typical of [[:Category:Rhabditoidea|strongyloides]] species with both parasitic and free living cycles. As adults animals will become immune to infection the primary method of infection for young animals is through the milk of the dam, this still involves only females as males are only present in the environment as 'free-living' nematodes.
== Clinical Signs ==
* 1st stage to skin - dermatitis
*2nd stage to lungs - pneumonia verminosa
*3rd stage of intestine - diarrhoea/dysentery
* Rapid emaciation, anaemia, stunting, dysentery, reduced growth
* Some are asymptomatic or moderate

===''Strongyloides felis''===
Definite host is cat
== Clinical Signs ==
Not obvious. Slight unthriftiness. Maybe diarrhoea which is sometimes watery. Unkept coats.
== Diagnosis ==
Faecal examination

[[Category:Rhabditoidea]][[Category:Horse Nematodes]][[Category:Sheep Nematodes]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_Parasites]][[Category:To Do - Major]]

Strongyloides

2019-05-31T14:09:43Z

Xxaoifedxx: /* Transmission */

{{Taxobox
|name =''Strongyloides spp.''
|kingdom =Animalia
|sub-kingdom =
|phylum =[[:Category:Nematodes|Nematoda]]
|super-class =
|class = Chromadorea
|sub-class =
|super-order =
|order = Rhabditida
|sub-order = Rhabditina
|super-family =Rhabditoidea
|family =Strongyloididae
|sub-family =
|genus =Strongloides
|species =''S. westeri''
}}
[[Image:Strongyloides stercoralis 2.jpg|thumb|right|150px|''Strongyloides stercoralis'' - Courtesy of the Laboratory of Parasitology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine]]
[[Image:Strongyloides stercoralis.jpg|thumb|right|150px|''Strongyloides stercoralis'' - Joaquim Castellà Veterinary Parasitology Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona]]
[[Image:Strongyloides larvae.jpg|thumb|right|150px|''Strongyloides'' larvae - Joaquim Castellà Veterinary Parasitology Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona]]
[[Image:Strongyloides.jpg|thumb|right|150px|''Strongyloides'' - Joaquim Castellà Veterinary Parasitology Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona]]
==Overview==
This is the only genus of veterinary importance in the super-family Rhabditoidea. There are a number of species that are of particular importance and these are mainly host specific.

=== ''Strongyloides westeri'' ===
This is a parasite of the horse and is most commonly seen in young foals, less than six months in age. This is usually the fisrt parasite to which foals are exposed and therfore they have very little immunity to these infections. The predeliction site for these worms is the small intestine.
==== Morphology ====
The distinguishing features of this worm are:
*Very small, 6-9mm long
*Slender, hair-like
*Long oesophagus (up to one third of body length).
*Intestines and ovaries intertwined in caudal body
*Blunt ended tail
The eggs are small and oval with a thin shell, they will often hatch in the large intestine so L1 larvae are expelled in the hosts faeces.
==== Life-Cycle ====
''S. westeri'' has a typical [[:Category:Rhabditoidea|strongyloides]] life cycle, with both a free living and parasitic cycle. The free living cycle involves male and female worms reproducing sexually on the ground, this can occur for several generation with no parasitism taking place. The parasitic phase involves only female worms and occurs from ingesion of L3 larvae or their penetration through the hosts skin. Infection my also be transmissed vertically from the dam to the foal by larval migration to the mammary tissue and ingestion by the foal with the dams milk. Once in the host the larvae migrate to the small intestine where they tunnel into the epithelium at the base of the villi and moult to L4 and then adult females. Females produce eggs without sexual interaction that can develop to become both male and female larvae. The pre patent period is between 1 and 2 weeks dependant on the level of infection.

==== Pathogenicity ====
Pathology is rarely seen in adult horses due to the development of immunity, though penetration of the skin by larvae may still cause irritation anddermatitis. Adults with larvae in beneath the skin and in the abdomen can act as carriers. In foals heavy infections can cause severe enteritis and diarrhoea. It should be noted that apparently healthy animals can still have high faecal egg counts.
Some clinical symptoms that may occur include: acute diarrhoea, loss of weight, coughing, dehydration, slight to moderate anaemia.

==== Control ====
The number and spread of ''S. westeri'' is best controlled by good hygeine such as the removal of faeces from pasture and stabling and the provision of clean, dry bedding. Foals are often treated with anthelmintics at 2 weeks old against ''S. westeri''.

===''Strongyloides papillosus''===
This is a nematode of cattle and small ruminants and is found throughout the world. As with ‘’S. westeri’’ above clinical signs are normally only seen in young animals as older animals develop immunity.
====Morphology====
The morphology of ''S. papillosus’’ is the same as that of the ‘’S. westeri’’. The eggs hatch inside the host and so L1 larvae are released with the faeces.
====Life Cycle====
The life cylce of ''S. papillosus'' is typical of [[:Category:Rhabditoidea|strongyloides]] species with both parasitic and free living cycles. As adults animals will become immune to infection the primary method of infection for young animals is through the milk of the dam, this still involves only females as males are only present in the environment as 'free-living' nematodes.
== Pathology ==
Adults burrow into mucosa of the proximal third part of the small intestine. Inflammation, erosion and oedema of epithelium occurs. Impairment of digestion and absorption also occurs.
== Clinical Signs ==
* 1st stage to skin - dermatitis
*2nd stage to lungs - pneumonia verminosa
*3rd stage of intestine - diarrhoea/dysentery
* Rapid emaciation, anaemia, stunting, dysentery, reduced growth
* Some are asymptomatic or moderate

===''Strongyloides felis''===
Definite host is cat
== Clinical Signs ==
Not obvious. Slight unthriftiness. Maybe diarrhoea which is sometimes watery. Unkept coats.
== Diagnosis ==
Faecal examination

[[Category:Rhabditoidea]][[Category:Horse Nematodes]][[Category:Sheep Nematodes]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_Parasites]][[Category:To Do - Major]]

Strongyloides

2019-05-31T14:09:28Z

Xxaoifedxx: /* Treatment */

{{Taxobox
|name =''Strongyloides spp.''
|kingdom =Animalia
|sub-kingdom =
|phylum =[[:Category:Nematodes|Nematoda]]
|super-class =
|class = Chromadorea
|sub-class =
|super-order =
|order = Rhabditida
|sub-order = Rhabditina
|super-family =Rhabditoidea
|family =Strongyloididae
|sub-family =
|genus =Strongloides
|species =''S. westeri''
}}
[[Image:Strongyloides stercoralis 2.jpg|thumb|right|150px|''Strongyloides stercoralis'' - Courtesy of the Laboratory of Parasitology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine]]
[[Image:Strongyloides stercoralis.jpg|thumb|right|150px|''Strongyloides stercoralis'' - Joaquim Castellà Veterinary Parasitology Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona]]
[[Image:Strongyloides larvae.jpg|thumb|right|150px|''Strongyloides'' larvae - Joaquim Castellà Veterinary Parasitology Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona]]
[[Image:Strongyloides.jpg|thumb|right|150px|''Strongyloides'' - Joaquim Castellà Veterinary Parasitology Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona]]
==Overview==
This is the only genus of veterinary importance in the super-family Rhabditoidea. There are a number of species that are of particular importance and these are mainly host specific.

=== ''Strongyloides westeri'' ===
This is a parasite of the horse and is most commonly seen in young foals, less than six months in age. This is usually the fisrt parasite to which foals are exposed and therfore they have very little immunity to these infections. The predeliction site for these worms is the small intestine.
==== Morphology ====
The distinguishing features of this worm are:
*Very small, 6-9mm long
*Slender, hair-like
*Long oesophagus (up to one third of body length).
*Intestines and ovaries intertwined in caudal body
*Blunt ended tail
The eggs are small and oval with a thin shell, they will often hatch in the large intestine so L1 larvae are expelled in the hosts faeces.
==== Life-Cycle ====
''S. westeri'' has a typical [[:Category:Rhabditoidea|strongyloides]] life cycle, with both a free living and parasitic cycle. The free living cycle involves male and female worms reproducing sexually on the ground, this can occur for several generation with no parasitism taking place. The parasitic phase involves only female worms and occurs from ingesion of L3 larvae or their penetration through the hosts skin. Infection my also be transmissed vertically from the dam to the foal by larval migration to the mammary tissue and ingestion by the foal with the dams milk. Once in the host the larvae migrate to the small intestine where they tunnel into the epithelium at the base of the villi and moult to L4 and then adult females. Females produce eggs without sexual interaction that can develop to become both male and female larvae. The pre patent period is between 1 and 2 weeks dependant on the level of infection.

==== Pathogenicity ====
Pathology is rarely seen in adult horses due to the development of immunity, though penetration of the skin by larvae may still cause irritation anddermatitis. Adults with larvae in beneath the skin and in the abdomen can act as carriers. In foals heavy infections can cause severe enteritis and diarrhoea. It should be noted that apparently healthy animals can still have high faecal egg counts.
Some clinical symptoms that may occur include: acute diarrhoea, loss of weight, coughing, dehydration, slight to moderate anaemia.

==== Control ====
The number and spread of ''S. westeri'' is best controlled by good hygeine such as the removal of faeces from pasture and stabling and the provision of clean, dry bedding. Foals are often treated with anthelmintics at 2 weeks old against ''S. westeri''.

===''Strongyloides papillosus''===
This is a nematode of cattle and small ruminants and is found throughout the world. As with ‘’S. westeri’’ above clinical signs are normally only seen in young animals as older animals develop immunity.
====Morphology====
The morphology of ''S. papillosus’’ is the same as that of the ‘’S. westeri’’. The eggs hatch inside the host and so L1 larvae are released with the faeces.
====Life Cycle====
The life cylce of ''S. papillosus'' is typical of [[:Category:Rhabditoidea|strongyloides]] species with both parasitic and free living cycles. As adults animals will become immune to infection the primary method of infection for young animals is through the milk of the dam, this still involves only females as males are only present in the environment as 'free-living' nematodes.
== Transmission ==
Transmammary, skin penetration, mucosa of oral cavity penetration (after ingestion).

== Pathology ==
Adults burrow into mucosa of the proximal third part of the small intestine. Inflammation, erosion and oedema of epithelium occurs. Impairment of digestion and absorption also occurs.
== Clinical Signs ==
* 1st stage to skin - dermatitis
*2nd stage to lungs - pneumonia verminosa
*3rd stage of intestine - diarrhoea/dysentery
* Rapid emaciation, anaemia, stunting, dysentery, reduced growth
* Some are asymptomatic or moderate

===''Strongyloides felis''===
Definite host is cat
== Clinical Signs ==
Not obvious. Slight unthriftiness. Maybe diarrhoea which is sometimes watery. Unkept coats.
== Diagnosis ==
Faecal examination

[[Category:Rhabditoidea]][[Category:Horse Nematodes]][[Category:Sheep Nematodes]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_Parasites]][[Category:To Do - Major]]

Strongyloides

2019-05-31T14:07:33Z

Xxaoifedxx: /* Transmission */

{{Taxobox
|name =''Strongyloides spp.''
|kingdom =Animalia
|sub-kingdom =
|phylum =[[:Category:Nematodes|Nematoda]]
|super-class =
|class = Chromadorea
|sub-class =
|super-order =
|order = Rhabditida
|sub-order = Rhabditina
|super-family =Rhabditoidea
|family =Strongyloididae
|sub-family =
|genus =Strongloides
|species =''S. westeri''
}}
[[Image:Strongyloides stercoralis 2.jpg|thumb|right|150px|''Strongyloides stercoralis'' - Courtesy of the Laboratory of Parasitology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine]]
[[Image:Strongyloides stercoralis.jpg|thumb|right|150px|''Strongyloides stercoralis'' - Joaquim Castellà Veterinary Parasitology Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona]]
[[Image:Strongyloides larvae.jpg|thumb|right|150px|''Strongyloides'' larvae - Joaquim Castellà Veterinary Parasitology Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona]]
[[Image:Strongyloides.jpg|thumb|right|150px|''Strongyloides'' - Joaquim Castellà Veterinary Parasitology Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona]]
==Overview==
This is the only genus of veterinary importance in the super-family Rhabditoidea. There are a number of species that are of particular importance and these are mainly host specific.

=== ''Strongyloides westeri'' ===
This is a parasite of the horse and is most commonly seen in young foals, less than six months in age. This is usually the fisrt parasite to which foals are exposed and therfore they have very little immunity to these infections. The predeliction site for these worms is the small intestine.
==== Morphology ====
The distinguishing features of this worm are:
*Very small, 6-9mm long
*Slender, hair-like
*Long oesophagus (up to one third of body length).
*Intestines and ovaries intertwined in caudal body
*Blunt ended tail
The eggs are small and oval with a thin shell, they will often hatch in the large intestine so L1 larvae are expelled in the hosts faeces.
==== Life-Cycle ====
''S. westeri'' has a typical [[:Category:Rhabditoidea|strongyloides]] life cycle, with both a free living and parasitic cycle. The free living cycle involves male and female worms reproducing sexually on the ground, this can occur for several generation with no parasitism taking place. The parasitic phase involves only female worms and occurs from ingesion of L3 larvae or their penetration through the hosts skin. Infection my also be transmissed vertically from the dam to the foal by larval migration to the mammary tissue and ingestion by the foal with the dams milk. Once in the host the larvae migrate to the small intestine where they tunnel into the epithelium at the base of the villi and moult to L4 and then adult females. Females produce eggs without sexual interaction that can develop to become both male and female larvae. The pre patent period is between 1 and 2 weeks dependant on the level of infection.

==== Pathogenicity ====
Pathology is rarely seen in adult horses due to the development of immunity, though penetration of the skin by larvae may still cause irritation anddermatitis. Adults with larvae in beneath the skin and in the abdomen can act as carriers. In foals heavy infections can cause severe enteritis and diarrhoea. It should be noted that apparently healthy animals can still have high faecal egg counts.
Some clinical symptoms that may occur include: acute diarrhoea, loss of weight, coughing, dehydration, slight to moderate anaemia.

==== Control ====
The number and spread of ''S. westeri'' is best controlled by good hygeine such as the removal of faeces from pasture and stabling and the provision of clean, dry bedding. Foals are often treated with anthelmintics at 2 weeks old against ''S. westeri''.

===''Strongyloides papillosus''===
This is a nematode of cattle and small ruminants and is found throughout the world. As with ‘’S. westeri’’ above clinical signs are normally only seen in young animals as older animals develop immunity.
====Morphology====
The morphology of ''S. papillosus’’ is the same as that of the ‘’S. westeri’’. The eggs hatch inside the host and so L1 larvae are released with the faeces.
====Life Cycle====
The life cylce of ''S. papillosus'' is typical of [[:Category:Rhabditoidea|strongyloides]] species with both parasitic and free living cycles. As adults animals will become immune to infection the primary method of infection for young animals is through the milk of the dam, this still involves only females as males are only present in the environment as 'free-living' nematodes.
== Treatment ==
Drugs against GI nematodes including: Ivermectin, albendazole, fenbendazole

===''Strongyloides ransomi''===
Definite host is pigs.
== Transmission ==
Transmammary, skin penetration, mucosa of oral cavity penetration (after ingestion).

== Pathology ==
Adults burrow into mucosa of the proximal third part of the small intestine. Inflammation, erosion and oedema of epithelium occurs. Impairment of digestion and absorption also occurs.
== Clinical Signs ==
* 1st stage to skin - dermatitis
*2nd stage to lungs - pneumonia verminosa
*3rd stage of intestine - diarrhoea/dysentery
* Rapid emaciation, anaemia, stunting, dysentery, reduced growth
* Some are asymptomatic or moderate

===''Strongyloides felis''===
Definite host is cat
== Clinical Signs ==
Not obvious. Slight unthriftiness. Maybe diarrhoea which is sometimes watery. Unkept coats.
== Diagnosis ==
Faecal examination

[[Category:Rhabditoidea]][[Category:Horse Nematodes]][[Category:Sheep Nematodes]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_Parasites]][[Category:To Do - Major]]

Strongyloides

2019-05-31T14:07:04Z

Xxaoifedxx: /* Overview */

{{Taxobox
|name =''Strongyloides spp.''
|kingdom =Animalia
|sub-kingdom =
|phylum =[[:Category:Nematodes|Nematoda]]
|super-class =
|class = Chromadorea
|sub-class =
|super-order =
|order = Rhabditida
|sub-order = Rhabditina
|super-family =Rhabditoidea
|family =Strongyloididae
|sub-family =
|genus =Strongloides
|species =''S. westeri''
}}
[[Image:Strongyloides stercoralis 2.jpg|thumb|right|150px|''Strongyloides stercoralis'' - Courtesy of the Laboratory of Parasitology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine]]
[[Image:Strongyloides stercoralis.jpg|thumb|right|150px|''Strongyloides stercoralis'' - Joaquim Castellà Veterinary Parasitology Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona]]
[[Image:Strongyloides larvae.jpg|thumb|right|150px|''Strongyloides'' larvae - Joaquim Castellà Veterinary Parasitology Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona]]
[[Image:Strongyloides.jpg|thumb|right|150px|''Strongyloides'' - Joaquim Castellà Veterinary Parasitology Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona]]
==Overview==
This is the only genus of veterinary importance in the super-family Rhabditoidea. There are a number of species that are of particular importance and these are mainly host specific.

=== ''Strongyloides westeri'' ===
This is a parasite of the horse and is most commonly seen in young foals, less than six months in age. This is usually the fisrt parasite to which foals are exposed and therfore they have very little immunity to these infections. The predeliction site for these worms is the small intestine.
==== Morphology ====
The distinguishing features of this worm are:
*Very small, 6-9mm long
*Slender, hair-like
*Long oesophagus (up to one third of body length).
*Intestines and ovaries intertwined in caudal body
*Blunt ended tail
The eggs are small and oval with a thin shell, they will often hatch in the large intestine so L1 larvae are expelled in the hosts faeces.
==== Life-Cycle ====
''S. westeri'' has a typical [[:Category:Rhabditoidea|strongyloides]] life cycle, with both a free living and parasitic cycle. The free living cycle involves male and female worms reproducing sexually on the ground, this can occur for several generation with no parasitism taking place. The parasitic phase involves only female worms and occurs from ingesion of L3 larvae or their penetration through the hosts skin. Infection my also be transmissed vertically from the dam to the foal by larval migration to the mammary tissue and ingestion by the foal with the dams milk. Once in the host the larvae migrate to the small intestine where they tunnel into the epithelium at the base of the villi and moult to L4 and then adult females. Females produce eggs without sexual interaction that can develop to become both male and female larvae. The pre patent period is between 1 and 2 weeks dependant on the level of infection.

==== Pathogenicity ====
Pathology is rarely seen in adult horses due to the development of immunity, though penetration of the skin by larvae may still cause irritation anddermatitis. Adults with larvae in beneath the skin and in the abdomen can act as carriers. In foals heavy infections can cause severe enteritis and diarrhoea. It should be noted that apparently healthy animals can still have high faecal egg counts.
Some clinical symptoms that may occur include: acute diarrhoea, loss of weight, coughing, dehydration, slight to moderate anaemia.

==== Control ====
The number and spread of ''S. westeri'' is best controlled by good hygeine such as the removal of faeces from pasture and stabling and the provision of clean, dry bedding. Foals are often treated with anthelmintics at 2 weeks old against ''S. westeri''.

===''Strongyloides papillosus''===
This is a nematode of cattle and small ruminants and is found throughout the world. As with ‘’S. westeri’’ above clinical signs are normally only seen in young animals as older animals develop immunity.
====Morphology====
The morphology of ''S. papillosus’’ is the same as that of the ‘’S. westeri’’. The eggs hatch inside the host and so L1 larvae are released with the faeces.
====Life Cycle====
The life cylce of ''S. papillosus'' is typical of [[:Category:Rhabditoidea|strongyloides]] species with both parasitic and free living cycles. As adults animals will become immune to infection the primary method of infection for young animals is through the milk of the dam, this still involves only females as males are only present in the environment as 'free-living' nematodes.
== Treatment ==
Drugs against GI nematodes including: Ivermectin, albendazole, fenbendazole

===''Strongyloides ransomi''===
Definite host is pigs.
== Transmission ==
Transmammary, skin penetration, mucosa of oral cavity penetration (after ingestion)
== Pathology ==
Adults burrow into mucosa of the proximal third part of the small intestine. Inflammation, erosion and oedema of epithelium occurs. Impairment of digestion and absorption also occurs.
== Clinical Signs ==
* 1st stage to skin - dermatitis
*2nd stage to lungs - pneumonia verminosa
*3rd stage of intestine - diarrhoea/dysentery
* Rapid emaciation, anaemia, stunting, dysentery, reduced growth
* Some are asymptomatic or moderate

===''Strongyloides felis''===
Definite host is cat
== Clinical Signs ==
Not obvious. Slight unthriftiness. Maybe diarrhoea which is sometimes watery. Unkept coats.
== Diagnosis ==
Faecal examination

[[Category:Rhabditoidea]][[Category:Horse Nematodes]][[Category:Sheep Nematodes]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_Parasites]][[Category:To Do - Major]]

Strongyloides

2019-05-31T13:57:16Z

Xxaoifedxx: /* Pathogenicity */

Changes in Vascular Adherence

2019-05-31T13:52:49Z

Xxaoifedxx: Created page with "Neutrophils are normally confined to the bloodstream and circulate with the other blood cells. If they are to defend tissues against a microbial invasion, they must leave the..."

Neutrophils are normally confined to the bloodstream and circulate with the other blood cells. If they are to defend tissues against a microbial invasion, they must leave the bloodstream. in normal tissues, neutrophils are carried along by the flow, like other blood cells. In inflamed tissues these fast-moving cells must slow down, stop, bind to blood vessel walls, and then must leave blood vessels by emigration through the vessel walls. This emigration is triggered by changes both in the endothelial cells that line blood vessel walls and in the neutrophils themselves.

== Changes in Endothelial Cells==
Bacterial products such as LPS, or alarmins from damaged tissues such as thrombin or histamine, cause capillary endothelial cells to express a glycoprotein called P-selectin (CD62P). P-selectin is normally stored in granules, but it moves to the endothelial cell surface within minutes after cell stimulation. Once expressed on the endothelial cell surface, the P-selectin binds to a protein called L-selectin (CD62L) on the surface of passing neutrophils. This binding is transient because the neutrophils readily shed their L-selectin. Nevertheless, the neutrophils gradually slow down and roll along the endothelial cell surface as they lose speed and eventually come to a complete stop.

== Changes in Neutrophils ==
As the neutrophils roll along the endothelial surface, the second stage of adhesion occurs. Platelet-activating factor secreted by the endothelial cells activates the rolling neutrophils so that they express a protein called CD11a/CD18 or LFA-1 (leukocyte function-associated antigen-1). LFA-1 is an adhesive protein or integrin, and it binds strongly to a glycoprotein called intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1 or CD54) expressed on the endothelial cells. This strong binding makes the neutrophil come to a complete stop and attaches it firmly to the vessel wall despite the shearing force of the blood flow. Adherent neutrophils also secrete small amounts of elastase. The elastase removes CD43 (leukosialin), an anti-adhesive protein, from the neutrophil surface, which allows the neutrophils to bind to the endothelial cells even more strongly. A third stage of increased leukocyte-endothelial cell adhesion takes several hours to develop and is mediated by cytokines and chemokines. Thus endothelial cells activated by interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-23 (IL-23), or tumour necrosis factor-a (TNF-a) express E-selectin (CD62E), which enhances neutrophil adhesiveness even further. IL-1 and IL-23 also induce the production of the chemokine CXCL8 by endothelial cells, and this attracts still more neutrophils. TNF-a stimulates endothelial cells to secrete IL-1. It also promotes vasodilation, procoagulant activity, and thrombosis, and increases both expression of cell adherence proteins and the production of chemotactic molecules.

== Integrins ==
Many cell surface proteins make cells stock together, but the most important of these are the integrins. There are several families of integrins. Each consists of paired protein chains (heterodimers) using a unique a chain linked to a common β chain. For example, three B2-integrins are found on neutrophils. The a chain, called CD11a, b, or c, is linked to a common B2 chain (CD18). So these three integrins are called CD11a/CD18, CD11b/CD18, and CD11c/CD18. As described above, LFA-1 expressed by activated neutrophils binds to ICAM-1 expressed on capillary endothelial cells. CD11b/CD18 also binds leukocytes to endothelial cells and is a receptor for some components of the complement system (complement receptor 3 [CR3])

== Emigration ==
After binding to blood vessel walls and coming to a complete stop, the neutrophils emigrate into the surrounding tissues under the influence of chemoattractants. The migrating neutrophils squeeze between the endothelial cells and the basement membrane. This process has been called diapedesis or transmigration. They then crawl towards any invading microbes. Since neutrophils are the most mobile of all the blood leukocytes, they are the first cells to arrive at the damaged tissues.

RIG-like Receptors

2019-05-31T13:19:26Z

Xxaoifedxx: Created page with "Retinoic acid inducible gene (RIG)-like receptors (RLRs) are pattern-recognition receptors expressed in the cytosol of cells, where they bind viral RNA. Viral RNA is different..."

Retinoic acid inducible gene (RIG)-like receptors (RLRs) are pattern-recognition receptors expressed in the cytosol of cells, where they bind viral RNA. Viral RNA is different in several aspects from mammalian RNA and so can be detected by these molecules. on interacting with viral RNA, RLRs initiate a cellular anti-viral response and the production of antiviral cytokines called interferons.