https://en.wikivet.net/api.php?action=feedcontributions&user=Gen&feedformat=atomWikiVet English - User contributions [en]2024-03-28T15:59:59ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.35.0https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Fish_Nematodes&diff=199290Fish Nematodes2018-09-20T13:03:52Z<p>Gen: /* Treatment */ Fixed typo.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{OpenPagesTop}}<br />
==Introduction==<br />
[[:Category:Nematodes|Nematodes]] infect '''freshwater, marine''' and '''brackish water fish species'''. Pathology normally occurs within the '''intestines''' but can affect all organs and substantial damage to the host can occur. Some nematodes cause high levels of fish mortality in wild fish populations. Nematodes can infect fish as adults but larval stages of nematodes infecting piscivorous birds, mammals or reptiles, or less frequently predatory fish, can also infect fish species. <br />
<br />
Some nematodes are '''zoonotic''' and include species such as ''Anguillicola'', ''Philometra'', ''Skrjabillanus'', and ''Anisakis''. '''Ingestion of uncooked infected fish meat''' poses a zoonotic threat to humans. Following ingestion by humans the larvae are activated by high temperatures, acidic pH and pepsinogen within the stomach. <br />
<br />
Nematodes also cause an '''economic threat''' to the market value of fish, through '''consumer attitudes towards''' the presence of these '''parasites''' within food products. '''Infected fillets are rejected''' and can increase production costs. Disease is mainly found within wild fish populations as captive fish are fed non-infected feed.<br />
<br />
==Signalment==<br />
Fish within '''niche habitats''' tend to have a '''narrow host range''' compared to fish species found all over the world. '''Severe disease''' can arise when a '''nematode colonises a new host species''', for example nematodes of Japanese eel, ''A. crassus'', causes mild disease but in European and American eel species it causes more severe pathology. ''Skrjabillanid'' genera (''Skrjabillanus tincae'', ''Skrjabillanus cyprini'', ''Molnaria intestinalis'', ''Sinoichthyonema amuri''), infect only one host, whereas ''[[Capillaria]]'' species can colonise numerous fish species. <br />
<br />
Adult stages of ''Anisakis'' spp., ''Pseudoterranova'' spp., ''Phocascaris'' spp. and ''Contracaecum ''spp. occur in whales and seals, whereas their '''third-stage larvae''' occur in '''fish musculature'''. <br />
<br />
Nematodes can affect a wide range of species including eels, sturgeons, bream, pike, cod, trout, carp, bass, rays, skate, bleaks, arapaima, perches, piranha zander, lingcod, viviparous blenny (European eelpout) and aquarium species such as guppy (millionfish) and discus fish. They can also infect mammals such as ''Cetacea'' (whales, dolphins and porpoises) and ''Phocidae'' (seals). <br />
<br />
Fish nematodes can also infect humans and they '''penetrate the gastric or intestinal mucosa''', resulting in '''stomach cramps and abdominal pain'''. The worms can also migrate to other areas of the body. <br />
<br />
==Epidemiology==<br />
<br />
Sexual maturity of the nematodes is reached through a complicated '''multi-host life cycle'''. Any disruptions to these cycles prevent the development of the adult nematodes, therefore cultured fish taken from their natural environment are less likely to develop nematode infections. Nematodes do, however, affect aquarium fish species. <br />
<br />
Immune reactions in the host to live and dead worms accentuate the severity of the disease by <br />
the production of immunoglobulin E ([[IgE]]), mast-cell degranulation, [[eosinophilia]], causing oedema and urticaria. Nematodes have two main types of antigens soluble excretory and secretory (E/S) that elicit both humoral ([[Immunoglobulins - Overview|antibody production]]) and [[Adaptive Immune System - Overview|cellular host reactions]]. <br />
<br />
==Distribution==<br />
<br />
Nematodes have been shown in fish stock in '''Africa, North America, South America, Europe '''and '''Russia'''.<br />
<br />
==Clinical Signs==<br />
The nematodes deprive their host of food and can feed on host tissues, sera and blood causing '''emaciation and anaemia'''. Clinical signs of nematode infestation vary and can range from deformed body shape, '''haemorrhage''', mortality, traumatic enteritis, '''loss of balance''' through damage to their swim bladder, reduced swimming performance, lethargy, reduced sexual display rate, ulceration of gill cover, '''fraying of fins''', large '''nodules''' on the ventral surface of the skin and fish can be seen swimming or floating on their sides. Infected fish can be more susceptible to decreased oxygen content in the water. Pathogen such as '''''Philonema''''' and '''''Philometra''''' can cause '''atrophy or destruction of gonads, ascites''' and '''distension of the abdomen'''.<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
Nemotodes cause an array of different pathogenicity within fish and can cause '''damage to the GI tract, swim bladder, gonads, internal organs (especially the liver), gills , eye and skin'''. Mechanical damage to the mucosa and submucosa by nematode migration and proteolytic damage from nematode enzymes are common. Larger parasites can cause deformation of organs and body shape, mesenteric and visceral adhesions, granulomas, haemorrhage, deep nodules within the stomach wall and general inflammation. Some nematodes can cause blockages to the GI tract . <br />
<br />
In some nematode infections accumulation of granule cells, leucocytes and macrophages and epithelial fibroblasts around third-stage larvae can be seen. With ''Schulmanela (Hepaticola) petruschewskiies'' and other liver damaging pathogens a '''greyish discoloration of the liver''', with '''pinhead and larger nodules''' can be seen along with hyperaemia, petechial haemorrhages and [[icterus]]. Histologically, worms, fibrinous-serous exudate, haemorrhage and hyperaemia of the liver capillaries can be seen with leucocytic infiltration, epithelioid cell proliferation and giant cells.<br />
<br />
Swim bladder damage can be caused by species such as ''Cystidicola'' and ''Anguillicola'', and epithelial hyperplasia, hyperaemia and necrotic areas around migrating larvae can be seen in the swim bladder wall, which can give rise to '''secondary bacterial infections'''. Continual damage by migrating larvae cause '''fibrosis and thickening of the swim bladder'''. Swelling of the scale sacs and inflammation and haemorrhaging under the scales can be seen with nematodes such as ''Philometra'' and ''Philometroides'' which are known to infect the skin, fins and gill epithelium.<br />
<br />
==Diagnosis==<br />
Larger skin parasites such as ''Philometra'' and ''C. acipenseris'' species can be easily seen as, red parasites in the opercula and on the fins and from raised nodules surrounding migrating larvae respectively. Gut and organ inhabiting nematodes will need to be found on post-mortem and microscopic examination of infected tissue. Histozoic species such as ''skrjabillanid'' can be identified under the microsope from scrapings of intestinal serosa. Squash preparations of infected organs between two slides can be used for larval nematodes. Radiographs have been used to diagnose ''Anguillicola'' within the swim bladder.<br />
<br />
'''PCR can be used for accurate diagnosis of nematode species'''.<br />
<br />
==Treatment==<br />
There is no effective drug against all fish nematodes but drugs such as flubendazol, levamisole, mebendazole, trichlorphon and triclabendazole may be effective against some species.<br />
<br />
==Control==<br />
Freezing at -20°C for 24 hours, heating above 60°C or salting will kill ''Anisakis'' larvae. ''Pseudoterranova'' larvae can be killed at 30°C for 15 h or at 20°C for 7 days, but dead nematodes can trigger immune reactions in human hosts as they contain immunogenic molecules. <br />
<br />
{{Learning<br />
|flashcards = [[Fish Nematodes Flashcards]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
{{CABI source<br />
|datasheet = [http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/?compid=3&dsid=73110&loadmodule=datasheet&page=2144&site=160 nematodes in fish] <br />
|date =10 July 2011<br />
}}<br />
<br><br><br><br />
<br />
{{review}}<br />
<br />
{{OpenPages}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:CABI Expert Review]][[Category:CABI AHPC Pages]]<br />
[[Category:Zoonoses]]<br />
[[Category:Fish Diseases]]</div>Genhttps://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Fish_Nematodes&diff=199289Fish Nematodes2018-09-20T13:03:26Z<p>Gen: /* Treatment */ Clarification.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{OpenPagesTop}}<br />
==Introduction==<br />
[[:Category:Nematodes|Nematodes]] infect '''freshwater, marine''' and '''brackish water fish species'''. Pathology normally occurs within the '''intestines''' but can affect all organs and substantial damage to the host can occur. Some nematodes cause high levels of fish mortality in wild fish populations. Nematodes can infect fish as adults but larval stages of nematodes infecting piscivorous birds, mammals or reptiles, or less frequently predatory fish, can also infect fish species. <br />
<br />
Some nematodes are '''zoonotic''' and include species such as ''Anguillicola'', ''Philometra'', ''Skrjabillanus'', and ''Anisakis''. '''Ingestion of uncooked infected fish meat''' poses a zoonotic threat to humans. Following ingestion by humans the larvae are activated by high temperatures, acidic pH and pepsinogen within the stomach. <br />
<br />
Nematodes also cause an '''economic threat''' to the market value of fish, through '''consumer attitudes towards''' the presence of these '''parasites''' within food products. '''Infected fillets are rejected''' and can increase production costs. Disease is mainly found within wild fish populations as captive fish are fed non-infected feed.<br />
<br />
==Signalment==<br />
Fish within '''niche habitats''' tend to have a '''narrow host range''' compared to fish species found all over the world. '''Severe disease''' can arise when a '''nematode colonises a new host species''', for example nematodes of Japanese eel, ''A. crassus'', causes mild disease but in European and American eel species it causes more severe pathology. ''Skrjabillanid'' genera (''Skrjabillanus tincae'', ''Skrjabillanus cyprini'', ''Molnaria intestinalis'', ''Sinoichthyonema amuri''), infect only one host, whereas ''[[Capillaria]]'' species can colonise numerous fish species. <br />
<br />
Adult stages of ''Anisakis'' spp., ''Pseudoterranova'' spp., ''Phocascaris'' spp. and ''Contracaecum ''spp. occur in whales and seals, whereas their '''third-stage larvae''' occur in '''fish musculature'''. <br />
<br />
Nematodes can affect a wide range of species including eels, sturgeons, bream, pike, cod, trout, carp, bass, rays, skate, bleaks, arapaima, perches, piranha zander, lingcod, viviparous blenny (European eelpout) and aquarium species such as guppy (millionfish) and discus fish. They can also infect mammals such as ''Cetacea'' (whales, dolphins and porpoises) and ''Phocidae'' (seals). <br />
<br />
Fish nematodes can also infect humans and they '''penetrate the gastric or intestinal mucosa''', resulting in '''stomach cramps and abdominal pain'''. The worms can also migrate to other areas of the body. <br />
<br />
==Epidemiology==<br />
<br />
Sexual maturity of the nematodes is reached through a complicated '''multi-host life cycle'''. Any disruptions to these cycles prevent the development of the adult nematodes, therefore cultured fish taken from their natural environment are less likely to develop nematode infections. Nematodes do, however, affect aquarium fish species. <br />
<br />
Immune reactions in the host to live and dead worms accentuate the severity of the disease by <br />
the production of immunoglobulin E ([[IgE]]), mast-cell degranulation, [[eosinophilia]], causing oedema and urticaria. Nematodes have two main types of antigens soluble excretory and secretory (E/S) that elicit both humoral ([[Immunoglobulins - Overview|antibody production]]) and [[Adaptive Immune System - Overview|cellular host reactions]]. <br />
<br />
==Distribution==<br />
<br />
Nematodes have been shown in fish stock in '''Africa, North America, South America, Europe '''and '''Russia'''.<br />
<br />
==Clinical Signs==<br />
The nematodes deprive their host of food and can feed on host tissues, sera and blood causing '''emaciation and anaemia'''. Clinical signs of nematode infestation vary and can range from deformed body shape, '''haemorrhage''', mortality, traumatic enteritis, '''loss of balance''' through damage to their swim bladder, reduced swimming performance, lethargy, reduced sexual display rate, ulceration of gill cover, '''fraying of fins''', large '''nodules''' on the ventral surface of the skin and fish can be seen swimming or floating on their sides. Infected fish can be more susceptible to decreased oxygen content in the water. Pathogen such as '''''Philonema''''' and '''''Philometra''''' can cause '''atrophy or destruction of gonads, ascites''' and '''distension of the abdomen'''.<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
Nemotodes cause an array of different pathogenicity within fish and can cause '''damage to the GI tract, swim bladder, gonads, internal organs (especially the liver), gills , eye and skin'''. Mechanical damage to the mucosa and submucosa by nematode migration and proteolytic damage from nematode enzymes are common. Larger parasites can cause deformation of organs and body shape, mesenteric and visceral adhesions, granulomas, haemorrhage, deep nodules within the stomach wall and general inflammation. Some nematodes can cause blockages to the GI tract . <br />
<br />
In some nematode infections accumulation of granule cells, leucocytes and macrophages and epithelial fibroblasts around third-stage larvae can be seen. With ''Schulmanela (Hepaticola) petruschewskiies'' and other liver damaging pathogens a '''greyish discoloration of the liver''', with '''pinhead and larger nodules''' can be seen along with hyperaemia, petechial haemorrhages and [[icterus]]. Histologically, worms, fibrinous-serous exudate, haemorrhage and hyperaemia of the liver capillaries can be seen with leucocytic infiltration, epithelioid cell proliferation and giant cells.<br />
<br />
Swim bladder damage can be caused by species such as ''Cystidicola'' and ''Anguillicola'', and epithelial hyperplasia, hyperaemia and necrotic areas around migrating larvae can be seen in the swim bladder wall, which can give rise to '''secondary bacterial infections'''. Continual damage by migrating larvae cause '''fibrosis and thickening of the swim bladder'''. Swelling of the scale sacs and inflammation and haemorrhaging under the scales can be seen with nematodes such as ''Philometra'' and ''Philometroides'' which are known to infect the skin, fins and gill epithelium.<br />
<br />
==Diagnosis==<br />
Larger skin parasites such as ''Philometra'' and ''C. acipenseris'' species can be easily seen as, red parasites in the opercula and on the fins and from raised nodules surrounding migrating larvae respectively. Gut and organ inhabiting nematodes will need to be found on post-mortem and microscopic examination of infected tissue. Histozoic species such as ''skrjabillanid'' can be identified under the microsope from scrapings of intestinal serosa. Squash preparations of infected organs between two slides can be used for larval nematodes. Radiographs have been used to diagnose ''Anguillicola'' within the swim bladder.<br />
<br />
'''PCR can be used for accurate diagnosis of nematode species'''.<br />
<br />
==Treatment==<br />
There is no effective drug against all fish nematodes but drugs such as flubendazol, levamisole, mebendazole, trichlorphon and triclabendazole may be effective again some species.<br />
<br />
==Control==<br />
Freezing at -20°C for 24 hours, heating above 60°C or salting will kill ''Anisakis'' larvae. ''Pseudoterranova'' larvae can be killed at 30°C for 15 h or at 20°C for 7 days, but dead nematodes can trigger immune reactions in human hosts as they contain immunogenic molecules. <br />
<br />
{{Learning<br />
|flashcards = [[Fish Nematodes Flashcards]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
{{CABI source<br />
|datasheet = [http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/?compid=3&dsid=73110&loadmodule=datasheet&page=2144&site=160 nematodes in fish] <br />
|date =10 July 2011<br />
}}<br />
<br><br><br><br />
<br />
{{review}}<br />
<br />
{{OpenPages}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:CABI Expert Review]][[Category:CABI AHPC Pages]]<br />
[[Category:Zoonoses]]<br />
[[Category:Fish Diseases]]</div>Genhttps://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Nitrite_Toxicity&diff=199285Nitrite Toxicity2018-09-19T13:08:19Z<p>Gen: /* Treatment and Prevention */ It said nitrate in a few places where it should have said nitrite.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{OpenPagesTop}}<br />
==Introduction==<br />
The nitrogenous cycle converts toxic nitrogenous waste into relatively non-toxic compounds and is carried out by a mixed population of bacteria present in the biological filter and in surface biofilms. Ammonia is oxidised first to nitrite then to nitrate.<br />
<br />
Both ammonia and '''nitrites''' are very toxic to fish, nitrate is less toxic but should not be left to accumulate to high levels.<br />
<br />
Nitrite is transported across the gills where it enters the bloodstream and oxidises '''haemaglobin to methaemaglobin'''. This leads to tissue hypoxia.<br />
<br />
Nitrite toxicity is particularly a problem in '''newly-established recirculating systems''', in which insufficient numbers of bacteria are present in the biological filter. This can also be a problem when the biological filters have been damaged by the interruption of water supply, '''excessive cleaning''' or '''antibacterial administration'''.<br />
<br />
Species susceptibility to nitrite is '''variable''' and is linked to '''chloride uptake''' by the gills. Nitrite competes for chloride absorption, therefore fish with a high chloride uptake such as the rainbow trout, the perch, the pike and the catfish are more susceptible to nitrite. In contrast, the largemouth and smallmouth bass, bluegill and green sunfish are resistant to high concentrations of nitrite.<br />
<br />
==Clinical Signs==<br />
Fish with nitrite toxicity will present with '''tan to brown-coloured gills''' and show signs of '''hypoxia''' such as gathering at the water inlet or surface.<br />
<br />
Changes in oxygen affinity and blood pH increase the movement of oxygen to the swim bladder. This can lead to [[Buoyancy Disorders|'''buoyancy problems''']].<br />
<br />
==Diagnosis==<br />
Diagnosis relies on the '''measurement of nitrite levels''' in the system or tank water, and some gross evidence of methaemaglobinaemia.<br />
<br />
Toxicity levels vary between species of fish, but it is preferable to keep levels as low as possible in all cases.<br />
<br />
==Treatment and Prevention==<br />
Nitrite is much less toxic when '''chloride''' is present, possibly because chloride inhibits nitrite absorption across the gills. <br />
<br />
'''Sodium chloride''' is the most available and cheapest source of chloride. <br />
<br />
Haemaglobin levels should return to normal within 12-24 hours. If severe anaemia is present, '''recovery may take weeks'''. <br />
<br />
The original cause of the nitrite toxicity should be resolved. Levels of nitrite in the water can be reduced through '''water changes, biological filtration and decreased feeding'''.<br />
<br />
Prevention involves ensuring an '''adequate level of chloride''' in the water at all times. Most waters already have enough chloride and prophylactic treatment is unnecessary. <br />
<br />
{{Learning<br />
|flashcards = [[Ornamental Fish Q&A 13]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
Noga, E. (2010) '''Fish Diseases: diagnosis and treatment''' ''John Wiley and Sons''<br />
<br />
Gupta, R. (2007) '''Veterinary toxicology: basic and clinical principles''' ''Academic Press''<br />
<br />
Dietrich, H. W. (2009) '''Essential Zebrafish Methods: Genetics and Genomics''' ''Academic Press''<br />
<br />
<br />
{{review}}<br />
<br />
{{OpenPages}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Toxicology]]<br />
[[Category:Fish Diseases]]<br />
[[Category:Expert Review - Exotics]]</div>Genhttps://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Nitrite_Toxicity&diff=199284Nitrite Toxicity2018-09-19T12:59:49Z<p>Gen: /* Introduction */ It said nitrate in a few places where it should have said nitrite.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{OpenPagesTop}}<br />
==Introduction==<br />
The nitrogenous cycle converts toxic nitrogenous waste into relatively non-toxic compounds and is carried out by a mixed population of bacteria present in the biological filter and in surface biofilms. Ammonia is oxidised first to nitrite then to nitrate.<br />
<br />
Both ammonia and '''nitrites''' are very toxic to fish, nitrate is less toxic but should not be left to accumulate to high levels.<br />
<br />
Nitrite is transported across the gills where it enters the bloodstream and oxidises '''haemaglobin to methaemaglobin'''. This leads to tissue hypoxia.<br />
<br />
Nitrite toxicity is particularly a problem in '''newly-established recirculating systems''', in which insufficient numbers of bacteria are present in the biological filter. This can also be a problem when the biological filters have been damaged by the interruption of water supply, '''excessive cleaning''' or '''antibacterial administration'''.<br />
<br />
Species susceptibility to nitrite is '''variable''' and is linked to '''chloride uptake''' by the gills. Nitrite competes for chloride absorption, therefore fish with a high chloride uptake such as the rainbow trout, the perch, the pike and the catfish are more susceptible to nitrite. In contrast, the largemouth and smallmouth bass, bluegill and green sunfish are resistant to high concentrations of nitrite.<br />
<br />
==Clinical Signs==<br />
Fish with nitrite toxicity will present with '''tan to brown-coloured gills''' and show signs of '''hypoxia''' such as gathering at the water inlet or surface.<br />
<br />
Changes in oxygen affinity and blood pH increase the movement of oxygen to the swim bladder. This can lead to [[Buoyancy Disorders|'''buoyancy problems''']].<br />
<br />
==Diagnosis==<br />
Diagnosis relies on the '''measurement of nitrite levels''' in the system or tank water, and some gross evidence of methaemaglobinaemia.<br />
<br />
Toxicity levels vary between species of fish, but it is preferable to keep levels as low as possible in all cases.<br />
<br />
==Treatment and Prevention==<br />
Nitrite is much less toxic when '''chloride''' is present, possibly because chloride inhibits nitrate absorption across the gills. <br />
<br />
'''Sodium chloride''' is the most available and cheapest source of chloride. <br />
<br />
Haemaglobin levels should return to normal within 12-24 hours. If severe anaemia is present '''recovery may take weeks'''. <br />
<br />
The original cause of the nitrate toxicity should be resolved and levels of nitrate in the water can be reduced through '''water changes, biological filtration and decreased feeding'''.<br />
<br />
Prevention involves ensuring an '''adequate levels of chloride''' in the water at all times. Most waters already have enough chloride and prophylactic treatment is unnecessary. <br />
<br />
{{Learning<br />
|flashcards = [[Ornamental Fish Q&A 13]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
Noga, E. (2010) '''Fish Diseases: diagnosis and treatment''' ''John Wiley and Sons''<br />
<br />
Gupta, R. (2007) '''Veterinary toxicology: basic and clinical principles''' ''Academic Press''<br />
<br />
Dietrich, H. W. (2009) '''Essential Zebrafish Methods: Genetics and Genomics''' ''Academic Press''<br />
<br />
<br />
{{review}}<br />
<br />
{{OpenPages}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Toxicology]]<br />
[[Category:Fish Diseases]]<br />
[[Category:Expert Review - Exotics]]</div>Genhttps://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Gill_Hyperplasia&diff=199172Gill Hyperplasia2018-09-17T13:28:59Z<p>Gen: /* Causes */ Fixed typo</p>
<hr />
<div>{{OpenPagesTop}}<br />
Also known as: '''''Environmental Gill Disease — Bacterial Gill Disease<br />
<br />
==Introduction==<br />
The most common response of the [[Gills|gill]] to damage is '''hyperplasia and hypertrophy of epithelial cells''', which results in '''shortening, rounding and fusion''' of the secondary lamellae. Sometimes even the primary lamellae are affected.<br />
<br />
This severely affects the structure and function of the gills and reduces the surface area available for exchange. This also predisposes the gills to further bacterial colonisation and potential septicaemia.<br />
<br />
'''Excessive mucus production''' also compromises gill function.<br />
<br />
==Causes==<br />
Any irritation can lead to gill hyperplasia, most commonly from bacteria or parasites or from poor water quality.<br />
<br />
The most common causes are as follows:<br />
:'''Protozoa''': ''[[Trichodina spp.|Trichodina]]'', ''Chilodonella'', ''Ichtyobodo''<br />
:'''Parasites''': ''[[Ichthyophthirius multifiliis|Ichthyophthirius]]'', ''Amyloodinium''<br />
:'''Bacteria'''<br />
:'''Environmental toxins''': ammonia, [[Nitrite Toxicity|nitrite]], heavy metals <br />
:'''Poor water quality'''<br />
:'''Pantothenic acid deficiency'''<br />
<br />
==Clinical Signs==<br />
These are primarily of '''respiratory compromise''': rapid opercular movements, lethargy, grouping near inlets, tachypnoea.<br />
<br />
Fish may show '''lesions''' characteristic for a particular disease.<br />
<br />
There will be increased '''mortality'''.<br />
<br />
==Diagnosis==<br />
'''Gill biopsies''' should be performed on dead fish to examine their gross and histological appearance.<br />
<br />
'''Histology''' will reveal shortening, fusion and clubbing of the secondary lamellae.<br />
<br />
If gill hyperplasia is detected on a wet mount this indicates that severe pathology is present.<br />
<br />
==Treatment==<br />
The '''underlying cause''' should be dealt with.<br />
<br />
This may include '''chemical treatment''' of the water to eliminate parasites, protozoa or bacteria.<br />
<br />
Improvement of the '''water quality''' is also important and oxygen and toxin levels should be monitored.<br />
<br />
{{Learning<br />
|flashcards = [[Ornamental Fish Q&A 20]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
Noga, E. (2010) ''Fish disease: diagnosis and treatment''' ''John Wiley and Sons''<br />
<br />
Rosenthal, K. (2008) '''Rapid review of exotic animal medicine and husbandry: pet mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish''' ''Manson Publishing''<br />
<br />
Roberts, R. (2001) '''Fish Pathology''' ''Elsevier Health Sciences''<br />
<br />
<br />
{{review}}<br />
<br />
{{OpenPages}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Fish Diseases]]<br />
[[Category:Expert Review - Exotics]]</div>Genhttps://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Ornamental_Fish_Q%26A_19&diff=198753Ornamental Fish Q&A 192018-07-17T15:34:36Z<p>Gen: Typo</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Manson<br />
|book = Ornamental Fish Q&A}}<br />
<br />
[[File:Ornamental Fish 19b.jpg|centre|500px]]<br />
<br><br />
[[File:Ornamental Fish 19c.png|centre|500px]]<br />
<br><br />
[[File:Ornamental Fish 19a.jpg|centre|500px]]<br />
<br />
<br /><br />
<br />
'''These rapidly spinning ciliated organisms were seen on the examination of a skin scrape (×100).'''<br />
<br />
<br /><br />
<br />
<FlashCard questions="2"><br />
|q1=Name the organism.<br />
|a1=<br />
''Trichodina'', a ciliated protozoan parasite which is a common cause of skin and gill disease in ornamental fish.<br />
|l1=Trichodina spp.<br />
|q2=How is a skin scraping prepared?<br />
|a2=<br />
A skin scrape is prepared by obtaining a small quantity of mucus from the skin surface of a freshly dead or anesthetized fish. <br />
<br />
Areas of predilection for skin parasites are those adjacent to the fins and it is a good approach to obtain material from these sites. <br />
<br />
The mucus is suspended in a small quantity of water on a microscope slide (preferably pond or tank water from which the fish was taken; tap or distilled water may destroy the parasites), a cover slip applied, and the preparation examined under the microscope (×40 magnification should be sufficient to visualize most parasites). <br />
<br />
The second picture shows prepared gill, fin, and skin biopsies.<br />
|l2= Skin Scrape Procedure#Skin Scraping in Fish<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
{{#tag:imagemap|Image:Next Question.png{{!}}center{{!}}200px<br />
rect 0 0 860 850 [[Ornamental Fish Q&A 20]]<br />
desc none}}<br />
[[Category:Ornamental Fish Q&A]]</div>Gen