https://en.wikivet.net/api.php?action=feedcontributions&user=Bepocock&feedformat=atomWikiVet English - User contributions [en]2024-03-28T13:37:27ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.35.0https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=African_Horse_Sickness&diff=43593African Horse Sickness2009-03-28T16:44:11Z<p>Bepocock: /* Diagnosis */</p>
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<div>{{unfinished}}<br />
<br />
{{toplink<br />
|linkpage =Viruses<br />
|linktext =VIRUSES<br />
|sublink1=Orthomyxoviridae<br />
|subtext1=INFLUENZA<br />
|pagetype =Bugs<br />
}}<br />
<br><br />
<br />
====Antigenicity====<br />
*9 serotypes<br />
<br />
====Hosts====<br />
*Clinical: horses, mules, donkeys<br />
*Subclinical: african donkeys, zebras<br />
<br />
====Pathogenesis====<br />
*Virus oscillates between horses and midges<br />
**Replicates in the salivary glands of biting midges, and occurs where they breed<br />
*'''Pantropic''' virus: infects endothelium and myocardium<br />
*'''Peracute''': causes sudden death with pyrexia before the onset of clinical signs<br />
*Two forms:<br />
**'''Acute cardac-pneumonic form''': <br />
***Interlobular pulmonary oedema<br />
***Pericarditis<br />
***Hemorrhage and oedema of the viscera<br />
***Death within 5 days<br />
**'''Subacute cardiac form''':<br />
***Milder clinical signs but still a high mortality rate<br />
<br />
====Diagnosis====<br />
*Clinical signs<br />
*Differential: Equine Arteritis Virus (EAV)<br />
**EAV causes oedema in the legs, which AHS does NOT<br />
*Suckling mouse inoculation<br />
*Virus serotype identification<br />
*Serology<br />
*RT-PCR will be used in future outbreaks<br />
<br />
====Control====<br />
Control measures are largely preventative:<br />
*Slaughter or immediate isolation of sick animals<br />
*Mandatory and immediate vaccination with appropriate serotype<br />
*Restricted movement of susceptible animals<br />
**Protection zones and Surveillance zones set in place around outbreaks<br />
*Control of vector: ectoparasiticides, etc.<br />
<br />
====Current Relevance====<br />
*Once only found in Africa, but since 1987 has recurred in Spain and Portugal<br />
*Not present currently in the UK but global warming may expand midge breeding grounds</div>Bepocockhttps://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Viruses_by_Species&diff=43592Viruses by Species2009-03-27T11:34:47Z<p>Bepocock: /* Canine */</p>
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<div>{{unfinished}}<br />
<br />
{{toplink<br />
|linkpage =Viruses<br />
|linktext =VIRUSES<br />
}}<br />
<br><br />
<br />
==Avian==<br />
[[Avian Influenza]]<br />
<br />
[[Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV)]]<br />
<br />
[[Avian Leukosis Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Avian Circoviruses]]<br />
<br />
[[Mareks Disease]]<br />
<br />
==Bovine==<br />
[[Bovine Parainfluenza - 3 (PI-3)]]<br />
<br />
[[Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus (BRSV)]]<br />
<br />
[[Bluetongue Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Bovine Enteric Coronavirus]]<br />
<br />
[[Bovine Virus Diarrhoea Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Bovine Herpesvirus 1]]<br />
<br />
[[Malignant Catarrhal Fever Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Cow pox]]<br />
<br />
[[Papomaviridae|Bovine Papillomaviruses]]<br />
<br />
==Canine==<br />
[[Canine Parainfluenza - 2 (aka Parainfluenza - 5)]]<br />
<br />
[[Canine Distemper Virus (CDV)]]<br />
<br />
[[Canine Parvovirus]]<br />
<br />
[[Papomaviridae|Canine Papillomaviruses]]<br />
<br />
[[Canine Adenovirus 1 (Infectious Canine Hepatitis)]]<br />
<br />
[[Canine Adenovirus 2 (Infectious Canine Laryngotracheitis)]]<br />
<br />
==Caprine (Goats)==<br />
[[Caprine Arthrirtis Encephalitis Virus]]<br />
<br />
==Equine==<br />
[[African Horse Sickness]]<br />
<br />
[[Equine Influenza]]<br />
<br />
[[Paramyxoviridae#Hendra Virus|Hendra Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Equine Infectious Anemia]]<br />
<br />
[[Equine Encephalitis Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Equine Arteritis Virus (EAV)]]<br />
<br />
[[Equine Herpesvirus 1]]<br />
<br />
[[West Nile Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Papomaviridae|Equine Papillomaviruses]]<br />
<br />
[[Papomaviridae|Equine Sarcoids]]<br />
<br />
==Feline==<br />
[[Feline Calicivirus]]<br />
<br />
[[Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV)]]<br />
<br />
[[Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV)]]<br />
<br />
[[Feline Infections Peritonitis (FIP)]]<br />
<br />
[[Feline Herpesvirus 1|Feline Herpesvirus 1 (Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis)]]<br />
<br />
[[Feline Parvovirus]]<br />
<br />
==Lapine (Rabbits)==<br />
[[Rabbit Haemorrhatic Disease Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Myxomatosis]]<br />
<br />
==Ovine==<br />
[[Bluetongue Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Visna-Maedi Virus of Sheep]]<br />
<br />
[[Sheep Pulmonary Adenomatosis]]<br />
<br />
[[Border Disease Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Orf]]<br />
<br />
[[Louping Ill]]<br />
<br />
==Porcine==<br />
[[Swine Influenza]]<br />
<br />
[[Paramyxoviridae#Nipah Virus|Nipah Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS)]]<br />
<br />
[[Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus of Pigs (TGEV)]]<br />
<br />
[[Swine Vesicular Disease]]<br />
<br />
[[Porcine Enterovirus]]<br />
<br />
[[Porcine Circoviruses]]<br />
<br />
[[Classical Swine Fever]]<br />
<br />
[[Suid Herpesvirus 1]]<br />
<br />
[[Asfarviridae|African Swine Fever]]<br />
<br />
[[Porcine Parvovirus]]<br />
<br />
==Reptilian==<br />
[[Paramyxoviridae#Reptilian Paramyxoviruses|Reptilian Paramyxoviruses]]<br />
<br />
<br />
==Rodentia==<br />
[[Paramyxoviridae#Murine Parainfluenza - 1 (Sendai virus)|Sendai Virus]]</div>Bepocockhttps://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Reoviridae&diff=43591Reoviridae2009-03-27T10:46:25Z<p>Bepocock: /* Control */</p>
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<div>{{unfinished}}<br />
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{{toplink<br />
|linkpage =Viruses<br />
|linktext =VIRUSES<br />
|pagetype=Bugs<br />
}}<br />
<br><br />
<br />
=Introduction=<br />
Reoviridae include rotaviruses and orbiviruses, such as African Horse Sickness and Bluetongue. Pathogenesis ranges from acute alimentary infections to infections of the vascular endothelium. "REO" stands for "Respiratory-Enteric-Orphan."<br />
<br />
=Morphology=<br />
*All are non-enveloped dsRNA viruses<br />
*Spherical and medium-sized with characteristic appearances<br />
*Segmented genome, with each segment encoding a separate viral protein<br />
<br />
=Virulence and Pathogenesis=<br />
*Reoviridae are '''resistant''' viruses that can persist in the environment for several weeks<br />
<br />
=Epidemiology=<br />
*Many reoviruses infect domestic animals without causing disease<br />
*They have been implicated in stunting syndrome of chickens<br />
<br />
=Types and Subtypes=<br />
==[[Rotaviruses]]==<br />
==Orbiviruses==<br />
===[[Bluetongue Virus]]===<br />
===[[African Horse Sickness]]===</div>Bepocockhttps://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Reoviridae&diff=43590Reoviridae2009-03-27T10:46:17Z<p>Bepocock: /* Diagnosis */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{unfinished}}<br />
<br />
{{toplink<br />
|linkpage =Viruses<br />
|linktext =VIRUSES<br />
|pagetype=Bugs<br />
}}<br />
<br><br />
<br />
=Introduction=<br />
Reoviridae include rotaviruses and orbiviruses, such as African Horse Sickness and Bluetongue. Pathogenesis ranges from acute alimentary infections to infections of the vascular endothelium. "REO" stands for "Respiratory-Enteric-Orphan."<br />
<br />
=Morphology=<br />
*All are non-enveloped dsRNA viruses<br />
*Spherical and medium-sized with characteristic appearances<br />
*Segmented genome, with each segment encoding a separate viral protein<br />
<br />
=Virulence and Pathogenesis=<br />
*Reoviridae are '''resistant''' viruses that can persist in the environment for several weeks<br />
<br />
=Epidemiology=<br />
*Many reoviruses infect domestic animals without causing disease<br />
*They have been implicated in stunting syndrome of chickens<br />
<br />
=Types and Subtypes=<br />
==[[Rotaviruses]]==<br />
==Orbiviruses==<br />
===[[Bluetongue Virus]]===<br />
===[[African Horse Sickness]]===<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
=Control=</div>Bepocockhttps://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Viruses_by_Species&diff=43589Viruses by Species2009-03-27T10:41:41Z<p>Bepocock: /* Canine */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{unfinished}}<br />
<br />
{{toplink<br />
|linkpage =Viruses<br />
|linktext =VIRUSES<br />
}}<br />
<br><br />
<br />
==Avian==<br />
[[Avian Influenza]]<br />
<br />
[[Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV)]]<br />
<br />
[[Avian Leukosis Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Avian Circoviruses]]<br />
<br />
[[Mareks Disease]]<br />
<br />
==Bovine==<br />
[[Bovine Parainfluenza - 3 (PI-3)]]<br />
<br />
[[Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus (BRSV)]]<br />
<br />
[[Bluetongue Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Bovine Enteric Coronavirus]]<br />
<br />
[[Bovine Virus Diarrhoea Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Bovine Herpesvirus 1]]<br />
<br />
[[Malignant Catarrhal Fever Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Cow pox]]<br />
<br />
[[Papomaviridae|Bovine Papillomaviruses]]<br />
<br />
==Canine==<br />
[[Canine Parainfluenza - 2 (aka Parainfluenza - 5)]]<br />
<br />
[[Canine Distemper Virus (CDV)]]<br />
<br />
[[Canine Parvovirus]]<br />
<br />
[[Papomaviridae|Canine Papillomaviruses]]<br />
<br />
==Caprine (Goats)==<br />
[[Caprine Arthrirtis Encephalitis Virus]]<br />
<br />
==Equine==<br />
[[African Horse Sickness]]<br />
<br />
[[Equine Influenza]]<br />
<br />
[[Paramyxoviridae#Hendra Virus|Hendra Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Equine Infectious Anemia]]<br />
<br />
[[Equine Encephalitis Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Equine Arteritis Virus (EAV)]]<br />
<br />
[[Equine Herpesvirus 1]]<br />
<br />
[[West Nile Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Papomaviridae|Equine Papillomaviruses]]<br />
<br />
[[Papomaviridae|Equine Sarcoids]]<br />
<br />
==Feline==<br />
[[Feline Calicivirus]]<br />
<br />
[[Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV)]]<br />
<br />
[[Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV)]]<br />
<br />
[[Feline Infections Peritonitis (FIP)]]<br />
<br />
[[Feline Herpesvirus 1|Feline Herpesvirus 1 (Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis)]]<br />
<br />
[[Feline Parvovirus]]<br />
<br />
==Lapine (Rabbits)==<br />
[[Rabbit Haemorrhatic Disease Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Myxomatosis]]<br />
<br />
==Ovine==<br />
[[Bluetongue Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Visna-Maedi Virus of Sheep]]<br />
<br />
[[Sheep Pulmonary Adenomatosis]]<br />
<br />
[[Border Disease Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Orf]]<br />
<br />
[[Louping Ill]]<br />
<br />
==Porcine==<br />
[[Swine Influenza]]<br />
<br />
[[Paramyxoviridae#Nipah Virus|Nipah Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS)]]<br />
<br />
[[Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus of Pigs (TGEV)]]<br />
<br />
[[Swine Vesicular Disease]]<br />
<br />
[[Porcine Enterovirus]]<br />
<br />
[[Porcine Circoviruses]]<br />
<br />
[[Classical Swine Fever]]<br />
<br />
[[Suid Herpesvirus 1]]<br />
<br />
[[Asfarviridae|African Swine Fever]]<br />
<br />
[[Porcine Parvovirus]]<br />
<br />
==Reptilian==<br />
[[Paramyxoviridae#Reptilian Paramyxoviruses|Reptilian Paramyxoviruses]]<br />
<br />
<br />
==Rodentia==<br />
[[Paramyxoviridae#Murine Parainfluenza - 1 (Sendai virus)|Sendai Virus]]</div>Bepocockhttps://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Viruses_by_Species&diff=43588Viruses by Species2009-03-27T10:41:08Z<p>Bepocock: /* Bovine */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{unfinished}}<br />
<br />
{{toplink<br />
|linkpage =Viruses<br />
|linktext =VIRUSES<br />
}}<br />
<br><br />
<br />
==Avian==<br />
[[Avian Influenza]]<br />
<br />
[[Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV)]]<br />
<br />
[[Avian Leukosis Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Avian Circoviruses]]<br />
<br />
[[Mareks Disease]]<br />
<br />
==Bovine==<br />
[[Bovine Parainfluenza - 3 (PI-3)]]<br />
<br />
[[Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus (BRSV)]]<br />
<br />
[[Bluetongue Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Bovine Enteric Coronavirus]]<br />
<br />
[[Bovine Virus Diarrhoea Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Bovine Herpesvirus 1]]<br />
<br />
[[Malignant Catarrhal Fever Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Cow pox]]<br />
<br />
[[Papomaviridae|Bovine Papillomaviruses]]<br />
<br />
==Canine==<br />
[[Canine Parainfluenza - 2 (aka Parainfluenza - 5)]]<br />
<br />
[[Canine Distemper Virus (CDV)]]<br />
<br />
[[Canine Parvovirus]]<br />
<br />
==Caprine (Goats)==<br />
[[Caprine Arthrirtis Encephalitis Virus]]<br />
<br />
==Equine==<br />
[[African Horse Sickness]]<br />
<br />
[[Equine Influenza]]<br />
<br />
[[Paramyxoviridae#Hendra Virus|Hendra Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Equine Infectious Anemia]]<br />
<br />
[[Equine Encephalitis Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Equine Arteritis Virus (EAV)]]<br />
<br />
[[Equine Herpesvirus 1]]<br />
<br />
[[West Nile Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Papomaviridae|Equine Papillomaviruses]]<br />
<br />
[[Papomaviridae|Equine Sarcoids]]<br />
<br />
==Feline==<br />
[[Feline Calicivirus]]<br />
<br />
[[Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV)]]<br />
<br />
[[Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV)]]<br />
<br />
[[Feline Infections Peritonitis (FIP)]]<br />
<br />
[[Feline Herpesvirus 1|Feline Herpesvirus 1 (Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis)]]<br />
<br />
[[Feline Parvovirus]]<br />
<br />
==Lapine (Rabbits)==<br />
[[Rabbit Haemorrhatic Disease Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Myxomatosis]]<br />
<br />
==Ovine==<br />
[[Bluetongue Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Visna-Maedi Virus of Sheep]]<br />
<br />
[[Sheep Pulmonary Adenomatosis]]<br />
<br />
[[Border Disease Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Orf]]<br />
<br />
[[Louping Ill]]<br />
<br />
==Porcine==<br />
[[Swine Influenza]]<br />
<br />
[[Paramyxoviridae#Nipah Virus|Nipah Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS)]]<br />
<br />
[[Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus of Pigs (TGEV)]]<br />
<br />
[[Swine Vesicular Disease]]<br />
<br />
[[Porcine Enterovirus]]<br />
<br />
[[Porcine Circoviruses]]<br />
<br />
[[Classical Swine Fever]]<br />
<br />
[[Suid Herpesvirus 1]]<br />
<br />
[[Asfarviridae|African Swine Fever]]<br />
<br />
[[Porcine Parvovirus]]<br />
<br />
==Reptilian==<br />
[[Paramyxoviridae#Reptilian Paramyxoviruses|Reptilian Paramyxoviruses]]<br />
<br />
<br />
==Rodentia==<br />
[[Paramyxoviridae#Murine Parainfluenza - 1 (Sendai virus)|Sendai Virus]]</div>Bepocockhttps://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Viruses_by_Species&diff=43587Viruses by Species2009-03-27T10:40:34Z<p>Bepocock: /* Equine */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{unfinished}}<br />
<br />
{{toplink<br />
|linkpage =Viruses<br />
|linktext =VIRUSES<br />
}}<br />
<br><br />
<br />
==Avian==<br />
[[Avian Influenza]]<br />
<br />
[[Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV)]]<br />
<br />
[[Avian Leukosis Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Avian Circoviruses]]<br />
<br />
[[Mareks Disease]]<br />
<br />
==Bovine==<br />
[[Bovine Parainfluenza - 3 (PI-3)]]<br />
<br />
[[Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus (BRSV)]]<br />
<br />
[[Bluetongue Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Bovine Enteric Coronavirus]]<br />
<br />
[[Bovine Virus Diarrhoea Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Bovine Herpesvirus 1]]<br />
<br />
[[Malignant Catarrhal Fever Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Cow pox]]<br />
<br />
==Canine==<br />
[[Canine Parainfluenza - 2 (aka Parainfluenza - 5)]]<br />
<br />
[[Canine Distemper Virus (CDV)]]<br />
<br />
[[Canine Parvovirus]]<br />
<br />
==Caprine (Goats)==<br />
[[Caprine Arthrirtis Encephalitis Virus]]<br />
<br />
==Equine==<br />
[[African Horse Sickness]]<br />
<br />
[[Equine Influenza]]<br />
<br />
[[Paramyxoviridae#Hendra Virus|Hendra Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Equine Infectious Anemia]]<br />
<br />
[[Equine Encephalitis Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Equine Arteritis Virus (EAV)]]<br />
<br />
[[Equine Herpesvirus 1]]<br />
<br />
[[West Nile Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Papomaviridae|Equine Papillomaviruses]]<br />
<br />
[[Papomaviridae|Equine Sarcoids]]<br />
<br />
==Feline==<br />
[[Feline Calicivirus]]<br />
<br />
[[Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV)]]<br />
<br />
[[Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV)]]<br />
<br />
[[Feline Infections Peritonitis (FIP)]]<br />
<br />
[[Feline Herpesvirus 1|Feline Herpesvirus 1 (Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis)]]<br />
<br />
[[Feline Parvovirus]]<br />
<br />
==Lapine (Rabbits)==<br />
[[Rabbit Haemorrhatic Disease Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Myxomatosis]]<br />
<br />
==Ovine==<br />
[[Bluetongue Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Visna-Maedi Virus of Sheep]]<br />
<br />
[[Sheep Pulmonary Adenomatosis]]<br />
<br />
[[Border Disease Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Orf]]<br />
<br />
[[Louping Ill]]<br />
<br />
==Porcine==<br />
[[Swine Influenza]]<br />
<br />
[[Paramyxoviridae#Nipah Virus|Nipah Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS)]]<br />
<br />
[[Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus of Pigs (TGEV)]]<br />
<br />
[[Swine Vesicular Disease]]<br />
<br />
[[Porcine Enterovirus]]<br />
<br />
[[Porcine Circoviruses]]<br />
<br />
[[Classical Swine Fever]]<br />
<br />
[[Suid Herpesvirus 1]]<br />
<br />
[[Asfarviridae|African Swine Fever]]<br />
<br />
[[Porcine Parvovirus]]<br />
<br />
==Reptilian==<br />
[[Paramyxoviridae#Reptilian Paramyxoviruses|Reptilian Paramyxoviruses]]<br />
<br />
<br />
==Rodentia==<br />
[[Paramyxoviridae#Murine Parainfluenza - 1 (Sendai virus)|Sendai Virus]]</div>Bepocockhttps://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Viruses_by_Species&diff=43586Viruses by Species2009-03-27T10:39:55Z<p>Bepocock: /* Equine */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{unfinished}}<br />
<br />
{{toplink<br />
|linkpage =Viruses<br />
|linktext =VIRUSES<br />
}}<br />
<br><br />
<br />
==Avian==<br />
[[Avian Influenza]]<br />
<br />
[[Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV)]]<br />
<br />
[[Avian Leukosis Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Avian Circoviruses]]<br />
<br />
[[Mareks Disease]]<br />
<br />
==Bovine==<br />
[[Bovine Parainfluenza - 3 (PI-3)]]<br />
<br />
[[Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus (BRSV)]]<br />
<br />
[[Bluetongue Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Bovine Enteric Coronavirus]]<br />
<br />
[[Bovine Virus Diarrhoea Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Bovine Herpesvirus 1]]<br />
<br />
[[Malignant Catarrhal Fever Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Cow pox]]<br />
<br />
==Canine==<br />
[[Canine Parainfluenza - 2 (aka Parainfluenza - 5)]]<br />
<br />
[[Canine Distemper Virus (CDV)]]<br />
<br />
[[Canine Parvovirus]]<br />
<br />
==Caprine (Goats)==<br />
[[Caprine Arthrirtis Encephalitis Virus]]<br />
<br />
==Equine==<br />
[[African Horse Sickness]]<br />
<br />
[[Equine Influenza]]<br />
<br />
[[Paramyxoviridae#Hendra Virus|Hendra Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Equine Infectious Anemia]]<br />
<br />
[[Equine Encephalitis Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Equine Arteritis Virus (EAV)]]<br />
<br />
[[Equine Herpesvirus 1]]<br />
<br />
[[West Nile Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Papomaviridae|Equine Papillomaviruses]]<br />
<br />
==Feline==<br />
[[Feline Calicivirus]]<br />
<br />
[[Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV)]]<br />
<br />
[[Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV)]]<br />
<br />
[[Feline Infections Peritonitis (FIP)]]<br />
<br />
[[Feline Herpesvirus 1|Feline Herpesvirus 1 (Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis)]]<br />
<br />
[[Feline Parvovirus]]<br />
<br />
==Lapine (Rabbits)==<br />
[[Rabbit Haemorrhatic Disease Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Myxomatosis]]<br />
<br />
==Ovine==<br />
[[Bluetongue Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Visna-Maedi Virus of Sheep]]<br />
<br />
[[Sheep Pulmonary Adenomatosis]]<br />
<br />
[[Border Disease Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Orf]]<br />
<br />
[[Louping Ill]]<br />
<br />
==Porcine==<br />
[[Swine Influenza]]<br />
<br />
[[Paramyxoviridae#Nipah Virus|Nipah Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS)]]<br />
<br />
[[Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus of Pigs (TGEV)]]<br />
<br />
[[Swine Vesicular Disease]]<br />
<br />
[[Porcine Enterovirus]]<br />
<br />
[[Porcine Circoviruses]]<br />
<br />
[[Classical Swine Fever]]<br />
<br />
[[Suid Herpesvirus 1]]<br />
<br />
[[Asfarviridae|African Swine Fever]]<br />
<br />
[[Porcine Parvovirus]]<br />
<br />
==Reptilian==<br />
[[Paramyxoviridae#Reptilian Paramyxoviruses|Reptilian Paramyxoviruses]]<br />
<br />
<br />
==Rodentia==<br />
[[Paramyxoviridae#Murine Parainfluenza - 1 (Sendai virus)|Sendai Virus]]</div>Bepocockhttps://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Viruses_by_Species&diff=43585Viruses by Species2009-03-27T10:37:58Z<p>Bepocock: /* Ovine */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{unfinished}}<br />
<br />
{{toplink<br />
|linkpage =Viruses<br />
|linktext =VIRUSES<br />
}}<br />
<br><br />
<br />
==Avian==<br />
[[Avian Influenza]]<br />
<br />
[[Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV)]]<br />
<br />
[[Avian Leukosis Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Avian Circoviruses]]<br />
<br />
[[Mareks Disease]]<br />
<br />
==Bovine==<br />
[[Bovine Parainfluenza - 3 (PI-3)]]<br />
<br />
[[Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus (BRSV)]]<br />
<br />
[[Bluetongue Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Bovine Enteric Coronavirus]]<br />
<br />
[[Bovine Virus Diarrhoea Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Bovine Herpesvirus 1]]<br />
<br />
[[Malignant Catarrhal Fever Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Cow pox]]<br />
<br />
==Canine==<br />
[[Canine Parainfluenza - 2 (aka Parainfluenza - 5)]]<br />
<br />
[[Canine Distemper Virus (CDV)]]<br />
<br />
[[Canine Parvovirus]]<br />
<br />
==Caprine (Goats)==<br />
[[Caprine Arthrirtis Encephalitis Virus]]<br />
<br />
==Equine==<br />
[[African Horse Sickness]]<br />
<br />
[[Equine Influenza]]<br />
<br />
[[Paramyxoviridae#Hendra Virus|Hendra Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Equine Infectious Anemia]]<br />
<br />
[[Equine Encephalitis Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Equine Arteritis Virus (EAV)]]<br />
<br />
[[Equine Herpesvirus 1]]<br />
<br />
[[West Nile Virus]]<br />
<br />
==Feline==<br />
[[Feline Calicivirus]]<br />
<br />
[[Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV)]]<br />
<br />
[[Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV)]]<br />
<br />
[[Feline Infections Peritonitis (FIP)]]<br />
<br />
[[Feline Herpesvirus 1|Feline Herpesvirus 1 (Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis)]]<br />
<br />
[[Feline Parvovirus]]<br />
<br />
==Lapine (Rabbits)==<br />
[[Rabbit Haemorrhatic Disease Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Myxomatosis]]<br />
<br />
==Ovine==<br />
[[Bluetongue Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Visna-Maedi Virus of Sheep]]<br />
<br />
[[Sheep Pulmonary Adenomatosis]]<br />
<br />
[[Border Disease Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Orf]]<br />
<br />
[[Louping Ill]]<br />
<br />
==Porcine==<br />
[[Swine Influenza]]<br />
<br />
[[Paramyxoviridae#Nipah Virus|Nipah Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS)]]<br />
<br />
[[Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus of Pigs (TGEV)]]<br />
<br />
[[Swine Vesicular Disease]]<br />
<br />
[[Porcine Enterovirus]]<br />
<br />
[[Porcine Circoviruses]]<br />
<br />
[[Classical Swine Fever]]<br />
<br />
[[Suid Herpesvirus 1]]<br />
<br />
[[Asfarviridae|African Swine Fever]]<br />
<br />
[[Porcine Parvovirus]]<br />
<br />
==Reptilian==<br />
[[Paramyxoviridae#Reptilian Paramyxoviruses|Reptilian Paramyxoviruses]]<br />
<br />
<br />
==Rodentia==<br />
[[Paramyxoviridae#Murine Parainfluenza - 1 (Sendai virus)|Sendai Virus]]</div>Bepocockhttps://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Viruses_by_Species&diff=43584Viruses by Species2009-03-27T10:37:14Z<p>Bepocock: /* Equine */</p>
<hr />
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<br />
{{toplink<br />
|linkpage =Viruses<br />
|linktext =VIRUSES<br />
}}<br />
<br><br />
<br />
==Avian==<br />
[[Avian Influenza]]<br />
<br />
[[Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV)]]<br />
<br />
[[Avian Leukosis Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Avian Circoviruses]]<br />
<br />
[[Mareks Disease]]<br />
<br />
==Bovine==<br />
[[Bovine Parainfluenza - 3 (PI-3)]]<br />
<br />
[[Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus (BRSV)]]<br />
<br />
[[Bluetongue Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Bovine Enteric Coronavirus]]<br />
<br />
[[Bovine Virus Diarrhoea Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Bovine Herpesvirus 1]]<br />
<br />
[[Malignant Catarrhal Fever Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Cow pox]]<br />
<br />
==Canine==<br />
[[Canine Parainfluenza - 2 (aka Parainfluenza - 5)]]<br />
<br />
[[Canine Distemper Virus (CDV)]]<br />
<br />
[[Canine Parvovirus]]<br />
<br />
==Caprine (Goats)==<br />
[[Caprine Arthrirtis Encephalitis Virus]]<br />
<br />
==Equine==<br />
[[African Horse Sickness]]<br />
<br />
[[Equine Influenza]]<br />
<br />
[[Paramyxoviridae#Hendra Virus|Hendra Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Equine Infectious Anemia]]<br />
<br />
[[Equine Encephalitis Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Equine Arteritis Virus (EAV)]]<br />
<br />
[[Equine Herpesvirus 1]]<br />
<br />
[[West Nile Virus]]<br />
<br />
==Feline==<br />
[[Feline Calicivirus]]<br />
<br />
[[Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV)]]<br />
<br />
[[Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV)]]<br />
<br />
[[Feline Infections Peritonitis (FIP)]]<br />
<br />
[[Feline Herpesvirus 1|Feline Herpesvirus 1 (Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis)]]<br />
<br />
[[Feline Parvovirus]]<br />
<br />
==Lapine (Rabbits)==<br />
[[Rabbit Haemorrhatic Disease Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Myxomatosis]]<br />
<br />
==Ovine==<br />
[[Bluetongue Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Visna-Maedi Virus of Sheep]]<br />
<br />
[[Sheep Pulmonary Adenomatosis]]<br />
<br />
[[Border Disease Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Orf]]<br />
<br />
==Porcine==<br />
[[Swine Influenza]]<br />
<br />
[[Paramyxoviridae#Nipah Virus|Nipah Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS)]]<br />
<br />
[[Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus of Pigs (TGEV)]]<br />
<br />
[[Swine Vesicular Disease]]<br />
<br />
[[Porcine Enterovirus]]<br />
<br />
[[Porcine Circoviruses]]<br />
<br />
[[Classical Swine Fever]]<br />
<br />
[[Suid Herpesvirus 1]]<br />
<br />
[[Asfarviridae|African Swine Fever]]<br />
<br />
[[Porcine Parvovirus]]<br />
<br />
==Reptilian==<br />
[[Paramyxoviridae#Reptilian Paramyxoviruses|Reptilian Paramyxoviruses]]<br />
<br />
<br />
==Rodentia==<br />
[[Paramyxoviridae#Murine Parainfluenza - 1 (Sendai virus)|Sendai Virus]]</div>Bepocockhttps://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Viruses_by_Species&diff=43583Viruses by Species2009-03-27T10:36:38Z<p>Bepocock: /* Avian */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{unfinished}}<br />
<br />
{{toplink<br />
|linkpage =Viruses<br />
|linktext =VIRUSES<br />
}}<br />
<br><br />
<br />
==Avian==<br />
[[Avian Influenza]]<br />
<br />
[[Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV)]]<br />
<br />
[[Avian Leukosis Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Avian Circoviruses]]<br />
<br />
[[Mareks Disease]]<br />
<br />
==Bovine==<br />
[[Bovine Parainfluenza - 3 (PI-3)]]<br />
<br />
[[Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus (BRSV)]]<br />
<br />
[[Bluetongue Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Bovine Enteric Coronavirus]]<br />
<br />
[[Bovine Virus Diarrhoea Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Bovine Herpesvirus 1]]<br />
<br />
[[Malignant Catarrhal Fever Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Cow pox]]<br />
<br />
==Canine==<br />
[[Canine Parainfluenza - 2 (aka Parainfluenza - 5)]]<br />
<br />
[[Canine Distemper Virus (CDV)]]<br />
<br />
[[Canine Parvovirus]]<br />
<br />
==Caprine (Goats)==<br />
[[Caprine Arthrirtis Encephalitis Virus]]<br />
<br />
==Equine==<br />
[[African Horse Sickness]]<br />
<br />
[[Equine Influenza]]<br />
<br />
[[Paramyxoviridae#Hendra Virus|Hendra Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Equine Infectious Anemia]]<br />
<br />
[[Equine Encephalitis Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Equine Arteritis Virus (EAV)]]<br />
<br />
[[Equine Herpesvirus 1]]<br />
<br />
==Feline==<br />
[[Feline Calicivirus]]<br />
<br />
[[Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV)]]<br />
<br />
[[Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV)]]<br />
<br />
[[Feline Infections Peritonitis (FIP)]]<br />
<br />
[[Feline Herpesvirus 1|Feline Herpesvirus 1 (Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis)]]<br />
<br />
[[Feline Parvovirus]]<br />
<br />
==Lapine (Rabbits)==<br />
[[Rabbit Haemorrhatic Disease Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Myxomatosis]]<br />
<br />
==Ovine==<br />
[[Bluetongue Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Visna-Maedi Virus of Sheep]]<br />
<br />
[[Sheep Pulmonary Adenomatosis]]<br />
<br />
[[Border Disease Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Orf]]<br />
<br />
==Porcine==<br />
[[Swine Influenza]]<br />
<br />
[[Paramyxoviridae#Nipah Virus|Nipah Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS)]]<br />
<br />
[[Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus of Pigs (TGEV)]]<br />
<br />
[[Swine Vesicular Disease]]<br />
<br />
[[Porcine Enterovirus]]<br />
<br />
[[Porcine Circoviruses]]<br />
<br />
[[Classical Swine Fever]]<br />
<br />
[[Suid Herpesvirus 1]]<br />
<br />
[[Asfarviridae|African Swine Fever]]<br />
<br />
[[Porcine Parvovirus]]<br />
<br />
==Reptilian==<br />
[[Paramyxoviridae#Reptilian Paramyxoviruses|Reptilian Paramyxoviruses]]<br />
<br />
<br />
==Rodentia==<br />
[[Paramyxoviridae#Murine Parainfluenza - 1 (Sendai virus)|Sendai Virus]]</div>Bepocockhttps://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Porcine_Enterovirus&diff=43582Porcine Enterovirus2009-03-27T10:20:16Z<p>Bepocock: /* Control */</p>
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|linktext =VIRUSES<br />
|sublink1=Picornaviridae<br />
|subtext1=PICORNAVIRUSES<br />
|pagetype =Bugs<br />
}}<br />
<br><br />
<br />
====Antigenicity====<br />
*Only serotype 1 is pathogenic<br />
*Also known as '''Teschen-Talfan Disease'''<br />
<br />
====Pathogenesis====<br />
*Infects small intestine epithelium <br />
*Followed by viremia and neural infection<br />
Clinical signs:<br />
*Tremors<br />
*Incoordination<br />
*Convulsions<br />
*Death<br />
<br />
====Epidemiology====<br />
*Transfer is '''orofecal'''<br />
<br />
====Diagnosis====<br />
*'''NOTIFIABLE''' disease, though rare in UK<br />
*'''Vaccination''' in EU</div>Bepocockhttps://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Bovine_Respiratory_Syncytial_Virus&diff=43581Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus2009-03-27T09:43:44Z<p>Bepocock: </p>
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}}<br />
<br><br />
====Pathogenesis====<br />
*More serious than [[Bovine Parainfluenza - 3 (PI-3)|PI-3]]<br />
*Causes [Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#Respiratory syncytial virus|respiratory infection]]<br />
*Replicates in nasal epithelium -> throughout upper respiratory tract -> bronchial tree<br />
*Syncytia form -> shed into bronchioles<br />
*Complications include [[Lungs Ventilation - Pathology#Emphysema|emphysema]] and [[Lungs Circulatory - Pathology#Pulmonary oedema|oedema]], drop in milk yield in adult cattle<br />
<br />
====Epidemiology====<br />
**Subclinical reinfections are important in spreading disease<br />
**More than 70% of cattle in the UK have antibodies to BRSV<br />
====Diagnosis====<br />
*Diseased lung tissue from dead animals or centrifuged cells from lung lavage<br />
*Virus is too fragile for cell culture isolation (often inactivated in transport)<br />
*Antigen detection by ''' immunocytochemistry''' for intracytoplasmic viral inclusions containing labelled viral protein<br />
*Serology: 4-fold rise in ELISA antibody in paired serum samples from several animals<br />
====Control====<br />
*Improve husbandry as in [[Bovine Parainfluenza - 3 (PI-3)#Secondary Concerns|PI-3]]<br />
*Vaccines are available but not effective as need to stimulate [[Lymphocytes - WikiBlood#Cytotoxic CD8+|cytotoxic T-cells]]<br />
<br />
====Secondary Concerns====<br />
*<small>'''Reference''': Bryson, 1999, Update on calf pneumonia, CPD Veterinary Medicine, 1,3, 90-95</small></div>Bepocockhttps://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Bovine_Virus_Diarrhoea&diff=41325Bovine Virus Diarrhoea2008-11-14T12:02:04Z<p>Bepocock: /* Epidemiology */</p>
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{{toplink<br />
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|linktext =VIRUSES<br />
|sublink1=Flaviviridae<br />
|subtext1=FLAVIVIRIDAE<br />
|pagetype =Bugs<br />
}}<br />
<br><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
====Antigenicity====<br />
*RNA virus closely related to [[Classical Swine Fever]] and [[Border Disease Virus]]<br />
*2 Serological Types<br />
**BVDV-1 is traditional, existing as two biotypes<br />
***BVDV-1nc: noncytopathogenic<br />
***BVDV-1c: cytopathogenic<br />
**BVDV-2 is an emerging hemorrhagic virus<br />
<br />
====Hosts====<br />
*Cattle<br />
<br />
====Pathogenesis====<br />
[[Image:BVD-MD.gif|right|thumb|125px|<small><center>Small erosions of MDV/BVDV - vesicles are microscopic (Courtesy of Alun Williams (RVC))</center></small>]]<br />
[[Image:Bvd2.gif|right|thumb|125px|<small><center>Coalescing lesions of BVDV (Courtesy of Alun Williams (RVC))</center></small>]]<br />
'''BVDV-1c'''<br />
*Infects cattle regardless of age<br />
*Usually mild: diarrhoea with recovery in 10 dyas<br />
*Immunosuppression can lead to secondary infection<br />
'''BVDV-2nc'''<br />
*Transient '''thrombocytopenia''' and '''leukopenia''' over 2 weeks<br />
*Hemorrhages <br />
*Secondary infection<br />
*Death<br />
'''BVDV-1nc'''<br />
*'''Transplacental''' infection of naive heifers<br />
*Outcome depends on age of fetus at contraction<br />
**0-110 days: '''abortion''' or '''persistently infected (PI)''' calves born<br />
**110-220 days: congenital damage with noticeable '''CNS''' and '''musculoskeletal''' lesions<br />
**220 days to term: '''active immunity''' developed<br />
'''Mucosal Disease'''<br />
*Mucosal disease is caused by a '''superinfection''' of PI animals with a second homologous cytopathic biotype (eg BVDV-1nc followed by BVDV-1c)<br />
*Infection typically occurs between '''6-18 months of age''' but is variable<br />
*Superinfection will quickly '''spread horizontally''' among PI animals<br />
*Invariable '''fatal'''<br />
*Characterized by [[Cavity & Gingiva - Pathology#Bovine Viral Diarrhoea / Mucosal Disease|'''oral]] and enteric erosions''', particularly overlying Peyer's patches, and ulceration of the feet<br />
*Animals can show anorexia, depression and/or diarrhoea for 2-5 days before death<br />
*Vaccination can lead to '''iatrogenic''' infection in undiagnosed PI calves<br />
<br />
====Epidemiology====<br />
*A major concern is that it can be confused with [[Foot and Mouth Disease (FMDV)|FMD]] (especially as it often occurs with clinical signs of salivation and depression)<br />
*Virus is widespread: 60-70% exposure by 4 years of age<br />
**Often may sweep through a whole colony of young stock causing profuse diarrhoea (perhaps febrile) for a few days and then recover<br />
**Due to primary exposure to cytopathic strain of virus<br />
*PI cows: <br />
**100% vertical transmission to offspring<br />
**Are infected with BVDV-1nc and NEVER BVDV-1c<br />
**Are often antibody-negative (though they can show low levels of Ab to ''heterologous'' virus)<br />
**Show a wide range of clinical signs:<br />
***Severe congenital damage (ataxia)<br />
***Poor body condition<br />
***Increased susceptibility to enteric and respiratory disease<br />
**Act as the herd '''reservoir''' of BVDV<br />
**Can ONLY be identified by blood testing<br />
*Transfer via '''semen''', '''direct contact''' with acutely infected animals, or vertical from dam to offspring<br />
*Transfer can be iatrogenic: repeated use of needles and gloves, etc.<br />
<br />
====Diagnosis====<br />
*Traditional test: virus isolation followed by serology on infected cells<br />
*'''ELISA''' for virus '''antigen''' in animals with persistent viremia (will show up 3-8 days post-infection)<br />
*PI calves often appear virus negative as a result of receiving neutralizing Ab in colostrum: can be countered by RT-PCR<br />
*'''Paired serum samples''' from cows with acute BVDV<br />
*'''Herd sampling''' by ELISA for antibody on bulk milk<br />
<br />
====Control====<br />
*No known treatment to reverse persistent infection or to cure mucosal disease<br />
*BUT, without exposure to BVDV, the whole herd is at risk as there is no developed immunity<br />
*'''Vaccination of dams''' before pregnancy will prevent PI calves being born<br />
**'''Beta-propiolactone inactivated''' vaccine<br />
**Combine with screening for antigen and removal of PI animals</div>Bepocockhttps://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Bluetongue_Virus&diff=41324Bluetongue Virus2008-11-14T11:18:07Z<p>Bepocock: /* Pathogenesis */</p>
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|sublink1=Reoviridae<br />
|subtext1=REOVIRIDAE<br />
|pagetype =Bugs<br />
}}<br />
<br><br />
<br />
====Antigenicity====<br />
*24 serotypes of BTV have been described<br />
<br />
====Hosts====<br />
*Ruminants, including sheep, cattle, deer, goats, and camelids<br />
<br />
====Pathogenesis====<br />
*Transfer occurs through blood from viremic animals via biting midges ('''Culicoides spp.''')<br />
*Replication in haematopoietic and endothelial cells of blood vessels<br />
*Clinical signs vary between species, with sheep most severely affected<br />
**Pyrexia<br />
**Ocular and nasal discharge<br />
**Drooling from mouth uclers<br />
**Swelling of the mouth, head and neck<br />
**Lameness<br />
**Subdural hemorrhages <br />
**Inflammation of the coronary band<br />
*Cattle as the main reservoir<br />
*A blue tongue is rarely seend as as a clinical sign of infection<br />
*Resulting loss of condition, reduction in wool an meat production, which can be followed by death<br />
<br />
====Diagnosis====<br />
*Clinical signs can be confirmed through the lab:<br />
**RT-PCR to detect viral RNA<br />
**ELISA serology for Ab and rising Ab titres<br />
<br />
====Current Relevance====<br />
*August 2006: suspicious Dutch sheep confirmed as serotype 8<br />
**Serotype 8 found in Belgium, Luxembourg, Germany, and north-eastern France<br />
**Previously BTV-8 only seen in sub-Saharan Africa<br />
*August 2007: increased outbreaks in same regions<br />
*September 2007: first UK outbreak in Suffolk<br />
*2008: Virus declared endemic and BTV-8 vaccine produced, voluntary vaccination strongly encouraged<br />
<br />
====Control====<br />
*BTV is '''NOTIFIABLE'''<br />
*Vigilance in recognizing clinical signs<br />
*Restriction of movement:<br />
**Protection Zone: 100km radius around infected premises, movement within zone allowed but not in or out<br />
***Vaccination within PZ using appropriate serotype is encouraged but still voluntary<br />
**Surveillance Zone: 50km radius beyond PZ<br />
*Vector control: ectoparasiticides, etc.</div>Bepocockhttps://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Rhabdoviridae&diff=41323Rhabdoviridae2008-11-14T11:13:57Z<p>Bepocock: /* Introduction */</p>
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<br><br />
<br />
=Introduction=<br />
Rabies is a neurological killer that has evolved a fool-proof technique of transmission, and it cleverly evades the species barrier to present a potent threat to mammalian life. While the simplicity of the virus ensures its transmission, it also contributes to its weakness: its monoclonal antigenicity means that a single vaccination covers all strains of the disease. Though rabies is considered endemic in parts of the developed and undeveloped world, vaccination schemes have rendered the disease controllable to a satisfactory degree. Nonetheless, infection is still largely fatal and the disease should not be taken lightly.<br />
<br />
=Morphology=<br />
*Large, enveloped, negative-sense RNA virus <br />
*'''Bullet-shaped''' with short glycoprotein spikes<br />
<br />
=Types and Subtypes=<br />
Two Genera:<br />
#Lyssaviruses: 7 genotypes<br />
##'''Genotype 1''' is '''classical rabies'''<br />
##Genotypes 2-7 more limited in distribution<br />
##Genotype 4 infects '''insectivorous bats'''<br />
#Vesiculoviruses are all '''exotic''' to the UK:<br />
##Vesicular Stomatitis Virus<br />
##Ephemeral Fever<br />
##Fish Rhabdoviruses, such as viral hemorrhagic syndrome and infectious haematopoetic necrosis virus<br />
<br />
=Virulence and Pathogenesis=<br />
*Rabies is moderately resistant: it can survive well in dark places at low temperatures for several days<br />
*Infection occurs through a '''penetrating bite''' in which virus is transmitted via '''saliva'''<br />
*'''Incubation''' period is variable but can be long (10 days to 12 months), and increases with distance of the bite to the CNS<br />
**80% show signs within 4 months<br />
*Primary replication of the virus occurs in the '''muscle'''<br />
*The virus gains access to nervous tissue and travels toward the '''brain''', where it continues to replicate<br />
*It then migrates down cranial nerves to infect salivary glands and the cornea<br />
*Virus is shed in '''saliva''' and '''tears''' and can be shed BEFORE the onset of classical signs<br />
*The onset of clinical signs in dogs and cats includes:<br />
**Behavioral changes<br />
**Pyrexia<br />
**Salivation<br />
**Dilation of pupils<br />
*Two forms of the virus exist:<br />
**'''Furious''' form:<br />
***Common to cats and dogs<br />
***Abnormal aggression, salivation, and attack without provocation<br />
***Disordered wandering<br />
***Incoordination, convulsions, coma and death within 3-10 days<br />
**'''Dumb''' form<br />
***May or may not follow Furious form<br />
***Common to ruminants and horses<br />
***Ruminal tympany, tenesmus, diarrhoea <br />
***Paralysis of lower jaw, drooling saliva, tremors and progressive paralysis<br />
***In dogs, a change in voice may be observed (bellowing)<br />
*Human infection is characterized by '''hydrophobia'''<br />
<br />
=Epidemiology=<br />
*Rabies is a '''NOTIFIABLE''' zoonosis<br />
*Rabies is found worldwide, though currently considered exotic to the UK and Australia<br />
Host Range:<br />
*All mammals are susceptible<br />
**Very susceptible: foxes, jackals, wolves<br />
**Susceptible (10,000x virus necessary to infect): cats, rodents, bats, skunks, cattle, mongooses<br />
**Moderately susceptible (100,000x virus necessary to infect): dogs, sheep, goats, horses, primates<br />
*Isolates can show to some species specificity in their reservoir host<br />
Reservoir species by region:<br />
{| style="width:60%; height:200px" border="1" align=center<br />
!'''Region'''<br />
!'''Reservoir Species'''<br />
|-<br />
|Europe<br />
|Red fox<br />
|-<br />
|Russia, Turkey, Middle East<br />
|Dog, Raccoon<br />
|-<br />
|USA<br />
|Raccoon, Fox, Skunk<br />
|-<br />
|Africa<br />
|Dog, Jackal, Mongoose<br />
|-<br />
|Asia<br />
|Dog, Mongoose<br />
|-<br />
|South America<br />
|Dog, Vampire bat<br />
|-<br />
|Worldwide<br />
|Insectivorous Bats<br />
|}<br />
*The current position of DEFRA holds bat lyssaviruses to be present in the UK<br />
*Human infection and death an occur after infection with bat rabies<br />
**Nocturnal bat bites account for 50% of human cases in the USA<br />
*Humans develop disease but excrete little virus<br />
*Immune recovered animals are rare, but are not shown to be infections<br />
<br />
=Diagnosis=<br />
*'''Isolate''' and monitor for clinical signs<br />
*In the field:<br />
**Remove brain core sample via straw through occipital foramen in the direction of an eye<br />
**Place contents in a 50% glyerol/PBS for FAT or virus isolation, or in 10% formaldehyde for histology<br />
**Whole head can also be removed and sent to lab<br />
*In the lab:<br />
**'''Fluorescent Antibody Test (FAT)''' on smears or frozen sections of hippocampus or cerebellum should show presence of Negri bodies<br />
***Being replaced by testing for monoclonal antibodies to nucleoprotein<br />
**Histological detection of Negri bodies using Mann's or silver stains<br />
**Intracerebral inoculation of mice followed by FAT testing of brain smears of affected mice<br />
**RT-PCR on brain or saliva can be performed to determine genotype<br />
<br />
=Rabies Control=<br />
For countries where rabies is considered exotic:<br />
*6 month quarantine of carnivores and ruminants (Norway, Sweden, Portugal, Australia, New Zealand)<br />
*In the UK, this has been replaced by the '''Pet Travel Scheme''' ([http://www.defra.gov.uk/animalh/quarantine/index.htm PETS])<br />
For virus-endemic countries:<br />
#Control in pets:<br />
#*Annual Vaccination:<br />
#**Antigenicity allows a single antigenic type to vaccinate<br />
#**'''Inactivated virus''' or '''canarypox''' recombinant viruses<br />
#*Control of stray population<br />
#*Muzzling in public<br />
#Control of wildlife reservoir hosts:<br />
#*Feeding vaccinated bait <br />
#*Secondary consequence of increasing reservoir host population (eg European foxes)<br />
#Control in humans<br />
##Prevention by vaccination with a single booster if bitten<br />
##*The current vaccine is grown in human diploid cells (HDCV) and is BPL-inactivated, and therefore costly<br />
##*Developing countries utilize older vaccines passaged from a 1939 case ("Flury" vaccines)<br />
##If bitten and unvaccinated:<br />
##*Clean and disinfect wound<br />
##*Human '''anti-rabies immunoglobulin''' administered around bite<br />
##*Intramuscular vaccination program: 2 dose-1 dose-1 dose at 0, 7, and 14 days post-bite<br />
<br />
For more on Rabies control in Europe, see [http://www.who-rabies-bulletin.org/About_Rabies/Control.aspx here]</div>Bepocockhttps://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Foot_and_Mouth_Disease&diff=41322Foot and Mouth Disease2008-11-14T11:09:37Z<p>Bepocock: /* Epidemiology */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{unfinished}}<br />
<br />
{{toplink<br />
|linkpage =Viruses<br />
|linktext =VIRUSES<br />
|sublink1=Picornaviridae<br />
|subtext1=PICORNAVIRUSES<br />
|pagetype =Bugs<br />
}}<br />
<br><br />
<br />
====Morphology====<br />
*Very small (25nm) RNA virus<br />
*12 capsomeres (1 per vertex)<br />
*5 subunits per capsomere<br />
*1 molecule of virus protein (VP) per subunit<br />
*4 virus proteins (VP1-VP4)<br />
*VP1 is the attachment protein<br />
<br />
====Antigenicity====<br />
*FMDV was the first animal virus in which serotypes were isolated<br />
*To date, there are (important in bold):<br />
**'''Oise (O)'''<br />
**'''Allemagne (A)'''<br />
**'''C (also German)'''<br />
**South African Territories (SAT) 1, 2, and 3<br />
**India (Asia-1)<br />
*Each serotype has '''at lease three subtypes'''<br />
*Serotype and subtype can be quickly identified by '''ELISA''' using guinea pig antisera<br />
*'''All isolates are virulent'''<br />
<br />
====Hosts====<br />
*'''Cloven-hoofed animals, EXCLUDING the horse'''<br />
**Cattle<br />
**Sheep<br />
**Goats<br />
**Pigs<br />
**Deer<br />
**Elephants<br />
**Wild ruminants: buffalo, kudu, impala, etc<br />
<br />
====Pathogenesis====<br />
*Primary replication in the upper respiratory tract, tonsils, or upper alimentary tract<br />
*'''Aerosol''' excretion during this incubation period<br />
*Viremia<br />
*Virus targets stratum spinosum of stratified squamous epithelia and mucus mebranes<br />
*Secondary [[Cavity & Gingiva - Pathology#Foot and Mouth disease|'''vesicles''']] appear after incubation of 2-14 days<br />
*Appearance of lesions by age:<br />
**0-2 days: unruptured vesicles<br />
**1-3 days: newly ruptured vesicles with adherent epithelia at margins<br />
**3-7 days: ruptured vesicles, loss of epithelia, no marked fibrous margin<br />
**7-10+ days: open lesions with marked fibrous margin<br />
*'''Lameness'''<br />
**Also produces cutaneous erosions in interdigital cleft, at coronet and bulbs of heals<br />
**These feet lesions often take a long time to heal as secondary bacterial infections may ensue and produce true deep ulcerative dermatitis<br />
*'''Teats''' on animals that are suckling may also develop vesicles<br />
*In the young, without maternal antibody, virus will localize in the heart and cause death by myocarditis<br />
*FMDV causes '''loss of condition and productivity''' but is NOT typically fatal<br />
<br />
=====Pathogenesis by species=====<br />
*'''Pigs''' and '''Sheep''': <br />
**Lesions less obvious, but vesicles around nose, mouth, and coronary band<br />
**Pigs have vesicles on snout, which are quickly traumatised to leave an eroded lesion<br />
**Lesion at '''coronary band''' means infection is usually less than a week old<br />
**Lesions grow down claw at a rate of 1mm per week<br />
*'''Cattle'''<br />
**Lesions are seen inside mouth, around muzzle, in the interdigital cleft, around coronary band, and on teats<br />
**Excessive salivation, anorexia, secondary mastitis<br />
**PM: lesions in oesophagus and forestomachs<br />
<br />
====Epidemiology====<br />
*'''Highly contagious''' virus that is spread by '''aerosol''', '''saliva''', '''infected swill''', '''direct contact''', and '''fomites'''<br />
*'''Pigs''' produce '''3000 times more aerosol virus''' than cows<br />
*Cows are much more susceptible to infection than pigs<br />
**Persistent infection of cattle can occur in unkeratinized lesions, but subclinical carriers do not usually transfer infection<br />
**Subclinical '''buffalo''' CAN transmit the disease<br />
*1967 + 2001 major outbreaks in UK<br />
*Still widespread in many parts of world especially S. America, far East<br />
*Foot and Mouth disease is NOT a highly fatal disease: approximately 5% mortality (usually young animals); older animals recover<br />
<br />
====Diagnosis====<br />
*Clinical signs for provisional diagnosis<br />
*Confirmed by '''ELISA''' for virus '''antigen'''<br />
**ELISAs are serotype-specific<br />
*Should soon be replaced by immunochromatography-bedside ELISA to allow on-farm diagnosis<br />
*'''Virus isolation''' can also be performed in kidney culture cells, and then serotyped by ELISA<br />
*Serology for virus '''antibody''' can determine past infection<br />
**ELISAs used to detect subclinical carrier sheep<br />
**Cannot be done on vaccinated animals<br />
*RT-PCR has been suggested for on-farm diagnosis, but has flaws:<br />
**RNA is readily degraded by tissue enzymes<br />
**RNA must be purified before converting to DNA for PCR<br />
**False positives can occur easily by contamination with previously amplified DNA<br />
*May see animals that have discoloration of [[Oral Cavity - Tongue - Anatomy & Physiology|tongue]] due to having had FMD<br />
**In these cases take scraping of retropharyngeal region, put scrapings in transport medium and send for testing<br />
<br />
====Control====<br />
*Recovered animals show immunity ONLY to the subtype of first exposure, and even this is relatively short-lived<br />
*Re-exposure to the original serotype after immunity as waned will still result in virus excretion, even without clinical symptoms<br />
*Infection by a second serotype will result in clinical disease<br />
*For these reasons, '''vaccination is not practiced''' in the UK<br />
**Further, vaccination would mean a loss of meat export markets<br />
<br />
=====Prevention in the UK=====<br />
*Imported stock must come from virus-free countries that DO NOT vaccinate<br />
*Meat imported from endemic countries must be de-boned<br />
<br />
=====In an Outbreak=====<br />
*ANY sign of lesions in a susceptible animal is '''NOTIFIABLE''' to the Divisional Veterinary Officer and local police<br />
*Once diagnosis is confirmed, all animals on the premises must be '''slaughtered and incinerated'''<br />
*Further disinfection of the premises<br />
*Movement is controlled within a 10-mile radius<br />
*Follow-up serology must be performed to ensure no spread has taken place<br />
*'''Ring vaccination''' with relevant subtype to create a barrier of immune animals (although this was not done in the 2001 outbreak)<br />
<br />
=====In Endemic Areas=====<br />
*Disease cannot be prevented by slaughter due to large numbers of carrier stock<br />
*Annual '''Inactivated whole virus vaccination''' using local subtypes<br />
**Inactivated by azuridines, using alhydrogel adjuvant for cows, and oil for pigs<br />
**Attenuated virus reverts to virulence<br />
**Subunit vaccines ineffective<br />
**Expensive<br />
**2 initial injections at 4 months (if dams vaccinated), followed by boosters every 6-12 months<br />
**Induces virus-neutralizing antibodies<br />
*Vaccination DOES NOT render meat harmful to consumers, but does affect when it can be exported<br />
<br />
====For more information====<br />
[http://www.defra.gov.uk/footandmouth/ DEFRA]</div>Bepocockhttps://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Orthomyxoviridae&diff=41321Orthomyxoviridae2008-11-14T10:47:13Z<p>Bepocock: /* Antigenic Shift and Drift */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{unfinished}}<br />
<br />
<big><center>[[Viruses|'''BACK TO VIRUSES''']]</center></big><br />
<br />
=Introduction=<br />
Influenza is a largely species-specific infection, but the threat of zoonotic potential is real. Virulence varies between strains, but all are spread by aerosol routes. They are typified by rhinitis, pyrexia, and anemia. Flu presents a particular challenge to vaccination as antigenic drift within the virus means that strains can vary from one year to the next. As such, vaccine produced from this year's virus may not give protection against next year's virus.<br />
<br />
=Morphology=<br />
*Enveloped, single-stranded RNA negative sense virus with a different gene on each of its 8 segments<br />
*Each gene codes for one protein:<br />
**Haemagglutinin ('''H''') spike<br />
**Neuraminidase ('''N''') spike<br />
**Matrix, which lines the envelope and acts as scaffolding<br />
**Nucleic acid<br />
**3 viral polymerases<br />
**1 large non-structural protein<br />
*Each strain of flu is named according to it's '''H''' and '''N''' number, eg. H5N1<br />
**Haemagglutinin binds virus to respiratory epithelia via sialic acid<br />
**Neuraminidase is a sialidase enzyme that prevents reattachment to the same host cell upon detachment<br />
<br />
=Virulence=<br />
Virulence depends on the tropism of the H molecule involved:<br />
*H is formed by the cleavage of a precursor protein H0<br />
*Cleavage typically happens in respiratory or enteric epithelia<br />
*However, a virulent virus has more basic amino acids at it's H0 cleavage site, leaving it open for cleavage by other cells, such as neurons<br />
<br />
=Types and Subtypes=<br />
*Three genuses of Flu exist: A, B, and C, of which only A is of veterinary interest<br />
*The subtype of a flu virus is described in terms of H (of H1-H15) and N (of N1 to N9)<br />
*Subtype by species:<br />
**Ducks: H1-H15<br />
**Equine: H7 (previously Equine type 1) and H3 (previously Equine type 2)<br />
**Harp seals: H4 and H7<br />
**Pigs: H1, H3, H4, H5 (Asian), H9<br />
**Human: H1-3, H7, H9<br />
*Vaccines cannot cross protect against different subtypes within the same species<br />
<br />
=Antigenic Shift and Drift=<br />
*Flu continues to be a feared disease because of it's ability to evolve, both within a particular strain and into new and undefined strains<br />
*'''Shift''' is the more serious of antigenic movements and is definied by:<br />
**Gene reassortment<br />
**Change of species specificity<br />
*'''Drift''' is the evolution of a virus within its subtype, evidenced by the changing strains of human flu from year to year<br />
**Each H spike carries 4 antigenic regions, and a change in any region results in drift<br />
**Viral RNA is constantly evolving to evade immune detection and destruction<br />
*Vaccination schemes are affected by both shift and drift:<br />
**Complete change of H spike renders current vaccinations useless, and is the cause of an epidemic<br />
**Current vaccines are always modeled on the most recent outbreaks of the flu in question, and cannot therefore protect against the evolution of the virus from year to year<br />
**Partial protection can be provided against strains within the same ''subtype'', hence the continuation of vaccination shemes<br />
<br />
=Influenza by Species=<br />
===[[Equine Influenza]]===<br />
<br />
===[[Swine Influenza]]===<br />
<br />
===[[Avian Influenza]]===</div>Bepocockhttps://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Orthomyxoviridae&diff=41320Orthomyxoviridae2008-11-14T10:46:21Z<p>Bepocock: /* Types and Subtypes */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{unfinished}}<br />
<br />
<big><center>[[Viruses|'''BACK TO VIRUSES''']]</center></big><br />
<br />
=Introduction=<br />
Influenza is a largely species-specific infection, but the threat of zoonotic potential is real. Virulence varies between strains, but all are spread by aerosol routes. They are typified by rhinitis, pyrexia, and anemia. Flu presents a particular challenge to vaccination as antigenic drift within the virus means that strains can vary from one year to the next. As such, vaccine produced from this year's virus may not give protection against next year's virus.<br />
<br />
=Morphology=<br />
*Enveloped, single-stranded RNA negative sense virus with a different gene on each of its 8 segments<br />
*Each gene codes for one protein:<br />
**Haemagglutinin ('''H''') spike<br />
**Neuraminidase ('''N''') spike<br />
**Matrix, which lines the envelope and acts as scaffolding<br />
**Nucleic acid<br />
**3 viral polymerases<br />
**1 large non-structural protein<br />
*Each strain of flu is named according to it's '''H''' and '''N''' number, eg. H5N1<br />
**Haemagglutinin binds virus to respiratory epithelia via sialic acid<br />
**Neuraminidase is a sialidase enzyme that prevents reattachment to the same host cell upon detachment<br />
<br />
=Virulence=<br />
Virulence depends on the tropism of the H molecule involved:<br />
*H is formed by the cleavage of a precursor protein H0<br />
*Cleavage typically happens in respiratory or enteric epithelia<br />
*However, a virulent virus has more basic amino acids at it's H0 cleavage site, leaving it open for cleavage by other cells, such as neurons<br />
<br />
=Types and Subtypes=<br />
*Three genuses of Flu exist: A, B, and C, of which only A is of veterinary interest<br />
*The subtype of a flu virus is described in terms of H (of H1-H15) and N (of N1 to N9)<br />
*Subtype by species:<br />
**Ducks: H1-H15<br />
**Equine: H7 (previously Equine type 1) and H3 (previously Equine type 2)<br />
**Harp seals: H4 and H7<br />
**Pigs: H1, H3, H4, H5 (Asian), H9<br />
**Human: H1-3, H7, H9<br />
*Vaccines cannot cross protect against different subtypes within the same species<br />
<br />
=Antigenic Shift and Drift=<br />
*Flu continues to be a feared disease because of it's ability to evolve, both within a particular strain and into new and undefined strains<br />
*'''Shift''' is the more serious of antigenic movements and is definied by:<br />
**Gene reassortment<br />
**Change of species specificity<br />
*'''Drift''' is the evolution of a virus within its subtype, evidenced by the changing strains of human flu from year to year<br />
**Each H spike carries 4 antigenic region, and a change in any region results in drift<br />
**Viral RNA is constantly evolving to evade immune detection and destruction<br />
*Vaccination schemes are affected by both shift and drift:<br />
**Complete change of H spike renders current vaccinations useless, and is the cause of an epidemic<br />
**Current vaccines are always modeled on the most recent outbreaks of the flu in question, and cannot therefore protect against the evolution of the virus from year to year<br />
**Partial protection can be provided against strains within the same ''subtype'', hence the continuation of vaccination shemes<br />
<br />
=Influenza by Species=<br />
===[[Equine Influenza]]===<br />
<br />
===[[Swine Influenza]]===<br />
<br />
===[[Avian Influenza]]===</div>Bepocockhttps://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Myxomatosis&diff=41301Myxomatosis2008-11-12T12:09:22Z<p>Bepocock: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{unfinished}}<br />
<br />
{{toplink<br />
|linkpage =Viruses<br />
|linktext =VIRUSES<br />
|sublink1=Poxviridae<br />
|subtext1=POXVIRUSES<br />
|pagetype =Bugs<br />
}}<br />
<br><br />
[[Image:MyxoRabbit.JPG|200px|right|thumb|A European Rabbit afflicted by Myxomatosis in Shropshire, England. Courtesy of WikiMedia]]<br />
====Antigenicity====<br />
*Myxomatosis is enzootic in rabbits of the genus Sylvilagus in both South and North America and in wild rabbits of the genus Oryctolagus in South America, Europe, and Australia<br />
*Following introduction into Europe and Australia, genetic modification of the myxoma virus produced markedly attenuated strains that replaced the virulent virus as the dominant virus strain<br />
<br />
====Morphology====<br />
*Several proteins encoded by the virus are immunosubversive in that they mimic host ligands or regulators (virokines) or are homologues of cellular cytokine receptors (viroceptors)<br />
<br />
<br />
====Hosts====<br />
*Rabbits<br />
<br />
<br />
====Pathogenesis====<br />
*Infects several cell types including mucosal cells, lymphocytes, and fibroblasts<br />
*In addition to primary and secondary tumor development, there is severe immunosuppression leading to overwhelming infections by opportunistic gram-negative bacteria (esp. conjunctiva and nasal passages)<br />
*Virus multiplication and tumor-like lesions occur initially at the site of intradermal inoculation <br />
*This is followed by spread to regional lymph nodes and cell-associated viremia, with generalization to the skin and internal organs<br />
*Gelatinous proliferative nodules all over body, especially at '''orifices''' (eyes, anus, nose)<br />
*Rabbit dies within 12 days, if not killed by predators<br />
<br />
=====In more detail=====<br />
*Virulent strains of MYX and MRV secrete a T2 gene product with significant homology to the T2 protein secreted by Shope fibroma virus. This protein acts as a receptor for TNFα and TNFβ. TNF is active in killing virus infected and tumor cells. Cytotoxicity is correlated with the induction of toxic superoxide radicals. The T2 gene product enhances viral virulence by interfering with TNF-dependent immune response pathways of the host.<br />
*Myxoma virus and MRV have also been shown to compromise cell-mediated immunity by inducing a loss of class I MHC antigens from the surface of infected cells. MHC class I-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocytes play a major role in clearing poxvirus infections from susceptible animal hosts, and are an important factor in limiting virus spread within the host. Class I molecules are present on all nucleated cells and platelets. Cytotoxic T cells (CD8+) recognize intracellular viral antigen in association with class I MHC glycoproteins on the cell surface. MYX and MRV infection results in a specific, rapid decrease in detectable surface class I epitopes. It has been suggested that a late viral gene product may interact with the class I complex to either physically sequester the complex away from the cell surface and inhibit its recycling to the surface, or induce a conformational change in the complex rendering it unrecognizable by cytotoxic T lymphocytes.<br />
*Myxoma growth factor (MGF) and a gene product designated M11L are also associated with MYX virulence. MGF and M11L deleted mutants are markedly attenuated, capable of inducing only benign localized nodules that regress spontaneously, similar to lesions induced by Shope fibroma virus. MGF has significant sequence homology with epidermal growth factor and transforming growth factor β. It has been postulated that the presence of EGF/TGFβ-like growth factors in tumorigenic poxviruses affects the growth and progression of poxvirus-infected cells.<br />
*Another myxoma virus virulence factor designated MYXOMA SERPIN 1 (SERP 1) has significant sequence homology with members of the family of serine proteases inhibitors (serpins). The exact role of SERP 1 is unknown but it may theoretically affect antigen presentation by interfering with viral protein degradation, or might reduce cytoxic T cell killing mediated by serine proteases in the effector cell.<br />
*Rabbit poxvirus gene sequences coding for products related to the C4 and C5 components of the complement cascade have been identified. It is postulated that complement-like viral protein products may block the activation or action of complement. The virulence factor T7 is an IFNγ receptor homologue.<br />
<br />
=====Clinical Signs=====<br />
*Clinical disease varies with virus strain and host species. <br />
**Sylvilagus species are relatively resistant, and are probably the natural host of the virus. In Sylvilagus species, infection usually results only in the development of skin tumors at the site of inoculation. The tumors appear 4-8 days after exposure and persist for up to 40 days. Very young rabbits may succumb to generalized disease.<br />
**Lepus species (hares) are highly resistant. Occasional individuals develop mild to severe generalized myxomatosis.<br />
**In the European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus), infection with virulent virus (South American or California strains) results in severe disease with up to a 99% case fatality rate. <br />
***Initial signs include edema of the eyelids accompanied by inflammation and edema around the anal, genital, oral, and nasal orifices. <br />
***Edema of the head and ears, drooping ears, and bacterial infections resulting in mucopurulent conjunctivitis and pneumonia are seen. <br />
***The primary tumor may be evident by 3-4 days after infection. Generalized tumors develop by 6-7 days after infection. <br />
***Subcutaneous swellings become mucoid, gelatinous masses (hence the name myxomatosis). <br />
***More chronic wart-like nodules appear, especially at mucocutaneous borders, after 10-14 days. <br />
***Death (8-15 days post infection) is usually preceded by labored breathing and convulsions.<br />
<br />
=====Pathology=====<br />
*The most prominent gross lesions in European rabbits with myxomatosis are the '''skin tumors''' and the pronounced '''cutaneous and subcutaneous edema''', particularly in the area of the face and around body orifices. <br />
*'''Skin hemorrhages''', '''subserosal petechiae''' and '''ecchymoses''' may be observed in the stomach and intestines. Subepicardial and subendocardial hemorrhages may also occur.<br />
*Adult rabbits of the genus Sylvilagus usually develop localized skin tumors resembling the fibromas produced in European rabbits by Shope fibroma virus.<br />
*Hares or young Sylvilagus rabbits may develop fibromatous to myxomatous nodules, however, lesions are usually mild and localized.<br />
<br />
=====Histopathology=====<br />
*The lesions are proliferative to degenerative, depending on the virus strain. <br />
*The skin tumors result from proliferation of undifferentiated mesenchymal cells which become large stellate cells (myxoma cells). These cells may contain '''intracytoplasmic eosinophilic inclusions'''. These cells lie in a homogeneous matrix of mucinous material interspersed with capillaries and inflammatory cells. Endothelial proliferation with narrowing of the lumen and extrusion of stellate "myxoma" cells has been described. <br />
*Epithelial cells overlying the tumor may show hyperplasia or degeneration, or may appear normal. Epithelial proliferation is characterized by ballooning of cells in the stratum granulosum and hyperkeratosis. Epithelial vesiculation progresses to crust formation. Large, eosinophilic, intracytoplasmic inclusions are especially prominent in the stratum spinosum. Lesions in other organs include cellular proliferation of alveolar epithelium and the reticulum cells of lymph nodes and [[Spleen - Anatomy & Physiology|spleen]]. Focal hemorrhage may be present in skin, kidneys, [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy & Physiology|lymph nodes]], testes, heart, stomach, and intestinal walls. Myxoma cells may be present in [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy & Physiology|lymph nodes]], [[Bone Marrow - Anatomy & Physiology|bone marrow]], uterus, ovaries, testes, and lungs.<br />
<br />
====Epidemiology====<br />
*Highly contagious and transmitted by direct or indirect contact with ocular or skin discharges or by mechanical vectors<br />
*'''Mosquitoes''' act as mechanical vectors<br />
*High ambient environmental temperatures are associated with increased survival of infected animals<br />
<br />
====Differentials====<br />
*Shope fibroma virus<br />
**Localised benign tumours that spontaneously regress in adult immunocompetent rabbits<br />
*Malignant rabbit fibroma virus<br />
**MRV is a recombinant between Myxoma virus and Shope fibroma virus.<br />
**Causes a lethal disease with numerous primary and secondary tumours and immunosuppression.<br />
<br />
====Control====<br />
*Attenuated vaccines are used for farmed and pet rabbits<br />
*Wild suspect animals should be culled<br />
<br />
For more, see [[Leporipoxviruses|here]]</div>Bepocockhttps://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Papomaviridae&diff=41019Papomaviridae2008-10-30T22:13:13Z<p>Bepocock: New page: {{unfinished}} {{toplink |linkpage =Viruses |linktext =VIRUSES |pagetype =Bugs }} <br> =Introduction= Papillomaviruses infect keratinized cells, giving rise to sarcoids, warts, and papil...</p>
<hr />
<div>{{unfinished}}<br />
<br />
{{toplink<br />
|linkpage =Viruses<br />
|linktext =VIRUSES<br />
|pagetype =Bugs<br />
}}<br />
<br><br />
<br />
=Introduction=<br />
Papillomaviruses infect keratinized cells, giving rise to sarcoids, warts, and papillomas.<br />
<br />
=Morphology=<br />
*Medium-sized, icosahedral, non-enveloped dsDNA viruses<br />
<br />
=Virulence and Pathogenesis=<br />
*Target actively-dividing cells<br />
*Warts: genes expressed are associated with '''transformation''' (hyperplasia and delayed maturation)<br />
*Virus is shed as cells exfoliate<br />
*Oral papillomas in young animals often resolve spontaneously<br />
<br />
=Epidemiology=<br />
*'''Resistant''' viruses: can persist in environment for months<br />
*Restricted to stratified squamous and mucosal epithelia with slow growth<br />
*Usually species specific<br />
<br />
=Types and Subtypes=<br />
<br />
<br />
=Virus by Species=<br />
===Canine Papillomavirus===<br />
*Occur in oropharynx of puppies aged 4-6 weeks<br />
*Usually resolve spontaneously<br />
<br />
===Bovine Papillomaviruses===<br />
*2 groups:<br />
#Fibropapillomas: viral DNA sequences, but no virus found<br />
#Epithelial Papillomas: virus found<br />
*Calves most commonly affected<br />
*Usually resolves spontaneously<br />
*Can undergo malignant transformation to alimentary carcinomas<br />
**Usually concurrent with grazing bracken (co-carcinogen) and ingesting quercetin (immunosuppressant)<br />
*Can cause squamous cell carcinoma of the eye in Hereford cattle, where UV light acts as the co-carcinogen<br />
<br />
===Equine Papillomaviruses===<br />
*Occurs in horses aged 1-3 years<br />
*Muzzle, oral cavity<br />
*Spread by direct contact<br />
*Virus persists giving life long immunity and antibody-detection<br />
*Usually resolves spontaneously but can be treated by laser or cryo-freezing<br />
<br />
===Equine Sarcoids===<br />
*Most common '''untreatable tumor'''<br />
*Locally aggressive tumor of integument<br />
*Associated with Arabs and Thoroughbreds<br />
*Thought to be associated with '''bovine papillomaviruses'''<br />
*Virus entry through skin abrasions<br />
*Flies may act as mechanical vectors</div>Bepocockhttps://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Canine_Parvovirus&diff=41018Canine Parvovirus2008-10-30T22:06:01Z<p>Bepocock: /* Pathogenesis */</p>
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|linktext =VIRUSES<br />
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}}<br />
<br><br />
<br />
====Antigenicity====<br />
*2 Canine Viruses:<br />
**Canine Parvovirus 1 ('''CPV1'''): avirulent, ubiquitous in canine population<br />
**Canine Parvovirus 2 ('''CPV2'''): new virus emerged in the late 1970's<br />
*Antigenic variants occur<br />
<br />
====Hosts====<br />
*Dogs<br />
*CPV 2a/2b can cause disease in cats<br />
<br />
====Pathogenesis====<br />
*Oropharyngeal infection followed by '''viremia'''<br />
*2 distinct syndromes:<br />
#'''Myocarditis''' in puppies aged 3-8 weeks<br />
#*Virus targets rapidly dividing myocardium<br />
#*Sudden death, '''fading puppy''' syndrome<br />
#*Now rare due to widespread passive immunity<br />
#'''Enteritis''' in puppies >8 weeks of age<br />
#*Virus targets intestinal crypts<br />
#*Villi shorten, then destruction of cypt cells<br />
#*Gray, persistent, foul-smelling diarrhoea or hemorrhagic enteritis<br />
#*High morbidity, low mortality (10%)<br />
<br />
====Epidemiology====<br />
*'''Orofecal''' transmission<br />
*Host range is controlled by only a few amino acids<br />
<br />
====Diagnosis====<br />
*HA or ELISA for virus<br />
<br />
====Control====<br />
*Vaccination, usually in combination with distemper and hepatitis at 10 and 16 weeks of age<br />
*Thorough disinfection after disease</div>Bepocockhttps://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Porcine_Parvovirus&diff=41016Porcine Parvovirus2008-10-30T21:55:27Z<p>Bepocock: New page: {{unfinished}} {{toplink |linkpage =Viruses |linktext =VIRUSES |sublink1=Parvoviridae |subtext1=PARVOVIRUSES |pagetype =Bugs }} <br> ====Antigenicity==== *Single serotype ====Hosts==== ...</p>
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|sublink1=Parvoviridae<br />
|subtext1=PARVOVIRUSES<br />
|pagetype =Bugs<br />
}}<br />
<br><br />
<br />
====Antigenicity====<br />
*Single serotype<br />
<br />
====Hosts====<br />
*Pigs<br />
<br />
====Pathogenesis====<br />
*Principal viral cause of '''SMEDI syndrome''': Stillbirths, Mummification, Embryonic Deaths, and Infertility<br />
*Replicates in alimentary epithelium followed by viremia<br />
*Often '''no clinical signs in breeding and growing stock'''<br />
*'''Transplacental''' infection occurs in early pregnancy, with some (but not all) surviving piglets living as carriers<br />
<br />
====Epidemiology====<br />
*About 50% of UK pigs are antibody-positive<br />
*Transfer is '''orofecal''' or via '''fomites'''<br />
*Outbreaks occur as herd is developing immunity<br />
*Congenitally infected piglets act as herd '''reservoir'''<br />
<br />
====Diagnosis====<br />
*'''Immunostaining''' of fetal tissues<br />
*Virus isolation in cell culture<br />
*HA on feces<br />
*'''Rising antibody titres''' in paired serum sample by HAI<br />
<br />
====Control====<br />
*Inactivated vaccine (UK) or live attenuated (USA)<br />
*Infected piglets should be culled</div>Bepocockhttps://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Canine_Parvovirus&diff=41015Canine Parvovirus2008-10-30T21:49:13Z<p>Bepocock: New page: {{unfinished}} {{toplink |linkpage =Viruses |linktext =VIRUSES |sublink1=Parvoviridae |subtext1=PARVOVIRUSES |pagetype =Bugs }} <br> ====Antigenicity==== *2 Canine Viruses: **Canine Parv...</p>
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<div>{{unfinished}}<br />
<br />
{{toplink<br />
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|subtext1=PARVOVIRUSES<br />
|pagetype =Bugs<br />
}}<br />
<br><br />
<br />
====Antigenicity====<br />
*2 Canine Viruses:<br />
**Canine Parvovirus 1 ('''CPV1'''): avirulent, ubiquitous in canine population<br />
**Canine Parvovirus 2 ('''CPV2'''): new virus emerged in the late 1970's<br />
*Antigenic variants occur<br />
<br />
====Hosts====<br />
*Dogs<br />
*CPV 2a/2b can cause disease in cats<br />
<br />
====Pathogenesis====<br />
*Oropharyngeal infection followed by '''viremia'''<br />
*2 distinct syndromes:<br />
*#'''Myocarditis''' in puppies aged 3-8 weeks<br />
***Virus targets rapidly dividing myocardium<br />
***Sudden death, '''fading puppy''' syndrome<br />
***Now rare due to widespread passive immunity<br />
*#'''Enteritis''' in puppies >8 weeks of age<br />
***Virus targets intestinal crypts<br />
***Villi shorten, then destruction of cypt cells<br />
***Gray, persistent, foul-smelling diarrhoea or hemorrhagic enteritis<br />
***High morbidity, low mortality (10%)<br />
<br />
====Epidemiology====<br />
*'''Orofecal''' transmission<br />
*Host range is controlled by only a few amino acids<br />
<br />
====Diagnosis====<br />
*HA or ELISA for virus<br />
<br />
====Control====<br />
*Vaccination, usually in combination with distemper and hepatitis at 10 and 16 weeks of age<br />
*Thorough disinfection after disease</div>Bepocockhttps://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Feline_Panleucopenia&diff=41014Feline Panleucopenia2008-10-30T21:40:32Z<p>Bepocock: New page: {{unfinished}} {{toplink |linkpage =Viruses |linktext =VIRUSES |sublink1=Parvoviridae |subtext1=PARVOVIRUSES |pagetype =Bugs }} <br> ====Antigenicity==== *One serotype ====Hosts==== *Ca...</p>
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|sublink1=Parvoviridae<br />
|subtext1=PARVOVIRUSES<br />
|pagetype =Bugs<br />
}}<br />
<br><br />
<br />
====Antigenicity====<br />
*One serotype<br />
<br />
====Hosts====<br />
*Cats<br />
*Mink<br />
*Raccoons<br />
*Pandas<br />
<br />
====Pathogenesis====<br />
*Also known as '''Feline Infectious Enteritis''' and '''Feline Panleukopenia'''<br />
*Often fatal<br />
*Pyrexia, severe enteritis (often bloody), dehydration, leukopenia, anemia<br />
*Kittens <2 weeks show cerebellar hypoplasia<br />
*Kittens more susceptible than cats<br />
*Oral infection<br />
*Initial replication in pharyngeal lymphoid tissue<br />
*Viremia<br />
*Virus targets rapidly dividing cells: lymph nodes, bone marrow, crypts of small intestine<br />
<br />
====Epidemiology====<br />
*Infection by '''direct contact''' and '''fomites'''<br />
*Subclinical infections occur<br />
*Virus excretion can be persistent<br />
*'''Endemic worldwide'''<br />
<br />
====Diagnosis====<br />
*Clinical signs<br />
*Hematology: leukopenia<br />
*Can be confirmed by haemagglutination (HA) or ELISA using feces<br />
<br />
====Control====<br />
*'''Inactivated vaccines''' are available and essential for boarding<br />
*Administered parenterally post-weaning to induce a systemic immune response to neutralize viremia<br />
*Annual booster</div>Bepocockhttps://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Parvoviridae&diff=41013Parvoviridae2008-10-30T21:01:33Z<p>Bepocock: /* Virus by Species */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{unfinished}}<br />
<br />
{{toplink<br />
|linkpage =Viruses<br />
|linktext =VIRUSES<br />
|pagetype=Bugs<br />
}}<br />
<br><br />
<br />
=Introduction=<br />
Parvoviruses are cleverly named for their extreme size (parve=small). They are species-specific and serious gastroenteric infections.<br />
<br />
=Morphology=<br />
*Small, non-enveloped, icosahedral DNA virus with featureless virions<br />
<br />
=Virulence and Pathogenesis=<br />
*Resistant to pH (even gastric acidity), heat, and desiccation<br />
*Infect rapidly dividing cells<br />
*Target bone marrow, intestinal epithelium, and growing fetus (via viremia)<br />
*Causes [[Intestines Fibrinous/Haemorrhagic Enteritis - Pathology#Parvovirus Enteritis|Parvovirus Enteritis]]<br />
<br />
=Epidemiology=<br />
*Can persist for years in the environment<br />
<br />
=Virus by Species=<br />
===[[Feline Parvovirus]]===<br />
===[[Canine Parvovirus]]===<br />
===[[Porcine Parvovirus]]===</div>Bepocockhttps://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Viruses_by_Species&diff=41012Viruses by Species2008-10-30T21:01:13Z<p>Bepocock: /* Porcine */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{unfinished}}<br />
<br />
{{toplink<br />
|linkpage =Viruses<br />
|linktext =VIRUSES<br />
}}<br />
<br><br />
<br />
==Avian==<br />
[[Avian Influenza]]<br />
<br />
[[Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV)]]<br />
<br />
[[Avian Leukosis Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Avian Circoviruses]]<br />
<br />
==Bovine==<br />
[[Bovine Parainfluenza - 3 (PI-3)]]<br />
<br />
[[Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus (BRSV)]]<br />
<br />
[[Bluetongue Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Bovine Enteric Coronavirus]]<br />
<br />
[[Bovine Virus Diarrhoea Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Bovine Herpesvirus 1]]<br />
<br />
[[Malignant Catarrhal Fever Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Cow pox]]<br />
<br />
==Canine==<br />
[[Canine Parainfluenza - 2 (aka Parainfluenza - 5)]]<br />
<br />
[[Canine Distemper Virus (CDV)]]<br />
<br />
[[Canine Parvovirus]]<br />
<br />
==Caprine (Goats)==<br />
[[Caprine Arthrirtis Encephalitis Virus]]<br />
<br />
==Equine==<br />
[[African Horse Sickness]]<br />
<br />
[[Equine Influenza]]<br />
<br />
[[Paramyxoviridae#Hendra Virus|Hendra Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Equine Infectious Anemia]]<br />
<br />
[[Equine Encephalitis Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Equine Arteritis Virus (EAV)]]<br />
<br />
[[Equine Herpesvirus 1]]<br />
<br />
==Feline==<br />
[[Feline Calicivirus]]<br />
<br />
[[Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV)]]<br />
<br />
[[Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV)]]<br />
<br />
[[Feline Infections Peritonitis (FIP)]]<br />
<br />
[[Feline Herpesvirus 1|Feline Herpesvirus 1 (Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis)]]<br />
<br />
[[Feline Parvovirus]]<br />
<br />
==Lapine (Rabbits)==<br />
[[Rabbit Haemorrhatic Disease Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Myxomatosis]]<br />
<br />
==Ovine==<br />
[[Bluetongue Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Visna-Maedi Virus of Sheep]]<br />
<br />
[[Sheep Pulmonary Adenomatosis]]<br />
<br />
[[Border Disease Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Orf]]<br />
<br />
==Porcine==<br />
[[Swine Influenza]]<br />
<br />
[[Paramyxoviridae#Nipah Virus|Nipah Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS)]]<br />
<br />
[[Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus of Pigs (TGEV)]]<br />
<br />
[[Swine Vesicular Disease]]<br />
<br />
[[Porcine Enterovirus]]<br />
<br />
[[Porcine Circoviruses]]<br />
<br />
[[Classical Swine Fever]]<br />
<br />
[[Suid Herpesvirus 1]]<br />
<br />
[[Asfarviridae|African Swine Fever]]<br />
<br />
[[Porcine Parvovirus]]<br />
<br />
==Reptilian==<br />
[[Paramyxoviridae#Reptilian Paramyxoviruses|Reptilian Paramyxoviruses]]<br />
<br />
<br />
==Rodentia==<br />
[[Paramyxoviridae#Murine Parainfluenza - 1 (Sendai virus)|Sendai Virus]]</div>Bepocockhttps://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Viruses_by_Species&diff=41011Viruses by Species2008-10-30T21:00:54Z<p>Bepocock: /* Feline */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{unfinished}}<br />
<br />
{{toplink<br />
|linkpage =Viruses<br />
|linktext =VIRUSES<br />
}}<br />
<br><br />
<br />
==Avian==<br />
[[Avian Influenza]]<br />
<br />
[[Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV)]]<br />
<br />
[[Avian Leukosis Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Avian Circoviruses]]<br />
<br />
==Bovine==<br />
[[Bovine Parainfluenza - 3 (PI-3)]]<br />
<br />
[[Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus (BRSV)]]<br />
<br />
[[Bluetongue Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Bovine Enteric Coronavirus]]<br />
<br />
[[Bovine Virus Diarrhoea Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Bovine Herpesvirus 1]]<br />
<br />
[[Malignant Catarrhal Fever Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Cow pox]]<br />
<br />
==Canine==<br />
[[Canine Parainfluenza - 2 (aka Parainfluenza - 5)]]<br />
<br />
[[Canine Distemper Virus (CDV)]]<br />
<br />
[[Canine Parvovirus]]<br />
<br />
==Caprine (Goats)==<br />
[[Caprine Arthrirtis Encephalitis Virus]]<br />
<br />
==Equine==<br />
[[African Horse Sickness]]<br />
<br />
[[Equine Influenza]]<br />
<br />
[[Paramyxoviridae#Hendra Virus|Hendra Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Equine Infectious Anemia]]<br />
<br />
[[Equine Encephalitis Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Equine Arteritis Virus (EAV)]]<br />
<br />
[[Equine Herpesvirus 1]]<br />
<br />
==Feline==<br />
[[Feline Calicivirus]]<br />
<br />
[[Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV)]]<br />
<br />
[[Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV)]]<br />
<br />
[[Feline Infections Peritonitis (FIP)]]<br />
<br />
[[Feline Herpesvirus 1|Feline Herpesvirus 1 (Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis)]]<br />
<br />
[[Feline Parvovirus]]<br />
<br />
==Lapine (Rabbits)==<br />
[[Rabbit Haemorrhatic Disease Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Myxomatosis]]<br />
<br />
==Ovine==<br />
[[Bluetongue Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Visna-Maedi Virus of Sheep]]<br />
<br />
[[Sheep Pulmonary Adenomatosis]]<br />
<br />
[[Border Disease Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Orf]]<br />
<br />
==Porcine==<br />
[[Swine Influenza]]<br />
<br />
[[Paramyxoviridae#Nipah Virus|Nipah Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS)]]<br />
<br />
[[Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus of Pigs (TGEV)]]<br />
<br />
[[Swine Vesicular Disease]]<br />
<br />
[[Porcine Enterovirus]]<br />
<br />
[[Porcine Circoviruses]]<br />
<br />
[[Classical Swine Fever]]<br />
<br />
[[Suid Herpesvirus 1]]<br />
<br />
[[Asfarviridae|African Swine Fever]]<br />
<br />
==Reptilian==<br />
[[Paramyxoviridae#Reptilian Paramyxoviruses|Reptilian Paramyxoviruses]]<br />
<br />
<br />
==Rodentia==<br />
[[Paramyxoviridae#Murine Parainfluenza - 1 (Sendai virus)|Sendai Virus]]</div>Bepocockhttps://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Viruses_by_Species&diff=41010Viruses by Species2008-10-30T21:00:35Z<p>Bepocock: /* Canine */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{unfinished}}<br />
<br />
{{toplink<br />
|linkpage =Viruses<br />
|linktext =VIRUSES<br />
}}<br />
<br><br />
<br />
==Avian==<br />
[[Avian Influenza]]<br />
<br />
[[Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV)]]<br />
<br />
[[Avian Leukosis Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Avian Circoviruses]]<br />
<br />
==Bovine==<br />
[[Bovine Parainfluenza - 3 (PI-3)]]<br />
<br />
[[Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus (BRSV)]]<br />
<br />
[[Bluetongue Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Bovine Enteric Coronavirus]]<br />
<br />
[[Bovine Virus Diarrhoea Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Bovine Herpesvirus 1]]<br />
<br />
[[Malignant Catarrhal Fever Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Cow pox]]<br />
<br />
==Canine==<br />
[[Canine Parainfluenza - 2 (aka Parainfluenza - 5)]]<br />
<br />
[[Canine Distemper Virus (CDV)]]<br />
<br />
[[Canine Parvovirus]]<br />
<br />
==Caprine (Goats)==<br />
[[Caprine Arthrirtis Encephalitis Virus]]<br />
<br />
==Equine==<br />
[[African Horse Sickness]]<br />
<br />
[[Equine Influenza]]<br />
<br />
[[Paramyxoviridae#Hendra Virus|Hendra Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Equine Infectious Anemia]]<br />
<br />
[[Equine Encephalitis Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Equine Arteritis Virus (EAV)]]<br />
<br />
[[Equine Herpesvirus 1]]<br />
<br />
==Feline==<br />
[[Feline Calicivirus]]<br />
<br />
[[Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV)]]<br />
<br />
[[Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV)]]<br />
<br />
[[Feline Infections Peritonitis (FIP)]]<br />
<br />
[[Feline Herpesvirus 1|Feline Herpesvirus 1 (Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis)]]<br />
<br />
==Lapine (Rabbits)==<br />
[[Rabbit Haemorrhatic Disease Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Myxomatosis]]<br />
<br />
==Ovine==<br />
[[Bluetongue Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Visna-Maedi Virus of Sheep]]<br />
<br />
[[Sheep Pulmonary Adenomatosis]]<br />
<br />
[[Border Disease Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Orf]]<br />
<br />
==Porcine==<br />
[[Swine Influenza]]<br />
<br />
[[Paramyxoviridae#Nipah Virus|Nipah Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS)]]<br />
<br />
[[Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus of Pigs (TGEV)]]<br />
<br />
[[Swine Vesicular Disease]]<br />
<br />
[[Porcine Enterovirus]]<br />
<br />
[[Porcine Circoviruses]]<br />
<br />
[[Classical Swine Fever]]<br />
<br />
[[Suid Herpesvirus 1]]<br />
<br />
[[Asfarviridae|African Swine Fever]]<br />
<br />
==Reptilian==<br />
[[Paramyxoviridae#Reptilian Paramyxoviruses|Reptilian Paramyxoviruses]]<br />
<br />
<br />
==Rodentia==<br />
[[Paramyxoviridae#Murine Parainfluenza - 1 (Sendai virus)|Sendai Virus]]</div>Bepocockhttps://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Parvoviridae&diff=41009Parvoviridae2008-10-30T21:00:04Z<p>Bepocock: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{unfinished}}<br />
<br />
{{toplink<br />
|linkpage =Viruses<br />
|linktext =VIRUSES<br />
|pagetype=Bugs<br />
}}<br />
<br><br />
<br />
=Introduction=<br />
Parvoviruses are cleverly named for their extreme size (parve=small). They are species-specific and serious gastroenteric infections.<br />
<br />
=Morphology=<br />
*Small, non-enveloped, icosahedral DNA virus with featureless virions<br />
<br />
=Virulence and Pathogenesis=<br />
*Resistant to pH (even gastric acidity), heat, and desiccation<br />
*Infect rapidly dividing cells<br />
*Target bone marrow, intestinal epithelium, and growing fetus (via viremia)<br />
*Causes [[Intestines Fibrinous/Haemorrhagic Enteritis - Pathology#Parvovirus Enteritis|Parvovirus Enteritis]]<br />
<br />
=Epidemiology=<br />
*Can persist for years in the environment<br />
<br />
=Virus by Species=<br />
===[[Feliine Parvovirus===<br />
===[[Canine Parvovirus]]===<br />
===[[Porcine Parvovirus]]===</div>Bepocockhttps://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Asfarviridae&diff=41006Asfarviridae2008-10-30T20:45:53Z<p>Bepocock: New page: {{unfinished}} {{toplink |linkpage =Viruses |linktext =VIRUSES |pagetype =Bugs }} <br> =Introduction= Asfarviridae receives it's name from '''A'''frican '''S'''wine '''F'''ever virus, wh...</p>
<hr />
<div>{{unfinished}}<br />
<br />
{{toplink<br />
|linkpage =Viruses<br />
|linktext =VIRUSES<br />
|pagetype =Bugs<br />
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<br><br />
<br />
=Introduction=<br />
Asfarviridae receives it's name from '''A'''frican '''S'''wine '''F'''ever virus, which is derived from any of this family of viruses. ASF is a serious exotic virus that should not be confused with [[Classical Swine Fever]].<br />
<br />
=Morphology=<br />
*Large, enveloped, icosahedral, '''cytoplasmic''' DNA virus<br />
<br />
=Virulence and Pathogenesis=<br />
*Infects either '''upper respiratory tract''' or '''skin''' via '''ticks'''<br />
*Enters bloodstream in monocytes<br />
*Reaches viscera and bone marrow within days<br />
*Induces a '''clotting defect''' and '''hemolysis''' in red blood cells<br />
*Also affects lymphocytes:<br />
**Infects Th cells and causes them not to produce B-stimulating cytokines<br />
**Antigen-stimulated B-cells undergo apoptosis rather than producing antibody<br />
*General cell signal transduction is blocked, decreasing non-specific immunity<br />
<br />
''Acute Virus (Africa)''<br />
*Clinical Signs:<br />
**Nasal discharge, diarrhoea, reddening of the skin<br />
*Death within 7 days<br />
*PM: widespread internal hemorrhage<br />
<br />
''Subacute Virus (Europe)''<br />
*PM: Petechial hemorrhages may be seen under kidney capsule<br />
*Mortality: 30-70%<br />
*Survivors may lose body condition, have skin ulcers and joint swelling<br />
<br />
=Epidemiology=<br />
*Can persist on infected premises for months<br />
*Subacute recovered pigs become antibody-positive carriers<br />
*Transfer:<br />
**Africa: vertical transfer between '''soft ticks'''<br />
**Europe/Africa: '''direct contact''' with carrier pigs, '''aerosol''', infected swill, etc.<br />
<br />
=Diagnosis=<br />
*Mortalities with widespread hemorrhage, particularly in lymph nodes<br />
*Test to distinguish from [[Classical Swine Fever]] and [[Porcine Circoviruses]]<br />
*Immunofluorescence<br />
*PCR<br />
<br />
=Control=<br />
*No vaccine is available<br />
Prevention:<br />
*Boiling swill<br />
*Isolation of sick pigs, domestic pigs from wild pigs<br />
*Keep pigs on concrete, not soil (to lessen tick contact)</div>Bepocockhttps://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Viruses_by_Species&diff=41005Viruses by Species2008-10-30T20:30:44Z<p>Bepocock: /* Porcine */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{unfinished}}<br />
<br />
{{toplink<br />
|linkpage =Viruses<br />
|linktext =VIRUSES<br />
}}<br />
<br><br />
<br />
==Avian==<br />
[[Avian Influenza]]<br />
<br />
[[Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV)]]<br />
<br />
[[Avian Leukosis Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Avian Circoviruses]]<br />
<br />
==Bovine==<br />
[[Bovine Parainfluenza - 3 (PI-3)]]<br />
<br />
[[Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus (BRSV)]]<br />
<br />
[[Bluetongue Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Bovine Enteric Coronavirus]]<br />
<br />
[[Bovine Virus Diarrhoea Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Bovine Herpesvirus 1]]<br />
<br />
[[Malignant Catarrhal Fever Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Cow pox]]<br />
<br />
==Canine==<br />
[[Canine Parainfluenza - 2 (aka Parainfluenza - 5)]]<br />
<br />
[[Canine Distemper Virus (CDV)]]<br />
<br />
<br />
==Caprine (Goats)==<br />
[[Caprine Arthrirtis Encephalitis Virus]]<br />
<br />
==Equine==<br />
[[African Horse Sickness]]<br />
<br />
[[Equine Influenza]]<br />
<br />
[[Paramyxoviridae#Hendra Virus|Hendra Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Equine Infectious Anemia]]<br />
<br />
[[Equine Encephalitis Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Equine Arteritis Virus (EAV)]]<br />
<br />
[[Equine Herpesvirus 1]]<br />
<br />
==Feline==<br />
[[Feline Calicivirus]]<br />
<br />
[[Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV)]]<br />
<br />
[[Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV)]]<br />
<br />
[[Feline Infections Peritonitis (FIP)]]<br />
<br />
[[Feline Herpesvirus 1|Feline Herpesvirus 1 (Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis)]]<br />
<br />
==Lapine (Rabbits)==<br />
[[Rabbit Haemorrhatic Disease Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Myxomatosis]]<br />
<br />
==Ovine==<br />
[[Bluetongue Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Visna-Maedi Virus of Sheep]]<br />
<br />
[[Sheep Pulmonary Adenomatosis]]<br />
<br />
[[Border Disease Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Orf]]<br />
<br />
==Porcine==<br />
[[Swine Influenza]]<br />
<br />
[[Paramyxoviridae#Nipah Virus|Nipah Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS)]]<br />
<br />
[[Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus of Pigs (TGEV)]]<br />
<br />
[[Swine Vesicular Disease]]<br />
<br />
[[Porcine Enterovirus]]<br />
<br />
[[Porcine Circoviruses]]<br />
<br />
[[Classical Swine Fever]]<br />
<br />
[[Suid Herpesvirus 1]]<br />
<br />
[[Asfarviridae|African Swine Fever]]<br />
<br />
==Reptilian==<br />
[[Paramyxoviridae#Reptilian Paramyxoviruses|Reptilian Paramyxoviruses]]<br />
<br />
<br />
==Rodentia==<br />
[[Paramyxoviridae#Murine Parainfluenza - 1 (Sendai virus)|Sendai Virus]]</div>Bepocockhttps://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Poxviridae&diff=41003Poxviridae2008-10-30T20:14:44Z<p>Bepocock: /* Virus by Species */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{unfinished}}<br />
<br />
{{toplink<br />
|linkpage =Viruses<br />
|linktext =VIRUSES<br />
|pagetype=Bugs<br />
}}<br />
<br><br />
<br />
=Introduction=<br />
Poxviruses are among the most easily recognized of all viruses, owing to the lesion by which they have gained their name. Once inside cell, they cause proliferation then lysis, giving way to a characteristic pock with a necrotic center. Poxviruses have risen to fame both for their ability to be eradicated (small pox) as well as their use in fighting other viruses (canarypox vaccines).<br />
<br />
=Morphology=<br />
*Huge (up to 450nm), usually enveloped viruses, with a complex capsid symmetry<br />
*Up to 30 different structural proteins<br />
*Non-structural proteins:<br />
**'''Viral epidermal growth factor''', which stimulates cell growth causing the raised edge of pustule<br />
**'''Viral tumor necrosis factor''', which is non-functioning and acts as an anti-inflammatory by competing with TNF-alpha<br />
**'''Viral IL-10''', which reduces the Th-1 cell mediated response<br />
<br />
=Therapeutic Use=<br />
Recombinant Vaccines<br />
*Poxviruses can be used as heat-stable vectors for vaccines against other viruses<br />
*Grown in host cell lines or on the surface of chick chorioallantoic membranes in ovo (primordial ectoderm)<br />
*This was first accomplished by the recombination of cowpox and variola (smallpox) in the creation of the smallpox vaccine (vaccinia)<br />
*More recently, the French used this technique in the creation of the oral rabies vaccine used among the wild fox population:<br />
**Recombinant virus inserts a plasmid encoding rabies gene in place of thymidine kinase gene<br />
*Canarypox vaccines now exist for [[Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV)|FeLV]] and [[Rhabdoviridae|Rabies]]<br />
**Undergoes a single cycle of replication without producing infectious virus in mammals<br />
<br />
=Virulence and Pathogenesis=<br />
*Primary replication in abraded squamous epithelium<br />
*Viremia followed by multiple epidermal infections<br />
*Ballooning then necrosis (hydropic degeneration) of epidermal cells<br />
*Concurrent proliferation or adjacent epidermis (GF driven), creating more cells for the virus to infect<br />
*All three result in classical sequence of lesions:<br />
**Papule (proliferation)<br />
**Vesicle (fluid filled)<br />
**Pustule (lesion breaks)<br />
**Scab formation (healing begins)<br />
*Pock center can succumb to secondary infection<br />
*Resolution in 3-4 weeks<br />
*Some poxviruses can spread to the upper respiratory tract or viscera, causing more serious pathology<br />
<br />
=Epidemiology=<br />
*Spread quickly in unhygienic circumstances<br />
*Can survive for years in dust<br />
<br />
=Diagnosis=<br />
*Clinical signs<br />
*Histology<br />
*Electron microscopy<br />
*PCR, IIF<br />
<br />
=Types and Subtypes=<br />
* 6 Genera, all of which produce pox lesions<br />
*Subdivided based on external structure by EM<br />
<br />
=Virus by Species=<br />
*'''[[Cow pox]]''', which also causes cat pox<br />
*Small pox (variola)<br />
*'''[[Orf]]'''<br />
*'''Seal pox'''<br />
**Skin and flipper infection of wild and captive seals<br />
*'''Pig pox'''<br />
**'''Lice''' as vectors (passive host)<br />
**No vaccine<br />
*'''Capripox''' (exotic to EU)<br />
**Sheep and goats<br />
**Highly infectious (airborne and vector), with prolonged survival off the host<br />
**Often fatal with visceral necrotic lesions in addition to epidermal<br />
**Prevalent in Asia, Middle East, Africa, and Mediterranean<br />
**ZOONOTIC, vaccination annually<br />
*'''[[Myxomatosis]]'''<br />
*'''Fowl pox'''<br />
**Pox form on unfeathered skin<br />
**Disease of poor management<br />
**Scarification can produce partial immunity in chickens<br />
*Pigeon pox<br />
*Canary pox<br />
*'''Ectromelia'''<br />
**Affects mouse colonies<br />
**Largely eradicated by the use of specific pathogen free mice and rats<br />
*Camel pox<br />
*Monkey pox<br />
*Lumpy skin disease<br />
**Subsaharan African cattle<br />
*Red squirrel parapox<br />
*Red/Gray squirrel pox</div>Bepocockhttps://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Poxviridae&diff=41002Poxviridae2008-10-30T20:13:37Z<p>Bepocock: /* Virus by Species */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{unfinished}}<br />
<br />
{{toplink<br />
|linkpage =Viruses<br />
|linktext =VIRUSES<br />
|pagetype=Bugs<br />
}}<br />
<br><br />
<br />
=Introduction=<br />
Poxviruses are among the most easily recognized of all viruses, owing to the lesion by which they have gained their name. Once inside cell, they cause proliferation then lysis, giving way to a characteristic pock with a necrotic center. Poxviruses have risen to fame both for their ability to be eradicated (small pox) as well as their use in fighting other viruses (canarypox vaccines).<br />
<br />
=Morphology=<br />
*Huge (up to 450nm), usually enveloped viruses, with a complex capsid symmetry<br />
*Up to 30 different structural proteins<br />
*Non-structural proteins:<br />
**'''Viral epidermal growth factor''', which stimulates cell growth causing the raised edge of pustule<br />
**'''Viral tumor necrosis factor''', which is non-functioning and acts as an anti-inflammatory by competing with TNF-alpha<br />
**'''Viral IL-10''', which reduces the Th-1 cell mediated response<br />
<br />
=Therapeutic Use=<br />
Recombinant Vaccines<br />
*Poxviruses can be used as heat-stable vectors for vaccines against other viruses<br />
*Grown in host cell lines or on the surface of chick chorioallantoic membranes in ovo (primordial ectoderm)<br />
*This was first accomplished by the recombination of cowpox and variola (smallpox) in the creation of the smallpox vaccine (vaccinia)<br />
*More recently, the French used this technique in the creation of the oral rabies vaccine used among the wild fox population:<br />
**Recombinant virus inserts a plasmid encoding rabies gene in place of thymidine kinase gene<br />
*Canarypox vaccines now exist for [[Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV)|FeLV]] and [[Rhabdoviridae|Rabies]]<br />
**Undergoes a single cycle of replication without producing infectious virus in mammals<br />
<br />
=Virulence and Pathogenesis=<br />
*Primary replication in abraded squamous epithelium<br />
*Viremia followed by multiple epidermal infections<br />
*Ballooning then necrosis (hydropic degeneration) of epidermal cells<br />
*Concurrent proliferation or adjacent epidermis (GF driven), creating more cells for the virus to infect<br />
*All three result in classical sequence of lesions:<br />
**Papule (proliferation)<br />
**Vesicle (fluid filled)<br />
**Pustule (lesion breaks)<br />
**Scab formation (healing begins)<br />
*Pock center can succumb to secondary infection<br />
*Resolution in 3-4 weeks<br />
*Some poxviruses can spread to the upper respiratory tract or viscera, causing more serious pathology<br />
<br />
=Epidemiology=<br />
*Spread quickly in unhygienic circumstances<br />
*Can survive for years in dust<br />
<br />
=Diagnosis=<br />
*Clinical signs<br />
*Histology<br />
*Electron microscopy<br />
*PCR, IIF<br />
<br />
=Types and Subtypes=<br />
* 6 Genera, all of which produce pox lesions<br />
*Subdivided based on external structure by EM<br />
<br />
=Virus by Species=<br />
*[['''Cow pox''']], which also causes cat pox<br />
*Small pox (variola)<br />
*[['''Orf''']]<br />
*'''Seal pox'''<br />
**Skin and flipper infection of wild and captive seals<br />
*'''Pig pox'''<br />
**'''Lice''' as vectors (passive host)<br />
**No vaccine<br />
*'''Capripox''' (exotic to EU)<br />
**Sheep and goats<br />
**Highly infectious (airborne and vector), with prolonged survival off the host<br />
**Often fatal with visceral necrotic lesions in addition to epidermal<br />
**Prevalent in Asia, Middle East, Africa, and Mediterranean<br />
**ZOONOTIC, vaccination annually<br />
*[['''Myxomatosis''']]<br />
*'''Fowl pox'''<br />
**Pox form on unfeathered skin<br />
**Disease of poor management<br />
**Scarification can produce partial immunity in chickens<br />
*Pigeon pox<br />
*Canary pox<br />
*'''Ectromelia'''<br />
**Affects mouse colonies<br />
**Largely eradicated by the use of specific pathogen free mice and rats<br />
*Camel pox<br />
*Monkey pox<br />
*Lumpy skin disease<br />
**Subsaharan African cattle<br />
*Red squirrel parapox<br />
*Red/Gray squirrel pox</div>Bepocockhttps://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=File:MyxoRabbit.JPG&diff=41001File:MyxoRabbit.JPG2008-10-30T20:04:48Z<p>Bepocock: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Bepocockhttps://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Myxomatosis&diff=41000Myxomatosis2008-10-30T20:04:24Z<p>Bepocock: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{unfinished}}<br />
<br />
{{toplink<br />
|linkpage =Viruses<br />
|linktext =VIRUSES<br />
|sublink1=Poxviridae<br />
|subtext1=POXVIRUSES<br />
|pagetype =Bugs<br />
}}<br />
<br><br />
[[Image:MyxoRabbit.JPG|200px|right|thumb|A European Rabbit afflicted by Myxomatosis in Shropshire, England. Courtesy of WikiMedia]]<br />
====Antigenicity====<br />
*Myxomatosis is enzootic in rabbits of the genus Sylvilagus in both South and North America and in wild rabbits of the genus Oryctolagus in South America, Europe, and Australia<br />
*Following introduction into Europe and Australia, genetic modification of the myxoma virus produced markedly attenuated strains that replaced the virulent virus as the dominant virus strain<br />
<br />
====Morphology====<br />
*Several proteins encoded by the virus are immunosubversive in that they mimic host ligands or regulators (virokines) or are homologues of cellular cytokine receptors (viroceptors)<br />
<br />
<br />
====Hosts====<br />
*Rabbits<br />
<br />
<br />
====Pathogenesis====<br />
*Infects several cell types including mucosal cells, lymphocytes, and fibroblasts<br />
*In addition to primary and secondary tumor development, there is severe immunosuppression leading to overwhelming infections by opportunistic gram-negative bacteria (esp. conjunctiva and nasal passages)<br />
*Virus multiplication and tumor-like lesions occur initially at the site of intradermal inoculation <br />
*This is followed by spread to regional lymph nodes and cell-associated viremia, with generalization to the skin and internal organs<br />
*Gelatinous proliferative nodules all over body, especially at '''orifices''' (eyes, anus, nose)<br />
*Rabbit dies within 12 days, if not killed by predators<br />
<br />
=====In more detail=====<br />
*Virulent strains of MYX and MRV secrete a T2 gene product with significant homology to the T2 protein secreted by Shope fibroma virus. This protein acts as a receptor for TNFα and TNFβ. TNF is active in killing virus infected and tumor cells. Cytotoxicity is correlated with the induction of toxic superoxide radicals. The T2 gene product enhances viral virulence by interfering with TNF-dependent immune response pathways of the host.<br />
*Myxoma virus and MRV have also been shown to compromise cell-mediated immunity by inducing a loss of class I MHC antigens from the surface of infected cells. MHC class I-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocytes play a major role in clearing poxvirus infections from susceptible animal hosts, and are an important factor in limiting virus spread within the host. Class I molecules are present on all nucleated cells and platelets. Cytotoxic T cells (CD8+) recognize intracellular viral antigen in association with class I MHC glycoproteins on the cell surface. MYX and MRV infection results in a specific, rapid decrease in detectable surface class I epitopes. It has been suggested that a late viral gene product may interact with the class I complex to either physically sequester the complex away from the cell surface and inhibit its recycling to the surface, or induce a conformational change in the complex rendering it unrecognizable by cytotoxic T lymphocytes.<br />
*Myxoma growth factor (MGF) and a gene product designated M11L are also associated with MYX virulence. MGF and M11L deleted mutants are markedly attenuated, capable of inducing only benign localized nodules that regress spontaneously, similar to lesions induced by Shope fibroma virus. MGF has significant sequence homology with epidermal growth factor and transforming growth factor β. It has been postulated that the presence of EGF/TGFβ-like growth factors in tumorigenic poxviruses affects the growth and progression of poxvirus-infected cells.<br />
*Another myxoma virus virulence factor designated MYXOMA SERPIN 1 (SERP 1) has significant sequence homology with members of the family of serine proteases inhibitors (serpins). The exact role of SERP 1 is unknown but it may theoretically affect antigen presentation by interfering with viral protein degradation, or might reduce cytoxic T cell killing mediated by serine proteases in the effector cell.<br />
*Rabbit poxvirus gene sequences coding for products related to the C4 and C5 components of the complement cascade have been identified. It is postulated that complement-like viral protein products may block the activation or action of complement. The virulence factor T7 is an IFNγ receptor homologue.<br />
<br />
=====Clinical Signs=====<br />
*Clinical disease varies with virus strain and host species. <br />
**Sylvilagus species are relatively resistant, and are probably the natural host of the virus. In Sylvilagus species, infection usually results only in the development of skin tumors at the site of inoculation. The tumors appear 4-8 days after exposure and persist for up to 40 days. Very young rabbits may succumb to generalized disease.<br />
**Lepus species (hares) are highly resistant. Occasional individuals develop mild to severe generalized myxomatosis.<br />
**In the European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus), infection with virulent virus (South American or California strains) results in severe disease with up to a 99% case fatality rate. <br />
***Initial signs include edema of the eyelids accompanied by inflammation and edema around the anal, genital, oral, and nasal orifices. <br />
***Edema of the head and ears, drooping ears, and bacterial infections resulting in mucopurulent conjunctivitis and pneumonia are seen. <br />
***The primary tumor may be evident by 3-4 days after infection. Generalized tumors develop by 6-7 days after infection. <br />
***Subcutaneous swellings become mucoid, gelatinous masses (hence the name myxomatosis). <br />
***More chronic wart-like nodules appear, especially at mucocutaneous borders, after 10-14 days. <br />
***Death (8-15 days post infection) is usually preceded by labored breathing and convulsions.<br />
<br />
=====Pathology=====<br />
*The most prominent gross lesions in European rabbits with myxomatosis are the '''skin tumors''' and the pronounced '''cutaneous and subcutaneous edema''', particularly in the area of the face and around body orifices. <br />
*'''Skin hemorrhages''', '''subserosal petechiae''' and '''ecchymoses''' may be observed in the stomach and intestines. Subepicardial and subendocardial hemorrhages may also occur.<br />
*Adult rabbits of the genus Sylvilagus usually develop localized skin tumors resembling the fibromas produced in European rabbits by Shope fibroma virus.<br />
*Hares or young Sylvilagus rabbits may develop fibromatous to myxomatous nodules, however, lesions are usually mild and localized.<br />
<br />
=====Histopathology=====<br />
*The lesions are proliferative to degenerative, depending on the virus strain. <br />
*The skin tumors result from proliferation of undifferentiated mesenchymal cells which become large stellate cells (myxoma cells). These cells may contain '''intracytoplasmic eosinophilic inclusions'''. These cells lie in a homogeneous matrix of mucinous material interspersed with capillaries and inflammatory cells. Endothelial proliferation with narrowing of the lumen and extrusion of stellate "myxoma" cells has been described. <br />
*Epithelial cells overlying the tumor may show hyperplasia or degeneration, or may appear normal. Epithelial proliferation is characterized by ballooning of cells in the stratum granulosum and hyperkeratosis. Epithelial vesiculation progresses to crust formation. Large, eosinophilic, intracytoplasmic inclusions are especially prominent in the stratum spinosum. Lesions in other organs include cellular proliferation of alveolar epithelium and the reticulum cells of lymph nodes and [[Spleen - Anatomy & Physiology|spleen]]. Focal hemorrhage may be present in skin, kidneys, [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy & Physiology|lymph nodes]], testes, heart, stomach, and intestinal walls. Myxoma cells may be present in [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy & Physiology|lymph nodes]], [[Bone Marrow - Anatomy & Physiology|bone marrow]], uterus, ovaries, testes, and lungs.<br />
<br />
====Epidemiology====<br />
*Highly contagious and transmitted by direct or indirect contact with ocular or skin discharges or by mechanical vectors<br />
*'''Mosquitoes''' act as mechanical vectors<br />
*High ambient environmental temperatures are associated with increased survival of infected animals<br />
<br />
====Differentials====<br />
*Shope fibroma virus<br />
**Localised benign tumours that spontaneously regress in adult immunocompetent rabbits<br />
*Malignant rabbit fibroma virus<br />
**MRV is a recombinant between Myxoma virus and Shope fibroma virus.<br />
**Causes a lethal disease with numerous primary and secondary tumours and immunosuppression.<br />
<br />
====Control====<br />
*Attenuated vaccines are used for farmed and pet rabbits<br />
*Wild suspect animals should be culled</div>Bepocockhttps://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Poxviridae&diff=40999Poxviridae2008-10-30T20:00:09Z<p>Bepocock: /* Leporipoxviruses */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{unfinished}}<br />
<br />
{{toplink<br />
|linkpage =Viruses<br />
|linktext =VIRUSES<br />
|pagetype=Bugs<br />
}}<br />
<br><br />
<br />
=Introduction=<br />
Poxviruses are among the most easily recognized of all viruses, owing to the lesion by which they have gained their name. Once inside cell, they cause proliferation then lysis, giving way to a characteristic pock with a necrotic center. Poxviruses have risen to fame both for their ability to be eradicated (small pox) as well as their use in fighting other viruses (canarypox vaccines).<br />
<br />
=Morphology=<br />
*Huge (up to 450nm), usually enveloped viruses, with a complex capsid symmetry<br />
*Up to 30 different structural proteins<br />
*Non-structural proteins:<br />
**'''Viral epidermal growth factor''', which stimulates cell growth causing the raised edge of pustule<br />
**'''Viral tumor necrosis factor''', which is non-functioning and acts as an anti-inflammatory by competing with TNF-alpha<br />
**'''Viral IL-10''', which reduces the Th-1 cell mediated response<br />
<br />
=Therapeutic Use=<br />
Recombinant Vaccines<br />
*Poxviruses can be used as heat-stable vectors for vaccines against other viruses<br />
*Grown in host cell lines or on the surface of chick chorioallantoic membranes in ovo (primordial ectoderm)<br />
*This was first accomplished by the recombination of cowpox and variola (smallpox) in the creation of the smallpox vaccine (vaccinia)<br />
*More recently, the French used this technique in the creation of the oral rabies vaccine used among the wild fox population:<br />
**Recombinant virus inserts a plasmid encoding rabies gene in place of thymidine kinase gene<br />
*Canarypox vaccines now exist for [[Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV)|FeLV]] and [[Rhabdoviridae|Rabies]]<br />
**Undergoes a single cycle of replication without producing infectious virus in mammals<br />
<br />
=Virulence and Pathogenesis=<br />
*Primary replication in abraded squamous epithelium<br />
*Viremia followed by multiple epidermal infections<br />
*Ballooning then necrosis (hydropic degeneration) of epidermal cells<br />
*Concurrent proliferation or adjacent epidermis (GF driven), creating more cells for the virus to infect<br />
*All three result in classical sequence of lesions:<br />
**Papule (proliferation)<br />
**Vesicle (fluid filled)<br />
**Pustule (lesion breaks)<br />
**Scab formation (healing begins)<br />
*Pock center can succumb to secondary infection<br />
*Resolution in 3-4 weeks<br />
*Some poxviruses can spread to the upper respiratory tract or viscera, causing more serious pathology<br />
<br />
=Epidemiology=<br />
*Spread quickly in unhygienic circumstances<br />
*Can survive for years in dust<br />
<br />
=Diagnosis=<br />
*Clinical signs<br />
*Histology<br />
*Electron microscopy<br />
*PCR, IIF<br />
<br />
=Types and Subtypes=<br />
* 6 Genera, all of which produce pox lesions<br />
*Subdivided based on external structure by EM<br />
<br />
=Virus by Species=<br />
*[[Cow pox]], which also causes cat pox<br />
*Small pox (variola)<br />
*[[Orf]]<br />
*Seal pox<br />
*Pig pox<br />
*Sheep/Goat pox (exotic to EU)<br />
*[[Myxomatosis]]<br />
*Fowl pox<br />
*Pigeon pox<br />
*Canary pox<br />
*[[Ectromelia]] <br />
*Camel pox<br />
*Monkey pox<br />
*Lumpy skin disease<br />
*Red squirrel parapox<br />
*Red/Gray squirrel pox</div>Bepocockhttps://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Myxomatosis&diff=40998Myxomatosis2008-10-30T19:59:30Z<p>Bepocock: New page: {{unfinished}} {{toplink |linkpage =Viruses |linktext =VIRUSES |sublink1=Poxviridae |subtext1=POXVIRUSES |pagetype =Bugs }} <br> ====Antigenicity==== *Myxomatosis is enzootic in rabbits ...</p>
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<div>{{unfinished}}<br />
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{{toplink<br />
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|linktext =VIRUSES<br />
|sublink1=Poxviridae<br />
|subtext1=POXVIRUSES<br />
|pagetype =Bugs<br />
}}<br />
<br><br />
<br />
====Antigenicity====<br />
*Myxomatosis is enzootic in rabbits of the genus Sylvilagus in both South and North America and in wild rabbits of the genus Oryctolagus in South America, Europe, and Australia<br />
*Following introduction into Europe and Australia, genetic modification of the myxoma virus produced markedly attenuated strains that replaced the virulent virus as the dominant virus strain<br />
<br />
====Morphology====<br />
*Several proteins encoded by the virus are immunosubversive in that they mimic host ligands or regulators (virokines) or are homologues of cellular cytokine receptors (viroceptors)<br />
<br />
<br />
====Hosts====<br />
*Rabbits<br />
<br />
<br />
====Pathogenesis====<br />
*Infects several cell types including mucosal cells, lymphocytes, and fibroblasts<br />
*In addition to primary and secondary tumor development, there is severe immunosuppression leading to overwhelming infections by opportunistic gram-negative bacteria (esp. conjunctiva and nasal passages)<br />
*Virus multiplication and tumor-like lesions occur initially at the site of intradermal inoculation <br />
*This is followed by spread to regional lymph nodes and cell-associated viremia, with generalization to the skin and internal organs<br />
*Gelatinous proliferative nodules all over body, especially at '''orifices''' (eyes, anus, nose)<br />
*Rabbit dies within 12 days, if not killed by predators<br />
<br />
=====In more detail=====<br />
*Virulent strains of MYX and MRV secrete a T2 gene product with significant homology to the T2 protein secreted by Shope fibroma virus. This protein acts as a receptor for TNFα and TNFβ. TNF is active in killing virus infected and tumor cells. Cytotoxicity is correlated with the induction of toxic superoxide radicals. The T2 gene product enhances viral virulence by interfering with TNF-dependent immune response pathways of the host.<br />
*Myxoma virus and MRV have also been shown to compromise cell-mediated immunity by inducing a loss of class I MHC antigens from the surface of infected cells. MHC class I-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocytes play a major role in clearing poxvirus infections from susceptible animal hosts, and are an important factor in limiting virus spread within the host. Class I molecules are present on all nucleated cells and platelets. Cytotoxic T cells (CD8+) recognize intracellular viral antigen in association with class I MHC glycoproteins on the cell surface. MYX and MRV infection results in a specific, rapid decrease in detectable surface class I epitopes. It has been suggested that a late viral gene product may interact with the class I complex to either physically sequester the complex away from the cell surface and inhibit its recycling to the surface, or induce a conformational change in the complex rendering it unrecognizable by cytotoxic T lymphocytes.<br />
*Myxoma growth factor (MGF) and a gene product designated M11L are also associated with MYX virulence. MGF and M11L deleted mutants are markedly attenuated, capable of inducing only benign localized nodules that regress spontaneously, similar to lesions induced by Shope fibroma virus. MGF has significant sequence homology with epidermal growth factor and transforming growth factor β. It has been postulated that the presence of EGF/TGFβ-like growth factors in tumorigenic poxviruses affects the growth and progression of poxvirus-infected cells.<br />
*Another myxoma virus virulence factor designated MYXOMA SERPIN 1 (SERP 1) has significant sequence homology with members of the family of serine proteases inhibitors (serpins). The exact role of SERP 1 is unknown but it may theoretically affect antigen presentation by interfering with viral protein degradation, or might reduce cytoxic T cell killing mediated by serine proteases in the effector cell.<br />
*Rabbit poxvirus gene sequences coding for products related to the C4 and C5 components of the complement cascade have been identified. It is postulated that complement-like viral protein products may block the activation or action of complement. The virulence factor T7 is an IFNγ receptor homologue.<br />
<br />
=====Clinical Signs=====<br />
*Clinical disease varies with virus strain and host species. <br />
**Sylvilagus species are relatively resistant, and are probably the natural host of the virus. In Sylvilagus species, infection usually results only in the development of skin tumors at the site of inoculation. The tumors appear 4-8 days after exposure and persist for up to 40 days. Very young rabbits may succumb to generalized disease.<br />
**Lepus species (hares) are highly resistant. Occasional individuals develop mild to severe generalized myxomatosis.<br />
**In the European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus), infection with virulent virus (South American or California strains) results in severe disease with up to a 99% case fatality rate. <br />
***Initial signs include edema of the eyelids accompanied by inflammation and edema around the anal, genital, oral, and nasal orifices. <br />
***Edema of the head and ears, drooping ears, and bacterial infections resulting in mucopurulent conjunctivitis and pneumonia are seen. <br />
***The primary tumor may be evident by 3-4 days after infection. Generalized tumors develop by 6-7 days after infection. <br />
***Subcutaneous swellings become mucoid, gelatinous masses (hence the name myxomatosis). <br />
***More chronic wart-like nodules appear, especially at mucocutaneous borders, after 10-14 days. <br />
***Death (8-15 days post infection) is usually preceded by labored breathing and convulsions.<br />
<br />
=====Pathology=====<br />
*The most prominent gross lesions in European rabbits with myxomatosis are the '''skin tumors''' and the pronounced '''cutaneous and subcutaneous edema''', particularly in the area of the face and around body orifices. <br />
*'''Skin hemorrhages''', '''subserosal petechiae''' and '''ecchymoses''' may be observed in the stomach and intestines. Subepicardial and subendocardial hemorrhages may also occur.<br />
*Adult rabbits of the genus Sylvilagus usually develop localized skin tumors resembling the fibromas produced in European rabbits by Shope fibroma virus.<br />
*Hares or young Sylvilagus rabbits may develop fibromatous to myxomatous nodules, however, lesions are usually mild and localized.<br />
<br />
=====Histopathology=====<br />
*The lesions are proliferative to degenerative, depending on the virus strain. <br />
*The skin tumors result from proliferation of undifferentiated mesenchymal cells which become large stellate cells (myxoma cells). These cells may contain '''intracytoplasmic eosinophilic inclusions'''. These cells lie in a homogeneous matrix of mucinous material interspersed with capillaries and inflammatory cells. Endothelial proliferation with narrowing of the lumen and extrusion of stellate "myxoma" cells has been described. <br />
*Epithelial cells overlying the tumor may show hyperplasia or degeneration, or may appear normal. Epithelial proliferation is characterized by ballooning of cells in the stratum granulosum and hyperkeratosis. Epithelial vesiculation progresses to crust formation. Large, eosinophilic, intracytoplasmic inclusions are especially prominent in the stratum spinosum. Lesions in other organs include cellular proliferation of alveolar epithelium and the reticulum cells of lymph nodes and [[Spleen - Anatomy & Physiology|spleen]]. Focal hemorrhage may be present in skin, kidneys, [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy & Physiology|lymph nodes]], testes, heart, stomach, and intestinal walls. Myxoma cells may be present in [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy & Physiology|lymph nodes]], [[Bone Marrow - Anatomy & Physiology|bone marrow]], uterus, ovaries, testes, and lungs.<br />
<br />
====Epidemiology====<br />
*Highly contagious and transmitted by direct or indirect contact with ocular or skin discharges or by mechanical vectors<br />
*'''Mosquitoes''' act as mechanical vectors<br />
*High ambient environmental temperatures are associated with increased survival of infected animals<br />
<br />
====Differentials====<br />
*Shope fibroma virus<br />
**Localised benign tumours that spontaneously regress in adult immunocompetent rabbits<br />
*Malignant rabbit fibroma virus<br />
**MRV is a recombinant between Myxoma virus and Shope fibroma virus.<br />
**Causes a lethal disease with numerous primary and secondary tumours and immunosuppression.<br />
<br />
====Control====<br />
*Attenuated vaccines are used for farmed and pet rabbits<br />
*Wild suspect animals should be culled</div>Bepocockhttps://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Viruses_by_Species&diff=40997Viruses by Species2008-10-30T19:41:41Z<p>Bepocock: /* Lapine (Rabbits) */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{unfinished}}<br />
<br />
{{toplink<br />
|linkpage =Viruses<br />
|linktext =VIRUSES<br />
}}<br />
<br><br />
<br />
==Avian==<br />
[[Avian Influenza]]<br />
<br />
[[Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV)]]<br />
<br />
[[Avian Leukosis Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Avian Circoviruses]]<br />
<br />
==Bovine==<br />
[[Bovine Parainfluenza - 3 (PI-3)]]<br />
<br />
[[Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus (BRSV)]]<br />
<br />
[[Bluetongue Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Bovine Enteric Coronavirus]]<br />
<br />
[[Bovine Virus Diarrhoea Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Bovine Herpesvirus 1]]<br />
<br />
[[Malignant Catarrhal Fever Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Cow pox]]<br />
<br />
==Canine==<br />
[[Canine Parainfluenza - 2 (aka Parainfluenza - 5)]]<br />
<br />
[[Canine Distemper Virus (CDV)]]<br />
<br />
<br />
==Caprine (Goats)==<br />
[[Caprine Arthrirtis Encephalitis Virus]]<br />
<br />
==Equine==<br />
[[African Horse Sickness]]<br />
<br />
[[Equine Influenza]]<br />
<br />
[[Paramyxoviridae#Hendra Virus|Hendra Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Equine Infectious Anemia]]<br />
<br />
[[Equine Encephalitis Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Equine Arteritis Virus (EAV)]]<br />
<br />
[[Equine Herpesvirus 1]]<br />
<br />
==Feline==<br />
[[Feline Calicivirus]]<br />
<br />
[[Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV)]]<br />
<br />
[[Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV)]]<br />
<br />
[[Feline Infections Peritonitis (FIP)]]<br />
<br />
[[Feline Herpesvirus 1|Feline Herpesvirus 1 (Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis)]]<br />
<br />
==Lapine (Rabbits)==<br />
[[Rabbit Haemorrhatic Disease Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Myxomatosis]]<br />
<br />
==Ovine==<br />
[[Bluetongue Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Visna-Maedi Virus of Sheep]]<br />
<br />
[[Sheep Pulmonary Adenomatosis]]<br />
<br />
[[Border Disease Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Orf]]<br />
<br />
==Porcine==<br />
[[Swine Influenza]]<br />
<br />
[[Paramyxoviridae#Nipah Virus|Nipah Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS)]]<br />
<br />
[[Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus of Pigs (TGEV)]]<br />
<br />
[[Swine Vesicular Disease]]<br />
<br />
[[Porcine Enterovirus]]<br />
<br />
[[Porcine Circoviruses]]<br />
<br />
[[Classical Swine Fever]]<br />
<br />
[[Suid Herpesvirus 1]]<br />
<br />
==Reptilian==<br />
[[Paramyxoviridae#Reptilian Paramyxoviruses|Reptilian Paramyxoviruses]]<br />
<br />
<br />
==Rodentia==<br />
[[Paramyxoviridae#Murine Parainfluenza - 1 (Sendai virus)|Sendai Virus]]</div>Bepocockhttps://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Viruses_by_Species&diff=40996Viruses by Species2008-10-30T19:41:25Z<p>Bepocock: /* Lapine (Rabbits) */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{unfinished}}<br />
<br />
{{toplink<br />
|linkpage =Viruses<br />
|linktext =VIRUSES<br />
}}<br />
<br><br />
<br />
==Avian==<br />
[[Avian Influenza]]<br />
<br />
[[Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV)]]<br />
<br />
[[Avian Leukosis Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Avian Circoviruses]]<br />
<br />
==Bovine==<br />
[[Bovine Parainfluenza - 3 (PI-3)]]<br />
<br />
[[Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus (BRSV)]]<br />
<br />
[[Bluetongue Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Bovine Enteric Coronavirus]]<br />
<br />
[[Bovine Virus Diarrhoea Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Bovine Herpesvirus 1]]<br />
<br />
[[Malignant Catarrhal Fever Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Cow pox]]<br />
<br />
==Canine==<br />
[[Canine Parainfluenza - 2 (aka Parainfluenza - 5)]]<br />
<br />
[[Canine Distemper Virus (CDV)]]<br />
<br />
<br />
==Caprine (Goats)==<br />
[[Caprine Arthrirtis Encephalitis Virus]]<br />
<br />
==Equine==<br />
[[African Horse Sickness]]<br />
<br />
[[Equine Influenza]]<br />
<br />
[[Paramyxoviridae#Hendra Virus|Hendra Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Equine Infectious Anemia]]<br />
<br />
[[Equine Encephalitis Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Equine Arteritis Virus (EAV)]]<br />
<br />
[[Equine Herpesvirus 1]]<br />
<br />
==Feline==<br />
[[Feline Calicivirus]]<br />
<br />
[[Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV)]]<br />
<br />
[[Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV)]]<br />
<br />
[[Feline Infections Peritonitis (FIP)]]<br />
<br />
[[Feline Herpesvirus 1|Feline Herpesvirus 1 (Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis)]]<br />
<br />
==Lapine (Rabbits)==<br />
[[Rabbit Haemorrhatic Disease Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Myxomatosis]<br />
<br />
==Ovine==<br />
[[Bluetongue Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Visna-Maedi Virus of Sheep]]<br />
<br />
[[Sheep Pulmonary Adenomatosis]]<br />
<br />
[[Border Disease Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Orf]]<br />
<br />
==Porcine==<br />
[[Swine Influenza]]<br />
<br />
[[Paramyxoviridae#Nipah Virus|Nipah Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS)]]<br />
<br />
[[Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus of Pigs (TGEV)]]<br />
<br />
[[Swine Vesicular Disease]]<br />
<br />
[[Porcine Enterovirus]]<br />
<br />
[[Porcine Circoviruses]]<br />
<br />
[[Classical Swine Fever]]<br />
<br />
[[Suid Herpesvirus 1]]<br />
<br />
==Reptilian==<br />
[[Paramyxoviridae#Reptilian Paramyxoviruses|Reptilian Paramyxoviruses]]<br />
<br />
<br />
==Rodentia==<br />
[[Paramyxoviridae#Murine Parainfluenza - 1 (Sendai virus)|Sendai Virus]]</div>Bepocockhttps://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Viruses_by_Species&diff=40995Viruses by Species2008-10-30T19:40:02Z<p>Bepocock: /* Ovine */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{unfinished}}<br />
<br />
{{toplink<br />
|linkpage =Viruses<br />
|linktext =VIRUSES<br />
}}<br />
<br><br />
<br />
==Avian==<br />
[[Avian Influenza]]<br />
<br />
[[Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV)]]<br />
<br />
[[Avian Leukosis Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Avian Circoviruses]]<br />
<br />
==Bovine==<br />
[[Bovine Parainfluenza - 3 (PI-3)]]<br />
<br />
[[Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus (BRSV)]]<br />
<br />
[[Bluetongue Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Bovine Enteric Coronavirus]]<br />
<br />
[[Bovine Virus Diarrhoea Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Bovine Herpesvirus 1]]<br />
<br />
[[Malignant Catarrhal Fever Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Cow pox]]<br />
<br />
==Canine==<br />
[[Canine Parainfluenza - 2 (aka Parainfluenza - 5)]]<br />
<br />
[[Canine Distemper Virus (CDV)]]<br />
<br />
<br />
==Caprine (Goats)==<br />
[[Caprine Arthrirtis Encephalitis Virus]]<br />
<br />
==Equine==<br />
[[African Horse Sickness]]<br />
<br />
[[Equine Influenza]]<br />
<br />
[[Paramyxoviridae#Hendra Virus|Hendra Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Equine Infectious Anemia]]<br />
<br />
[[Equine Encephalitis Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Equine Arteritis Virus (EAV)]]<br />
<br />
[[Equine Herpesvirus 1]]<br />
<br />
==Feline==<br />
[[Feline Calicivirus]]<br />
<br />
[[Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV)]]<br />
<br />
[[Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV)]]<br />
<br />
[[Feline Infections Peritonitis (FIP)]]<br />
<br />
[[Feline Herpesvirus 1|Feline Herpesvirus 1 (Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis)]]<br />
<br />
==Lapine (Rabbits)==<br />
[[Rabbit Haemorrhatic Disease Virus]]<br />
<br />
<br />
==Ovine==<br />
[[Bluetongue Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Visna-Maedi Virus of Sheep]]<br />
<br />
[[Sheep Pulmonary Adenomatosis]]<br />
<br />
[[Border Disease Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Orf]]<br />
<br />
==Porcine==<br />
[[Swine Influenza]]<br />
<br />
[[Paramyxoviridae#Nipah Virus|Nipah Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS)]]<br />
<br />
[[Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus of Pigs (TGEV)]]<br />
<br />
[[Swine Vesicular Disease]]<br />
<br />
[[Porcine Enterovirus]]<br />
<br />
[[Porcine Circoviruses]]<br />
<br />
[[Classical Swine Fever]]<br />
<br />
[[Suid Herpesvirus 1]]<br />
<br />
==Reptilian==<br />
[[Paramyxoviridae#Reptilian Paramyxoviruses|Reptilian Paramyxoviruses]]<br />
<br />
<br />
==Rodentia==<br />
[[Paramyxoviridae#Murine Parainfluenza - 1 (Sendai virus)|Sendai Virus]]</div>Bepocockhttps://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Viral_skin_infections_-_Pathology&diff=40983Viral skin infections - Pathology2008-10-30T17:45:56Z<p>Bepocock: /* Contagious ecthyma */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{review}}<br />
<br />
{{toplink<br />
|backcolour = FFCCCC<br />
|linkpage =Integumentary System - Pathology<br />
|linktext =Integumentary System <br />
|maplink = Integumentary System (Content Map) - Pathology<br />
|pagetype =Pathology<br />
|sublink1 = Skin Infectious - Pathology<br />
|subtext1 = SKIN INFECTIOUS<br />
}}<br />
<br><br />
===[[Herpesviridae|Herpesviruses]]===<br />
<br />
*Cutaneous lesions may develop with nondermatotropic viruses:<br />
**[[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR)|Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis]] (bovine herpes virus - 1)<br />
**Equine coital exanthema (equine herpes virus - 3)<br />
**[[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#Feline viral rhinotracheitis|Feline herpes virus -1]] (rarely)<br />
*Dermatotropic viruses:<br />
**'''Bovine herpes virus - 2 = Bovine herpes mammillitis virus'''<br />
***May cause generalised disease - pseudolumpy skin<br />
***Localised disease - bovine herpes mammillitis<br />
****Mostly in lactating cows<br />
****Skin trauma is essential for virus invasion<br />
****Decreased milk production and secondary bacterial mastitis<br />
****Lesion occur on teats, udder, sometimes perineum, on muzzle of suckling calves<br />
**'''Bovine herpes virus - 4 = Bovine herpes mammary pustular dermatitis'''<br />
***Similar to localised BHV-2 but milder disease <br />
<br />
<br />
*May be latent and reappear at times of stress<br />
*Grossly:<br />
**[[Skin Glossary - Pathology|Vesicles, ulcers, crusts]]<br />
*Microscopically:<br />
**Intraepidermal vesicle<br />
**Epidermal cell degeneration<br />
**[[Skin Glossary - Pathology|Acantholysis]]<br />
**Syncytial cells may form<br />
**Intracellular inclusion bodies may be found at edges of ulcers<br />
**Rapid necrosis<br />
<br />
===[[Poxviruses]]===<br />
<br />
*Lesion development:<br />
**Due to viral invasion of epithelium<br />
**Vascular injury -> ischaemic necrosis<br />
**Stimulation of host DNA -> hyperplastic nodules<br />
*Cutaneous lesions:<br />
**[[Skin Glossary - Pathology|Macule]] -> [[Skin Glossary - Pathology|papule]] -> [[Skin Glossary - Pathology|vesicle]] -> umbilicated [[Skin Glossary - Pathology|pustule]] -> [[Skin Glossary - Pathology|crust]] -> [[Skin Glossary - Pathology|scar]]<br />
<br />
====Contagious ecthyma====<br />
[[Image: Contagious ecthyma.jpg|100px|thumb|right|<small><center>Contagious ecthyma (Courtesy of Bristol BioMed Image Archive)</center></small>]]<br />
<br />
*Also called '''contagious pustular dermatitis, orf, sore mouth'''<br />
*Caused by a [[Poxviridae|parapox virus]]<br />
*Affects mainly young sheep, less commonly cattle, humans, dogs<br />
*Starts in abrasions around mouth commisures and spreads to [[Lips - Anatomy & Physiology|lips]], oral mucosa, eyelids and feet<br />
*May also transfer to teats of the mother of an affected lamb<br />
*Lesions typical of poxvirus but very brief vesicle stage<br />
*Most obvious is the proliferative pustular stage<br />
<br />
===Other viruses===<br />
*Cutaneous lesion are seen with:<br />
**[[Picornaviridae]]<br />
***[[Cavity & Gingiva - Pathology#Foot and Mouth disease|Foot-and-mouth disease]]<br />
***[[Cavity & Gingiva - Pathology#Swine Vesicular Disease|Swine vesicular disease]]<br />
**[[Rhabdoviridae]]<br />
***Vesicular stomatitis<br />
**[[Caliciviridae]]<br />
***Vesicular exanthema<br />
**[[Retroviridae]]<br />
***'''Feline leukemia virus''' <br />
****Cutaneous horns on foot pads<br />
****Epidermal and follicular epithelial hyperplasia, epidermal giant cells, dyskeratosis, necrosis, ulceration<br />
***'''Feline immunodeficiency virus'''</div>Bepocockhttps://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Orf&diff=40981Orf2008-10-30T17:45:03Z<p>Bepocock: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{unfinished}}<br />
<br />
{{toplink<br />
|linkpage =Viruses<br />
|linktext =VIRUSES<br />
|sublink1=Poxviridae<br />
|subtext1=POXVIRUSES<br />
|pagetype =Bugs<br />
}}<br />
<br><br />
<br />
Also known as '''Contagious Pustular Dermatitis''', '''Contagious Ecthyma''' and '''Scabby Mouth''', Orf is the most common viral '''zoonosis''' in the UK.<br />
[[Image: Contagious ecthyma.jpg|200px|thumb|right|<small><center>Contagious ecthyma (Courtesy of Bristol BioMed Image Archive)</center></small>]]<br />
<br />
<br />
====Morphology====<br />
*The virus is a large, enveloped, highly epitheliotropic, DNA virus which is ovoid in shape and measures 220‑300 x 140‑170 nm<br />
*There are over 100 polypeptides in the virion<br />
*The core proteins include a transcriptase and several other enzymes<br />
*The virus is immunologically related to those causing bovine papular stomatitis, pseudocowpox, sealpox, deer PPV, red squirrel PPV and camel PPV<br />
*There is extensive cross‑neutralization and cross‑protection between viruses belonging to the same genus, but not between those of different genera<br />
*The virus is resistant to desiccation<br />
<br />
====Hosts====<br />
*Acute debilitating but rarely fatal skin disease of sheep, goats and incidentally of ruminants and humans<br />
<br />
====Pathogenesis====<br />
*Trauma, then lesions on skin without wool<br />
*Lesions on udder and throat and in [[Cavity & Gingiva - Pathology#Orf|mouth]]<br />
*Lesions coalesce to form scabbed masses<br />
*Particular concern for '''lambs''', who stop feeding due to mouth lesions<br />
*For more, see [[Viral skin infections - Pathology#Contagious ecthyma|here]]<br />
*In man, papules and pustules develop on hands within 10 days, enlarge and then regress after several weeks<br />
<br />
====Epidemiology====<br />
*Morbidity may reach 90%, but mortality rarely exceeds 1%, unless secondary infection or myiasis occurs<br />
*The course of the disease without complications is 2‑6 weeks, and it takes about 10 weeks to run a course through a naive flock, but often lingers indefinitely in the flock because it can reinfect the same animal many times and is resistant to desiccation<br />
<br />
====Differentials====<br />
*Sheep pox: A more severe disease<br />
**Characterized by elevated papules distributed diffusely over the skin surface<br />
**Inclusion bodies are often seen, but there is no down‑growth of epidermis<br />
**High mortality<br />
*Ulcerative dermatosis: <br />
**Characterized by ulcers and crusts on the skin of the face, feet and genitalia<br />
**The lesions are not elevated because there is no epithelial hyperplasia<br />
*[[Bluetongue Virus]]: <br />
**There is a lower morbidity but a high mortality<br />
**The disease is usually seen in adult animals<br />
**This is a severe systemic disease which is a differential only for the rare, systemic form of CE<br />
*Mycotic dermatitis:<br />
**The scabs are smaller and thinner and lighter and usually yellowish in color, with crusts not firmly attached<br />
*Foot and mouth disease: When lesions occur in the mouth<br />
<br />
====Control====<br />
*Attenuated virus can be applied by scarification to axillar, causing scabs to fall off in 30 days<br />
*Annual '''vaccination''' of ewes at least 8 weeks before lambing (all in contact should be done simultaneously)<br />
*In an outbreak, all lambs can be vaccinated</div>Bepocockhttps://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Orf&diff=40980Orf2008-10-30T17:44:51Z<p>Bepocock: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{unfinished}}<br />
<br />
{{toplink<br />
|linkpage =Viruses<br />
|linktext =VIRUSES<br />
|sublink1=Poxviridae<br />
|subtext1=POXVIRUSES<br />
|pagetype =Bugs<br />
}}<br />
<br><br />
<br />
Also known as '''Contagious Pustular Dermatitis''', '''Contagious Ecthyma''' and '''Scabby Mouth''', Orf is the most common viral '''zoonosis''' in the UK.<br />
[[Image: Contagious ecthyma.jpg|100px|thumb|right|<small><center>Contagious ecthyma (Courtesy of Bristol BioMed Image Archive)</center></small>]]<br />
<br />
<br />
====Morphology====<br />
*The virus is a large, enveloped, highly epitheliotropic, DNA virus which is ovoid in shape and measures 220‑300 x 140‑170 nm<br />
*There are over 100 polypeptides in the virion<br />
*The core proteins include a transcriptase and several other enzymes<br />
*The virus is immunologically related to those causing bovine papular stomatitis, pseudocowpox, sealpox, deer PPV, red squirrel PPV and camel PPV<br />
*There is extensive cross‑neutralization and cross‑protection between viruses belonging to the same genus, but not between those of different genera<br />
*The virus is resistant to desiccation<br />
<br />
====Hosts====<br />
*Acute debilitating but rarely fatal skin disease of sheep, goats and incidentally of ruminants and humans<br />
<br />
====Pathogenesis====<br />
*Trauma, then lesions on skin without wool<br />
*Lesions on udder and throat and in [[Cavity & Gingiva - Pathology#Orf|mouth]]<br />
*Lesions coalesce to form scabbed masses<br />
*Particular concern for '''lambs''', who stop feeding due to mouth lesions<br />
*For more, see [[Viral skin infections - Pathology#Contagious ecthyma|here]]<br />
*In man, papules and pustules develop on hands within 10 days, enlarge and then regress after several weeks<br />
<br />
====Epidemiology====<br />
*Morbidity may reach 90%, but mortality rarely exceeds 1%, unless secondary infection or myiasis occurs<br />
*The course of the disease without complications is 2‑6 weeks, and it takes about 10 weeks to run a course through a naive flock, but often lingers indefinitely in the flock because it can reinfect the same animal many times and is resistant to desiccation<br />
<br />
====Differentials====<br />
*Sheep pox: A more severe disease<br />
**Characterized by elevated papules distributed diffusely over the skin surface<br />
**Inclusion bodies are often seen, but there is no down‑growth of epidermis<br />
**High mortality<br />
*Ulcerative dermatosis: <br />
**Characterized by ulcers and crusts on the skin of the face, feet and genitalia<br />
**The lesions are not elevated because there is no epithelial hyperplasia<br />
*[[Bluetongue Virus]]: <br />
**There is a lower morbidity but a high mortality<br />
**The disease is usually seen in adult animals<br />
**This is a severe systemic disease which is a differential only for the rare, systemic form of CE<br />
*Mycotic dermatitis:<br />
**The scabs are smaller and thinner and lighter and usually yellowish in color, with crusts not firmly attached<br />
*Foot and mouth disease: When lesions occur in the mouth<br />
<br />
====Control====<br />
*Attenuated virus can be applied by scarification to axillar, causing scabs to fall off in 30 days<br />
*Annual '''vaccination''' of ewes at least 8 weeks before lambing (all in contact should be done simultaneously)<br />
*In an outbreak, all lambs can be vaccinated</div>Bepocockhttps://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Orf&diff=40979Orf2008-10-30T17:43:47Z<p>Bepocock: /* Pathogenesis */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{unfinished}}<br />
<br />
{{toplink<br />
|linkpage =Viruses<br />
|linktext =VIRUSES<br />
|sublink1=Poxviridae<br />
|subtext1=POXVIRUSES<br />
|pagetype =Bugs<br />
}}<br />
<br><br />
<br />
Also known as '''Contagious Pustular Dermatitis''', '''Contagious Ecthyma''' and '''Scabby Mouth''', Orf is the most common viral '''zoonosis''' in the UK.<br />
<br />
====Morphology====<br />
*The virus is a large, enveloped, highly epitheliotropic, DNA virus which is ovoid in shape and measures 220‑300 x 140‑170 nm<br />
*There are over 100 polypeptides in the virion<br />
*The core proteins include a transcriptase and several other enzymes<br />
*The virus is immunologically related to those causing bovine papular stomatitis, pseudocowpox, sealpox, deer PPV, red squirrel PPV and camel PPV<br />
*There is extensive cross‑neutralization and cross‑protection between viruses belonging to the same genus, but not between those of different genera<br />
*The virus is resistant to desiccation<br />
<br />
====Hosts====<br />
*Acute debilitating but rarely fatal skin disease of sheep, goats and incidentally of ruminants and humans<br />
<br />
====Pathogenesis====<br />
*Trauma, then lesions on skin without wool<br />
*Lesions on udder and throat and in [[Cavity & Gingiva - Pathology#Orf|mouth]]<br />
*Lesions coalesce to form scabbed masses<br />
*Particular concern for '''lambs''', who stop feeding due to mouth lesions<br />
*For more, see [[Viral skin infections - Pathology#Contagious ecthyma|here]]<br />
*In man, papules and pustules develop on hands within 10 days, enlarge and then regress after several weeks<br />
<br />
====Epidemiology====<br />
*Morbidity may reach 90%, but mortality rarely exceeds 1%, unless secondary infection or myiasis occurs<br />
*The course of the disease without complications is 2‑6 weeks, and it takes about 10 weeks to run a course through a naive flock, but often lingers indefinitely in the flock because it can reinfect the same animal many times and is resistant to desiccation<br />
<br />
====Differentials====<br />
*Sheep pox: A more severe disease<br />
**Characterized by elevated papules distributed diffusely over the skin surface<br />
**Inclusion bodies are often seen, but there is no down‑growth of epidermis<br />
**High mortality<br />
*Ulcerative dermatosis: <br />
**Characterized by ulcers and crusts on the skin of the face, feet and genitalia<br />
**The lesions are not elevated because there is no epithelial hyperplasia<br />
*[[Bluetongue Virus]]: <br />
**There is a lower morbidity but a high mortality<br />
**The disease is usually seen in adult animals<br />
**This is a severe systemic disease which is a differential only for the rare, systemic form of CE<br />
*Mycotic dermatitis:<br />
**The scabs are smaller and thinner and lighter and usually yellowish in color, with crusts not firmly attached<br />
*Foot and mouth disease: When lesions occur in the mouth<br />
<br />
====Control====<br />
*Attenuated virus can be applied by scarification to axillar, causing scabs to fall off in 30 days<br />
*Annual '''vaccination''' of ewes at least 8 weeks before lambing (all in contact should be done simultaneously)<br />
*In an outbreak, all lambs can be vaccinated</div>Bepocockhttps://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Cavity_%26_Gingiva_-_Pathology&diff=40978Cavity & Gingiva - Pathology2008-10-30T17:42:53Z<p>Bepocock: /* Orf */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{review}}<br />
<br />
{{toplink<br />
|backcolour =BCED91<br />
|linkpage =Alimentary System - Pathology<br />
|linktext =Alimentary System<br />
|maplink = Alimentary System (Content Map) - Pathology<br />
|pagetype =Pathology<br />
}}<br />
<br><br />
==Introduction==<br />
*Stomatitis - generalised inflammation throughout mouth.<br />
<br />
*Glossitis - inflammation of [[Oral Cavity - Tongue - Anatomy & Physiology|tongue]].<br />
<br />
*Pharyngitis - pharynx inflammation.<br />
<br />
==Functional Anatomy==<br />
<br />
See anatomy and physiology [[Alimentary - Anatomy & Physiology#Oral Cavity|of the oral cavity]]<br />
<br />
==Defence Mechanisms==<br />
==Developmental Pathology==<br />
[[Image:Cleft-palate.gif|right|thumb|125px|<small><center>A congenital cleft palate defect (Courtesy of Alun Williams (RVC))</center></small>]]<br />
===Cleft Palate===<br />
*The commonest structural defect is probably the various forms of cleft palate due to:<br />
**failure of fusion and the ingrowths of the [[Skull and Facial Muscles - Anatomy & Physiology#Palatine Bone (os palatinum)|palatine]] shelves or <br />
**[[Skull and Facial Muscles - Anatomy & Physiology#Frontal Bone (os frontale)|frontonasal]] and [[Skull and Facial Muscles - Anatomy & Physiology#Maxilla|maxillary]] processes.<br />
<br />
==Erosive & Ulcerative Pathology==<br />
*"True ulcer" occurs when connective tissue under epithelium is exposed i.e. stratum germinativum is breached and then lesion takes much longer to heal.<br />
===[[Bovine Virus Diarrhoea Virus]]===<br />
*'''Mucosal Disease''': erosive condition produces small multiple, cleanly punched out lesion in mouth<br />
*Neutrophils invade the ulcer and if bacterial colonisation occurs, further excavation follows. Either:<br />
::#This lesion develops a granular base and becomes diphtheritic. <br />
::#If bacterial colonisation does not take place, healing occurs within fourteen days. <br />
*Seen in most parts of mouth (or maybe on muzzle) e.g. dental pad, [[Cheeks - Anatomy & Physiology|cheeks]], sides of [[Oral Cavity - Tongue - Anatomy & Physiology|tongue]]<br />
*Lesions extend throughout gut with particularly big ulcers in small intestine over [[Peyer's Patches - Anatomy & Physiology|Peyers patches]]. Necrosis occurs in lymph nodes and [[Spleen - Anatomy & Physiology|spleen]]<br />
<br />
====<span id="BVDHistology">Histology</span>====<br />
*No vesicular stage, prickle cells die off from surface resulting in layer of necrotic debris over epithelial layer<br />
*Infection penetrates inward through stratum germinativum.<br />
*Epithelium does not recover as animal does not recover<br />
<br />
===[[Malignant Catarrhal Fever Virus]]===<br />
<br />
==Vesicular Pathology==<br />
===Pathology===<br />
*Damage to [[prickle cell]]s ([[stratum spinosum]]).<br />
*Appears as accumulation of fluid within epithelium, quickly erodes leaving hyperaemic [[stratum germinativum]].<br />
*Heals by proliferation of new cells, so long as infection does not continue. <br />
===Pathogenesis===<br />
May be caused by: <br />
#Ingestion of hot food (corrosive liquids)<br />
#Systemic viral diseases. e.g:<br />
##[[picornaviridae#Foot and Mouth Disease Virus|Foot and Mouth disease]] - ruminants and pigs<br />
##[[Vesicular stomatitis]] - horse, pigs, cattle<br />
##[[Vesicular exanthema]] - pigs <br />
<br />
N.B. All are indistinguishable from FMD clinically.<br />
<br />
===[[Foot and Mouth Disease (FMDV)]]===<br />
<br />
====Pathology====<br />
=====Gross=====<br />
#Initially - hyperaemia of mucosa (e.g. catarrhal inflammation) then within 12 hours produces fluid filled vesicles on dorsum of [[Oral Cavity - Tongue - Anatomy & Physiology|tongue]], may be other places<br />
#Small vesicle coalesce to produce big ones -i.e. Bullae<br />
#Very quickly rupture; epithelium appears dirty grey in colour because of necrosis - sloughed skin, very good for diagnosis<br />
#Leave painful, hyperaemic epithelium<br />
#Looks like "ulcer "with ragged edge but not a true ulcer as stratum germinativum retained and will rapidly heal completely in about 2 weeks unless becomes secondarily infected<br />
<br />
=====Microscopic lesions=====<br />
*Degeneration of prickle cells<br />
*Cells "balloon" as fill with fluid and then die to produce vesicle containing straw coloured or clear fluid<br />
<br />
===[[Swine Vesicular Disease]]===<br />
*May produce vesicles in mouth that are indistinguishable from foot and mouth disease<br />
*Swine vesicular disease produces sporadic large outbreaks<br />
**Approximately 5% have lesions in mouth, foot lesions much more common<br />
<br />
===Vesicles in dogs===<br />
*Vesicles in mouth are often caused by hot food - especially in dogs. <br />
*Can produce quite big vesicles, but will heal. <br />
*No major problems associated with vesicles on [[Oral Cavity - Tongue - Anatomy & Physiology|tongue]] in dogs (except if due to drinking battery acid, but this also produces vomiting).<br />
<br />
==Catarrhal Stomatitis==<br />
*Non-specific, general stomatitis<br />
===Pathology===<br />
*Starts as hyperaemia and oedema of [[Oral Cavity - Tongue - Anatomy & Physiology|tongue]] or pharynx with mucoid exudate on surface.<br />
*Lymphoid follicles on [[Soft Palate - Anatomy & Physiology|soft palate]] may enlarge and proliferate. <br />
*Often see white spots due to epithelial hyperplasia and increased mucous secretion. <br />
**(can be scraped off to leave ordinary mucosa underneath). <br />
*May produce bad smell. <br />
*Resolves normally if not secondarily infected.<br />
<br />
===Pathogenesis===<br />
*May be caused by:<br />
**Low grade [[Streptococci|streptococcal]] infection<br />
**Ingestion of toxins<br />
**Result of other more systemic diseases<br />
<br />
==Granulomatous and pyogranulomatous Inflammation==<br />
==Eosinophilic Inflammation==<br />
===Eosinophilic granuloma===<br />
This is a complex of diseases affecting skin and [[Oral Cavity Overview - Anatomy & Physiology|oral cavity]] mainly of cat, which include:<br />
#Oral eosinophilic granuloma<br />
#[[Linear granuloma]] of skin<br />
#[[Eosinophilic plaque]] of skin<br />
<br />
====Clinical====<br />
*Any age, but usually young adults. <br />
*Mainly affects [[Lips - Anatomy & Physiology|lips]], may also occasionally affect '''frenulum of [[Oral Cavity - Tongue - Anatomy & Physiology|tongue]]'''.<br />
*Sometimes called "rodent ulcer "<br />
*Not neoplastic - it is an inflammatory disease but is '''progressive and destructive'''.<br />
<br />
*May see small plaque or becomes very '''infiltrative'''. <br />
*In worst cases may erode away whole nose.<br />
<br />
====Pathogenesis====<br />
*Histologically lots of eosinophils, polymorphs. <br />
*Exaggerated eosinophilic response.<br />
<br />
==Necrotizing Inflammation==<br />
==Lymphocytic and plasmacytic Inflammation==<br />
==Immune Mediated Pathology==<br />
===Autoimmune===<br />
*Occasionally see vesicles on the oral mucosa. associated with autoimmune diseases such as [[pemphigus]] vulgaris.<br />
<br />
===Hypersensitivity===<br />
==Proliferative Pathology==<br />
===Hyperplastic===<br />
====Polychlorinated Napthalene Poisoning====<br />
*Polychlorinated biphenyl's (PCB's).<br />
*Used in all sorts of things.<br />
*Do not break down in environment and very toxic. <br />
*Poisoning was classically seen as proliferative stomatitis when PCB used to lubricate feed pellet making machine.<br />
*Vitamin A antagonist produces hyperkeratosis of mouth (like Vitamin A deficiency).<br />
===Papular===<br />
====Orf====<br />
*[[Poxviridae|Pox]] infection<br />
*Quite a common '''zoonotic''' disease<br />
<br />
=====Clinical=====<br />
*In sheep produces a proliferative nodule/papular mass on [[Lips - Anatomy & Physiology|lips]]<br />
*In flocks in which it is endemic it is seen in lamb<br />
*If flock is non-immune seen in ewes too but much worse in lambs (may spread to inside of mouth)<br />
*Can spread to udder of ewe<br />
<br />
=====Pathology=====<br />
*Poxvirus infections produce local infection of [[prickle cells]] in epithelium with proliferation of cells and formation of papule followed by ulceration / necrosis and covered by necrotic epithelium<br />
*Eventually scabs form and crust drops off<br />
*Scabs - very infectious ( N.B.if touch -> catch it)<br />
<br />
====Bovine Papular stomatitis====<br />
[[Image:BPS.gif|right|thumb|125px|<small><center>Ring Zone Lesions of BPS - Calf (Courtesy of Alun Williams (RVC))</center></small>]]<br />
*Parapox virus<br />
*Very similar disease to orf but seen in cattle and generally milder condition. <br />
*'''Must be differentiated from [[#Foot and Mouth disease|Foot and Mouth Disease]] and [[#Bovine Viral Diarrhoea / Mucosal disease|Mucosal Disease.]]'''<br />
*Sporadic, in cattle, less than 1 year old. <br />
*Develop papules on the muzzle, external nares and in the [[Oral Cavity Overview - Anatomy & Physiology|oral cavity]]; the [[Oesophagus - Anatomy & Physiology|oesophagus]] and [[Stomach and Abomasum - Anatomy & Physiology|forestomachs]] may also be affected. <br />
*Usually heals spontaneously.<br />
=====Pathogenesis=====<br />
*The early lesions are round areas of intense congestion up to 1.5 cm in diameter. <br />
*The centre becomes necrotic and slightly depressed. <br />
*Slow peripheral extension of this lesion gives a classical ring zone formation with concentric rings of<br />
**yellow (necrosis), <br />
**grey (epithelial hyperplasia) <br />
**red (congestion). <br />
=====Histology===== <br />
*There are focal areas of hydropic degeneration in the stratum spinosum<br />
*Large eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusion<br />
*Epidermis is markedly thickened. <br />
*The superficial layers of the epithelium become necrotic and slough. <br />
*''Vesicle formation is not a feature of this disease.''<br />
<br />
====Papilloma====<br />
<br />
===Neoplastic===<br />
====Squamous cell carcinoma====<br />
[[Image:oral squamous cell carcinoma.jpg|right|thumb|125px|<small><center>'''Oral squamous cell carcinoma'''. Courtesy of T. Scase</center></small>]]<br />
<br />
==Degenerative Pathology==<br />
==Metabolic Pathology==<br />
===Uraemia===<br />
[[Image:uraemia.gif|right|thumb|125px|<small><center>Lesions due to uraemia associated with pyelonephritis/chronic renal failure (Courtesy of Alun Williams (RVC))</center></small>]]<br />
*In terminal renal failure animal may present with painful ulcers in mouth, which become secondarily infected with Fusiformis.<br />
**High concentrations of toxic materials in the blood results in degeneration of small arterioles.<br />
*In the mouth, this damage to the blood supply can cause epithelial necrosis.<br />
*Usually seen as erosions along the ventrolateral borders of the [[Oral Cavity - Tongue - Anatomy & Physiology|tongue]] and on the [[Cheeks - Anatomy & Physiology|cheeks]], especially opposite the [[Oral Cavity - Teeth & Gingiva - Anatomy & Physiology|teeth]].<br />
*In some cases there may be more extensive necrosis which may involve subepithelial tissue<br />
**for example, the tip of the [[Oral Cavity - Tongue - Anatomy & Physiology|tongue]] may slough. <br />
*Most commonly seen in dog sometimes in cat.<br />
<br />
==Nutritional Pathology==<br />
===Nicotinic Acid Deficiency===<br />
*May also cause epithelial necrosis and sloughing.<br />
<br />
==Traumatic Pathology==<br />
===Ulcers Following Trauma===<br />
*Any animal that is exposed to coarse feed or sharp things in food can suffer from ulcers in mouth.<br />
*They often become secondarily infected with production of metastatic infection that may result in large abscess on point of jaw.<br />
**i.e. trauma on [[Oral Cavity - Tongue - Anatomy & Physiology|tongue]] may lead to secondary infection that may lead to abscess in drainage lymph node.<br />
<br />
*Deep ulcers may occur as a result of trauma in any species. <br />
*These readily become secondarily infected by [[Fusiformis]]. <br />
*Produces a fibrin-covered ulcer. <br />
*Responds to antibiotics, but may leave a defect or scar in mucosa.<br />
<br />
==Vascular Pathology==<br />
==Learning Tools==<br />
::[[Alimentary Flashcards - Pathology#Cavity and Gingiva Flashcards|Cavity and Gingiva Flashcards]]</div>Bepocockhttps://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Poxviridae&diff=40977Poxviridae2008-10-30T17:42:08Z<p>Bepocock: /* Parapoxviruses */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{unfinished}}<br />
<br />
{{toplink<br />
|linkpage =Viruses<br />
|linktext =VIRUSES<br />
|pagetype=Bugs<br />
}}<br />
<br><br />
<br />
=Introduction=<br />
Poxviruses are among the most easily recognized of all viruses, owing to the lesion by which they have gained their name. Once inside cell, they cause proliferation then lysis, giving way to a characteristic pock with a necrotic center. Poxviruses have risen to fame both for their ability to be eradicated (small pox) as well as their use in fighting other viruses (canarypox vaccines).<br />
<br />
=Morphology=<br />
*Huge (up to 450nm), usually enveloped viruses, with a complex capsid symmetry<br />
*Up to 30 different structural proteins<br />
*Non-structural proteins:<br />
**'''Viral epidermal growth factor''', which stimulates cell growth causing the raised edge of pustule<br />
**'''Viral tumor necrosis factor''', which is non-functioning and acts as an anti-inflammatory by competing with TNF-alpha<br />
**'''Viral IL-10''', which reduces the Th-1 cell mediated response<br />
<br />
=Therapeutic Use=<br />
Recombinant Vaccines<br />
*Poxviruses can be used as heat-stable vectors for vaccines against other viruses<br />
*Grown in host cell lines or on the surface of chick chorioallantoic membranes in ovo (primordial ectoderm)<br />
*This was first accomplished by the recombination of cowpox and variola (smallpox) in the creation of the smallpox vaccine (vaccinia)<br />
*More recently, the French used this technique in the creation of the oral rabies vaccine used among the wild fox population:<br />
**Recombinant virus inserts a plasmid encoding rabies gene in place of thymidine kinase gene<br />
*Canarypox vaccines now exist for [[Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV)|FeLV]] and [[Rhabdoviridae|Rabies]]<br />
**Undergoes a single cycle of replication without producing infectious virus in mammals<br />
<br />
=Virulence and Pathogenesis=<br />
*Primary replication in abraded squamous epithelium<br />
*Viremia followed by multiple epidermal infections<br />
*Ballooning then necrosis (hydropic degeneration) of epidermal cells<br />
*Concurrent proliferation or adjacent epidermis (GF driven), creating more cells for the virus to infect<br />
*All three result in classical sequence of lesions:<br />
**Papule (proliferation)<br />
**Vesicle (fluid filled)<br />
**Pustule (lesion breaks)<br />
**Scab formation (healing begins)<br />
*Pock center can succumb to secondary infection<br />
*Resolution in 3-4 weeks<br />
*Some poxviruses can spread to the upper respiratory tract or viscera, causing more serious pathology<br />
<br />
=Epidemiology=<br />
*Spread quickly in unhygienic circumstances<br />
*Can survive for years in dust<br />
<br />
=Diagnosis=<br />
*Clinical signs<br />
*Histology<br />
*Electron microscopy<br />
*PCR, IIF<br />
<br />
=Types and Subtypes=<br />
* 6 Genera, all of which produce pox lesions<br />
*Subdivided based on external structure by EM<br />
<br />
=Virus by Species=<br />
*[[Cow pox]], which also causes cat pox<br />
*Small pox (variola)<br />
*[[Orf]]<br />
*Seal pox<br />
*Pig pox<br />
*Sheep/Goat pox (exotic to EU)<br />
*[[Myxomatosis]]<br />
*Fowl pox<br />
*Pigeon pox<br />
*Canary pox<br />
*[[Ectromelia]] <br />
*Camel pox<br />
*Monkey pox<br />
*Lumpy skin disease<br />
*Red squirrel parapox<br />
*Red/Gray squirrel pox<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Leporipoxviruses==<br />
===Rabbits===<br />
<br />
====Myxoma virus====<br />
*Causes Myxomatosis in rabbits<br />
*Infectious myxomatosis is highly contagious and transmitted by direct or indirect contact with ocular or skin discharges or by mechanical vectors. <br />
*Arthropod vectors such as mosquitoes and fleas provide the principal means of transmission. <br />
*Myxomatosis is enzootic in rabbits of the genus Sylvilagus in both South and North America and in wild rabbits of the genus Oryctolagus in South America, Europe, and Australia. <br />
*Following introduction into Europe and Australia, genetic modification of the myxoma virus produced markedly attenuated strains that replaced the virulent virus as the dominant virus strain. <br />
*The naturally attenuated viruses cause a milder disease of longer duration which favors vector transmission and persistence of the virus in nature. <br />
*High ambient environmental temperatures are associated with increased survival of infected animals. Some authors consider the California strains of the virus (California rabbit fibroma virus) as distinct from the myxoma virus, while others feel that the antigenic differences do not justify the separate distinction.<br />
<br />
=====Pathogenesis=====<br />
*MYX infects several cell types including mucosal cells, lymphocytes, and fibroblasts. <br />
*In addition to primary and secondary tumor development, there is severe immunosuppression leading to overwhelming infections by opportunistic gram-negative bacteria. <br />
*Viral antigen is present within primary as well as secondary tumors. <br />
*Virus multiplication and tumor-like lesions occur initially at the site of intradermal inoculation. This is followed by spread to regional lymph nodes and cell-associated viremia, with generalization to the skin and internal organs. <br />
*With immunosuppression, severe secondary gram-negative bacterial infections of the conjunctiva and nasal passages occur. <br />
*Death follows within 14 days of inoculation. <br />
*Several proteins encoded by the virus are immunosubversive in that they mimic host ligands or regulators (virokines) or are homologues of cellular cytokine receptors (viroceptors) <br />
**Virulent strains of MYX and MRV secrete a T2 gene product with significant homology to the T2 protein secreted by Shope fibroma virus. This protein acts as a receptor for TNFα and TNFβ. TNF is active in killing virus infected and tumor cells. Cytotoxicity is correlated with the induction of toxic superoxide radicals. The T2 gene product enhances viral virulence by interfering with TNF-dependent immune response pathways of the host.<br />
*Myxoma virus and MRV have also been shown to compromise cell-mediated immunity by inducing a loss of class I MHC antigens from the surface of infected cells. MHC class I-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocytes play a major role in clearing poxvirus infections from susceptible animal hosts, and are an important factor in limiting virus spread within the host. Class I molecules are present on all nucleated cells and platelets. Cytotoxic T cells (CD8+) recognize intracellular viral antigen in association with class I MHC glycoproteins on the cell surface. MYX and MRV infection results in a specific, rapid decrease in detectable surface class I epitopes. It has been suggested that a late viral gene product may interact with the class I complex to either physically sequester the complex away from the cell surface and inhibit its recycling to the surface, or induce a conformational change in the complex rendering it unrecognizable by cytotoxic T lymphocytes.<br />
*Myxoma growth factor (MGF) and a gene product designated M11L are also associated with MYX virulence. MGF and M11L deleted mutants are markedly attenuated, capable of inducing only benign localized nodules that regress spontaneously, similar to lesions induced by Shope fibroma virus. MGF has significant sequence homology with epidermal growth factor and transforming growth factor β. It has been postulated that the presence of EGF/TGFβ-like growth factors in tumorigenic poxviruses affects the growth and progression of poxvirus-infected cells.<br />
*Another myxoma virus virulence factor designated MYXOMA SERPIN 1 (SERP 1) has significant sequence homology with members of the family of serine proteases inhibitors (serpins). The exact role of SERP 1 is unknown but it may theoretically affect antigen presentation by interfering with viral protein degradation, or might reduce cytoxic T cell killing mediated by serine proteases in the effector cell.<br />
*Rabbit poxvirus gene sequences coding for products related to the C4 and C5 components of the complement cascade have been identified. It is postulated that complement-like viral protein products may block the activation or action of complement. The virulence factor T7 is an IFNγ receptor homologue.<br />
<br />
=====Clinical signs=====<br />
*Clinical disease varies with virus strain and host species. <br />
**Sylvilagus species are relatively resistant, and are probably the natural host of the virus. In Sylvilagus species, infection usually results only in the development of skin tumors at the site of inoculation. The tumors appear 4-8 days after exposure and persist for up to 40 days. Very young rabbits may succumb to generalized disease.<br />
**Lepus species (hares) are highly resistant. Occasional individuals develop mild to severe generalized myxomatosis.<br />
**In the European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus), infection with virulent virus (South American or California strains) results in severe disease with up to a 99% case fatality rate. <br />
***Initial signs include edema of the eyelids accompanied by inflammation and edema around the anal, genital, oral, and nasal orifices. <br />
***Edema of the head and ears, drooping ears, and bacterial infections resulting in mucopurulent conjunctivitis and pneumonia are seen. <br />
***The primary tumor may be evident by 3-4 days after infection. Generalized tumors develop by 6-7 days after infection. <br />
***Subcutaneous swellings become mucoid, gelatinous masses (hence the name myxomatosis). <br />
***More chronic wart-like nodules appear, especially at mucocutaneous borders, after 10-14 days. <br />
***Death (8-15 days post infection) is usually preceded by labored breathing and convulsions.<br />
<br />
=====Pathology=====<br />
*The most prominent gross lesions in European rabbits with myxomatosis are the skin tumors and the pronounced cutaneous and subcutaneous edema, particularly in the area of the face and around body orifices. <br />
*Skin hemorrhages and subserosal petechiae and ecchymoses may be observed in the stomach and intestines. Subepicardial and subendocardial hemorrhages may also occur.<br />
*Adult rabbits of the genus Sylvilagus usually develop localized skin tumors resembling the fibromas produced in European rabbits by Shope fibroma virus.<br />
*Hares or young Sylvilagus rabbits may develop fibromatous to myxomatous nodules, however, lesions are usually mild and localized.<br />
<br />
=====Histopathology=====<br />
<br />
<br />
*The lesions are proliferative to degenerative, depending on the virus strain. <br />
*The skin tumors result from proliferation of undifferentiated mesenchymal cells which become large stellate cells (myxoma cells). These cells may contain intracytoplasmic eosinophilic inclusions. These cells lie in a homogeneous matrix of mucinous material interspersed with capillaries and inflammatory cells. Endothelial proliferation with narrowing of the lumen and extrusion of stellate "myxoma" cells has been described. <br />
*Epithelial cells overlying the tumor may show hyperplasia or degeneration, or may appear normal. Epithelial proliferation is characterized by ballooning of cells in the stratum granulosum and hyperkeratosis. Epithelial vesiculation progresses to crust formation. Large, eosinophilic, intracytoplasmic inclusions are especially prominent in the stratum spinosum. Lesions in other organs include cellular proliferation of alveolar epithelium and the reticulum cells of lymph nodes and [[Spleen - Anatomy & Physiology|spleen]]. Focal hemorrhage may be present in skin, kidneys, [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy & Physiology|lymph nodes]], testes, heart, stomach, and intestinal walls. Myxoma cells may be present in [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy & Physiology|lymph nodes]], [[Bone Marrow - Anatomy & Physiology|bone marrow]], uterus, ovaries, testes, and lungs.<br />
<br />
====Shope fibroma virus====<br />
*Localised benign tumours that spontaneously regress in adult immunocompetent rabbits<br />
<br />
<br />
====Malignant rabbit fibroma virus====<br />
*MRV is a recombinant betweeen Myxoma virus and Shope fibroma virus.<br />
*Causes a lethal disease with numerous primary and secondary tumours and immunosuppression.</div>Bepocockhttps://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Orf&diff=40976Orf2008-10-30T17:40:00Z<p>Bepocock: New page: {{unfinished}} {{toplink |linkpage =Viruses |linktext =VIRUSES |sublink1=Poxviridae |subtext1=POXVIRUSES |pagetype =Bugs }} <br> Also known as '''Contagious Pustular Dermatitis''', '''Co...</p>
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Also known as '''Contagious Pustular Dermatitis''', '''Contagious Ecthyma''' and '''Scabby Mouth''', Orf is the most common viral '''zoonosis''' in the UK.<br />
<br />
====Morphology====<br />
*The virus is a large, enveloped, highly epitheliotropic, DNA virus which is ovoid in shape and measures 220‑300 x 140‑170 nm<br />
*There are over 100 polypeptides in the virion<br />
*The core proteins include a transcriptase and several other enzymes<br />
*The virus is immunologically related to those causing bovine papular stomatitis, pseudocowpox, sealpox, deer PPV, red squirrel PPV and camel PPV<br />
*There is extensive cross‑neutralization and cross‑protection between viruses belonging to the same genus, but not between those of different genera<br />
*The virus is resistant to desiccation<br />
<br />
====Hosts====<br />
*Acute debilitating but rarely fatal skin disease of sheep, goats and incidentally of ruminants and humans<br />
<br />
====Pathogenesis====<br />
*Trauma, then lesions on skin without wool<br />
*Lesions on udder and throat<br />
*Lesions coalesce to form scabbed masses<br />
*Particular concern for '''lambs''', who stop feeding due to mouth lesions<br />
*For more, see [[Viral skin infections - Pathology#Contagious ecthyma|here]]<br />
*In man, papules and pustules develop on hands within 10 days, enlarge and then regress after several weeks<br />
<br />
====Epidemiology====<br />
*Morbidity may reach 90%, but mortality rarely exceeds 1%, unless secondary infection or myiasis occurs<br />
*The course of the disease without complications is 2‑6 weeks, and it takes about 10 weeks to run a course through a naive flock, but often lingers indefinitely in the flock because it can reinfect the same animal many times and is resistant to desiccation<br />
<br />
====Differentials====<br />
*Sheep pox: A more severe disease<br />
**Characterized by elevated papules distributed diffusely over the skin surface<br />
**Inclusion bodies are often seen, but there is no down‑growth of epidermis<br />
**High mortality<br />
*Ulcerative dermatosis: <br />
**Characterized by ulcers and crusts on the skin of the face, feet and genitalia<br />
**The lesions are not elevated because there is no epithelial hyperplasia<br />
*[[Bluetongue Virus]]: <br />
**There is a lower morbidity but a high mortality<br />
**The disease is usually seen in adult animals<br />
**This is a severe systemic disease which is a differential only for the rare, systemic form of CE<br />
*Mycotic dermatitis:<br />
**The scabs are smaller and thinner and lighter and usually yellowish in color, with crusts not firmly attached<br />
*Foot and mouth disease: When lesions occur in the mouth<br />
<br />
====Control====<br />
*Attenuated virus can be applied by scarification to axillar, causing scabs to fall off in 30 days<br />
*Annual '''vaccination''' of ewes at least 8 weeks before lambing (all in contact should be done simultaneously)<br />
*In an outbreak, all lambs can be vaccinated</div>Bepocockhttps://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Viruses_by_Species&diff=40974Viruses by Species2008-10-30T17:23:05Z<p>Bepocock: /* Bovine */</p>
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<br />
==Avian==<br />
[[Avian Influenza]]<br />
<br />
[[Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV)]]<br />
<br />
[[Avian Leukosis Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Avian Circoviruses]]<br />
<br />
==Bovine==<br />
[[Bovine Parainfluenza - 3 (PI-3)]]<br />
<br />
[[Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus (BRSV)]]<br />
<br />
[[Bluetongue Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Bovine Enteric Coronavirus]]<br />
<br />
[[Bovine Virus Diarrhoea Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Bovine Herpesvirus 1]]<br />
<br />
[[Malignant Catarrhal Fever Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Cow pox]]<br />
<br />
==Canine==<br />
[[Canine Parainfluenza - 2 (aka Parainfluenza - 5)]]<br />
<br />
[[Canine Distemper Virus (CDV)]]<br />
<br />
<br />
==Caprine (Goats)==<br />
[[Caprine Arthrirtis Encephalitis Virus]]<br />
<br />
==Equine==<br />
[[African Horse Sickness]]<br />
<br />
[[Equine Influenza]]<br />
<br />
[[Paramyxoviridae#Hendra Virus|Hendra Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Equine Infectious Anemia]]<br />
<br />
[[Equine Encephalitis Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Equine Arteritis Virus (EAV)]]<br />
<br />
[[Equine Herpesvirus 1]]<br />
<br />
==Feline==<br />
[[Feline Calicivirus]]<br />
<br />
[[Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV)]]<br />
<br />
[[Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV)]]<br />
<br />
[[Feline Infections Peritonitis (FIP)]]<br />
<br />
[[Feline Herpesvirus 1|Feline Herpesvirus 1 (Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis)]]<br />
<br />
==Lapine (Rabbits)==<br />
[[Rabbit Haemorrhatic Disease Virus]]<br />
<br />
<br />
==Ovine==<br />
[[Bluetongue Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Visna-Maedi Virus of Sheep]]<br />
<br />
[[Sheep Pulmonary Adenomatosis]]<br />
<br />
[[Border Disease Virus]]<br />
<br />
==Porcine==<br />
[[Swine Influenza]]<br />
<br />
[[Paramyxoviridae#Nipah Virus|Nipah Virus]]<br />
<br />
[[Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS)]]<br />
<br />
[[Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus of Pigs (TGEV)]]<br />
<br />
[[Swine Vesicular Disease]]<br />
<br />
[[Porcine Enterovirus]]<br />
<br />
[[Porcine Circoviruses]]<br />
<br />
[[Classical Swine Fever]]<br />
<br />
[[Suid Herpesvirus 1]]<br />
<br />
==Reptilian==<br />
[[Paramyxoviridae#Reptilian Paramyxoviruses|Reptilian Paramyxoviruses]]<br />
<br />
<br />
==Rodentia==<br />
[[Paramyxoviridae#Murine Parainfluenza - 1 (Sendai virus)|Sendai Virus]]</div>Bepocockhttps://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Poxviruses&diff=40972Poxviruses2008-10-30T17:22:06Z<p>Bepocock: Replacing page with 'Delete this page'</p>
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