https://en.wikivet.net/api.php?action=feedcontributions&user=Kcam11&feedformat=atomWikiVet English - User contributions [en]2024-03-29T11:07:47ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.35.0https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Large_Animal_Nutrition_Flashcards&diff=127740Large Animal Nutrition Flashcards2011-09-18T11:18:52Z<p>Kcam11: </p>
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<div>==Grass==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= Is this feed classified as a i) forage; ii) root, tuber or their by-product; iii) cereal or their by-product; or iv) protein concentrate & source? <br />
|a1= This type of feed is classified as i) forage. <br />
|l1=Forage#Grass<br />
|q2= What is the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) range of this feed?<br />
|a2= <br />
Grass (young)<br />
:DM: 15 - 20% <br />
:ME: 11.5 - 12.5 MJ/kg DM <br />
:CP: 150 - 250 g/kg DM<br />
<br />
Grass (mature)<br />
:DM: 25 - 50% <br />
:ME: 9.5 - 10.5 MJ/kg DM <br />
:CP: 50 - 130 g/kg DM<br />
|l2= Forage#Grass<br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of this feed?<br />
|a3= Typically based on ryegrass, but often mixed swards with cocksfoot, fescues, timothy, and legumes (e.g. clover). It is present in rough/hill grazing (often with heather, rushes, mosses), permanent pasture and rotational leys, the latter often high yielding italian or perennial ryegrass monocultures.<br />
|l3= Forage#Grass<br />
|q4= What concerns are associated with this feed? <br />
|a4= Scours, hypomagnesaemic tetany (especially in winter, or in rapidly growing grass (e.g. spring,/early summer, late summer/autumn), bloat (especially as mixed legume swards), pasture-induced laminitis.<br />
|l4= Forage#Grass <br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Silage and Haylage==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= Are these feeds classified as i) forages; ii) roots, tubers or their by-products; iii) cereals or their by-products; or iv) protein concentrates & sources? <br />
|a1= These types of feed are classified as i) forages. <br />
|l1=Forage#Silage and Haylage<br />
|q2=What is the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) range of silage and haylage?<br />
|a2= Silage<br />
:DM: 15 - 20% (20-30% clamp) (40-50% bale)<br />
:ME: 9.5 - 12 MJ/kg DM <br />
:CP: 120 - 190 g/kg DM<br />
:pH: 3.8 - 4.8<br />
<br />
Haylage<br />
:DM: 50 - 60% (20-30% clamp) (40-50% bale)<br />
:ME: 9 - 11.5 MJ/kg DM <br />
:CP: 75 - 110 g/kg DM<br />
:pH: 4.5 - 5.5<br />
|l2= Forage#Silage and Haylage<br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of these feeds?<br />
|a3= Silage is a fermented crop with a low dry matter content. It is cut at a relatively early stage of development and stored under anaerobic conditions. Haylage is similar to silage but is often cut at a more mature stage. It typically has a higher pH and DM than silage and can often be of more variable quality. With horses haylage is typically preferred (by owners) to silage. <br />
|l3= Forage#Silage and Haylage<br />
|q4= What concerns are associated with these feeds?<br />
|a4= Clostridia. Listeriosis. Acidosis. Moulds/mycotoxins. Poor fermentation (pH > 4.8) or too acidic (pH < 3.8).<br />
|l4= Forage#Silage and Haylage<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Hay==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= Is this feed classified as a i) forage; ii) root, tuber or their by-product; iii) cereal or their by-product; or iv) protein concentrate & source? <br />
|a1= This type of feed is classified as i) forage. <br />
|l1=Forage#Hay<br />
|q2= What is the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) range of this feed?<br />
|a2= Hay<br />
:DM: 80 - 90%<br />
:ME: 7.5 - 10.5 MJ/kg DM <br />
:CP: 50 - 150g/kg DM<br />
|l2= Forage#Hay<br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of this feed?<br />
|a3= Hay is dried grass, either naturally or artificially (dependent on the weather). It is cut at a relatively late stage of maturity and is typically of variable quality in colour and smell, and nutritive value. There are various types of hay such as ryegrass, meadow, and timothy. <br />
|l3= Forage#Hay<br />
|q4= What concern is associated with this feed? <br />
|a4= Mould/mycotoxins.<br />
|l4= Forage#Hay<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Straw==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= Is this feed classified as a i) forage; ii) root, tuber or their by-product; iii) cereal or their by-product; or iv) protein concentrate & source? <br />
|a1= This type of feed is classified as i) forage. <br />
|l1=Forage#Straw<br />
|q2= What is the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) range of this feed?<br />
|a2= Straw<br />
:DM: 86 - 88%<br />
:ME: 6.1 - 7 MJ/kg DM <br />
:CP: 34 - 38 g/kg DM<br />
<br />
Straw (ammoniated)<br />
:DM: 84 - 88%<br />
:ME: 7.4 - 7.8 MJ/kg DM <br />
:CP: 68 - 75 g/kg DM<br />
|l2= Forage#Straw<br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of this feed?<br />
|a3= Straw (usually barley or oat for feed) can be treated with alkali, urea or ammonia. It is commonly used as a roughage source for growing ruminants, and especially animals being reared in cereal beef systems. <br />
|l3= Forage#Straw<br />
|q4= What concerns are associated with this feed? <br />
|a4= Moulds/mycotoxin. Impaction within GI tract (especially horses). High intakes of straw (+ grains) are associated with hypomagnesaemic tetany (due to high K levels in grain and straw) <br />
|l4= Forage#Straw<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Whole-Crop Cereal Silages==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= Are these feeds classified as i) forages; ii) roots, tubers or their by-products; iii) cereals or their by-products; or iv) protein concentrates & sources? <br />
|a1= These feeds are classified as i) forages. <br />
|l1=Forage#Whole-Crop Cereal Silage<br />
|q2= What are the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) ranges of these feeds?<br />
|a2= Maize whole-crop silage<br />
:DM: 22 - 35% <br />
:ME: 10.5 - 12 MJ/kg DM <br />
:CP: 65 - 110 g/kg DM<br />
<br />
Barley whole-crop silage<br />
:DM: 30 - 40% <br />
:ME: 9 - 11 MJ/kg DM <br />
:CP: 80 - 110 g/kg DM<br />
|l2= Forage#Whole-Crop Cereal Silage<br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of these feeds?<br />
|a3= Maize whole-crop silage has high energy concentration while having a low protein concentration. It is harvested when grain is in the late dough stage. Barley, oats, wheat, and triticale are also used for whole-crop cereal silage either as monocultures or mixed with legumes (e.g. peas) to improve protein content. They are also high in energy while low in protein. Whole-crop cereal silages are fed as sole forage or mixed with grass silage. <br />
|l3= Forage#Whole-Crop Cereal Silage<br />
|q4= What concerns are associated with this feed? <br />
|a4= Clostridia. Listeriosis. Acidosis. Poor fermentation (pH > 4.8) or too acidic (pH < 3.8).<br />
|l4= Forage#Whole-Crop Cereal Silage<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Clovers and Lucerne==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= Are these feeds classified as i) forages; ii) roots, tubers or their by-products; iii) cereals or their by-products; or iv) protein concentrates & sources? <br />
|a1= These feeds are classified as forages and more specifically legumes. <br />
|l1=Forage#Clovers and Lucerne<br />
|q2=. What are the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) ranges of these feeds?<br />
|a2= Clover<br />
:DM: 18 - 20% <br />
:ME: 9.5 - 10.5 MJ/kg DM <br />
:CP: 170 - 250 g/kg DM<br />
<br />
Lucerne<br />
:DM: 22 - 35% <br />
:ME: 8 - 10.5 MJ/kg DM <br />
:CP: 150 - 200 g/kg DM<br />
<br />
Lucerne Hay<br />
:DM: 84 - 88% <br />
:ME: 8 - 10.5 MJ/kg DM <br />
:CP: 200 - 225 g/kg DM<br />
|l2= Forage#Clovers and Lucerne<br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of these feeds?<br />
|a3= Clovers are either white or red varieties. Clovers and Lucerne (aka Alfalfa) have a higher protein concentration and a higher mineral concentration (e.g. calcium) than grasses. Lucerne can be grazed or conserved as a monoculture. Lucernes also have a higher protein concentration than grasses. Legume silages tend to be more difficult to achieve a good fermentation, inoculants are usually required. <br />
|l3= Forage#Clover and Lucerne<br />
|q4= What concerns are associated with these feeds?<br />
|a4= Bloat (frothy). Red clovers and some Lucerne varieties may also contain significant levels of phytoestrogens that cause subfertility. <br />
|l4= Forage#Clovers and Lucerne<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Kale and Rape==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= Are these feeds classified as i) forages; ii) roots, tubers or their by-products; iii) cereals or their by-products; or iv) protein concentrates & sources? <br />
|a1= These types of feed are classified as i) forages, and more specifically forage brassicas.<br />
|l1=Forage#Kale and Rape<br />
|q2= What is the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) of these feeds?<br />
|a2= Kale<br />
:DM: 14% <br />
:ME: 11 MJ/kg DM <br />
:CP: 160 g/kg DM<br />
<br />
Rape<br />
:DM: 14% <br />
:ME: 9.5 MJ/kg DM <br />
:CP: 200 g/kg DM<br />
|l2= Forage#Kale and Rape<br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of these feeds?<br />
|a3= Kale and rape are considered good, digestible fodder. They have a higher protein concentration, carbohydrate concentration and calcium concentration than grasses. Rape has a higher protein concentration than kale. <br />
|l3= Forage#Kale and Rape<br />
|q4= What concerns are associated with these feeds?<br />
|a4= Goitrogenic. Haemolytic anaemia, haemoglobinuria. Feed to pregnant ewes with caution (can observe malformed, dead lambs at parturition).<br />
|l4= Forage#Kale and Rape<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Turnip and Swede==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= Are these feeds classified as i) forages; ii) roots, tubers or their by-products; iii) cereals or their by-products; or iv) protein concentrates & sources? <br />
|a1= These types of feed are classified as ii) roots, tubers or their & by-products, specifically roots.<br />
|l1=Roots, Tubers and By-Products#Turnip and Swede<br />
|q2= What is the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) of these feeds?<br />
|a2= Turnip<br />
:DM: 9% <br />
:ME: 11.2 MJ/kg DM <br />
:CP: 120 g/kg DM<br />
<br />
Swede<br />
:DM: 12% <br />
:ME: 12.8 MJ/kg DM <br />
:CP: 110 g/kg DM<br />
|l2= Roots, Tubers and By-Products#Turnip and Swede<br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of these feeds?<br />
|a3=Turnip and swede are related brassicas. They have good nutritive value, and typically a low dry matter and crude protein concentration. However, their protein tends to be very degradable.<br />
|l3= Roots, Tubers and By-Products#Turnip and Swede<br />
|q4= What concerns are associated with these feeds?<br />
|a4= Excess intakes associated with milk taint in dairy cows. Nitrate and sulphur toxicity.<br />
|l4= Roots, Tubers and By-Products#Turnip and Swede<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Mangel, Fodderbeet and Sugarbeet==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= Are these feeds classified as i) forage; ii) roots, tubers or their by-products; iii) cereals or their by-products; or iv) protein concentrates & sources? <br />
|a1= These types of feed are classified as ii) roots, tubers or their by-products, specifically roots.<br />
|l1= Roots, Tubers and By-Products#Mangel, Fodderbeet and Sugarbeet <br />
|q2= What is the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) of these feeds?<br />
|a2= Mangel<br />
Maize whole-crop silage<br />
:DM: 12% <br />
:ME: 12.4 MJ/kg DM <br />
:CP: 80 g/kg DM<br />
<br />
Fodderbeet<br />
:DM: 18% <br />
:ME: 11.9 MJ/kg DM <br />
:CP: 70 g/kg DM<br />
|l2= Roots, Tubers and By-Products#Mangel, Fodderbeet and Sugarbeet<br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of these feeds?<br />
|a3= These beets are very generally classified according to their DM content. Mangel < Fodderbeet < Sugarbeet. They are low in crude protein. Sugarbeets are primarily grown for sugar production, not feeding. <br />
|l3= Roots, Tubers and By-Products#Mangel, Fodderbeet and Sugarbeet<br />
|q4= What concerns are associated with these feeds?<br />
|a4= Mangels have a high nitrate concentration if fresh (need to store for a few weeks). High intakes of fodderbeet can cause GI tract disturbances, hypocalcaemia and in rare cases death. <br />
|l4= Roots, Tubers and By-Products#Mangel, Fodderbeet and Sugarbeet<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Sugarbeet Pulp==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= Is this feed classified as a i) forage; ii) root, tuber or their by-product; iii) cereal or their by-product; or iv) protein concentrate & source? <br />
|a1= This feed is classified as ii) root, tuber or their by-product, specifically a by-product from sugarbeet.<br />
|l1= Roots, Tubers and By-Products#Sugarbeet Pulp<br />
|q2= What is the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) of this feed?<br />
|a2= SB pulp (unmolassed)<br />
Maize whole-crop silage<br />
:DM: 90% <br />
:ME: 12.7 MJ/kg DM <br />
:CP: 100 g/kg DM<br />
<br />
SB pulp (molassed)<br />
:DM: 87% <br />
:ME: 12.5 MJ/kg DM <br />
:CP: 110 g/kg DM<br />
|l2= Roots, Tubers and By-Products#Sugarbeet Pulp<br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of this feed?<br />
|a3= Sugarbeet pulp is the residue following sugar extraction from sugarbeet root. It has a high dry matter and digestible fibre content, but a relatively low protein and phosphorus concentration. It is available in pellets or shreds, molassed or unmolassed. Can also be ensiled with distillers/brewers grains (draff) to form Grainbeet. <br />
|l3= Roots, Tubers and By-Products#Sugarbeet Pulp<br />
|q4= What concerns is associated with this feed? <br />
|a4= Choke, especially in horses (can increase it’s volume up to 6x; recommended to soak (ca. 1 litre per 200g) for 24 hours prior to feeding to horses).<br />
|l4= Roots, Tubers and By-Products#Sugarbeet Pulp<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Molasses==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= Is this feed classified as a i) forage; ii) root, tuber or their by-product; iii) cereal or their by-product; or iv) protein concentrate & source? <br />
|a1= This feed is classified as ii) root, tuber or their by-product, specifically a by-product from sugarbeet.<br />
|l1= Roots, Tubers and By-Products#Molasses<br />
|q2= What is the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) range of this feed?<br />
|a2= Molasses<br />
:DM: 75% <br />
:ME: 12.9 MJ/kg DM <br />
:CP: 50 g/kg DM<br />
|l2= Roots, Tubers and By-Products#Molasses<br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of this feed?<br />
|a3= Molasses is the residue following sugar extraction from sugarbeet root (also get molasses from sugarcane). It involves crystallisation and separation of sugar from water extract. Molasses is a thick, black liquid that is very low in protein concentration but very high in soluble sugars. It is often added to sugarbeet pulp, proprietary feeds, mineral licks, and TMR rations. <br />
|l3= Roots, Tubers and By-Products#Molasses<br />
|q4= What concerns are associated with this feed? <br />
|a4= Can be laxative. Acidosis at high intakes. <br />
|l4= Roots, Tubers and By-Products#Molasses<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Barley, Wheat and Oats==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= Are these feeds classified as i) forages; ii) roots, tubers or their by-products; iii) cereals or their by-products; or iv) protein concentrates & sources? <br />
|a1= These types of feed are classified as iii) cereals or their by-products, specifically cereal grains.<br />
|l1= Cereals and By-Products#Barley, Wheat & Oats <br />
|q2= What is the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) of these feeds?<br />
|a2= Barley<br />
:DM: 86% <br />
:ME: 12.8 MJ/kg DM <br />
:CP: 110 g/kg DM<br />
<br />
Wheat<br />
:DM: 75% <br />
:ME: 13.5 MJ/kg DM <br />
:CP: 120 g/kg DM<br />
<br />
Oats<br />
:DM: 86% <br />
:ME: 12 MJ/kg DM <br />
:CP: 110 g/kg DM<br />
|l2= Cereals and By-Products#Barley, Wheat & Oats <br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of these feeds?<br />
|a3= Barley, wheat and oats are all starch rich cereal grains. They can be fed whole or processed. During processing, these grains can be rolled, bruised, milled, crimped, micronised, or treated with alkali or acid (e.g.prop-corn). In general, cattle need the grains to be processed more than sheep and goats. <br />
|l3= Cereals and By-Products#Barley, Wheat & Oats <br />
|q4= What concerns are associated with these feeds?<br />
|a4= Bloat. Acidosis. Soft fat. Liver abscesses. Cereals typically very poor source of calcium and deficient in Vitamins A and D. <br />
|l4= Cereals and By-Products#Barley, Wheat & Oats <br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Distillery and Brewing By-Products==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
||q1= Is this feed classified as i) forage; ii) roots, tubers or their by-products; iii) cereals or their by-products; or iv) protein concentrates & sources? <br />
|a1= These types of feed are classified as iii) cereals or their by-products, specifically cereal by-products of the distillery and brewing industries.<br />
|l1=Cereals and By-Products#Distillery and Brewing By-Products<br />
|q2= What is the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) of these feeds?<br />
|a2= Brewer's grains<br />
:DM: 26% <br />
:ME: 11.2 MJ/kg DM <br />
:CP: 250 g/kg DM<br />
<br />
Distiller's grains (draff)<br />
:DM: 25% <br />
:ME: 14.7 MJ/kg DM <br />
:CP: 270 g/kg DM<br />
<br />
Distiller's dark grains<br />
:DM: 89% <br />
:ME: 12.2 - 14.8 MJ/kg DM <br />
:CP: 275 - 350 g/kg DM<br />
<br />
Malt Culms<br />
:DM: 90% <br />
:ME: 11.2 MJ/kg DM <br />
:CP: 270 g/kg DM<br />
|l2= Cereals and By-Products# Distillery and Brewing By-Products<br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of these feeds?<br />
|a3= These by-products can be variable and are more suited to ruminants. They are a good source of fibre and have high unsaturated fatty acid content. The low DM by-products can be fed fresh or they can be ensiled. They are high in phosphorus but low in calcium and other minerals. <br />
|l3= Cereals and By-Products# Distillery and Brewing By-Products<br />
|q4= What concerns are associated with these feeds?<br />
|a4= Can be associated with deficiency in calcium, magnesium and other minerals. Poor fermentation and its associated problems can be encountered when ensiled. <br />
|l4= Cereals and By-Products# Distillery and Brewing By-Products<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Maize and Maize Gluten Feed==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
||q1= Are these feeds classified as i) forage; ii) roots, tubers or their by-products; iii) cereals or their by-products; or iv) protein concentrates & sources? <br />
|a1= These types of feed are classified as iii) cereals or their by-products.<br />
|l1=Cereals and By-Products#Maize and Maize Gluten Feed<br />
|q2= What is the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) of these feeds?<br />
|a2= Maize<br />
Molasses<br />
:DM: 86% <br />
:ME: 14.2 MJ/kg DM <br />
:CP: 98 g/kg DM<br />
<br />
Flaked Maize<br />
:DM: 90% <br />
:ME: 15 MJ/kg DM <br />
:CP: 110 g/kg DM<br />
<br />
Maize gluten feed<br />
:DM: 90% <br />
:ME: 12.7 MJ/kg DM <br />
:CP: 250 g/kg DM<br />
|l2= Cereals and By-Products#Maize and Maize Gluten Feed<br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of these feeds?<br />
|a3= These feeds are typically processed and may be flaked, rolled or micronised. They are suitable for ruminants and non-ruminants. Maize and maize gluten feed have high digestible energy, but poor source of calcium. <br />
|l3= Cereals and By-Products#Maize and Maize Gluten Feed<br />
|q4= What concerns are associated with these feeds?<br />
|a4= Maize and maize gluten feed can cause bloat and acidosis. The carcase fat colour can have a yellow pigmentation (due to presence of cryptoxanthin). <br />
|l4= Cereals and By-Products#Maize and Maize Gluten Feed <br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Oilseed Meals==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= Are these feeds classified as i) forages; ii) roots, tubers or their by-products; iii) cereals or their by-products; or iv) protein concentrates & sources? <br />
|a1= These types of feed are classified as iv) protein concentrates and sources.<br />
|l1= Protein Concentrates and Sources#Oilseed Meals<br />
|q2= What is the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) of these feeds?<br />
|a2= All oilseed meals are generally 90% DM. <br />
Soyabean Meal<br />
Molasses<br />
:DM: 90% <br />
:ME: 13.3 - 15.5 MJ/kg DM <br />
:CP: 400 - 500g/kg DM<br />
<br />
Cottonseed meal<br />
:DM: 90% <br />
:ME: 8.5 - 12.5 MJ/kg DM <br />
:CP: 230 - 450 g/kg DM<br />
<br />
Rapeseed Meal<br />
:DM: 90% <br />
:ME: 12 MJ/kg DM <br />
:CP: 400g/kg DM<br />
<br />
<br />
Linseed Meal<br />
:DM: 90% <br />
:ME: 12 MJ/kg DM <br />
:CP: 400g/kg DM<br />
<br />
Sunflowerseed Meal<br />
:DM: 90% <br />
:ME: 9.5 - 10.5 MJ/kg DM <br />
:CP: 300 - 430 g/kg DM<br />
|}|l2= Protein Concentrates and Sources#Oilseed Meals<br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of these feeds?<br />
|a3= Soyabean meal, cottonseed meal, rapeseed meal, linseed meal and sunflowerseed meal belong to the oilseed meal family. Oilseed meals are by-products and residues following the removal of oil from the seeds. They are a very good protein source with high digestibility and are a better source of calcium and phosphorus than cereals. <br />
|l3= Protein Concentrates and Sources#Oilseed Meals<br />
|q4= What concerns are associated with these feeds?<br />
|a4= Soyabeans are oestrogenic, goitrogenic and can contain high levels of lectins. Cottonseeds are low in essential amino acids, calcium and vitamins A and D, and can contain elevated levels of gossypols. Rapeseeds are goitrogenic and can contain elevated levels of tannins. Immature linseed has mucilage that is converted to hydrogen cyanide. Sunflowerseeds cause soft body fat in pigs due to high PUFA levels. <br />
|l4= Protein Concentrates and Sources#Oilseed Meals <br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Leguminous Seeds==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
||q1= Are these feeds classified as i) forages; ii) roots, tubers or their by-products; iii) cereals or their by-products; or iv) protein concentrates & sources? <br />
|a1= These types of feed are classified as iv) protein concentrates and sources.<br />
|l1= Protein Concentrates and Sources#Leguminous Seeds<br />
|q2= What is the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) of these feeds?<br />
|a2= Peas<br />
:DM: 86% <br />
:ME: 13.8 MJ/kg DM <br />
:CP: 260g/kg DM<br />
<br />
Beans<br />
:DM: 86% <br />
:ME: 13.4 MJ/kg DM <br />
:CP: 280g/kg DM<br />
<br />
Lupin Seed Meal<br />
:DM: 90% <br />
:ME: 13.2 MJ/kg DM <br />
:CP: 280 - 420 g/kg DM <br />
|l2= Protein Concentrates and Sources#Leguminous Seeds <br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of these feeds?<br />
|a3= Leguminous seeds consists of peas, beans (broad, horse, windsor) and lupin (white, blue and yellow varieties) seeds. Leguminous seeds have a high protein content, good energy content and high phosphorus concentration, but tend to be low in calcium. Leguminous seeds can be eaten whole or processed (cracked, kibbled or ground). They are often used in place of other protein concentrations. <br />
|l3= Protein Concentrates and Sources#Leguminous Seeds <br />
|q4= What concerns are associated with these feeds?<br />
|a4= Some bean species may contain high levels of lectins. Lupin seeds may contain high levels of alkaloids (e.g. ergotamine). Can be associated with GI tract disturbances (colic, diarrhoea). <br />
|l4=Protein Concentrates and Sources#Leguminous Seeds<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Fishmeal==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= Is this feed classified as a i) forage; ii) root, tuber or their by-product; iii) cereal or their by-product; or iv) protein concentrate & source? <br />
|a1= This feed is classified as iv) protein concentrates & source.<br />
|l1= Protein Concentrates and Sources#Fishmeal<br />
|q2= What is the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) range of this feed?<br />
|a2= Fishmeal<br />
:DM: 91% <br />
:ME: 14.5 - 18 MJ/kg DM <br />
:CP: 700 - 800 g/kg DM<br />
|l2= Protein Concentrates and Sources#Fishmeal<br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of this feed?<br />
|a3= For ruminants, fishmeal can only be used in unweaned calf milk replacers. Pigs, poultry and horses are permitted fishmeal. Fishmeal is included in small amounts and has many essential amino acids, vitamins and minerals. Contains high levels of calcium and phosphorus. UK produced fishmeal tends to be slightly lower nutritive value than herring or South American derived fishmeal. <br />
|l3= Protein Concentrates and Sources#Fishmeal<br />
|q4= What concerns are associated with this feed? <br />
|a4= Fishmeal is under severe restriction within the UK and EU. For ruminants, fishmeal can only be used in unweaned calf milk replacers. Pigs, poultry and horses are permitted fishmeal. High intakes are associated with taint of meat and eggs. <br />
|l4= Protein Concentrates and Sources#Fishmeal<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Urea==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= Is this feed classified as a i) forage; ii) root, tuber or their by-product; iii) cereal or their by-product; or iv) protein concentrate & source? <br />
|a1= This feed is classified as iv) protein concentrate & source, but this is a misnomer as technically it is not a protein, but an indirect source.<br />
|l1=Protein Concentrates and Sources#Urea<br />
|q2= What is the crude protein (CP) content of this feed?<br />
|a2= The CP is 2,900 g/kg DM. <br />
|l2=Protein Concentrates and Sources#Urea<br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of this feed?<br />
|a3= In ruminants, the rumen microflora hydrolyse urea to ammonia. Urea is often supplemented to diets of low protein concentration and can also be contained in molassed vitamin/mineral blocks. Urea may be used to treat straw (urine sometimes used in some developing countries), where it effectively improves digestibility of this low quality roughage. <br />
|l3=Protein Concentrates and Sources#Urea<br />
|q4= What concerns are associated with this feed? <br />
|a4= Less than one-third of the dietary nitrogen should be provided as urea in order to minimise ammonia toxicity. Signs of ammonia toxicity include bloat, twitching, ataxia, excessive salivation and death. <br />
|l4=Protein Concentrates and Sources#Urea<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
[[Category:Animal Nutrition|Z]]<br />
[[Category:To Do]]</div>Kcam11https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Large_Animal_Nutrition_Flashcards&diff=127579Large Animal Nutrition Flashcards2011-09-14T19:16:41Z<p>Kcam11: /* Grass */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Grass==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= Is this feed classified as a i) forage; ii) root, tuber or their by-product; iii) cereal or their by-product; or iv) protein concentrate & source? <br />
|a1= This type of feed is classified as i) forage. <br />
|l1=Forage#Grass<br />
|q2= What is the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) range of this feed?<br />
|a2= *Grass (young) - DM= 15 - 20% : ME = 11.5 - 12.5 MJ/kg DM : CP = 150 - 250 g/kg DM<br />
*Grass (mature) - DM = 25 - 50% : ME = 9.5 - 10.5 MJ/kg DM : CP = 50 - 130 g/kg DM<br />
|l2= Forage#Grass<br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of this feed?<br />
|a3= Typically based on ryegrass, but often mixed swards with cocksfoot, fescues, timothy, and legumes (e.g. clover). It is present in rough/hill grazing (often with heather, rushes, mosses), permanent pasture and rotational leys, the latter often high yielding italian or perennial ryegrass monocultures.<br />
|l3= Forage#Grass<br />
|q4= What concerns are associated with this feed? <br />
|a4= Scours, hypomagnesaemic tetany (especially in winter, or in rapidly growing grass (e.g. spring,/early summer, late summer/autumn), bloat (especially as mixed legume swards), pasture-induced laminitis.<br />
|l4= Forage#Grass <br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Silage and Haylage==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= Are these feeds classified as i) forages; ii) roots, tubers or their by-products; iii) cereals or their by-products; or iv) protein concentrates & sources? <br />
|a1= These types of feed are classified as i) forages. <br />
|l1=Forage#Silage and Haylage<br />
|q2=What is the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) range of silage and haylage?<br />
|a2= <br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)!! pH<br />
|-<br />
|Silage || 15 - 20 (20-30 clamp)(40-50 bale)|| 9.5 - 12 ||120 - 190 || 3.8 - 4.8<br />
|-<br />
|Haylage || 50-60 || 9 - 11.5 || 75 - 110 || 4.5 - 5.5<br />
|}<br />
|l2= Forage#Silage and Haylage<br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of these feeds?<br />
|a3= Silage is a fermented crop with a low dry matter content. It is cut at a relatively early stage of development and stored under anaerobic conditions. Haylage is similar to silage but is often cut at a more mature stage. It typically has a higher pH and DM than silage and can often be of more variable quality. With horses haylage is typically preferred (by owners) to silage. <br />
|l3= Forage#Silage and Haylage<br />
|q4= What concerns are associated with these feeds?<br />
|a4= Clostridia. Listeriosis. Acidosis. Moulds/mycotoxins. Poor fermentation (pH > 4.8) or too acidic (pH < 3.8).<br />
|l4= Forage#Silage and Haylage<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Hay==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= Is this feed classified as a i) forage; ii) root, tuber or their by-product; iii) cereal or their by-product; or iv) protein concentrate & source? <br />
|a1= This type of feed is classified as i) forage. <br />
|l1=Forage#Hay<br />
|q2= What is the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) range of this feed?<br />
|a2= {| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Hay || 80 - 90 || 7.5 - 10.5 ||50 - 150<br />
|}<br />
|l2= Forage#Hay<br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of this feed?<br />
|a3= Hay is dried grass, either naturally or artificially (dependent on the weather). It is cut at a relatively late stage of maturity and is typically of variable quality in colour and smell, and nutritive value. There are various types of hay such as ryegrass, meadow, and timothy. <br />
|l3= Forage#Hay<br />
|q4= What concern is associated with this feed? <br />
|a4= Mould/mycotoxins.<br />
|l4= Forage#Hay<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Straw==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= Is this feed classified as a i) forage; ii) root, tuber or their by-product; iii) cereal or their by-product; or iv) protein concentrate & source? <br />
|a1= This type of feed is classified as i) forage. <br />
|l1=Forage#Straw<br />
|q2= What is the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) range of this feed?<br />
|a2= <br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Straw || 86 - 88 || 6.1 - 7 || 34 - 38<br />
|-<br />
|Straw (ammoniated)|| 84 - 88 || 7.4 - 7.8 || 68 - 75<br />
|}<br />
|l2= Forage#Straw<br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of this feed?<br />
|a3= Straw (usually barley or oat for feed) can be treated with alkali, urea or ammonia. It is commonly used as a roughage source for growing ruminants, and especially animals being reared in cereal beef systems. <br />
|l3= Forage#Straw<br />
|q4= What concerns are associated with this feed? <br />
|a4= Moulds/mycotoxin. Impaction within GI tract (especially horses). High intakes of straw (+ grains) are associated with hypomagnesaemic tetany (due to high K levels in grain and straw) <br />
|l4= Forage#Straw<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Whole-Crop Cereal Silages==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= Are these feeds classified as i) forages; ii) roots, tubers or their by-products; iii) cereals or their by-products; or iv) protein concentrates & sources? <br />
|a1= These feeds are classified as i) forages. <br />
|l1=Forage#Whole-Crop Cereal Silage<br />
|q2= What are the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) ranges of these feeds?<br />
|a2= <br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Maize whole-crop silage || 22 - 35 || 10.5 - 12 ||65 - 110<br />
|-<br />
|Barley whole-crop silage || 30 - 40 ||9 - 11 ||80 - 110<br />
|}<br />
|l2= Forage#Whole-Crop Cereal Silage<br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of these feeds?<br />
|a3= Maize whole-crop silage has high energy concentration while having a low protein concentration. It is harvested when grain is in the late dough stage. Barley, oats, wheat, and triticale are also used for whole-crop cereal silage either as monocultures or mixed with legumes (e.g. peas) to improve protein content. They are also high in energy while low in protein. Whole-crop cereal silages are fed as sole forage or mixed with grass silage. <br />
|l3= Forage#Whole-Crop Cereal Silage<br />
|q4= What concerns are associated with this feed? <br />
|a4= Clostridia. Listeriosis. Acidosis. Poor fermentation (pH > 4.8) or too acidic (pH < 3.8).<br />
|l4= Forage#Whole-Crop Cereal Silage<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Clovers and Lucerne==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= Are these feeds classified as i) forages; ii) roots, tubers or their by-products; iii) cereals or their by-products; or iv) protein concentrates & sources? <br />
|a1= These feeds are classified as forages and more specifically legumes. <br />
|l1=Forage#Clovers and Lucerne<br />
|q2=. What are the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) ranges of these feeds?<br />
|a2= {| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Clover || 18 - 20 || 9 - 10.5 || 170 - 250<br />
|-<br />
|Lucerne || 22 - 25 || 8 - 10.5 || 150 - 200<br />
|-<br />
|Lucerne Hay || 84 - 88 || 8 - 10.5 || 200 - 225<br />
|}<br />
|l2= Forage#Clovers and Lucerne<br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of these feeds?<br />
|a3= Clovers are either white or red varieties. Clovers and Lucerne (aka Alfalfa) have a higher protein concentration and a higher mineral concentration (e.g. calcium) than grasses. Lucerne can be grazed or conserved as a monoculture. Lucernes also have a higher protein concentration than grasses. Legume silages tend to be more difficult to achieve a good fermentation, inoculants are usually required. <br />
|l3= Forage#Clover and Lucerne<br />
|q4= What concerns are associated with these feeds?<br />
|a4= Bloat (frothy). Red clovers and some Lucerne varieties may also contain significant levels of phytoestrogens that cause subfertility. <br />
|l4= Forage#Clovers and Lucerne<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Kale and Rape==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= Are these feeds classified as i) forages; ii) roots, tubers or their by-products; iii) cereals or their by-products; or iv) protein concentrates & sources? <br />
|a1= These types of feed are classified as i) forages, and more specifically forage brassicas.<br />
|l1=Forage#Kale and Rape<br />
|q2= What is the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) of these feeds?<br />
|a2= {| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Kale || 14 || 11 || 160<br />
|-<br />
|Rape || 14 || 9.5 || 200<br />
|}<br />
|l2= Forage#Kale and Rape<br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of these feeds?<br />
|a3= Kale and rape are considered good, digestible fodder. They have a higher protein concentration, carbohydrate concentration and calcium concentration than grasses. Rape has a higher protein concentration than kale. <br />
|l3= Forage#Kale and Rape<br />
|q4= What concerns are associated with these feeds?<br />
|a4= Goitrogenic. Haemolytic anaemia, haemoglobinuria. Feed to pregnant ewes with caution (can observe malformed, dead lambs at parturition).<br />
|l4= Forage#Kale and Rape<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Turnip and Swede==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= Are these feeds classified as i) forages; ii) roots, tubers or their by-products; iii) cereals or their by-products; or iv) protein concentrates & sources? <br />
|a1= These types of feed are classified as ii) roots, tubers or their & by-products, specifically roots.<br />
|l1=Roots, Tubers and By-Products#Turnip and Swede<br />
|q2= What is the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) of these feeds?<br />
|a2= {| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Turnip || 9 || 11.2 || 120<br />
|-<br />
|Swede || 12 || 12.8 || 110<br />
|}<br />
|l2= Roots, Tubers and By-Products#Turnip and Swede<br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of these feeds?<br />
|a3=Turnip and swede are related brassicas. They have good nutritive value, and typically a low dry matter and crude protein concentration. However, their protein tends to be very degradable.<br />
|l3= Roots, Tubers and By-Products#Turnip and Swede<br />
|q4= What concerns are associated with these feeds?<br />
|a4= Excess intakes associated with milk taint in dairy cows. Nitrate and sulphur toxicity.<br />
|l4= Roots, Tubers and By-Products#Turnip and Swede<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Mangel, Fodderbeet and Sugarbeet==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= Are these feeds classified as i) forage; ii) roots, tubers or their by-products; iii) cereals or their by-products; or iv) protein concentrates & sources? <br />
|a1= These types of feed are classified as ii) roots, tubers or their by-products, specifically roots.<br />
|l1= Roots, Tubers and By-Products#Mangel, Fodderbeet and Sugarbeet <br />
|q2= What is the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) of these feeds?<br />
|a2= {| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Mangel || 12 || 12.4 ||80<br />
|-<br />
|Fodderbeet || 18 ||11.9 ||70<br />
|}<br />
|l2= Roots, Tubers and By-Products#Mangel, Fodderbeet and Sugarbeet<br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of these feeds?<br />
|a3= These beets are very generally classified according to their DM content. Mangel < Fodderbeet < Sugarbeet. They are low in crude protein. Sugarbeets are primarily grown for sugar production, not feeding. <br />
|l3= Roots, Tubers and By-Products#Mangel, Fodderbeet and Sugarbeet<br />
|q4= What concerns are associated with these feeds?<br />
|a4= Mangels have a high nitrate concentration if fresh (need to store for a few weeks). High intakes of fodderbeet can cause GI tract disturbances, hypocalcaemia and in rare cases death. <br />
|l4= Roots, Tubers and By-Products#Mangel, Fodderbeet and Sugarbeet<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Sugarbeet Pulp==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= Is this feed classified as a i) forage; ii) root, tuber or their by-product; iii) cereal or their by-product; or iv) protein concentrate & source? <br />
|a1= This feed is classified as ii) root, tuber or their by-product, specifically a by-product from sugarbeet.<br />
|l1= Roots, Tubers and By-Products#Sugarbeet Pulp<br />
|q2= What is the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) of this feed?<br />
|a2= {| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|SB pulp (unmolassed) || 90 || 12.7 ||100<br />
|-<br />
|SB pulp (molassed) || 87 ||12.5 ||110<br />
|}<br />
|l2= Roots, Tubers and By-Products#Sugarbeet Pulp<br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of this feed?<br />
|a3= Sugarbeet pulp is the residue following sugar extraction from sugarbeet root. It has a high dry matter and digestible fibre content, but a relatively low protein and phosphorus concentration. It is available in pellets or shreds, molassed or unmolassed. Can also be ensiled with distillers/brewers grains (draff) to form Grainbeet. <br />
|l3= Roots, Tubers and By-Products#Sugarbeet Pulp<br />
|q4= What concerns is associated with this feed? <br />
|a4= Choke, especially in horses (can increase it’s volume up to 6x; recommended to soak (ca. 1 litre per 200g) for 24 hours prior to feeding to horses).<br />
|l4= Roots, Tubers and By-Products#Sugarbeet Pulp<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Molasses==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= Is this feed classified as a i) forage; ii) root, tuber or their by-product; iii) cereal or their by-product; or iv) protein concentrate & source? <br />
|a1= This feed is classified as ii) root, tuber or their by-product, specifically a by-product from sugarbeet.<br />
|l1= Roots, Tubers and By-Products#Molasses<br />
|q2= What is the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) range of this feed?<br />
|a2= {| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Molasses || 75 || 12.9 ||50<br />
|}<br />
|l2= Roots, Tubers and By-Products#Molasses<br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of this feed?<br />
|a3= Molasses is the residue following sugar extraction from sugarbeet root (also get molasses from sugarcane). It involves crystallisation and separation of sugar from water extract. Molasses is a thick, black liquid that is very low in protein concentration but very high in soluble sugars. It is often added to sugarbeet pulp, proprietary feeds, mineral licks, and TMR rations. <br />
|l3= Roots, Tubers and By-Products#Molasses<br />
|q4= What concerns are associated with this feed? <br />
|a4= Can be laxative. Acidosis at high intakes. <br />
|l4= Roots, Tubers and By-Products#Molasses<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Barley, Wheat and Oats==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= Are these feeds classified as i) forages; ii) roots, tubers or their by-products; iii) cereals or their by-products; or iv) protein concentrates & sources? <br />
|a1= These types of feed are classified as iii) cereals or their by-products, specifically cereal grains.<br />
|l1= Cereals and By-Products#Barley, Wheat & Oats <br />
|q2= What is the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) of these feeds?<br />
|a2= {| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Barley || 86 || 12.8 || 110<br />
|-<br />
|Wheat || 86 || 13.5 || 120<br />
|-<br />
|Oats || 86 || 12 || 110<br />
|}<br />
|l2= Cereals and By-Products#Barley, Wheat & Oats <br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of these feeds?<br />
|a3= Barley, wheat and oats are all starch rich cereal grains. They can be fed whole or processed. During processing, these grains can be rolled, bruised, milled, crimped, micronised, or treated with alkali or acid (e.g.prop-corn). In general, cattle need the grains to be processed more than sheep and goats. <br />
|l3= Cereals and By-Products#Barley, Wheat & Oats <br />
|q4= What concerns are associated with these feeds?<br />
|a4= Bloat. Acidosis. Soft fat. Liver abscesses. Cereals typically very poor source of calcium and deficient in Vitamins A and D. <br />
|l4= Cereals and By-Products#Barley, Wheat & Oats <br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Distillery and Brewing By-Products==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
||q1= Is this feed classified as i) forage; ii) roots, tubers or their by-products; iii) cereals or their by-products; or iv) protein concentrates & sources? <br />
|a1= These types of feed are classified as iii) cereals or their by-products, specifically cereal by-products of the distillery and brewing industries.<br />
|l1=Cereals and By-Products#Distillery and Brewing By-Products<br />
|q2= What is the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) of these feeds?<br />
|a2= {| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Brewer’s grains || 26 || 11.2 || 250<br />
|-<br />
|Distiller’s grains (draff) || 25 || 14.7 || 270<br />
|-<br />
|Distiller’s dark grains || 89 || 12.2 – 14.8 || 275 - 350<br />
|-<br />
|Malt culms || 90 || 11.2 || 270<br />
|}<br />
|l2= Cereals and By-Products# Distillery and Brewing By-Products<br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of these feeds?<br />
|a3= These by-products can be variable and are more suited to ruminants. They are a good source of fibre and have high unsaturated fatty acid content. The low DM by-products can be fed fresh or they can be ensiled. They are high in phosphorus but low in calcium and other minerals. <br />
|l3= Cereals and By-Products# Distillery and Brewing By-Products<br />
|q4= What concerns are associated with these feeds?<br />
|a4= Can be associated with deficiency in calcium, magnesium and other minerals. Poor fermentation and its associated problems can be encountered when ensiled. <br />
|l4= Cereals and By-Products# Distillery and Brewing By-Products<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Maize and Maize Gluten Feed==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
||q1= Are these feeds classified as i) forage; ii) roots, tubers or their by-products; iii) cereals or their by-products; or iv) protein concentrates & sources? <br />
|a1= These types of feed are classified as iii) cereals or their by-products.<br />
|l1=Cereals and By-Products#Maize and Maize Gluten Feed<br />
|q2= What is the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) of these feeds?<br />
|a2={| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Maize || 86 || 14.2 || 98<br />
|-<br />
|Flaked Maize || 90 || 15 || 110<br />
|-<br />
|Maize gluten feed || 90 || 12.7 || 250<br />
|} <br />
|l2= Cereals and By-Products#Maize and Maize Gluten Feed<br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of these feeds?<br />
|a3= These feeds are typically processed and may be flaked, rolled or micronised. They are suitable for ruminants and non-ruminants. Maize and maize gluten feed have high digestible energy, but poor source of calcium. <br />
|l3= Cereals and By-Products#Maize and Maize Gluten Feed<br />
|q4= What concerns are associated with these feeds?<br />
|a4= Maize and maize gluten feed can cause bloat and acidosis. The carcase fat colour can have a yellow pigmentation (due to presence of cryptoxanthin). <br />
|l4= Cereals and By-Products#Maize and Maize Gluten Feed <br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Oilseed Meals==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= Are these feeds classified as i) forages; ii) roots, tubers or their by-products; iii) cereals or their by-products; or iv) protein concentrates & sources? <br />
|a1= These types of feed are classified as iv) protein concentrates and sources.<br />
|l1= Protein Concentrates and Sources#Oilseed Meals<br />
|q2= What is the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) of these feeds?<br />
|a2= All oilseed meals are generally 90% DM. <br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Soyabean meal || 90 || 13.3 – 15.5 || 400 - 500<br />
|-<br />
|Cottonseed meal || 90 || 8.5 – 12.5 || 230 - 450<br />
|-<br />
|Rapeseed meal || 90 || 12 || 400<br />
|-<br />
|Linseed meal || 90 || 12 || 400<br />
|-<br />
|Sunflowerseed meal || 90 || 9.5 – 10.5 || 300 - 430<br />
|}|l2= Protein Concentrates and Sources#Oilseed Meals<br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of these feeds?<br />
|a3= Soyabean meal, cottonseed meal, rapeseed meal, linseed meal and sunflowerseed meal belong to the oilseed meal family. Oilseed meals are by-products and residues following the removal of oil from the seeds. They are a very good protein source with high digestibility and are a better source of calcium and phosphorus than cereals. <br />
|l3= Protein Concentrates and Sources#Oilseed Meals<br />
|q4= What concerns are associated with these feeds?<br />
|a4= Soyabeans are oestrogenic, goitrogenic and can contain high levels of lectins. Cottonseeds are low in essential amino acids, calcium and vitamins A and D, and can contain elevated levels of gossypols. Rapeseeds are goitrogenic and can contain elevated levels of tannins. Immature linseed has mucilage that is converted to hydrogen cyanide. Sunflowerseeds cause soft body fat in pigs due to high PUFA levels. <br />
|l4= Protein Concentrates and Sources#Oilseed Meals <br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Leguminous Seeds==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
||q1= Are these feeds classified as i) forages; ii) roots, tubers or their by-products; iii) cereals or their by-products; or iv) protein concentrates & sources? <br />
|a1= These types of feed are classified as iv) protein concentrates and sources.<br />
|l1= Protein Concentrates and Sources#Leguminous Seeds<br />
|q2= What is the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) of these feeds?<br />
|a2= {| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Peas || 86 || 13.8 || 260<br />
|-<br />
|Beans || 86 || 13.4 || 280<br />
|-<br />
|Lupin seed meal || 90 || 13.2 || 280 - 420<br />
|} <br />
|l2= Protein Concentrates and Sources#Leguminous Seeds <br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of these feeds?<br />
|a3= Leguminous seeds consists of peas, beans (broad, horse, windsor) and lupin (white, blue and yellow varieties) seeds. Leguminous seeds have a high protein content, good energy content and high phosphorus concentration, but tend to be low in calcium. Leguminous seeds can be eaten whole or processed (cracked, kibbled or ground). They are often used in place of other protein concentrations. <br />
|l3= Protein Concentrates and Sources#Leguminous Seeds <br />
|q4= What concerns are associated with these feeds?<br />
|a4= Some bean species may contain high levels of lectins. Lupin seeds may contain high levels of alkaloids (e.g. ergotamine). Can be associated with GI tract disturbances (colic, diarrhoea). <br />
|l4=Protein Concentrates and Sources#Leguminous Seeds<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Fishmeal==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= Is this feed classified as a i) forage; ii) root, tuber or their by-product; iii) cereal or their by-product; or iv) protein concentrate & source? <br />
|a1= This feed is classified as iv) protein concentrates & source.<br />
|l1= Protein Concentrates and Sources#Fishmeal<br />
|q2= What is the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) range of this feed?<br />
|a2= {| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Fishmeal || 91 || 14.5 - 18 || 700 - 800<br />
|}<br />
|l2= Protein Concentrates and Sources#Fishmeal<br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of this feed?<br />
|a3= For ruminants, fishmeal can only be used in unweaned calf milk replacers. Pigs, poultry and horses are permitted fishmeal. Fishmeal is included in small amounts and has many essential amino acids, vitamins and minerals. Contains high levels of calcium and phosphorus. UK produced fishmeal tends to be slightly lower nutritive value than herring or South American derived fishmeal. <br />
|l3= Protein Concentrates and Sources#Fishmeal<br />
|q4= What concerns are associated with this feed? <br />
|a4= Fishmeal is under severe restriction within the UK and EU. For ruminants, fishmeal can only be used in unweaned calf milk replacers. Pigs, poultry and horses are permitted fishmeal. High intakes are associated with taint of meat and eggs. <br />
|l4= Protein Concentrates and Sources#Fishmeal<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Urea==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= Is this feed classified as a i) forage; ii) root, tuber or their by-product; iii) cereal or their by-product; or iv) protein concentrate & source? <br />
|a1= This feed is classified as iv) protein concentrate & source, but this is a misnomer as technically it is not a protein, but an indirect source.<br />
|l1=Protein Concentrates and Sources#Urea<br />
|q2= What is the crude protein (CP) content of this feed?<br />
|a2= The CP is 2,900 g/kg DM. <br />
|l2=Protein Concentrates and Sources#Urea<br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of this feed?<br />
|a3= In ruminants, the rumen microflora hydrolyse urea to ammonia. Urea is often supplemented to diets of low protein concentration and can also be contained in molassed vitamin/mineral blocks. Urea may be used to treat straw (urine sometimes used in some developing countries), where it effectively improves digestibility of this low quality roughage. <br />
|l3=Protein Concentrates and Sources#Urea<br />
|q4= What concerns are associated with this feed? <br />
|a4= Less than one-third of the dietary nitrogen should be provided as urea in order to minimise ammonia toxicity. Signs of ammonia toxicity include bloat, twitching, ataxia, excessive salivation and death. <br />
|l4=Protein Concentrates and Sources#Urea<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
[[Category:Animal Nutrition|Z]]<br />
[[Category:To Do]]</div>Kcam11https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Large_Animal_Nutrition_Flashcards&diff=127578Large Animal Nutrition Flashcards2011-09-14T19:15:57Z<p>Kcam11: /* Grass */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Grass==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= Is this feed classified as a i) forage; ii) root, tuber or their by-product; iii) cereal or their by-product; or iv) protein concentrate & source? <br />
|a1= This type of feed is classified as i) forage. <br />
|l1=Forage#Grass<br />
|q2= What is the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) range of this feed?<br />
|a2=<br />
*Grass (young) - DM= 15 - 20% : ME = 11.5 - 12.5 MJ/kg DM : CP = 150 - 250 g/kg DM<br />
*Grass (mature) - DM = 25 - 50% : ME = 9.5 - 10.5 MJ/kg DM : CP = 50 - 130 g/kg DM<br />
|l2= Forage#Grass<br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of this feed?<br />
|a3= Typically based on ryegrass, but often mixed swards with cocksfoot, fescues, timothy, and legumes (e.g. clover). It is present in rough/hill grazing (often with heather, rushes, mosses), permanent pasture and rotational leys, the latter often high yielding italian or perennial ryegrass monocultures.<br />
|l3= Forage#Grass<br />
|q4= What concerns are associated with this feed? <br />
|a4= Scours, hypomagnesaemic tetany (especially in winter, or in rapidly growing grass (e.g. spring,/early summer, late summer/autumn), bloat (especially as mixed legume swards), pasture-induced laminitis.<br />
|l4= Forage#Grass <br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Silage and Haylage==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= Are these feeds classified as i) forages; ii) roots, tubers or their by-products; iii) cereals or their by-products; or iv) protein concentrates & sources? <br />
|a1= These types of feed are classified as i) forages. <br />
|l1=Forage#Silage and Haylage<br />
|q2=What is the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) range of silage and haylage?<br />
|a2= <br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)!! pH<br />
|-<br />
|Silage || 15 - 20 (20-30 clamp)(40-50 bale)|| 9.5 - 12 ||120 - 190 || 3.8 - 4.8<br />
|-<br />
|Haylage || 50-60 || 9 - 11.5 || 75 - 110 || 4.5 - 5.5<br />
|}<br />
|l2= Forage#Silage and Haylage<br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of these feeds?<br />
|a3= Silage is a fermented crop with a low dry matter content. It is cut at a relatively early stage of development and stored under anaerobic conditions. Haylage is similar to silage but is often cut at a more mature stage. It typically has a higher pH and DM than silage and can often be of more variable quality. With horses haylage is typically preferred (by owners) to silage. <br />
|l3= Forage#Silage and Haylage<br />
|q4= What concerns are associated with these feeds?<br />
|a4= Clostridia. Listeriosis. Acidosis. Moulds/mycotoxins. Poor fermentation (pH > 4.8) or too acidic (pH < 3.8).<br />
|l4= Forage#Silage and Haylage<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Hay==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= Is this feed classified as a i) forage; ii) root, tuber or their by-product; iii) cereal or their by-product; or iv) protein concentrate & source? <br />
|a1= This type of feed is classified as i) forage. <br />
|l1=Forage#Hay<br />
|q2= What is the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) range of this feed?<br />
|a2= {| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Hay || 80 - 90 || 7.5 - 10.5 ||50 - 150<br />
|}<br />
|l2= Forage#Hay<br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of this feed?<br />
|a3= Hay is dried grass, either naturally or artificially (dependent on the weather). It is cut at a relatively late stage of maturity and is typically of variable quality in colour and smell, and nutritive value. There are various types of hay such as ryegrass, meadow, and timothy. <br />
|l3= Forage#Hay<br />
|q4= What concern is associated with this feed? <br />
|a4= Mould/mycotoxins.<br />
|l4= Forage#Hay<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Straw==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= Is this feed classified as a i) forage; ii) root, tuber or their by-product; iii) cereal or their by-product; or iv) protein concentrate & source? <br />
|a1= This type of feed is classified as i) forage. <br />
|l1=Forage#Straw<br />
|q2= What is the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) range of this feed?<br />
|a2= <br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Straw || 86 - 88 || 6.1 - 7 || 34 - 38<br />
|-<br />
|Straw (ammoniated)|| 84 - 88 || 7.4 - 7.8 || 68 - 75<br />
|}<br />
|l2= Forage#Straw<br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of this feed?<br />
|a3= Straw (usually barley or oat for feed) can be treated with alkali, urea or ammonia. It is commonly used as a roughage source for growing ruminants, and especially animals being reared in cereal beef systems. <br />
|l3= Forage#Straw<br />
|q4= What concerns are associated with this feed? <br />
|a4= Moulds/mycotoxin. Impaction within GI tract (especially horses). High intakes of straw (+ grains) are associated with hypomagnesaemic tetany (due to high K levels in grain and straw) <br />
|l4= Forage#Straw<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Whole-Crop Cereal Silages==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= Are these feeds classified as i) forages; ii) roots, tubers or their by-products; iii) cereals or their by-products; or iv) protein concentrates & sources? <br />
|a1= These feeds are classified as i) forages. <br />
|l1=Forage#Whole-Crop Cereal Silage<br />
|q2= What are the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) ranges of these feeds?<br />
|a2= <br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Maize whole-crop silage || 22 - 35 || 10.5 - 12 ||65 - 110<br />
|-<br />
|Barley whole-crop silage || 30 - 40 ||9 - 11 ||80 - 110<br />
|}<br />
|l2= Forage#Whole-Crop Cereal Silage<br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of these feeds?<br />
|a3= Maize whole-crop silage has high energy concentration while having a low protein concentration. It is harvested when grain is in the late dough stage. Barley, oats, wheat, and triticale are also used for whole-crop cereal silage either as monocultures or mixed with legumes (e.g. peas) to improve protein content. They are also high in energy while low in protein. Whole-crop cereal silages are fed as sole forage or mixed with grass silage. <br />
|l3= Forage#Whole-Crop Cereal Silage<br />
|q4= What concerns are associated with this feed? <br />
|a4= Clostridia. Listeriosis. Acidosis. Poor fermentation (pH > 4.8) or too acidic (pH < 3.8).<br />
|l4= Forage#Whole-Crop Cereal Silage<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Clovers and Lucerne==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= Are these feeds classified as i) forages; ii) roots, tubers or their by-products; iii) cereals or their by-products; or iv) protein concentrates & sources? <br />
|a1= These feeds are classified as forages and more specifically legumes. <br />
|l1=Forage#Clovers and Lucerne<br />
|q2=. What are the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) ranges of these feeds?<br />
|a2= {| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Clover || 18 - 20 || 9 - 10.5 || 170 - 250<br />
|-<br />
|Lucerne || 22 - 25 || 8 - 10.5 || 150 - 200<br />
|-<br />
|Lucerne Hay || 84 - 88 || 8 - 10.5 || 200 - 225<br />
|}<br />
|l2= Forage#Clovers and Lucerne<br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of these feeds?<br />
|a3= Clovers are either white or red varieties. Clovers and Lucerne (aka Alfalfa) have a higher protein concentration and a higher mineral concentration (e.g. calcium) than grasses. Lucerne can be grazed or conserved as a monoculture. Lucernes also have a higher protein concentration than grasses. Legume silages tend to be more difficult to achieve a good fermentation, inoculants are usually required. <br />
|l3= Forage#Clover and Lucerne<br />
|q4= What concerns are associated with these feeds?<br />
|a4= Bloat (frothy). Red clovers and some Lucerne varieties may also contain significant levels of phytoestrogens that cause subfertility. <br />
|l4= Forage#Clovers and Lucerne<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Kale and Rape==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= Are these feeds classified as i) forages; ii) roots, tubers or their by-products; iii) cereals or their by-products; or iv) protein concentrates & sources? <br />
|a1= These types of feed are classified as i) forages, and more specifically forage brassicas.<br />
|l1=Forage#Kale and Rape<br />
|q2= What is the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) of these feeds?<br />
|a2= {| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Kale || 14 || 11 || 160<br />
|-<br />
|Rape || 14 || 9.5 || 200<br />
|}<br />
|l2= Forage#Kale and Rape<br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of these feeds?<br />
|a3= Kale and rape are considered good, digestible fodder. They have a higher protein concentration, carbohydrate concentration and calcium concentration than grasses. Rape has a higher protein concentration than kale. <br />
|l3= Forage#Kale and Rape<br />
|q4= What concerns are associated with these feeds?<br />
|a4= Goitrogenic. Haemolytic anaemia, haemoglobinuria. Feed to pregnant ewes with caution (can observe malformed, dead lambs at parturition).<br />
|l4= Forage#Kale and Rape<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Turnip and Swede==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= Are these feeds classified as i) forages; ii) roots, tubers or their by-products; iii) cereals or their by-products; or iv) protein concentrates & sources? <br />
|a1= These types of feed are classified as ii) roots, tubers or their & by-products, specifically roots.<br />
|l1=Roots, Tubers and By-Products#Turnip and Swede<br />
|q2= What is the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) of these feeds?<br />
|a2= {| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Turnip || 9 || 11.2 || 120<br />
|-<br />
|Swede || 12 || 12.8 || 110<br />
|}<br />
|l2= Roots, Tubers and By-Products#Turnip and Swede<br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of these feeds?<br />
|a3=Turnip and swede are related brassicas. They have good nutritive value, and typically a low dry matter and crude protein concentration. However, their protein tends to be very degradable.<br />
|l3= Roots, Tubers and By-Products#Turnip and Swede<br />
|q4= What concerns are associated with these feeds?<br />
|a4= Excess intakes associated with milk taint in dairy cows. Nitrate and sulphur toxicity.<br />
|l4= Roots, Tubers and By-Products#Turnip and Swede<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Mangel, Fodderbeet and Sugarbeet==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= Are these feeds classified as i) forage; ii) roots, tubers or their by-products; iii) cereals or their by-products; or iv) protein concentrates & sources? <br />
|a1= These types of feed are classified as ii) roots, tubers or their by-products, specifically roots.<br />
|l1= Roots, Tubers and By-Products#Mangel, Fodderbeet and Sugarbeet <br />
|q2= What is the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) of these feeds?<br />
|a2= {| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Mangel || 12 || 12.4 ||80<br />
|-<br />
|Fodderbeet || 18 ||11.9 ||70<br />
|}<br />
|l2= Roots, Tubers and By-Products#Mangel, Fodderbeet and Sugarbeet<br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of these feeds?<br />
|a3= These beets are very generally classified according to their DM content. Mangel < Fodderbeet < Sugarbeet. They are low in crude protein. Sugarbeets are primarily grown for sugar production, not feeding. <br />
|l3= Roots, Tubers and By-Products#Mangel, Fodderbeet and Sugarbeet<br />
|q4= What concerns are associated with these feeds?<br />
|a4= Mangels have a high nitrate concentration if fresh (need to store for a few weeks). High intakes of fodderbeet can cause GI tract disturbances, hypocalcaemia and in rare cases death. <br />
|l4= Roots, Tubers and By-Products#Mangel, Fodderbeet and Sugarbeet<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Sugarbeet Pulp==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= Is this feed classified as a i) forage; ii) root, tuber or their by-product; iii) cereal or their by-product; or iv) protein concentrate & source? <br />
|a1= This feed is classified as ii) root, tuber or their by-product, specifically a by-product from sugarbeet.<br />
|l1= Roots, Tubers and By-Products#Sugarbeet Pulp<br />
|q2= What is the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) of this feed?<br />
|a2= {| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|SB pulp (unmolassed) || 90 || 12.7 ||100<br />
|-<br />
|SB pulp (molassed) || 87 ||12.5 ||110<br />
|}<br />
|l2= Roots, Tubers and By-Products#Sugarbeet Pulp<br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of this feed?<br />
|a3= Sugarbeet pulp is the residue following sugar extraction from sugarbeet root. It has a high dry matter and digestible fibre content, but a relatively low protein and phosphorus concentration. It is available in pellets or shreds, molassed or unmolassed. Can also be ensiled with distillers/brewers grains (draff) to form Grainbeet. <br />
|l3= Roots, Tubers and By-Products#Sugarbeet Pulp<br />
|q4= What concerns is associated with this feed? <br />
|a4= Choke, especially in horses (can increase it’s volume up to 6x; recommended to soak (ca. 1 litre per 200g) for 24 hours prior to feeding to horses).<br />
|l4= Roots, Tubers and By-Products#Sugarbeet Pulp<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Molasses==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= Is this feed classified as a i) forage; ii) root, tuber or their by-product; iii) cereal or their by-product; or iv) protein concentrate & source? <br />
|a1= This feed is classified as ii) root, tuber or their by-product, specifically a by-product from sugarbeet.<br />
|l1= Roots, Tubers and By-Products#Molasses<br />
|q2= What is the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) range of this feed?<br />
|a2= {| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Molasses || 75 || 12.9 ||50<br />
|}<br />
|l2= Roots, Tubers and By-Products#Molasses<br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of this feed?<br />
|a3= Molasses is the residue following sugar extraction from sugarbeet root (also get molasses from sugarcane). It involves crystallisation and separation of sugar from water extract. Molasses is a thick, black liquid that is very low in protein concentration but very high in soluble sugars. It is often added to sugarbeet pulp, proprietary feeds, mineral licks, and TMR rations. <br />
|l3= Roots, Tubers and By-Products#Molasses<br />
|q4= What concerns are associated with this feed? <br />
|a4= Can be laxative. Acidosis at high intakes. <br />
|l4= Roots, Tubers and By-Products#Molasses<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Barley, Wheat and Oats==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= Are these feeds classified as i) forages; ii) roots, tubers or their by-products; iii) cereals or their by-products; or iv) protein concentrates & sources? <br />
|a1= These types of feed are classified as iii) cereals or their by-products, specifically cereal grains.<br />
|l1= Cereals and By-Products#Barley, Wheat & Oats <br />
|q2= What is the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) of these feeds?<br />
|a2= {| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Barley || 86 || 12.8 || 110<br />
|-<br />
|Wheat || 86 || 13.5 || 120<br />
|-<br />
|Oats || 86 || 12 || 110<br />
|}<br />
|l2= Cereals and By-Products#Barley, Wheat & Oats <br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of these feeds?<br />
|a3= Barley, wheat and oats are all starch rich cereal grains. They can be fed whole or processed. During processing, these grains can be rolled, bruised, milled, crimped, micronised, or treated with alkali or acid (e.g.prop-corn). In general, cattle need the grains to be processed more than sheep and goats. <br />
|l3= Cereals and By-Products#Barley, Wheat & Oats <br />
|q4= What concerns are associated with these feeds?<br />
|a4= Bloat. Acidosis. Soft fat. Liver abscesses. Cereals typically very poor source of calcium and deficient in Vitamins A and D. <br />
|l4= Cereals and By-Products#Barley, Wheat & Oats <br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Distillery and Brewing By-Products==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
||q1= Is this feed classified as i) forage; ii) roots, tubers or their by-products; iii) cereals or their by-products; or iv) protein concentrates & sources? <br />
|a1= These types of feed are classified as iii) cereals or their by-products, specifically cereal by-products of the distillery and brewing industries.<br />
|l1=Cereals and By-Products#Distillery and Brewing By-Products<br />
|q2= What is the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) of these feeds?<br />
|a2= {| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Brewer’s grains || 26 || 11.2 || 250<br />
|-<br />
|Distiller’s grains (draff) || 25 || 14.7 || 270<br />
|-<br />
|Distiller’s dark grains || 89 || 12.2 – 14.8 || 275 - 350<br />
|-<br />
|Malt culms || 90 || 11.2 || 270<br />
|}<br />
|l2= Cereals and By-Products# Distillery and Brewing By-Products<br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of these feeds?<br />
|a3= These by-products can be variable and are more suited to ruminants. They are a good source of fibre and have high unsaturated fatty acid content. The low DM by-products can be fed fresh or they can be ensiled. They are high in phosphorus but low in calcium and other minerals. <br />
|l3= Cereals and By-Products# Distillery and Brewing By-Products<br />
|q4= What concerns are associated with these feeds?<br />
|a4= Can be associated with deficiency in calcium, magnesium and other minerals. Poor fermentation and its associated problems can be encountered when ensiled. <br />
|l4= Cereals and By-Products# Distillery and Brewing By-Products<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Maize and Maize Gluten Feed==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
||q1= Are these feeds classified as i) forage; ii) roots, tubers or their by-products; iii) cereals or their by-products; or iv) protein concentrates & sources? <br />
|a1= These types of feed are classified as iii) cereals or their by-products.<br />
|l1=Cereals and By-Products#Maize and Maize Gluten Feed<br />
|q2= What is the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) of these feeds?<br />
|a2={| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Maize || 86 || 14.2 || 98<br />
|-<br />
|Flaked Maize || 90 || 15 || 110<br />
|-<br />
|Maize gluten feed || 90 || 12.7 || 250<br />
|} <br />
|l2= Cereals and By-Products#Maize and Maize Gluten Feed<br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of these feeds?<br />
|a3= These feeds are typically processed and may be flaked, rolled or micronised. They are suitable for ruminants and non-ruminants. Maize and maize gluten feed have high digestible energy, but poor source of calcium. <br />
|l3= Cereals and By-Products#Maize and Maize Gluten Feed<br />
|q4= What concerns are associated with these feeds?<br />
|a4= Maize and maize gluten feed can cause bloat and acidosis. The carcase fat colour can have a yellow pigmentation (due to presence of cryptoxanthin). <br />
|l4= Cereals and By-Products#Maize and Maize Gluten Feed <br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Oilseed Meals==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= Are these feeds classified as i) forages; ii) roots, tubers or their by-products; iii) cereals or their by-products; or iv) protein concentrates & sources? <br />
|a1= These types of feed are classified as iv) protein concentrates and sources.<br />
|l1= Protein Concentrates and Sources#Oilseed Meals<br />
|q2= What is the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) of these feeds?<br />
|a2= All oilseed meals are generally 90% DM. <br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Soyabean meal || 90 || 13.3 – 15.5 || 400 - 500<br />
|-<br />
|Cottonseed meal || 90 || 8.5 – 12.5 || 230 - 450<br />
|-<br />
|Rapeseed meal || 90 || 12 || 400<br />
|-<br />
|Linseed meal || 90 || 12 || 400<br />
|-<br />
|Sunflowerseed meal || 90 || 9.5 – 10.5 || 300 - 430<br />
|}|l2= Protein Concentrates and Sources#Oilseed Meals<br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of these feeds?<br />
|a3= Soyabean meal, cottonseed meal, rapeseed meal, linseed meal and sunflowerseed meal belong to the oilseed meal family. Oilseed meals are by-products and residues following the removal of oil from the seeds. They are a very good protein source with high digestibility and are a better source of calcium and phosphorus than cereals. <br />
|l3= Protein Concentrates and Sources#Oilseed Meals<br />
|q4= What concerns are associated with these feeds?<br />
|a4= Soyabeans are oestrogenic, goitrogenic and can contain high levels of lectins. Cottonseeds are low in essential amino acids, calcium and vitamins A and D, and can contain elevated levels of gossypols. Rapeseeds are goitrogenic and can contain elevated levels of tannins. Immature linseed has mucilage that is converted to hydrogen cyanide. Sunflowerseeds cause soft body fat in pigs due to high PUFA levels. <br />
|l4= Protein Concentrates and Sources#Oilseed Meals <br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Leguminous Seeds==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
||q1= Are these feeds classified as i) forages; ii) roots, tubers or their by-products; iii) cereals or their by-products; or iv) protein concentrates & sources? <br />
|a1= These types of feed are classified as iv) protein concentrates and sources.<br />
|l1= Protein Concentrates and Sources#Leguminous Seeds<br />
|q2= What is the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) of these feeds?<br />
|a2= {| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Peas || 86 || 13.8 || 260<br />
|-<br />
|Beans || 86 || 13.4 || 280<br />
|-<br />
|Lupin seed meal || 90 || 13.2 || 280 - 420<br />
|} <br />
|l2= Protein Concentrates and Sources#Leguminous Seeds <br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of these feeds?<br />
|a3= Leguminous seeds consists of peas, beans (broad, horse, windsor) and lupin (white, blue and yellow varieties) seeds. Leguminous seeds have a high protein content, good energy content and high phosphorus concentration, but tend to be low in calcium. Leguminous seeds can be eaten whole or processed (cracked, kibbled or ground). They are often used in place of other protein concentrations. <br />
|l3= Protein Concentrates and Sources#Leguminous Seeds <br />
|q4= What concerns are associated with these feeds?<br />
|a4= Some bean species may contain high levels of lectins. Lupin seeds may contain high levels of alkaloids (e.g. ergotamine). Can be associated with GI tract disturbances (colic, diarrhoea). <br />
|l4=Protein Concentrates and Sources#Leguminous Seeds<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Fishmeal==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= Is this feed classified as a i) forage; ii) root, tuber or their by-product; iii) cereal or their by-product; or iv) protein concentrate & source? <br />
|a1= This feed is classified as iv) protein concentrates & source.<br />
|l1= Protein Concentrates and Sources#Fishmeal<br />
|q2= What is the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) range of this feed?<br />
|a2= {| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Fishmeal || 91 || 14.5 - 18 || 700 - 800<br />
|}<br />
|l2= Protein Concentrates and Sources#Fishmeal<br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of this feed?<br />
|a3= For ruminants, fishmeal can only be used in unweaned calf milk replacers. Pigs, poultry and horses are permitted fishmeal. Fishmeal is included in small amounts and has many essential amino acids, vitamins and minerals. Contains high levels of calcium and phosphorus. UK produced fishmeal tends to be slightly lower nutritive value than herring or South American derived fishmeal. <br />
|l3= Protein Concentrates and Sources#Fishmeal<br />
|q4= What concerns are associated with this feed? <br />
|a4= Fishmeal is under severe restriction within the UK and EU. For ruminants, fishmeal can only be used in unweaned calf milk replacers. Pigs, poultry and horses are permitted fishmeal. High intakes are associated with taint of meat and eggs. <br />
|l4= Protein Concentrates and Sources#Fishmeal<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Urea==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= Is this feed classified as a i) forage; ii) root, tuber or their by-product; iii) cereal or their by-product; or iv) protein concentrate & source? <br />
|a1= This feed is classified as iv) protein concentrate & source, but this is a misnomer as technically it is not a protein, but an indirect source.<br />
|l1=Protein Concentrates and Sources#Urea<br />
|q2= What is the crude protein (CP) content of this feed?<br />
|a2= The CP is 2,900 g/kg DM. <br />
|l2=Protein Concentrates and Sources#Urea<br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of this feed?<br />
|a3= In ruminants, the rumen microflora hydrolyse urea to ammonia. Urea is often supplemented to diets of low protein concentration and can also be contained in molassed vitamin/mineral blocks. Urea may be used to treat straw (urine sometimes used in some developing countries), where it effectively improves digestibility of this low quality roughage. <br />
|l3=Protein Concentrates and Sources#Urea<br />
|q4= What concerns are associated with this feed? <br />
|a4= Less than one-third of the dietary nitrogen should be provided as urea in order to minimise ammonia toxicity. Signs of ammonia toxicity include bloat, twitching, ataxia, excessive salivation and death. <br />
|l4=Protein Concentrates and Sources#Urea<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
[[Category:Animal Nutrition|Z]]<br />
[[Category:To Do]]</div>Kcam11https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Large_Animal_Nutrition_Flashcards&diff=127563Large Animal Nutrition Flashcards2011-09-14T17:48:57Z<p>Kcam11: /* Grass */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Grass==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= Is this feed classified as a i) forage; ii) root, tuber or their by-product; iii) cereal or their by-product; or iv) protein concentrate & source? <br />
|a1= This type of feed is classified as i) forage. <br />
|l1=Forage#Grass<br />
|q2= What is the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) range of this feed?<br />
|a2= DM (%) ME (MJ/kg DM) CP (g/kg DM)<br />
Grass (young) <br />
#DM= 15 - 20% <br />
#ME = 11.5 - 12.5 MJ/kg DM <br />
#CP = 150 - 250 g/kg DM<br />
Grass (mature) <br />
#DM = 25 - 50%<br />
#ME = 9.5 - 10.5 MJ/kg DM <br />
#CP = 50 - 130 g/kg DM<br />
|l2= Forage#Grass<br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of this feed?<br />
|a3= Typically based on ryegrass, but often mixed swards with cocksfoot, fescues, timothy, and legumes (e.g. clover). It is present in rough/hill grazing (often with heather, rushes, mosses), permanent pasture and rotational leys, the latter often high yielding italian or perennial ryegrass monocultures.<br />
|l3= Forage#Grass<br />
|q4= What concerns are associated with this feed? <br />
|a4= Scours, hypomagnesaemic tetany (especially in winter, or in rapidly growing grass (e.g. spring,/early summer, late summer/autumn), bloat (especially as mixed legume swards), pasture-induced laminitis.<br />
|l4= Forage#Grass <br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Silage and Haylage==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= Are these feeds classified as i) forages; ii) roots, tubers or their by-products; iii) cereals or their by-products; or iv) protein concentrates & sources? <br />
|a1= These types of feed are classified as i) forages. <br />
|l1=Forage#Silage and Haylage<br />
|q2=What is the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) range of silage and haylage?<br />
|a2= <br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)!! pH<br />
|-<br />
|Silage || 15 - 20 (20-30 clamp)(40-50 bale)|| 9.5 - 12 ||120 - 190 || 3.8 - 4.8<br />
|-<br />
|Haylage || 50-60 || 9 - 11.5 || 75 - 110 || 4.5 - 5.5<br />
|}<br />
|l2= Forage#Silage and Haylage<br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of these feeds?<br />
|a3= Silage is a fermented crop with a low dry matter content. It is cut at a relatively early stage of development and stored under anaerobic conditions. Haylage is similar to silage but is often cut at a more mature stage. It typically has a higher pH and DM than silage and can often be of more variable quality. With horses haylage is typically preferred (by owners) to silage. <br />
|l3= Forage#Silage and Haylage<br />
|q4= What concerns are associated with these feeds?<br />
|a4= Clostridia. Listeriosis. Acidosis. Moulds/mycotoxins. Poor fermentation (pH > 4.8) or too acidic (pH < 3.8).<br />
|l4= Forage#Silage and Haylage<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Hay==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= Is this feed classified as a i) forage; ii) root, tuber or their by-product; iii) cereal or their by-product; or iv) protein concentrate & source? <br />
|a1= This type of feed is classified as i) forage. <br />
|l1=Forage#Hay<br />
|q2= What is the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) range of this feed?<br />
|a2= {| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Hay || 80 - 90 || 7.5 - 10.5 ||50 - 150<br />
|}<br />
|l2= Forage#Hay<br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of this feed?<br />
|a3= Hay is dried grass, either naturally or artificially (dependent on the weather). It is cut at a relatively late stage of maturity and is typically of variable quality in colour and smell, and nutritive value. There are various types of hay such as ryegrass, meadow, and timothy. <br />
|l3= Forage#Hay<br />
|q4= What concern is associated with this feed? <br />
|a4= Mould/mycotoxins.<br />
|l4= Forage#Hay<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Straw==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= Is this feed classified as a i) forage; ii) root, tuber or their by-product; iii) cereal or their by-product; or iv) protein concentrate & source? <br />
|a1= This type of feed is classified as i) forage. <br />
|l1=Forage#Straw<br />
|q2= What is the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) range of this feed?<br />
|a2= <br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Straw || 86 - 88 || 6.1 - 7 || 34 - 38<br />
|-<br />
|Straw (ammoniated)|| 84 - 88 || 7.4 - 7.8 || 68 - 75<br />
|}<br />
|l2= Forage#Straw<br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of this feed?<br />
|a3= Straw (usually barley or oat for feed) can be treated with alkali, urea or ammonia. It is commonly used as a roughage source for growing ruminants, and especially animals being reared in cereal beef systems. <br />
|l3= Forage#Straw<br />
|q4= What concerns are associated with this feed? <br />
|a4= Moulds/mycotoxin. Impaction within GI tract (especially horses). High intakes of straw (+ grains) are associated with hypomagnesaemic tetany (due to high K levels in grain and straw) <br />
|l4= Forage#Straw<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Whole-Crop Cereal Silages==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= Are these feeds classified as i) forages; ii) roots, tubers or their by-products; iii) cereals or their by-products; or iv) protein concentrates & sources? <br />
|a1= These feeds are classified as i) forages. <br />
|l1=Forage#Whole-Crop Cereal Silage<br />
|q2= What are the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) ranges of these feeds?<br />
|a2= <br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Maize whole-crop silage || 22 - 35 || 10.5 - 12 ||65 - 110<br />
|-<br />
|Barley whole-crop silage || 30 - 40 ||9 - 11 ||80 - 110<br />
|}<br />
|l2= Forage#Whole-Crop Cereal Silage<br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of these feeds?<br />
|a3= Maize whole-crop silage has high energy concentration while having a low protein concentration. It is harvested when grain is in the late dough stage. Barley, oats, wheat, and triticale are also used for whole-crop cereal silage either as monocultures or mixed with legumes (e.g. peas) to improve protein content. They are also high in energy while low in protein. Whole-crop cereal silages are fed as sole forage or mixed with grass silage. <br />
|l3= Forage#Whole-Crop Cereal Silage<br />
|q4= What concerns are associated with this feed? <br />
|a4= Clostridia. Listeriosis. Acidosis. Poor fermentation (pH > 4.8) or too acidic (pH < 3.8).<br />
|l4= Forage#Whole-Crop Cereal Silage<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Clovers and Lucerne==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= Are these feeds classified as i) forages; ii) roots, tubers or their by-products; iii) cereals or their by-products; or iv) protein concentrates & sources? <br />
|a1= These feeds are classified as forages and more specifically legumes. <br />
|l1=Forage#Clovers and Lucerne<br />
|q2=. What are the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) ranges of these feeds?<br />
|a2= {| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Clover || 18 - 20 || 9 - 10.5 || 170 - 250<br />
|-<br />
|Lucerne || 22 - 25 || 8 - 10.5 || 150 - 200<br />
|-<br />
|Lucerne Hay || 84 - 88 || 8 - 10.5 || 200 - 225<br />
|}<br />
|l2= Forage#Clovers and Lucerne<br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of these feeds?<br />
|a3= Clovers are either white or red varieties. Clovers and Lucerne (aka Alfalfa) have a higher protein concentration and a higher mineral concentration (e.g. calcium) than grasses. Lucerne can be grazed or conserved as a monoculture. Lucernes also have a higher protein concentration than grasses. Legume silages tend to be more difficult to achieve a good fermentation, inoculants are usually required. <br />
|l3= Forage#Clover and Lucerne<br />
|q4= What concerns are associated with these feeds?<br />
|a4= Bloat (frothy). Red clovers and some Lucerne varieties may also contain significant levels of phytoestrogens that cause subfertility. <br />
|l4= Forage#Clovers and Lucerne<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Kale and Rape==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= Are these feeds classified as i) forages; ii) roots, tubers or their by-products; iii) cereals or their by-products; or iv) protein concentrates & sources? <br />
|a1= These types of feed are classified as i) forages, and more specifically forage brassicas.<br />
|l1=Forage#Kale and Rape<br />
|q2= What is the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) of these feeds?<br />
|a2= {| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Kale || 14 || 11 || 160<br />
|-<br />
|Rape || 14 || 9.5 || 200<br />
|}<br />
|l2= Forage#Kale and Rape<br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of these feeds?<br />
|a3= Kale and rape are considered good, digestible fodder. They have a higher protein concentration, carbohydrate concentration and calcium concentration than grasses. Rape has a higher protein concentration than kale. <br />
|l3= Forage#Kale and Rape<br />
|q4= What concerns are associated with these feeds?<br />
|a4= Goitrogenic. Haemolytic anaemia, haemoglobinuria. Feed to pregnant ewes with caution (can observe malformed, dead lambs at parturition).<br />
|l4= Forage#Kale and Rape<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Turnip and Swede==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= Are these feeds classified as i) forages; ii) roots, tubers or their by-products; iii) cereals or their by-products; or iv) protein concentrates & sources? <br />
|a1= These types of feed are classified as ii) roots, tubers or their & by-products, specifically roots.<br />
|l1=Roots, Tubers and By-Products#Turnip and Swede<br />
|q2= What is the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) of these feeds?<br />
|a2= {| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Turnip || 9 || 11.2 || 120<br />
|-<br />
|Swede || 12 || 12.8 || 110<br />
|}<br />
|l2= Roots, Tubers and By-Products#Turnip and Swede<br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of these feeds?<br />
|a3=Turnip and swede are related brassicas. They have good nutritive value, and typically a low dry matter and crude protein concentration. However, their protein tends to be very degradable.<br />
|l3= Roots, Tubers and By-Products#Turnip and Swede<br />
|q4= What concerns are associated with these feeds?<br />
|a4= Excess intakes associated with milk taint in dairy cows. Nitrate and sulphur toxicity.<br />
|l4= Roots, Tubers and By-Products#Turnip and Swede<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Mangel, Fodderbeet and Sugarbeet==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= Are these feeds classified as i) forage; ii) roots, tubers or their by-products; iii) cereals or their by-products; or iv) protein concentrates & sources? <br />
|a1= These types of feed are classified as ii) roots, tubers or their by-products, specifically roots.<br />
|l1= Roots, Tubers and By-Products#Mangel, Fodderbeet and Sugarbeet <br />
|q2= What is the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) of these feeds?<br />
|a2= {| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Mangel || 12 || 12.4 ||80<br />
|-<br />
|Fodderbeet || 18 ||11.9 ||70<br />
|}<br />
|l2= Roots, Tubers and By-Products#Mangel, Fodderbeet and Sugarbeet<br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of these feeds?<br />
|a3= These beets are very generally classified according to their DM content. Mangel < Fodderbeet < Sugarbeet. They are low in crude protein. Sugarbeets are primarily grown for sugar production, not feeding. <br />
|l3= Roots, Tubers and By-Products#Mangel, Fodderbeet and Sugarbeet<br />
|q4= What concerns are associated with these feeds?<br />
|a4= Mangels have a high nitrate concentration if fresh (need to store for a few weeks). High intakes of fodderbeet can cause GI tract disturbances, hypocalcaemia and in rare cases death. <br />
|l4= Roots, Tubers and By-Products#Mangel, Fodderbeet and Sugarbeet<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Sugarbeet Pulp==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= Is this feed classified as a i) forage; ii) root, tuber or their by-product; iii) cereal or their by-product; or iv) protein concentrate & source? <br />
|a1= This feed is classified as ii) root, tuber or their by-product, specifically a by-product from sugarbeet.<br />
|l1= Roots, Tubers and By-Products#Sugarbeet Pulp<br />
|q2= What is the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) of this feed?<br />
|a2= {| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|SB pulp (unmolassed) || 90 || 12.7 ||100<br />
|-<br />
|SB pulp (molassed) || 87 ||12.5 ||110<br />
|}<br />
|l2= Roots, Tubers and By-Products#Sugarbeet Pulp<br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of this feed?<br />
|a3= Sugarbeet pulp is the residue following sugar extraction from sugarbeet root. It has a high dry matter and digestible fibre content, but a relatively low protein and phosphorus concentration. It is available in pellets or shreds, molassed or unmolassed. Can also be ensiled with distillers/brewers grains (draff) to form Grainbeet. <br />
|l3= Roots, Tubers and By-Products#Sugarbeet Pulp<br />
|q4= What concerns is associated with this feed? <br />
|a4= Choke, especially in horses (can increase it’s volume up to 6x; recommended to soak (ca. 1 litre per 200g) for 24 hours prior to feeding to horses).<br />
|l4= Roots, Tubers and By-Products#Sugarbeet Pulp<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Molasses==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= Is this feed classified as a i) forage; ii) root, tuber or their by-product; iii) cereal or their by-product; or iv) protein concentrate & source? <br />
|a1= This feed is classified as ii) root, tuber or their by-product, specifically a by-product from sugarbeet.<br />
|l1= Roots, Tubers and By-Products#Molasses<br />
|q2= What is the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) range of this feed?<br />
|a2= {| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Molasses || 75 || 12.9 ||50<br />
|}<br />
|l2= Roots, Tubers and By-Products#Molasses<br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of this feed?<br />
|a3= Molasses is the residue following sugar extraction from sugarbeet root (also get molasses from sugarcane). It involves crystallisation and separation of sugar from water extract. Molasses is a thick, black liquid that is very low in protein concentration but very high in soluble sugars. It is often added to sugarbeet pulp, proprietary feeds, mineral licks, and TMR rations. <br />
|l3= Roots, Tubers and By-Products#Molasses<br />
|q4= What concerns are associated with this feed? <br />
|a4= Can be laxative. Acidosis at high intakes. <br />
|l4= Roots, Tubers and By-Products#Molasses<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Barley, Wheat and Oats==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= Are these feeds classified as i) forages; ii) roots, tubers or their by-products; iii) cereals or their by-products; or iv) protein concentrates & sources? <br />
|a1= These types of feed are classified as iii) cereals or their by-products, specifically cereal grains.<br />
|l1= Cereals and By-Products#Barley, Wheat & Oats <br />
|q2= What is the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) of these feeds?<br />
|a2= {| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Barley || 86 || 12.8 || 110<br />
|-<br />
|Wheat || 86 || 13.5 || 120<br />
|-<br />
|Oats || 86 || 12 || 110<br />
|}<br />
|l2= Cereals and By-Products#Barley, Wheat & Oats <br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of these feeds?<br />
|a3= Barley, wheat and oats are all starch rich cereal grains. They can be fed whole or processed. During processing, these grains can be rolled, bruised, milled, crimped, micronised, or treated with alkali or acid (e.g.prop-corn). In general, cattle need the grains to be processed more than sheep and goats. <br />
|l3= Cereals and By-Products#Barley, Wheat & Oats <br />
|q4= What concerns are associated with these feeds?<br />
|a4= Bloat. Acidosis. Soft fat. Liver abscesses. Cereals typically very poor source of calcium and deficient in Vitamins A and D. <br />
|l4= Cereals and By-Products#Barley, Wheat & Oats <br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Distillery and Brewing By-Products==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
||q1= Is this feed classified as i) forage; ii) roots, tubers or their by-products; iii) cereals or their by-products; or iv) protein concentrates & sources? <br />
|a1= These types of feed are classified as iii) cereals or their by-products, specifically cereal by-products of the distillery and brewing industries.<br />
|l1=Cereals and By-Products#Distillery and Brewing By-Products<br />
|q2= What is the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) of these feeds?<br />
|a2= {| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Brewer’s grains || 26 || 11.2 || 250<br />
|-<br />
|Distiller’s grains (draff) || 25 || 14.7 || 270<br />
|-<br />
|Distiller’s dark grains || 89 || 12.2 – 14.8 || 275 - 350<br />
|-<br />
|Malt culms || 90 || 11.2 || 270<br />
|}<br />
|l2= Cereals and By-Products# Distillery and Brewing By-Products<br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of these feeds?<br />
|a3= These by-products can be variable and are more suited to ruminants. They are a good source of fibre and have high unsaturated fatty acid content. The low DM by-products can be fed fresh or they can be ensiled. They are high in phosphorus but low in calcium and other minerals. <br />
|l3= Cereals and By-Products# Distillery and Brewing By-Products<br />
|q4= What concerns are associated with these feeds?<br />
|a4= Can be associated with deficiency in calcium, magnesium and other minerals. Poor fermentation and its associated problems can be encountered when ensiled. <br />
|l4= Cereals and By-Products# Distillery and Brewing By-Products<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Maize and Maize Gluten Feed==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
||q1= Are these feeds classified as i) forage; ii) roots, tubers or their by-products; iii) cereals or their by-products; or iv) protein concentrates & sources? <br />
|a1= These types of feed are classified as iii) cereals or their by-products.<br />
|l1=Cereals and By-Products#Maize and Maize Gluten Feed<br />
|q2= What is the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) of these feeds?<br />
|a2={| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Maize || 86 || 14.2 || 98<br />
|-<br />
|Flaked Maize || 90 || 15 || 110<br />
|-<br />
|Maize gluten feed || 90 || 12.7 || 250<br />
|} <br />
|l2= Cereals and By-Products#Maize and Maize Gluten Feed<br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of these feeds?<br />
|a3= These feeds are typically processed and may be flaked, rolled or micronised. They are suitable for ruminants and non-ruminants. Maize and maize gluten feed have high digestible energy, but poor source of calcium. <br />
|l3= Cereals and By-Products#Maize and Maize Gluten Feed<br />
|q4= What concerns are associated with these feeds?<br />
|a4= Maize and maize gluten feed can cause bloat and acidosis. The carcase fat colour can have a yellow pigmentation (due to presence of cryptoxanthin). <br />
|l4= Cereals and By-Products#Maize and Maize Gluten Feed <br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Oilseed Meals==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= Are these feeds classified as i) forages; ii) roots, tubers or their by-products; iii) cereals or their by-products; or iv) protein concentrates & sources? <br />
|a1= These types of feed are classified as iv) protein concentrates and sources.<br />
|l1= Protein Concentrates and Sources#Oilseed Meals<br />
|q2= What is the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) of these feeds?<br />
|a2= All oilseed meals are generally 90% DM. <br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Soyabean meal || 90 || 13.3 – 15.5 || 400 - 500<br />
|-<br />
|Cottonseed meal || 90 || 8.5 – 12.5 || 230 - 450<br />
|-<br />
|Rapeseed meal || 90 || 12 || 400<br />
|-<br />
|Linseed meal || 90 || 12 || 400<br />
|-<br />
|Sunflowerseed meal || 90 || 9.5 – 10.5 || 300 - 430<br />
|}|l2= Protein Concentrates and Sources#Oilseed Meals<br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of these feeds?<br />
|a3= Soyabean meal, cottonseed meal, rapeseed meal, linseed meal and sunflowerseed meal belong to the oilseed meal family. Oilseed meals are by-products and residues following the removal of oil from the seeds. They are a very good protein source with high digestibility and are a better source of calcium and phosphorus than cereals. <br />
|l3= Protein Concentrates and Sources#Oilseed Meals<br />
|q4= What concerns are associated with these feeds?<br />
|a4= Soyabeans are oestrogenic, goitrogenic and can contain high levels of lectins. Cottonseeds are low in essential amino acids, calcium and vitamins A and D, and can contain elevated levels of gossypols. Rapeseeds are goitrogenic and can contain elevated levels of tannins. Immature linseed has mucilage that is converted to hydrogen cyanide. Sunflowerseeds cause soft body fat in pigs due to high PUFA levels. <br />
|l4= Protein Concentrates and Sources#Oilseed Meals <br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Leguminous Seeds==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
||q1= Are these feeds classified as i) forages; ii) roots, tubers or their by-products; iii) cereals or their by-products; or iv) protein concentrates & sources? <br />
|a1= These types of feed are classified as iv) protein concentrates and sources.<br />
|l1= Protein Concentrates and Sources#Leguminous Seeds<br />
|q2= What is the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) of these feeds?<br />
|a2= {| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Peas || 86 || 13.8 || 260<br />
|-<br />
|Beans || 86 || 13.4 || 280<br />
|-<br />
|Lupin seed meal || 90 || 13.2 || 280 - 420<br />
|} <br />
|l2= Protein Concentrates and Sources#Leguminous Seeds <br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of these feeds?<br />
|a3= Leguminous seeds consists of peas, beans (broad, horse, windsor) and lupin (white, blue and yellow varieties) seeds. Leguminous seeds have a high protein content, good energy content and high phosphorus concentration, but tend to be low in calcium. Leguminous seeds can be eaten whole or processed (cracked, kibbled or ground). They are often used in place of other protein concentrations. <br />
|l3= Protein Concentrates and Sources#Leguminous Seeds <br />
|q4= What concerns are associated with these feeds?<br />
|a4= Some bean species may contain high levels of lectins. Lupin seeds may contain high levels of alkaloids (e.g. ergotamine). Can be associated with GI tract disturbances (colic, diarrhoea). <br />
|l4=Protein Concentrates and Sources#Leguminous Seeds<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Fishmeal==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= Is this feed classified as a i) forage; ii) root, tuber or their by-product; iii) cereal or their by-product; or iv) protein concentrate & source? <br />
|a1= This feed is classified as iv) protein concentrates & source.<br />
|l1= Protein Concentrates and Sources#Fishmeal<br />
|q2= What is the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) range of this feed?<br />
|a2= {| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Fishmeal || 91 || 14.5 - 18 || 700 - 800<br />
|}<br />
|l2= Protein Concentrates and Sources#Fishmeal<br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of this feed?<br />
|a3= For ruminants, fishmeal can only be used in unweaned calf milk replacers. Pigs, poultry and horses are permitted fishmeal. Fishmeal is included in small amounts and has many essential amino acids, vitamins and minerals. Contains high levels of calcium and phosphorus. UK produced fishmeal tends to be slightly lower nutritive value than herring or South American derived fishmeal. <br />
|l3= Protein Concentrates and Sources#Fishmeal<br />
|q4= What concerns are associated with this feed? <br />
|a4= Fishmeal is under severe restriction within the UK and EU. For ruminants, fishmeal can only be used in unweaned calf milk replacers. Pigs, poultry and horses are permitted fishmeal. High intakes are associated with taint of meat and eggs. <br />
|l4= Protein Concentrates and Sources#Fishmeal<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Urea==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= Is this feed classified as a i) forage; ii) root, tuber or their by-product; iii) cereal or their by-product; or iv) protein concentrate & source? <br />
|a1= This feed is classified as iv) protein concentrate & source, but this is a misnomer as technically it is not a protein, but an indirect source.<br />
|l1=Protein Concentrates and Sources#Urea<br />
|q2= What is the crude protein (CP) content of this feed?<br />
|a2= The CP is 2,900 g/kg DM. <br />
|l2=Protein Concentrates and Sources#Urea<br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of this feed?<br />
|a3= In ruminants, the rumen microflora hydrolyse urea to ammonia. Urea is often supplemented to diets of low protein concentration and can also be contained in molassed vitamin/mineral blocks. Urea may be used to treat straw (urine sometimes used in some developing countries), where it effectively improves digestibility of this low quality roughage. <br />
|l3=Protein Concentrates and Sources#Urea<br />
|q4= What concerns are associated with this feed? <br />
|a4= Less than one-third of the dietary nitrogen should be provided as urea in order to minimise ammonia toxicity. Signs of ammonia toxicity include bloat, twitching, ataxia, excessive salivation and death. <br />
|l4=Protein Concentrates and Sources#Urea<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
[[Category:Animal Nutrition|Z]]<br />
[[Category:To Do]]</div>Kcam11https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Large_Animal_Nutrition_Flashcards&diff=127562Large Animal Nutrition Flashcards2011-09-14T17:40:40Z<p>Kcam11: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Grass==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= Is this feed classified as a i) forage; ii) root, tuber or their by-product; iii) cereal or their by-product; or iv) protein concentrate & source? <br />
|a1= This type of feed is classified as i) forage. <br />
|l1=Forage#Grass<br />
|q2= What is the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) range of this feed?<br />
|a2= DM (%) ME (MJ/kg DM) CP (g/kg DM)<br />
Grass (young) 15 - 20 11.5 - 12.5 150 - 250<br />
Grass (mature) 25 - 50 9.5 - 10.5 50 - 130<br />
|l2= Forage#Grass<br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of this feed?<br />
|a3= Typically based on ryegrass, but often mixed swards with cocksfoot, fescues, timothy, and legumes (e.g. clover). It is present in rough/hill grazing (often with heather, rushes, mosses), permanent pasture and rotational leys, the latter often high yielding italian or perennial ryegrass monocultures.<br />
|l3= Forage#Grass<br />
|q4= What concerns are associated with this feed? <br />
|a4= Scours, hypomagnesaemic tetany (especially in winter, or in rapidly growing grass (e.g. spring,/early summer, late summer/autumn), bloat (especially as mixed legume swards), pasture-induced laminitis.<br />
|l4= Forage#Grass <br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Silage and Haylage==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= Are these feeds classified as i) forages; ii) roots, tubers or their by-products; iii) cereals or their by-products; or iv) protein concentrates & sources? <br />
|a1= These types of feed are classified as i) forages. <br />
|l1=Forage#Silage and Haylage<br />
|q2=What is the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) range of silage and haylage?<br />
|a2= <br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)!! pH<br />
|-<br />
|Silage || 15 - 20 (20-30 clamp)(40-50 bale)|| 9.5 - 12 ||120 - 190 || 3.8 - 4.8<br />
|-<br />
|Haylage || 50-60 || 9 - 11.5 || 75 - 110 || 4.5 - 5.5<br />
|}<br />
|l2= Forage#Silage and Haylage<br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of these feeds?<br />
|a3= Silage is a fermented crop with a low dry matter content. It is cut at a relatively early stage of development and stored under anaerobic conditions. Haylage is similar to silage but is often cut at a more mature stage. It typically has a higher pH and DM than silage and can often be of more variable quality. With horses haylage is typically preferred (by owners) to silage. <br />
|l3= Forage#Silage and Haylage<br />
|q4= What concerns are associated with these feeds?<br />
|a4= Clostridia. Listeriosis. Acidosis. Moulds/mycotoxins. Poor fermentation (pH > 4.8) or too acidic (pH < 3.8).<br />
|l4= Forage#Silage and Haylage<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Hay==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= Is this feed classified as a i) forage; ii) root, tuber or their by-product; iii) cereal or their by-product; or iv) protein concentrate & source? <br />
|a1= This type of feed is classified as i) forage. <br />
|l1=Forage#Hay<br />
|q2= What is the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) range of this feed?<br />
|a2= {| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Hay || 80 - 90 || 7.5 - 10.5 ||50 - 150<br />
|}<br />
|l2= Forage#Hay<br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of this feed?<br />
|a3= Hay is dried grass, either naturally or artificially (dependent on the weather). It is cut at a relatively late stage of maturity and is typically of variable quality in colour and smell, and nutritive value. There are various types of hay such as ryegrass, meadow, and timothy. <br />
|l3= Forage#Hay<br />
|q4= What concern is associated with this feed? <br />
|a4= Mould/mycotoxins.<br />
|l4= Forage#Hay<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Straw==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= Is this feed classified as a i) forage; ii) root, tuber or their by-product; iii) cereal or their by-product; or iv) protein concentrate & source? <br />
|a1= This type of feed is classified as i) forage. <br />
|l1=Forage#Straw<br />
|q2= What is the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) range of this feed?<br />
|a2= <br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Straw || 86 - 88 || 6.1 - 7 || 34 - 38<br />
|-<br />
|Straw (ammoniated)|| 84 - 88 || 7.4 - 7.8 || 68 - 75<br />
|}<br />
|l2= Forage#Straw<br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of this feed?<br />
|a3= Straw (usually barley or oat for feed) can be treated with alkali, urea or ammonia. It is commonly used as a roughage source for growing ruminants, and especially animals being reared in cereal beef systems. <br />
|l3= Forage#Straw<br />
|q4= What concerns are associated with this feed? <br />
|a4= Moulds/mycotoxin. Impaction within GI tract (especially horses). High intakes of straw (+ grains) are associated with hypomagnesaemic tetany (due to high K levels in grain and straw) <br />
|l4= Forage#Straw<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Whole-Crop Cereal Silages==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= Are these feeds classified as i) forages; ii) roots, tubers or their by-products; iii) cereals or their by-products; or iv) protein concentrates & sources? <br />
|a1= These feeds are classified as i) forages. <br />
|l1=Forage#Whole-Crop Cereal Silage<br />
|q2= What are the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) ranges of these feeds?<br />
|a2= <br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Maize whole-crop silage || 22 - 35 || 10.5 - 12 ||65 - 110<br />
|-<br />
|Barley whole-crop silage || 30 - 40 ||9 - 11 ||80 - 110<br />
|}<br />
|l2= Forage#Whole-Crop Cereal Silage<br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of these feeds?<br />
|a3= Maize whole-crop silage has high energy concentration while having a low protein concentration. It is harvested when grain is in the late dough stage. Barley, oats, wheat, and triticale are also used for whole-crop cereal silage either as monocultures or mixed with legumes (e.g. peas) to improve protein content. They are also high in energy while low in protein. Whole-crop cereal silages are fed as sole forage or mixed with grass silage. <br />
|l3= Forage#Whole-Crop Cereal Silage<br />
|q4= What concerns are associated with this feed? <br />
|a4= Clostridia. Listeriosis. Acidosis. Poor fermentation (pH > 4.8) or too acidic (pH < 3.8).<br />
|l4= Forage#Whole-Crop Cereal Silage<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Clovers and Lucerne==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= Are these feeds classified as i) forages; ii) roots, tubers or their by-products; iii) cereals or their by-products; or iv) protein concentrates & sources? <br />
|a1= These feeds are classified as forages and more specifically legumes. <br />
|l1=Forage#Clovers and Lucerne<br />
|q2=. What are the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) ranges of these feeds?<br />
|a2= {| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Clover || 18 - 20 || 9 - 10.5 || 170 - 250<br />
|-<br />
|Lucerne || 22 - 25 || 8 - 10.5 || 150 - 200<br />
|-<br />
|Lucerne Hay || 84 - 88 || 8 - 10.5 || 200 - 225<br />
|}<br />
|l2= Forage#Clovers and Lucerne<br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of these feeds?<br />
|a3= Clovers are either white or red varieties. Clovers and Lucerne (aka Alfalfa) have a higher protein concentration and a higher mineral concentration (e.g. calcium) than grasses. Lucerne can be grazed or conserved as a monoculture. Lucernes also have a higher protein concentration than grasses. Legume silages tend to be more difficult to achieve a good fermentation, inoculants are usually required. <br />
|l3= Forage#Clover and Lucerne<br />
|q4= What concerns are associated with these feeds?<br />
|a4= Bloat (frothy). Red clovers and some Lucerne varieties may also contain significant levels of phytoestrogens that cause subfertility. <br />
|l4= Forage#Clovers and Lucerne<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Kale and Rape==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= Are these feeds classified as i) forages; ii) roots, tubers or their by-products; iii) cereals or their by-products; or iv) protein concentrates & sources? <br />
|a1= These types of feed are classified as i) forages, and more specifically forage brassicas.<br />
|l1=Forage#Kale and Rape<br />
|q2= What is the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) of these feeds?<br />
|a2= {| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Kale || 14 || 11 || 160<br />
|-<br />
|Rape || 14 || 9.5 || 200<br />
|}<br />
|l2= Forage#Kale and Rape<br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of these feeds?<br />
|a3= Kale and rape are considered good, digestible fodder. They have a higher protein concentration, carbohydrate concentration and calcium concentration than grasses. Rape has a higher protein concentration than kale. <br />
|l3= Forage#Kale and Rape<br />
|q4= What concerns are associated with these feeds?<br />
|a4= Goitrogenic. Haemolytic anaemia, haemoglobinuria. Feed to pregnant ewes with caution (can observe malformed, dead lambs at parturition).<br />
|l4= Forage#Kale and Rape<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Turnip and Swede==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= Are these feeds classified as i) forages; ii) roots, tubers or their by-products; iii) cereals or their by-products; or iv) protein concentrates & sources? <br />
|a1= These types of feed are classified as ii) roots, tubers or their & by-products, specifically roots.<br />
|l1=Roots, Tubers and By-Products#Turnip and Swede<br />
|q2= What is the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) of these feeds?<br />
|a2= {| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Turnip || 9 || 11.2 || 120<br />
|-<br />
|Swede || 12 || 12.8 || 110<br />
|}<br />
|l2= Roots, Tubers and By-Products#Turnip and Swede<br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of these feeds?<br />
|a3=Turnip and swede are related brassicas. They have good nutritive value, and typically a low dry matter and crude protein concentration. However, their protein tends to be very degradable.<br />
|l3= Roots, Tubers and By-Products#Turnip and Swede<br />
|q4= What concerns are associated with these feeds?<br />
|a4= Excess intakes associated with milk taint in dairy cows. Nitrate and sulphur toxicity.<br />
|l4= Roots, Tubers and By-Products#Turnip and Swede<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Mangel, Fodderbeet and Sugarbeet==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= Are these feeds classified as i) forage; ii) roots, tubers or their by-products; iii) cereals or their by-products; or iv) protein concentrates & sources? <br />
|a1= These types of feed are classified as ii) roots, tubers or their by-products, specifically roots.<br />
|l1= Roots, Tubers and By-Products#Mangel, Fodderbeet and Sugarbeet <br />
|q2= What is the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) of these feeds?<br />
|a2= {| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Mangel || 12 || 12.4 ||80<br />
|-<br />
|Fodderbeet || 18 ||11.9 ||70<br />
|}<br />
|l2= Roots, Tubers and By-Products#Mangel, Fodderbeet and Sugarbeet<br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of these feeds?<br />
|a3= These beets are very generally classified according to their DM content. Mangel < Fodderbeet < Sugarbeet. They are low in crude protein. Sugarbeets are primarily grown for sugar production, not feeding. <br />
|l3= Roots, Tubers and By-Products#Mangel, Fodderbeet and Sugarbeet<br />
|q4= What concerns are associated with these feeds?<br />
|a4= Mangels have a high nitrate concentration if fresh (need to store for a few weeks). High intakes of fodderbeet can cause GI tract disturbances, hypocalcaemia and in rare cases death. <br />
|l4= Roots, Tubers and By-Products#Mangel, Fodderbeet and Sugarbeet<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Sugarbeet Pulp==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= Is this feed classified as a i) forage; ii) root, tuber or their by-product; iii) cereal or their by-product; or iv) protein concentrate & source? <br />
|a1= This feed is classified as ii) root, tuber or their by-product, specifically a by-product from sugarbeet.<br />
|l1= Roots, Tubers and By-Products#Sugarbeet Pulp<br />
|q2= What is the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) of this feed?<br />
|a2= {| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|SB pulp (unmolassed) || 90 || 12.7 ||100<br />
|-<br />
|SB pulp (molassed) || 87 ||12.5 ||110<br />
|}<br />
|l2= Roots, Tubers and By-Products#Sugarbeet Pulp<br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of this feed?<br />
|a3= Sugarbeet pulp is the residue following sugar extraction from sugarbeet root. It has a high dry matter and digestible fibre content, but a relatively low protein and phosphorus concentration. It is available in pellets or shreds, molassed or unmolassed. Can also be ensiled with distillers/brewers grains (draff) to form Grainbeet. <br />
|l3= Roots, Tubers and By-Products#Sugarbeet Pulp<br />
|q4= What concerns is associated with this feed? <br />
|a4= Choke, especially in horses (can increase it’s volume up to 6x; recommended to soak (ca. 1 litre per 200g) for 24 hours prior to feeding to horses).<br />
|l4= Roots, Tubers and By-Products#Sugarbeet Pulp<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Molasses==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= Is this feed classified as a i) forage; ii) root, tuber or their by-product; iii) cereal or their by-product; or iv) protein concentrate & source? <br />
|a1= This feed is classified as ii) root, tuber or their by-product, specifically a by-product from sugarbeet.<br />
|l1= Roots, Tubers and By-Products#Molasses<br />
|q2= What is the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) range of this feed?<br />
|a2= {| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Molasses || 75 || 12.9 ||50<br />
|}<br />
|l2= Roots, Tubers and By-Products#Molasses<br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of this feed?<br />
|a3= Molasses is the residue following sugar extraction from sugarbeet root (also get molasses from sugarcane). It involves crystallisation and separation of sugar from water extract. Molasses is a thick, black liquid that is very low in protein concentration but very high in soluble sugars. It is often added to sugarbeet pulp, proprietary feeds, mineral licks, and TMR rations. <br />
|l3= Roots, Tubers and By-Products#Molasses<br />
|q4= What concerns are associated with this feed? <br />
|a4= Can be laxative. Acidosis at high intakes. <br />
|l4= Roots, Tubers and By-Products#Molasses<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Barley, Wheat and Oats==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= Are these feeds classified as i) forages; ii) roots, tubers or their by-products; iii) cereals or their by-products; or iv) protein concentrates & sources? <br />
|a1= These types of feed are classified as iii) cereals or their by-products, specifically cereal grains.<br />
|l1= Cereals and By-Products#Barley, Wheat & Oats <br />
|q2= What is the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) of these feeds?<br />
|a2= {| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Barley || 86 || 12.8 || 110<br />
|-<br />
|Wheat || 86 || 13.5 || 120<br />
|-<br />
|Oats || 86 || 12 || 110<br />
|}<br />
|l2= Cereals and By-Products#Barley, Wheat & Oats <br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of these feeds?<br />
|a3= Barley, wheat and oats are all starch rich cereal grains. They can be fed whole or processed. During processing, these grains can be rolled, bruised, milled, crimped, micronised, or treated with alkali or acid (e.g.prop-corn). In general, cattle need the grains to be processed more than sheep and goats. <br />
|l3= Cereals and By-Products#Barley, Wheat & Oats <br />
|q4= What concerns are associated with these feeds?<br />
|a4= Bloat. Acidosis. Soft fat. Liver abscesses. Cereals typically very poor source of calcium and deficient in Vitamins A and D. <br />
|l4= Cereals and By-Products#Barley, Wheat & Oats <br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Distillery and Brewing By-Products==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
||q1= Is this feed classified as i) forage; ii) roots, tubers or their by-products; iii) cereals or their by-products; or iv) protein concentrates & sources? <br />
|a1= These types of feed are classified as iii) cereals or their by-products, specifically cereal by-products of the distillery and brewing industries.<br />
|l1=Cereals and By-Products#Distillery and Brewing By-Products<br />
|q2= What is the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) of these feeds?<br />
|a2= {| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Brewer’s grains || 26 || 11.2 || 250<br />
|-<br />
|Distiller’s grains (draff) || 25 || 14.7 || 270<br />
|-<br />
|Distiller’s dark grains || 89 || 12.2 – 14.8 || 275 - 350<br />
|-<br />
|Malt culms || 90 || 11.2 || 270<br />
|}<br />
|l2= Cereals and By-Products# Distillery and Brewing By-Products<br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of these feeds?<br />
|a3= These by-products can be variable and are more suited to ruminants. They are a good source of fibre and have high unsaturated fatty acid content. The low DM by-products can be fed fresh or they can be ensiled. They are high in phosphorus but low in calcium and other minerals. <br />
|l3= Cereals and By-Products# Distillery and Brewing By-Products<br />
|q4= What concerns are associated with these feeds?<br />
|a4= Can be associated with deficiency in calcium, magnesium and other minerals. Poor fermentation and its associated problems can be encountered when ensiled. <br />
|l4= Cereals and By-Products# Distillery and Brewing By-Products<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Maize and Maize Gluten Feed==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
||q1= Are these feeds classified as i) forage; ii) roots, tubers or their by-products; iii) cereals or their by-products; or iv) protein concentrates & sources? <br />
|a1= These types of feed are classified as iii) cereals or their by-products.<br />
|l1=Cereals and By-Products#Maize and Maize Gluten Feed<br />
|q2= What is the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) of these feeds?<br />
|a2={| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Maize || 86 || 14.2 || 98<br />
|-<br />
|Flaked Maize || 90 || 15 || 110<br />
|-<br />
|Maize gluten feed || 90 || 12.7 || 250<br />
|} <br />
|l2= Cereals and By-Products#Maize and Maize Gluten Feed<br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of these feeds?<br />
|a3= These feeds are typically processed and may be flaked, rolled or micronised. They are suitable for ruminants and non-ruminants. Maize and maize gluten feed have high digestible energy, but poor source of calcium. <br />
|l3= Cereals and By-Products#Maize and Maize Gluten Feed<br />
|q4= What concerns are associated with these feeds?<br />
|a4= Maize and maize gluten feed can cause bloat and acidosis. The carcase fat colour can have a yellow pigmentation (due to presence of cryptoxanthin). <br />
|l4= Cereals and By-Products#Maize and Maize Gluten Feed <br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Oilseed Meals==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= Are these feeds classified as i) forages; ii) roots, tubers or their by-products; iii) cereals or their by-products; or iv) protein concentrates & sources? <br />
|a1= These types of feed are classified as iv) protein concentrates and sources.<br />
|l1= Protein Concentrates and Sources#Oilseed Meals<br />
|q2= What is the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) of these feeds?<br />
|a2= All oilseed meals are generally 90% DM. <br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Soyabean meal || 90 || 13.3 – 15.5 || 400 - 500<br />
|-<br />
|Cottonseed meal || 90 || 8.5 – 12.5 || 230 - 450<br />
|-<br />
|Rapeseed meal || 90 || 12 || 400<br />
|-<br />
|Linseed meal || 90 || 12 || 400<br />
|-<br />
|Sunflowerseed meal || 90 || 9.5 – 10.5 || 300 - 430<br />
|}|l2= Protein Concentrates and Sources#Oilseed Meals<br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of these feeds?<br />
|a3= Soyabean meal, cottonseed meal, rapeseed meal, linseed meal and sunflowerseed meal belong to the oilseed meal family. Oilseed meals are by-products and residues following the removal of oil from the seeds. They are a very good protein source with high digestibility and are a better source of calcium and phosphorus than cereals. <br />
|l3= Protein Concentrates and Sources#Oilseed Meals<br />
|q4= What concerns are associated with these feeds?<br />
|a4= Soyabeans are oestrogenic, goitrogenic and can contain high levels of lectins. Cottonseeds are low in essential amino acids, calcium and vitamins A and D, and can contain elevated levels of gossypols. Rapeseeds are goitrogenic and can contain elevated levels of tannins. Immature linseed has mucilage that is converted to hydrogen cyanide. Sunflowerseeds cause soft body fat in pigs due to high PUFA levels. <br />
|l4= Protein Concentrates and Sources#Oilseed Meals <br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Leguminous Seeds==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
||q1= Are these feeds classified as i) forages; ii) roots, tubers or their by-products; iii) cereals or their by-products; or iv) protein concentrates & sources? <br />
|a1= These types of feed are classified as iv) protein concentrates and sources.<br />
|l1= Protein Concentrates and Sources#Leguminous Seeds<br />
|q2= What is the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) of these feeds?<br />
|a2= {| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Peas || 86 || 13.8 || 260<br />
|-<br />
|Beans || 86 || 13.4 || 280<br />
|-<br />
|Lupin seed meal || 90 || 13.2 || 280 - 420<br />
|} <br />
|l2= Protein Concentrates and Sources#Leguminous Seeds <br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of these feeds?<br />
|a3= Leguminous seeds consists of peas, beans (broad, horse, windsor) and lupin (white, blue and yellow varieties) seeds. Leguminous seeds have a high protein content, good energy content and high phosphorus concentration, but tend to be low in calcium. Leguminous seeds can be eaten whole or processed (cracked, kibbled or ground). They are often used in place of other protein concentrations. <br />
|l3= Protein Concentrates and Sources#Leguminous Seeds <br />
|q4= What concerns are associated with these feeds?<br />
|a4= Some bean species may contain high levels of lectins. Lupin seeds may contain high levels of alkaloids (e.g. ergotamine). Can be associated with GI tract disturbances (colic, diarrhoea). <br />
|l4=Protein Concentrates and Sources#Leguminous Seeds<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Fishmeal==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= Is this feed classified as a i) forage; ii) root, tuber or their by-product; iii) cereal or their by-product; or iv) protein concentrate & source? <br />
|a1= This feed is classified as iv) protein concentrates & source.<br />
|l1= Protein Concentrates and Sources#Fishmeal<br />
|q2= What is the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) range of this feed?<br />
|a2= {| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Fishmeal || 91 || 14.5 - 18 || 700 - 800<br />
|}<br />
|l2= Protein Concentrates and Sources#Fishmeal<br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of this feed?<br />
|a3= For ruminants, fishmeal can only be used in unweaned calf milk replacers. Pigs, poultry and horses are permitted fishmeal. Fishmeal is included in small amounts and has many essential amino acids, vitamins and minerals. Contains high levels of calcium and phosphorus. UK produced fishmeal tends to be slightly lower nutritive value than herring or South American derived fishmeal. <br />
|l3= Protein Concentrates and Sources#Fishmeal<br />
|q4= What concerns are associated with this feed? <br />
|a4= Fishmeal is under severe restriction within the UK and EU. For ruminants, fishmeal can only be used in unweaned calf milk replacers. Pigs, poultry and horses are permitted fishmeal. High intakes are associated with taint of meat and eggs. <br />
|l4= Protein Concentrates and Sources#Fishmeal<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Urea==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= Is this feed classified as a i) forage; ii) root, tuber or their by-product; iii) cereal or their by-product; or iv) protein concentrate & source? <br />
|a1= This feed is classified as iv) protein concentrate & source, but this is a misnomer as technically it is not a protein, but an indirect source.<br />
|l1=Protein Concentrates and Sources#Urea<br />
|q2= What is the crude protein (CP) content of this feed?<br />
|a2= The CP is 2,900 g/kg DM. <br />
|l2=Protein Concentrates and Sources#Urea<br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of this feed?<br />
|a3= In ruminants, the rumen microflora hydrolyse urea to ammonia. Urea is often supplemented to diets of low protein concentration and can also be contained in molassed vitamin/mineral blocks. Urea may be used to treat straw (urine sometimes used in some developing countries), where it effectively improves digestibility of this low quality roughage. <br />
|l3=Protein Concentrates and Sources#Urea<br />
|q4= What concerns are associated with this feed? <br />
|a4= Less than one-third of the dietary nitrogen should be provided as urea in order to minimise ammonia toxicity. Signs of ammonia toxicity include bloat, twitching, ataxia, excessive salivation and death. <br />
|l4=Protein Concentrates and Sources#Urea<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
[[Category:Animal Nutrition|Z]]<br />
[[Category:To Do]]</div>Kcam11https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Longwool_Crossbreeds&diff=127453Longwool Crossbreeds2011-09-13T07:16:39Z<p>Kcam11: /* North Country Mule */</p>
<hr />
<div>Longwool Crossbred ewes are pivotal in the UK industry where they are crossed with a terminal sire to produce a fast growing, high quality prime lamb. They are renowned for being of good size/frame, prolific with good milking ability and mothering instincts, and they produce good sized lambs, especially when mated with a terminal sire breed.<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
==Scotch Mule==<br />
<br />
*The Scotch Mule is a cross between a Bluefaced Leicester ram and a Scottish Blackface ewe.<br />
[[File:Scotmule.jpg|Scotch Mule|200px]]<br />
<br><br><br><br><br />
<br />
==North Country Mule==<br />
*The North Country Mule, also called the North of England Mule, is a cross between a Bluefaced Leicester ram and either a Swaledale or Northumberland type Scottish Blackface ewe. <br />
[[File:North country mule.jpg|Center sheep - North Country Mule|200px]]<br />
<br><br><br><br><br><br><br />
<br />
==Welsh Mule==<br />
*A Welsh Mule is a cross between a Bluefaced Leicester ram and either a Welsh Mountain, Beulah or Welsh Hill Speckled-face ewe.<br />
<br><br />
[[File:Welshmule.jpg|Welsh Mule|200px]]<br />
<br><br><br><br><br />
<br />
==Greyface==<br />
*The Greyface is a cross between a Border Leicester ram and a Scottish Blackface ewe. <br />
[[File:Scotgrey.jpg|Greyface|200px]]<br />
<br><br><br><br><br />
<br />
==Scotch Halfbred==<br />
*The Scotch Halfbred is a cross between a Border Leicester ram and a Cheviot ewe.<br />
[[File:Scothalf.jpg|Scotch Halfbred|200px]]<br />
<br><br><br><br><br />
<br />
==Welsh Halfbred==<br />
*The Welsh Halfbred is a cross between a Border Leicester ram and a Welsh Mountain ewe.<br />
[[File:Welshhal.jpg|Welsh Halfbred|200px]]<br />
<br><br><br><br><br />
<br />
==English Halfbred==<br />
*The English Halfbred is a cross between a Border Leicester ram and a Clun Forest ewe. <br />
[[File:Englishhalf.jpg|English Halfbred|200px]]<br />
<br><br><br><br><br />
{{Learning<br />
|flashcards = [[Sheep Breeds Flashcards]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sheep Breeds]]<br />
[[Category:To Do]]</div>Kcam11https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Sheep_Breed_Flashcards&diff=127452Sheep Breed Flashcards2011-09-13T07:09:18Z<p>Kcam11: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Scottish blackface.jpg|Scottish blackface|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Scottish Blackface<br />
|l1=Hill Breeds#Scottish Blackface<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (i) hill<br />
|l2=Hill Breeds#Scottish Blackface<br />
|q3= Did this breed originate in continental Europe or Great Britain? <br />
|a3= Great Britain<br />
|l3= Hill Breeds#Scottish Blackface<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*can also be sub-divided into 3 types, which differ slightly in size and appearance – the types are known as Perth, Lanark and Northumberland<br />
*outstanding qualities of the breed are survivability/hardiness, adaptability and versatility <br />
*excellent mothers and will protect their lambs against predators<br />
*Once settled, the stock rarely leave their own area or mix with sheep from other areas which reduces the need for expensive fencing (a practice known as hefting)<br />
*large horns, a roman nose, and unusual black and white facial markings <br />
*legs are usually black or black and white and are free from wool<br />
*fleece is white, long and coarse <br />
|l4=Hill Breeds#Scottish Blackface<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
<br />
[[File: Swaledale.jpg|Swaledale|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Swaledale<br />
|l1=Hill Breeds#Swaledale<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (i) hill<br />
|l2=Hill Breeds#Swaledale<br />
|q3= Did this breed originate in continental Europe or Great Britain? <br />
|a3= Great Britain, specifically the Yorkshire valley of Swaledale<br />
|l3= Hill Breeds#Swaledale<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
* upper part of a Swaledale face is dark complexioned while the muzzle is white/grey or mealy in colour<br />
*large, curled horns<br />
* fleece is thick and white while their legs are grey or mottled in colour and are free from wool<br />
*excellent mothers and are known for being able to rear lambs well, even in adverse conditions<br />
|l4= Hill Breeds#Swaledale<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
<br />
[[File:Cheviot ewe and lamb.jpg|Cheviot ewe and lamb|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Cheviot<br />
|l1=Hill Breeds#Cheviot<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (i) hill<br />
|l2=Hill Breeds#Cheviot<br />
|q3= Did this breed originate in continental Europe or Great Britain? <br />
|a3= Great Britain, specifically the Cheviot hills in the Scottish Borders <br />
|l3= Hill Breeds#Cheviot<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*North Country Cheviot is the largest of the UK hill breeds<br />
*dense, firm white fleece covering except for their head and legs <br />
*Rams may have horns while the ewes are usually polled<br />
* hardy and has very strong maternal instincts<br />
l4= Hill Breeds#Cheviot<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
<br />
[[File:White Welsh Mountain sheep.jpg|White Welsh Mountain sheep|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Welsh Mountain<br />
|l1=Hill Breeds#Welsh Mountain<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (i) Hill<br />
|l2=Hill Breeds#Welsh Mountain<br />
|q3= Did this breed originate in continental Europe or Great Britain? <br />
|a3= Great Britain, specifically Wales<br />
|l3= Hill Breeds#Welsh Mountain<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4=<br />
*typically smaller and more compact than other hill breeds<br />
most common variation has white wool<br />
*Bodies are compact and strong<br />
*no wool covering on face or legs<br />
*tails of Welsh Mountain sheep are left undocked<br />
* fleece covering except for their head and legs <br />
*Rams usually have horns while the ewes are usually polled<br />
*bred to survive in harsh environments<br />
|l4= Hill Breeds#Welsh Mountain<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
<br />
[[File:Border Leicester 02.jpg|Border Leicester 02|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Border Leicester<br />
|l1=Longwool Breeds#Border Leicester<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (ii) Longwool<br />
|l2= Longwool Breeds#Border Leicester<br />
|q3= Did this breed originate in continental Europe or Great Britain? <br />
|a3= Great Britain, specifically the Scottish Borders and North England.<br />
|l3= Longwool Breeds#Border Leicester<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*polled<br />
*head is covered with short white hair (no wool)<br />
*heavy, long fleece with a silvery and glistening appearance<br />
*roman nose and large white ears <br />
*good maternal instincts<br />
*moderately prolific<br />
|l4= Longwool Breeds#Border Leicester<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
<br />
[[File:Bluefaced.jpg|Bluefaced Leicester|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Bluefaced Leicester<br />
|l1=Longwool Breeds#Bluefaced Leicester<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (ii) Longwool<br />
|l2= Longwool Breeds# Bluefaced Leicester <br />
|q3= Did this breed originate in continental Europe or Great Britain? <br />
|a3= Great Britain, specifically in the North of England<br />
|l3= Longwool Breeds# Bluefaced Leicester <br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*skin of head is blueish in colour which shows through the white hair covering the head<br />
*longest bodied of the British sheep and have large ears and a roman nose<br />
*polled<br />
*heavy, long fleece with a silvery and glistening appearance<br />
*Their fleece is the finest of the longwool breeds, and it is important that the wool be tightly purled, fine and open cleanly to the skin<br />
*free of wool on their head, neck, belly and legs<br />
*prolific and has very good milking ability to match this<br />
|l4= Longwool Breeds# Bluefaced Leicester <br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Suffolk (sheep) - Oveja - Borrega.JPG|Suffolk (sheep) - Oveja - Borrega|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Suffolk<br />
|l1=Terminal Sire Breeds#Suffolk<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (v) Terminal Sire<br />
|l2=Terminal Sire Breeds#Suffolk<br />
|q3= Did this breed originate in continental Europe or Great Britain? <br />
|a3= Great Britain, specifically Southern England<br />
|l3= Terminal Sire Breeds#Suffolk<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*distinctive black face with moderately long black ears and legs that are free from wool *white, short fleece with close fibre<br />
*considered a Shortwool Ewe breed <br />
*naturally polled <br />
|l4= Terminal Sire Breeds#Suffolk<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
<br />
[[File:Mouton Dorset Down.JPG|Mouton Dorset Down|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Dorset Down<br />
|l1=Terminal Sire Breeds#Dorset Down<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (v) Terminal Sire<br />
|l2= Terminal Sire Breeds# Dorset Down <br />
|q3= Did this breed originate in continental Europe or Great Britain? <br />
|a3= Great Britain, specifically Southern England<br />
|l3= Terminal Sire Breeds# Dorset Down <br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*shortwool<br />
*polled<br />
*dark colour on its face and lower legs<br />
*white fleece round the cheeks, between the ears, on the forehead and down the legs<br />
*ewes produce early maturing lambs<br />
|l4= Terminal Sire Breeds# Dorset Down <br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
<br />
[[File:Texel sheep.jpg|Texel sheep|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Texel<br />
|l1=Terminal Sire Breeds#Texel<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (v) Terminal Sire<br />
|l2=Terminal Sire Breeds#Texel<br />
|q3= Did this breed originate in continental Europe or Great Britain? <br />
|a3= continental Europe, specifically Belgium<br />
|l3= Terminal Sire Breeds#Texel<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*white-faced with no wool on its legs or head<br />
* black, blue or brown shading or patches on the head<br />
*distinct short and wide face with a black nose<br />
*widely placed short ears and black hooves <br />
*large, double-muscled hindquarters/gigots<br />
|l4= Terminal Sire Breeds#Texel<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
<br />
[[File:Mouton Charollais.JPG|Mouton Charollais|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Charollais<br />
|l1= Terminal Sire Breeds#Charollais<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (v) Terminal Sire<br />
|l2=Terminal Sire Breeds#Charollais<br />
|q3= Did this breed originate in continental Europe or Great Britain? <br />
|a3= continental Europe, specifically France<br />
|l3= Terminal Sire Breeds#Charollais<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*pink-grey skin on their faces, covered by white hair<br />
*distinct feature of white flash, above each eye <br />
*fleece is white or cream colour but is not found on their face or legs<br />
*both sexes are naturally polled<br />
*strong maternal traits, easy lambing and can produce fast growing, robust lambs<br />
|l4= Terminal Sire Breeds#Charollais<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
<br />
[[File:Beltex Sheep near Whygill - geograph.org.uk - 209731.jpg|Beltex Sheep near Whygill - geograph.org.uk - 209731|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Beltex<br />
|l1= Terminal Sire Breeds#Beltex<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (v) Terminal Sire<br />
|l2=Terminal Sire Breeds#Beltex<br />
|q3= Did this breed originate in continental Europe or Great Britain? <br />
|a3= continental Europe, specifically Belgium<br />
|l3= Terminal Sire Breeds#Beltex<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*white-faced with no wool on its legs or head<br />
*may have black, blue or brown shading or patches on the head<br />
*distinct short and wide face with a black nose<br />
*widely placed short ears and black hooves <br />
*large, double-muscled hindquarters/gigots<br />
|l4= Terminal Sire Breeds#Beltex<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
<br />
[[File:Lleyn sheep.jpg|Lleyn sheep|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Lleyn<br />
|l1= Shortwool Ewe Breeds#Lleyn<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (v) Shortwool Ewe<br />
|l2=Shortwool Ewe Breeds#Lleyn<br />
|q3= Did this breed originate in continental Europe or Great Britain? <br />
|a3= Great Britain, specifically the Lleyn peninsula in Wales<br />
|l3= Shortwool Ewe Breeds#Lleyn<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*naturally polled with a white or cream colour fleece<br />
*versatility for lowland and upland<br />
*head is cream/white in colour with a black nose and thick ears with black spots<br />
|l4= Shortwool Ewe Breeds#Lleyn<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
<br />
[[File:Clun forest.jpg|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Clun Forest<br />
|l1= Shortwool Ewe Breeds#Clun Forest<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (v) Shortwool Ewe<br />
|l2=Shortwool Ewe Breeds#Clun Forest<br />
|q3= Did this breed originate in continental Europe or Great Britain? <br />
|a3= Great Britain, specifically Shropshire in England<br />
|l3= Shortwool Ewe Breeds#Clun Forest<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*distinct face that is dark rich in colour, narrow and free from wool; except for a wollen top knot on the top of the head<br />
*black legs and feet, free from wool from hock down <br />
*adaptable to variety of conditions<br />
*docile, relatively easy care breed <br />
|l4= Shortwool Ewe Breeds#Clun Forest<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
[[File:Scotmule.jpg|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Scottish Mule<br />
|l1= Longwool Crossbreeds#Scottish Mule<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (iii) Longwool Crossbreed<br />
|l2= Longwool Crossbreeds#Scottish Mule <br />
|q3= Name the sire and dam breeds of this crossbreed.<br />
|a3= Bluefaced Leicester ram and Scottish Blackface ewe<br />
|l3= Longwool Crossbreeds#Scottish Mule<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*renowned for being of good size/frame, prolific with good milking ability and mothering instincts<br />
*produce good sized lambs, especially when mated with a terminal sire breed<br />
|l4= Longwool Crossbreeds#Scottish Mule<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
[[File:North country mule.jpg|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= North Country Mule<br />
|l1= Longwool Crossbreeds#North Country Mule<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (iii) Longwool Crossbreed<br />
|l2= Longwool Crossbreeds#North Country Mule<br />
|q3= Name the sire and dam breeds of this crossbreed.<br />
|a3= Bluefaced Leicester ram and either a Swaledale or Northumberland type Scottish Blackface ewe<br />
|l3= Longwool Crossbreeds#North Country Mule<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*renowned for being of good size/frame, prolific with good milking ability and mothering instincts<br />
*produce good sized lambs, especially when mated with a terminal sire breed<br />
|l4= Longwool Crossbreeds#North Country Mule<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
[[File:Welshmule.jpg|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Welsh Mule<br />
|l1= Longwool Crossbreeds#Welsh Mule<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (iii) Longwool Crossbreed<br />
|l2= Longwool Crossbreeds#Welsh Mule<br />
|q3= Name the sire and dam breeds of this crossbreed.<br />
|a3= Bluefaced Leicester ram and either a Welsh Mountain, Beulah or Welsh Hill Speckled-face ewe <br />
|l3= Longwool Crossbreeds#Welsh Mule<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*renowned for being of good size/frame, prolific with good milking ability and mothering instincts<br />
*produce good sized lambs, especially when mated with a terminal sire breed<br />
|l4= Longwool Crossbreeds#Welsh Mule<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
[[File:Scotgrey.jpg|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Greyface<br />
|l1= Longwool Crossbreeds#Greyface<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (iii) Longwool Crossbreed<br />
|l2= Longwool Crossbreeds#Greyface<br />
|q3= Name the sire and dam breeds of this crossbreed. <br />
|a3= Border Leicester Ram and Scottish Blackface Ewe<br />
|l3= Longwool Crossbreeds#Greyface<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*renowned for being of good size/frame, prolific with good milking ability and mothering instincts<br />
*produce good sized lambs, especially when mated with a terminal sire breed<br />
|l4= Longwool Crossbreeds#Greyface<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
[[File:Scothalf.jpg|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Scottish Halfbred<br />
|l1= Longwool Crossbreeds#Scottish Halfbred<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (iii) Longwool Crossbreed<br />
|l2= Longwool Crossbreeds#Scottish Halfbred<br />
|q3= Name the sire and dam breeds of this crossbreed.<br />
|a3= Border Leicester ram and Cheviot ewe<br />
|l3= Longwool Crossbreeds#Scottish Halfbred<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*renowned for being of good size/frame, prolific with good milking ability and mothering instincts<br />
*produce good sized lambs, especially when mated with a terminal sire breed<br />
|l4= Longwool Crossbreeds#Scottish Halfbred<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
[[File:Welshhal.jpg|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Welsh Halfbred<br />
|l1= Longwool Crossbreeds#Welsh Halfbred<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (iii) Longwool Crossbreed<br />
|l2= Longwool Crossbreeds#Welsh Halfbred<br />
|q3= Name the sire and dam breeds of this crossbreed.<br />
|a3= Border Leicester ram and Welsh Mountain Ewe<br />
|l3= Longwool Crossbreeds#Welsh Halfbred<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*renowned for being of good size/frame, prolific with good milking ability and mothering instincts<br />
*produce good sized lambs, especially when mated with a terminal sire breed<br />
|l4= Longwool Crossbreeds#Welsh Halfbred<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
[[Image:Englishhalf.jpg|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= English Halfbred<br />
|l1= Longwool Crossbreeds#English Halfbred<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (iii) Longwool Crossbreed<br />
|l2= Longwool Crossbreeds#Engish Halfbred<br />
|q3= Name the sire and dam breeds of this crossbreed.<br />
|a3= Border Leicester ram and Clun Forest Ewe<br />
|l3= Longwool Crossbreeds#English Halfbred<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*renowned for being of good size/frame, prolific with good milking ability and mothering instincts<br />
*produce good sized lambs, especially when mated with a terminal sire breed<br />
|l4= Longwool Crossbreeds#English Halfbred<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
[[Category:Sheep Breeds]]<br />
[[Category:To Do]]</div>Kcam11https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Longwool_Crossbreeds&diff=127451Longwool Crossbreeds2011-09-13T07:06:09Z<p>Kcam11: /* English Halfbred */</p>
<hr />
<div>Longwool Crossbred ewes are pivotal in the UK industry where they are crossed with a terminal sire to produce a fast growing, high quality prime lamb. They are renowned for being of good size/frame, prolific with good milking ability and mothering instincts, and they produce good sized lambs, especially when mated with a terminal sire breed.<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
==Scotch Mule==<br />
<br />
*The Scotch Mule is a cross between a Bluefaced Leicester ram and a Scottish Blackface ewe.<br />
[[File:Scotmule.jpg|Scotch Mule|200px]]<br />
<br><br><br><br><br />
<br />
==North Country Mule==<br />
*The North Country Mule, also called the North of England Mule, is a cross between a Bluefaced Leicester ram and either a Swaledale or Northumberland type Scottish Blackface ewe. <br />
[[File:Sheep Study 7.jpg|150px]]<br />
<br><br><br><br><br><br><br />
<br />
==Welsh Mule==<br />
*A Welsh Mule is a cross between a Bluefaced Leicester ram and either a Welsh Mountain, Beulah or Welsh Hill Speckled-face ewe.<br />
<br><br />
[[File:Welshmule.jpg|Welsh Mule|200px]]<br />
<br><br><br><br><br />
<br />
==Greyface==<br />
*The Greyface is a cross between a Border Leicester ram and a Scottish Blackface ewe. <br />
[[File:Scotgrey.jpg|Greyface|200px]]<br />
<br><br><br><br><br />
<br />
==Scotch Halfbred==<br />
*The Scotch Halfbred is a cross between a Border Leicester ram and a Cheviot ewe.<br />
[[File:Scothalf.jpg|Scotch Halfbred|200px]]<br />
<br><br><br><br><br />
<br />
==Welsh Halfbred==<br />
*The Welsh Halfbred is a cross between a Border Leicester ram and a Welsh Mountain ewe.<br />
[[File:Welshhal.jpg|Welsh Halfbred|200px]]<br />
<br><br><br><br><br />
<br />
==English Halfbred==<br />
*The English Halfbred is a cross between a Border Leicester ram and a Clun Forest ewe. <br />
[[File:Englishhalf.jpg|English Halfbred|200px]]<br />
<br><br><br><br><br />
{{Learning<br />
|flashcards = [[Sheep Breeds Flashcards]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sheep Breeds]]<br />
[[Category:To Do]]</div>Kcam11https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Sheep_Breed_Flashcards&diff=127358Sheep Breed Flashcards2011-09-11T10:54:15Z<p>Kcam11: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Scottish blackface.jpg|Scottish blackface|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Scottish Blackface<br />
|l1=Hill Breeds#Scottish Blackface<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (i) hill<br />
|l2=Hill Breeds#Scottish Blackface<br />
|q3= Did this breed originate in continental Europe or Great Britain? <br />
|a3= Great Britain<br />
|l3= Hill Breeds#Scottish Blackface<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*can also be sub-divided into 3 types, which differ slightly in size and appearance – the types are known as Perth, Lanark and Northumberland<br />
*outstanding qualities of the breed are survivability/hardiness, adaptability and versatility <br />
*excellent mothers and will protect their lambs against predators<br />
*Once settled, the stock rarely leave their own area or mix with sheep from other areas which reduces the need for expensive fencing (a practice known as hefting)<br />
*large horns, a roman nose, and unusual black and white facial markings <br />
*legs are usually black or black and white and are free from wool<br />
*fleece is white, long and coarse <br />
|l4=Hill Breeds#Scottish Blackface<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
<br />
[[File: Swaledale.jpg|Swaledale|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Swaledale<br />
|l1=Hill Breeds#Swaledale<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (i) hill<br />
|l2=Hill Breeds#Swaledale<br />
|q3= Did this breed originate in continental Europe or Great Britain? <br />
|a3= Great Britain, specifically the Yorkshire valley of Swaledale<br />
|l3= Hill Breeds#Swaledale<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
* upper part of a Swaledale face is dark complexioned while the muzzle is white/grey or mealy in colour<br />
*large, curled horns<br />
* fleece is thick and white while their legs are grey or mottled in colour and are free from wool<br />
*excellent mothers and are known for being able to rear lambs well, even in adverse conditions<br />
|l4= Hill Breeds#Swaledale<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
<br />
[[File:Cheviot ewe and lamb.jpg|Cheviot ewe and lamb|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Cheviot<br />
|l1=Hill Breeds#Cheviot<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (i) hill<br />
|l2=Hill Breeds#Cheviot<br />
|q3= Did this breed originate in continental Europe or Great Britain? <br />
|a3= Great Britain, specifically the Cheviot hills in the Scottish Borders <br />
|l3= Hill Breeds#Cheviot<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*North Country Cheviot is the largest of the UK hill breeds<br />
*dense, firm white fleece covering except for their head and legs <br />
*Rams may have horns while the ewes are usually polled<br />
* hardy and has very strong maternal instincts<br />
l4= Hill Breeds#Cheviot<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
<br />
[[File:White Welsh Mountain sheep.jpg|White Welsh Mountain sheep|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Welsh Mountain<br />
|l1=Hill Breeds#Welsh Mountain<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (i) Hill<br />
|l2=Hill Breeds#Welsh Mountain<br />
|q3= Did this breed originate in continental Europe or Great Britain? <br />
|a3= Great Britain, specifically Wales<br />
|l3= Hill Breeds#Welsh Mountain<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4=<br />
*typically smaller and more compact than other hill breeds<br />
most common variation has white wool<br />
*Bodies are compact and strong<br />
*no wool covering on face or legs<br />
*tails of Welsh Mountain sheep are left undocked<br />
* fleece covering except for their head and legs <br />
*Rams usually have horns while the ewes are usually polled<br />
*bred to survive in harsh environments<br />
|l4= Hill Breeds#Welsh Mountain<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
<br />
[[File:Border Leicester 02.jpg|Border Leicester 02|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Border Leicester<br />
|l1=Longwool Breeds#Border Leicester<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (ii) Longwool<br />
|l2= Longwool Breeds#Border Leicester<br />
|q3= Did this breed originate in continental Europe or Great Britain? <br />
|a3= Great Britain, specifically the Scottish Borders and North England.<br />
|l3= Longwool Breeds#Border Leicester<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*polled<br />
*head is covered with short white hair (no wool)<br />
*heavy, long fleece with a silvery and glistening appearance<br />
*roman nose and large white ears <br />
*good maternal instincts<br />
*moderately prolific<br />
|l4= Longwool Breeds#Border Leicester<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
<br />
[[File:Bluefaced.jpg|Bluefaced Leicester|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Bluefaced Leicester<br />
|l1=Longwool Breeds#Bluefaced Leicester<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (ii) Longwool<br />
|l2= Longwool Breeds# Bluefaced Leicester <br />
|q3= Did this breed originate in continental Europe or Great Britain? <br />
|a3= Great Britain, specifically in the North of England<br />
|l3= Longwool Breeds# Bluefaced Leicester <br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*skin of head is blueish in colour which shows through the white hair covering the head<br />
*longest bodied of the British sheep and have large ears and a roman nose<br />
*polled<br />
*heavy, long fleece with a silvery and glistening appearance<br />
*Their fleece is the finest of the longwool breeds, and it is important that the wool be tightly purled, fine and open cleanly to the skin<br />
*free of wool on their head, neck, belly and legs<br />
*prolific and has very good milking ability to match this<br />
|l4= Longwool Breeds# Bluefaced Leicester <br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Suffolk (sheep) - Oveja - Borrega.JPG|Suffolk (sheep) - Oveja - Borrega|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Suffolk<br />
|l1=Terminal Sire Breeds#Suffolk<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (v) Terminal Sire<br />
|l2=Terminal Sire Breeds#Suffolk<br />
|q3= Did this breed originate in continental Europe or Great Britain? <br />
|a3= Great Britain, specifically Southern England<br />
|l3= Terminal Sire Breeds#Suffolk<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*distinctive black face with moderately long black ears and legs that are free from wool *white, short fleece with close fibre<br />
*considered a Shortwool Ewe breed <br />
*naturally polled <br />
|l4= Terminal Sire Breeds#Suffolk<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
<br />
[[File:Mouton Dorset Down.JPG|Mouton Dorset Down|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Dorset Down<br />
|l1=Terminal Sire Breeds#Dorset Down<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (v) Terminal Sire<br />
|l2= Terminal Sire Breeds# Dorset Down <br />
|q3= Did this breed originate in continental Europe or Great Britain? <br />
|a3= Great Britain, specifically Southern England<br />
|l3= Terminal Sire Breeds# Dorset Down <br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*shortwool<br />
*polled<br />
*dark colour on its face and lower legs<br />
*white fleece round the cheeks, between the ears, on the forehead and down the legs<br />
*ewes produce early maturing lambs<br />
|l4= Terminal Sire Breeds# Dorset Down <br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
<br />
[[File:Texel sheep.jpg|Texel sheep|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Texel<br />
|l1=Terminal Sire Breeds#Texel<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (v) Terminal Sire<br />
|l2=Terminal Sire Breeds#Texel<br />
|q3= Did this breed originate in continental Europe or Great Britain? <br />
|a3= continental Europe, specifically Belgium<br />
|l3= Terminal Sire Breeds#Texel<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*white-faced with no wool on its legs or head<br />
* black, blue or brown shading or patches on the head<br />
*distinct short and wide face with a black nose<br />
*widely placed short ears and black hooves <br />
*large, double-muscled hindquarters/gigots<br />
|l4= Terminal Sire Breeds#Texel<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
<br />
[[File:Mouton Charollais.JPG|Mouton Charollais|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Charollais<br />
|l1= Terminal Sire Breeds#Charollais<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (v) Terminal Sire<br />
|l2=Terminal Sire Breeds#Charollais<br />
|q3= Did this breed originate in continental Europe or Great Britain? <br />
|a3= continental Europe, specifically France<br />
|l3= Terminal Sire Breeds#Charollais<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*pink-grey skin on their faces, covered by white hair<br />
*distinct feature of white flash, above each eye <br />
*fleece is white or cream colour but is not found on their face or legs<br />
*both sexes are naturally polled<br />
*strong maternal traits, easy lambing and can produce fast growing, robust lambs<br />
|l4= Terminal Sire Breeds#Charollais<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
<br />
[[File:Beltex Sheep near Whygill - geograph.org.uk - 209731.jpg|Beltex Sheep near Whygill - geograph.org.uk - 209731|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Beltex<br />
|l1= Terminal Sire Breeds#Beltex<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (v) Terminal Sire<br />
|l2=Terminal Sire Breeds#Beltex<br />
|q3= Did this breed originate in continental Europe or Great Britain? <br />
|a3= continental Europe, specifically Belgium<br />
|l3= Terminal Sire Breeds#Beltex<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*white-faced with no wool on its legs or head<br />
*may have black, blue or brown shading or patches on the head<br />
*distinct short and wide face with a black nose<br />
*widely placed short ears and black hooves <br />
*large, double-muscled hindquarters/gigots<br />
|l4= Terminal Sire Breeds#Beltex<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
<br />
[[File:Lleyn sheep.jpg|Lleyn sheep|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Lleyn<br />
|l1= Shortwool Ewe Breeds#Lleyn<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (v) Shortwool Ewe<br />
|l2=Shortwool Ewe Breeds#Lleyn<br />
|q3= Did this breed originate in continental Europe or Great Britain? <br />
|a3= Great Britain, specifically the Lleyn peninsula in Wales<br />
|l3= Shortwool Ewe Breeds#Lleyn<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*naturally polled with a white or cream colour fleece<br />
*versatility for lowland and upland<br />
*head is cream/white in colour with a black nose and thick ears with black spots<br />
|l4= Shortwool Ewe Breeds#Lleyn<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
<br />
[[File:Clun forest.jpg|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Clun Forest<br />
|l1= Shortwool Ewe Breeds#Clun Forest<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (v) Shortwool Ewe<br />
|l2=Shortwool Ewe Breeds#Clun Forest<br />
|q3= Did this breed originate in continental Europe or Great Britain? <br />
|a3= Great Britain, specifically Shropshire in England<br />
|l3= Shortwool Ewe Breeds#Clun Forest<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*distinct face that is dark rich in colour, narrow and free from wool; except for a wollen top knot on the top of the head<br />
*black legs and feet, free from wool from hock down <br />
*adaptable to variety of conditions<br />
*docile, relatively easy care breed <br />
|l4= Shortwool Ewe Breeds#Clun Forest<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
<br />
[[File:Scotmule.jpg|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Scottish Mule<br />
|l1= Longwool Crossbreeds#Scottish Mule<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (iii) Longwool Crossbreed<br />
|l2= Longwool Crossbreeds#Scottish Mule <br />
|q3= Name the sire and dam breeds of this crossbreed.<br />
|a3= Bluefaced Leicester ram and Scottish Blackface ewe<br />
|l3= Longwool Crossbreeds#Scottish Mule<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*renowned for being of good size/frame, prolific with good milking ability and mothering instincts<br />
*produce good sized lambs, especially when mated with a terminal sire breed<br />
|l4= Longwool Crossbreeds#Scottish Mule<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
[[File:Sheep Study 7.jpg|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= North Country Mule<br />
|l1= Longwool Crossbreeds#North Country Mule<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (iii) Longwool Crossbreed<br />
|l2= Longwool Crossbreeds#North Country Mule<br />
|q3= Name the sire and dam breeds of this crossbreed.<br />
|a3= Bluefaced Leicester ram and either a Swaledale or Northumberland type Scottish Blackface ewe<br />
|l3= Longwool Crossbreeds#North Country Mule<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*renowned for being of good size/frame, prolific with good milking ability and mothering instincts<br />
*produce good sized lambs, especially when mated with a terminal sire breed<br />
|l4= Longwool Crossbreeds#North Country Mule<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
[[File:Welshmule.jpg|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Welsh Mule<br />
|l1= Longwool Crossbreeds#Welsh Mule<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (iii) Longwool Crossbreed<br />
|l2= Longwool Crossbreeds#Welsh Mule<br />
|q3= Name the sire and dam breeds of this crossbreed.<br />
|a3= Bluefaced Leicester ram and either a Welsh Mountain, Beulah or Welsh Hill Speckled-face ewe <br />
|l3= Longwool Crossbreeds#Welsh Mule<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*renowned for being of good size/frame, prolific with good milking ability and mothering instincts<br />
*produce good sized lambs, especially when mated with a terminal sire breed<br />
|l4= Longwool Crossbreeds#Welsh Mule<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
[[File:Scotgrey.jpg|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Greyface<br />
|l1= Longwool Crossbreeds#Greyface<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (iii) Longwool Crossbreed<br />
|l2= Longwool Crossbreeds#Greyface<br />
|q3= Name the sire and dam breeds of this crossbreed. <br />
|a3= Border Leicester Ram and Scottish Blackface Ewe<br />
|l3= Longwool Crossbreeds#Greyface<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*renowned for being of good size/frame, prolific with good milking ability and mothering instincts<br />
*produce good sized lambs, especially when mated with a terminal sire breed<br />
|l4= Longwool Crossbreeds#Greyface<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
[[File:Scothalf.jpg|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Scottish Halfbred<br />
|l1= Longwool Crossbreeds#Scottish Halfbred<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (iii) Longwool Crossbreed<br />
|l2= Longwool Crossbreeds#Scottish Halfbred<br />
|q3= Name the sire and dam breeds of this crossbreed.<br />
|a3= Border Leicester ram and Cheviot ewe<br />
|l3= Longwool Crossbreeds#Scottish Halfbred<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*renowned for being of good size/frame, prolific with good milking ability and mothering instincts<br />
*produce good sized lambs, especially when mated with a terminal sire breed<br />
|l4= Longwool Crossbreeds#Scottish Halfbred<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
[[File:Welshhal.jpg|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Welsh Halfbred<br />
|l1= Longwool Crossbreeds#Welsh Halfbred<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (iii) Longwool Crossbreed<br />
|l2= Longwool Crossbreeds#Welsh Halfbred<br />
|q3= Name the sire and dam breeds of this crossbreed.<br />
|a3= Border Leicester ram and Welsh Mountain Ewe<br />
|l3= Longwool Crossbreeds#Welsh Halfbred<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*renowned for being of good size/frame, prolific with good milking ability and mothering instincts<br />
*produce good sized lambs, especially when mated with a terminal sire breed<br />
|l4= Longwool Crossbreeds#Welsh Halfbred<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
[[Image:Englishhalf.jpg|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= English Halfbred<br />
|l1= Longwool Crossbreeds#English Halfbred<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (iii) Longwool Crossbreed<br />
|l2= Longwool Crossbreeds#Engish Halfbred<br />
|q3= Name the sire and dam breeds of this crossbreed.<br />
|a3= Border Leicester ram and Clun Forest Ewe<br />
|l3= Longwool Crossbreeds#English Halfbred<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*renowned for being of good size/frame, prolific with good milking ability and mothering instincts<br />
*produce good sized lambs, especially when mated with a terminal sire breed<br />
|l4= Longwool Crossbreeds#English Halfbred<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
[[Category:Sheep Breeds]]<br />
[[Category:To Do]]</div>Kcam11https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Longwool_Breeds&diff=127357Longwool Breeds2011-09-11T10:52:30Z<p>Kcam11: /* Bluefaced Leicester */</p>
<hr />
<div>Longwool breeds are characterised by their lack of horns, large size/frame, long wool with a silvery and glistening appearance. They have a heavy, long fleece and all-white face and legs. They are typically used to crossbreed with draft hill ewes. Compared to hill sheep, they are faster growing.<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
==Border Leicester==<br />
<br><br />
[[File:Border Leicester 02.jpg|Border Leicester 02|200px|right]]<br />
*The Border Leicester originated in the border regions of Southern Scotland and the North of England. <br />
*They have a distinctive appearance. Their head is covered with short white hair (no wool). <br />
*They have large white ears and a roman nose.<br />
*The Border Leicester ewe has a good maternal instinct and is moderately prolific. <br />
*The chief uses of wool are hosiery, dress fabrics, lining materials and hand-knitting wool. <br />
<br><br><br><br><br />
<br />
==Bluefaced Leicester==<br />
<br><br />
[[File:Bluefaced.jpg|Bluefaced Leicester|200px|right]]<br />
*The Bluefaced Leicester originated in the North of England.<br />
*The Bluefaced Leicester is considered the most important longwool crossing breed.<br />
*The skin of a Bluefaced Leicester is blueish in colour which shows through the white hair covering the head.<br />
*Their fleece is the finest of the longwool breeds, and it is important that the wool be tightly purled, fine and open cleanly to the skin. <br />
* They are the longest bodied of the British sheep and have large ears and a roman nose. <br />
*They are free of wool on their head, neck, belly and legs. <br />
*The Bluefaced Leicester ewe is prolific and has very good milking ability to match this.<br />
<br />
<br><br><br><br><br />
{{Learning<br />
|flashcards = [[Sheep Breeds Flashcards]]<br />
}}<br />
[[Category:Sheep Breeds]]<br />
[[Category:To Do]]</div>Kcam11https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Forage&diff=127356Forage2011-09-11T06:27:56Z<p>Kcam11: /* Clovers and Lucerne */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Grass== <br />
[[File:Grasshastie.jpg|Grass|200px]]<br />
===Characteristics===<br />
Typically based on ryegrass, but often mixed swards with cocksfoot, fescues, timothy, and legumes (e.g. clover). It is present in rough/hill grazing (often with heather, rushes, mosses), permanent pasture and rotational leys, the latter often high yielding italian or perennial ryegrass monocultures.<br />
<br><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Grass (young)||15 - 20 || 11.5 - 12.5 ||150 - 250<br />
|-<br />
|Grass (mature)||25 - 50 ||9.5 - 10.5 ||50 - 130<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
===Associated Problems===<!----Write below this line---><br />
<br />
Scours, hypomagnesaemic tetany (especially in winter, or in rapidly growing grass (e.g. spring,/early summer, late summer/autumn), bloat (especially as mixed legume swards), pasture-induced laminitis.<br />
<br><br><br><br />
<br />
==Silage and Haylage== <!----Write below this line---><br />
[[File:Big bale silage2.jpg|Silage|200px]]<br />
[[File:Big bale silage.jpg|Big Bale Silage|200px]]<br />
===Characteristics===<!----Write below this line---><br />
Silage is a fermented crop with a low dry matter content. It is cut at a relatively early stage of development and stored under anaerobic conditions (clamp or big bale). Haylage is similar to silage but is often cut at a more mature stage and is typically baled. Haylage has a higher pH and DM than silage and can often be of more variable quality. With horses haylage is typically preferred (by owners) to silage.<br />
<br><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)!! pH<br />
|-<br />
|Silage || 15 - 20 (20-30 clamp)(40-50 bale)|| 9.5 - 12 ||120 - 190 || 3.8 - 4.8<br />
|-<br />
|Haylage || 50-60 || 9 - 11.5 || 75 - 110 || 4.5 - 5.5<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
<br />
===Associated Problems===<!----Write below this line---><br />
Clostridia. Listeriosis. Acidosis. Moulds/mycotoxins. Poor fermentation (pH > 4.8) or too acidic (pH < 3.8).<br />
<br><br><br><br />
<br />
==Hay== <!----Write below this line---><br />
[[File:Hayhastie.jpg|Hay|200px]]<br />
[[File:Hay3.jpg|Hay|200px]]<br />
===Characteristics===<!----Write below this line---><br />
Hay is dried grass, either naturally or artificially (dependent on the weather). It is cut at a relatively late stage of maturity and is typically of variable quality in colour and smell, and nutritive value. There are various types of hay such as ryegrass, meadow, and timothy. <br><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Hay || 80 - 90 || 7.5 - 10.5 ||50 - 150<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
===Associated Problems===<!----Write below this line---><br />
Moulds/mycotoxins.<br />
<br><br><br><br />
<br />
==Straw== <!----Write below this line---><br />
[[File:Straw1.jpg|200px]]<br />
[[File:Straw4.jpg|200px]]<br />
===Characteristics===<!----Write below this line---><br />
Straw (usually barley or oat for feed) can be treated with alkali, urea or ammonia. It is commonly used as a roughage source for growing ruminants, and especially animals being reared in cereal beef systems. <br />
<br><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Straw || 86 - 88 || 6.1 - 7 || 34 - 38<br />
|-<br />
|Straw (ammoniated)|| 84 - 88 || 7.4 - 7.8 || 68 - 75<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
===Associated Problems===<!----Write below this line---><br />
Moulds/mycotoxin. Impaction within GI tract (especially horses). High intakes of straw (+ grains) are associated with hypomagnesaemic tetany (due to high K levels in grain and straw) <br />
<br><br><br><br />
<br />
==Whole-Crop Cereal Silage== <!----Write below this line---><br />
[[File:Near Knaps of Bedlam - geograph.org.uk - 1304243.jpg|200px]]<br />
===Characteristics===<!----Write below this line---><br />
Maize whole-crop silage has high energy concentration while having a low protein concentration. It is harvested when grain is in the late dough stage. Barley, oats, wheat, and triticale are also used for whole-crop cereal silage either as monocultures or mixed with legumes (e.g. peas) to improve protein content. They are also high in energy while low in protein. Whole-crop cereal silages are fed as sole forage or mixed with grass silage. <br />
<br><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Maize whole-crop silage || 22 - 35 || 10.5 - 12 ||65 - 110<br />
|-<br />
|Barley whole-crop silage || 30 - 40 ||9 - 11 ||80 - 110<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
===Associated Problems===<!----Write below this line---><br />
Clostridia. Listeriosis. Acidosis. Poor fermentation (pH > 4.8) or too acidic (pH < 3.8).<br />
<br />
==Clovers and Lucerne==<br />
[[File:Clover.jpg|Red clover|200px]]<br />
[[File:White Clover(Trifolium repens).jpg|White Clover|200px]]<br />
[[File:Lucerne flowers.jpg|Lucerne|200px]]<br />
===Characteristics===<!----Write below this line---><br />
Clovers are either white or red varieties. Clovers and Lucerne (aka Alfalfa) have a higher protein concentration and a higher mineral concentration (e.g. calcium) than grasses. Lucerne can be grazed or conserved as a monoculture. Lucernes also have a higher protein concentration than grasses. Legume silages tend to be more difficult to achieve a good fermentation, inoculants are usually required. <br />
<br><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Clover || 18 - 20 || 9 - 10.5 || 170 - 250<br />
|-<br />
|Lucerne || 22 - 25 || 8 - 10.5 || 150 - 200<br />
|-<br />
|Lucerne Hay || 84 - 88 || 8 - 10.5 || 200 - 225<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
===Associated Problems===<!----Write below this line---><br />
<br />
Bloat (frothy). Red clovers and some Lucerne varieties may also contain significant levels of phytoestrogens that cause subfertility. <br />
<br><br><br><br />
<br />
==Kale and Rape== <br />
[[File:Kale1.jpg||200px|Kale]]<br />
===Characteristics===<br />
Kale and rape are considered good, digestible fodder. They have a higher protein concentration, carbohydrate concentration and calcium concentration than grasses. Rape has a higher protein concentration than kale. <br />
<br><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Kale || 14 || 11 || 160<br />
|-<br />
|Rape || 14 || 9.5 || 200<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
===Associated Problems===<br />
Goitrogenic. Haemolytic anaemia, haemoglobinuria. Feed to pregnant ewes with caution (can observe malformed, dead lambs at parturition).<br />
<br><br><br><br />
{{Learning<br />
|flashcards = [[Animal Nutrition Flashcards]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Animal Nutrition]]<br />
[[Category:To Do]]</div>Kcam11https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Forage&diff=127355Forage2011-09-11T06:27:10Z<p>Kcam11: /* Clovers and Lucerne */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Grass== <br />
[[File:Grasshastie.jpg|Grass|200px]]<br />
===Characteristics===<br />
Typically based on ryegrass, but often mixed swards with cocksfoot, fescues, timothy, and legumes (e.g. clover). It is present in rough/hill grazing (often with heather, rushes, mosses), permanent pasture and rotational leys, the latter often high yielding italian or perennial ryegrass monocultures.<br />
<br><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Grass (young)||15 - 20 || 11.5 - 12.5 ||150 - 250<br />
|-<br />
|Grass (mature)||25 - 50 ||9.5 - 10.5 ||50 - 130<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
===Associated Problems===<!----Write below this line---><br />
<br />
Scours, hypomagnesaemic tetany (especially in winter, or in rapidly growing grass (e.g. spring,/early summer, late summer/autumn), bloat (especially as mixed legume swards), pasture-induced laminitis.<br />
<br><br><br><br />
<br />
==Silage and Haylage== <!----Write below this line---><br />
[[File:Big bale silage2.jpg|Silage|200px]]<br />
[[File:Big bale silage.jpg|Big Bale Silage|200px]]<br />
===Characteristics===<!----Write below this line---><br />
Silage is a fermented crop with a low dry matter content. It is cut at a relatively early stage of development and stored under anaerobic conditions (clamp or big bale). Haylage is similar to silage but is often cut at a more mature stage and is typically baled. Haylage has a higher pH and DM than silage and can often be of more variable quality. With horses haylage is typically preferred (by owners) to silage.<br />
<br><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)!! pH<br />
|-<br />
|Silage || 15 - 20 (20-30 clamp)(40-50 bale)|| 9.5 - 12 ||120 - 190 || 3.8 - 4.8<br />
|-<br />
|Haylage || 50-60 || 9 - 11.5 || 75 - 110 || 4.5 - 5.5<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
<br />
===Associated Problems===<!----Write below this line---><br />
Clostridia. Listeriosis. Acidosis. Moulds/mycotoxins. Poor fermentation (pH > 4.8) or too acidic (pH < 3.8).<br />
<br><br><br><br />
<br />
==Hay== <!----Write below this line---><br />
[[File:Hayhastie.jpg|Hay|200px]]<br />
[[File:Hay3.jpg|Hay|200px]]<br />
===Characteristics===<!----Write below this line---><br />
Hay is dried grass, either naturally or artificially (dependent on the weather). It is cut at a relatively late stage of maturity and is typically of variable quality in colour and smell, and nutritive value. There are various types of hay such as ryegrass, meadow, and timothy. <br><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Hay || 80 - 90 || 7.5 - 10.5 ||50 - 150<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
===Associated Problems===<!----Write below this line---><br />
Moulds/mycotoxins.<br />
<br><br><br><br />
<br />
==Straw== <!----Write below this line---><br />
[[File:Straw1.jpg|200px]]<br />
[[File:Straw4.jpg|200px]]<br />
===Characteristics===<!----Write below this line---><br />
Straw (usually barley or oat for feed) can be treated with alkali, urea or ammonia. It is commonly used as a roughage source for growing ruminants, and especially animals being reared in cereal beef systems. <br />
<br><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Straw || 86 - 88 || 6.1 - 7 || 34 - 38<br />
|-<br />
|Straw (ammoniated)|| 84 - 88 || 7.4 - 7.8 || 68 - 75<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
===Associated Problems===<!----Write below this line---><br />
Moulds/mycotoxin. Impaction within GI tract (especially horses). High intakes of straw (+ grains) are associated with hypomagnesaemic tetany (due to high K levels in grain and straw) <br />
<br><br><br><br />
<br />
==Whole-Crop Cereal Silage== <!----Write below this line---><br />
[[File:Near Knaps of Bedlam - geograph.org.uk - 1304243.jpg|200px]]<br />
===Characteristics===<!----Write below this line---><br />
Maize whole-crop silage has high energy concentration while having a low protein concentration. It is harvested when grain is in the late dough stage. Barley, oats, wheat, and triticale are also used for whole-crop cereal silage either as monocultures or mixed with legumes (e.g. peas) to improve protein content. They are also high in energy while low in protein. Whole-crop cereal silages are fed as sole forage or mixed with grass silage. <br />
<br><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Maize whole-crop silage || 22 - 35 || 10.5 - 12 ||65 - 110<br />
|-<br />
|Barley whole-crop silage || 30 - 40 ||9 - 11 ||80 - 110<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
===Associated Problems===<!----Write below this line---><br />
Clostridia. Listeriosis. Acidosis. Poor fermentation (pH > 4.8) or too acidic (pH < 3.8).<br />
<br />
==Clovers and Lucerne==<br />
[[File:Clover.jpg|Red clover|100px]]<br />
[[File:White Clover(Trifolium repens).jpg|White Clover|200px]]<br />
[[File:Lucerne flowers.jpg|Lucerne|200px]]<br />
===Characteristics===<!----Write below this line---><br />
Clovers are either white or red varieties. Clovers and Lucerne (aka Alfalfa) have a higher protein concentration and a higher mineral concentration (e.g. calcium) than grasses. Lucerne can be grazed or conserved as a monoculture. Lucernes also have a higher protein concentration than grasses. Legume silages tend to be more difficult to achieve a good fermentation, inoculants are usually required. <br />
<br><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Clover || 18 - 20 || 9 - 10.5 || 170 - 250<br />
|-<br />
|Lucerne || 22 - 25 || 8 - 10.5 || 150 - 200<br />
|-<br />
|Lucerne Hay || 84 - 88 || 8 - 10.5 || 200 - 225<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
===Associated Problems===<!----Write below this line---><br />
<br />
Bloat (frothy). Red clovers and some Lucerne varieties may also contain significant levels of phytoestrogens that cause subfertility. <br />
<br><br><br><br />
<br />
==Kale and Rape== <br />
[[File:Kale1.jpg||200px|Kale]]<br />
===Characteristics===<br />
Kale and rape are considered good, digestible fodder. They have a higher protein concentration, carbohydrate concentration and calcium concentration than grasses. Rape has a higher protein concentration than kale. <br />
<br><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Kale || 14 || 11 || 160<br />
|-<br />
|Rape || 14 || 9.5 || 200<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
===Associated Problems===<br />
Goitrogenic. Haemolytic anaemia, haemoglobinuria. Feed to pregnant ewes with caution (can observe malformed, dead lambs at parturition).<br />
<br><br><br><br />
{{Learning<br />
|flashcards = [[Animal Nutrition Flashcards]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Animal Nutrition]]<br />
[[Category:To Do]]</div>Kcam11https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Forage&diff=127354Forage2011-09-11T06:23:05Z<p>Kcam11: /* Kale and Rape */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Grass== <br />
[[File:Grasshastie.jpg|Grass|200px]]<br />
===Characteristics===<br />
Typically based on ryegrass, but often mixed swards with cocksfoot, fescues, timothy, and legumes (e.g. clover). It is present in rough/hill grazing (often with heather, rushes, mosses), permanent pasture and rotational leys, the latter often high yielding italian or perennial ryegrass monocultures.<br />
<br><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Grass (young)||15 - 20 || 11.5 - 12.5 ||150 - 250<br />
|-<br />
|Grass (mature)||25 - 50 ||9.5 - 10.5 ||50 - 130<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
===Associated Problems===<!----Write below this line---><br />
<br />
Scours, hypomagnesaemic tetany (especially in winter, or in rapidly growing grass (e.g. spring,/early summer, late summer/autumn), bloat (especially as mixed legume swards), pasture-induced laminitis.<br />
<br><br><br><br />
<br />
==Silage and Haylage== <!----Write below this line---><br />
[[File:Big bale silage2.jpg|Silage|200px]]<br />
[[File:Big bale silage.jpg|Big Bale Silage|200px]]<br />
===Characteristics===<!----Write below this line---><br />
Silage is a fermented crop with a low dry matter content. It is cut at a relatively early stage of development and stored under anaerobic conditions (clamp or big bale). Haylage is similar to silage but is often cut at a more mature stage and is typically baled. Haylage has a higher pH and DM than silage and can often be of more variable quality. With horses haylage is typically preferred (by owners) to silage.<br />
<br><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)!! pH<br />
|-<br />
|Silage || 15 - 20 (20-30 clamp)(40-50 bale)|| 9.5 - 12 ||120 - 190 || 3.8 - 4.8<br />
|-<br />
|Haylage || 50-60 || 9 - 11.5 || 75 - 110 || 4.5 - 5.5<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
<br />
===Associated Problems===<!----Write below this line---><br />
Clostridia. Listeriosis. Acidosis. Moulds/mycotoxins. Poor fermentation (pH > 4.8) or too acidic (pH < 3.8).<br />
<br><br><br><br />
<br />
==Hay== <!----Write below this line---><br />
[[File:Hayhastie.jpg|Hay|200px]]<br />
[[File:Hay3.jpg|Hay|200px]]<br />
===Characteristics===<!----Write below this line---><br />
Hay is dried grass, either naturally or artificially (dependent on the weather). It is cut at a relatively late stage of maturity and is typically of variable quality in colour and smell, and nutritive value. There are various types of hay such as ryegrass, meadow, and timothy. <br><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Hay || 80 - 90 || 7.5 - 10.5 ||50 - 150<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
===Associated Problems===<!----Write below this line---><br />
Moulds/mycotoxins.<br />
<br><br><br><br />
<br />
==Straw== <!----Write below this line---><br />
[[File:Straw1.jpg|200px]]<br />
[[File:Straw4.jpg|200px]]<br />
===Characteristics===<!----Write below this line---><br />
Straw (usually barley or oat for feed) can be treated with alkali, urea or ammonia. It is commonly used as a roughage source for growing ruminants, and especially animals being reared in cereal beef systems. <br />
<br><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Straw || 86 - 88 || 6.1 - 7 || 34 - 38<br />
|-<br />
|Straw (ammoniated)|| 84 - 88 || 7.4 - 7.8 || 68 - 75<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
===Associated Problems===<!----Write below this line---><br />
Moulds/mycotoxin. Impaction within GI tract (especially horses). High intakes of straw (+ grains) are associated with hypomagnesaemic tetany (due to high K levels in grain and straw) <br />
<br><br><br><br />
<br />
==Whole-Crop Cereal Silage== <!----Write below this line---><br />
[[File:Near Knaps of Bedlam - geograph.org.uk - 1304243.jpg|200px]]<br />
===Characteristics===<!----Write below this line---><br />
Maize whole-crop silage has high energy concentration while having a low protein concentration. It is harvested when grain is in the late dough stage. Barley, oats, wheat, and triticale are also used for whole-crop cereal silage either as monocultures or mixed with legumes (e.g. peas) to improve protein content. They are also high in energy while low in protein. Whole-crop cereal silages are fed as sole forage or mixed with grass silage. <br />
<br><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Maize whole-crop silage || 22 - 35 || 10.5 - 12 ||65 - 110<br />
|-<br />
|Barley whole-crop silage || 30 - 40 ||9 - 11 ||80 - 110<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
===Associated Problems===<!----Write below this line---><br />
Clostridia. Listeriosis. Acidosis. Poor fermentation (pH > 4.8) or too acidic (pH < 3.8).<br />
<br />
==Clovers and Lucerne==<br />
[[File:Clover.jpg|clover|100px]]<br />
[[File:Lucerne flowers.jpg|Lucerne|200px]]<br />
===Characteristics===<!----Write below this line---><br />
Clovers are either white or red varieties. Clovers and Lucerne (aka Alfalfa) have a higher protein concentration and a higher mineral concentration (e.g. calcium) than grasses. Lucerne can be grazed or conserved as a monoculture. Lucernes also have a higher protein concentration than grasses. Legume silages tend to be more difficult to achieve a good fermentation, inoculants are usually required. <br />
<br><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Clover || 18 - 20 || 9 - 10.5 || 170 - 250<br />
|-<br />
|Lucerne || 22 - 25 || 8 - 10.5 || 150 - 200<br />
|-<br />
|Lucerne Hay || 84 - 88 || 8 - 10.5 || 200 - 225<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
===Associated Problems===<!----Write below this line---><br />
<br />
Bloat (frothy). Red clovers and some Lucerne varieties may also contain significant levels of phytoestrogens that cause subfertility. <br />
<br><br><br><br />
<br />
==Kale and Rape== <br />
[[File:Kale1.jpg||200px|Kale]]<br />
===Characteristics===<br />
Kale and rape are considered good, digestible fodder. They have a higher protein concentration, carbohydrate concentration and calcium concentration than grasses. Rape has a higher protein concentration than kale. <br />
<br><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Kale || 14 || 11 || 160<br />
|-<br />
|Rape || 14 || 9.5 || 200<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
===Associated Problems===<br />
Goitrogenic. Haemolytic anaemia, haemoglobinuria. Feed to pregnant ewes with caution (can observe malformed, dead lambs at parturition).<br />
<br><br><br><br />
{{Learning<br />
|flashcards = [[Animal Nutrition Flashcards]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Animal Nutrition]]<br />
[[Category:To Do]]</div>Kcam11https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Large_Animal_Nutrition_Flashcards&diff=127353Large Animal Nutrition Flashcards2011-09-11T06:19:41Z<p>Kcam11: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Grass==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= Is this feed classified as a i) forage; ii) root, tuber or their by-product; iii) cereal or their by-product; or iv) protein concentrate & source? <br />
|a1= This type of feed is classified as i) forage. <br />
|l1=Forage#Grass<br />
|q2= What is the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) range of this feed?<br />
|a2= {| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Header text !! Header text !! Header text<br />
|-<br />
| Example || Example || Example<br />
|-<br />
| Example || Example || Example<br />
|-<br />
| Example || Example || Example<br />
|}<br />
|l2= Forage#Grass<br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of this feed?<br />
|a3= Typically based on ryegrass, but often mixed swards with cocksfoot, fescues, timothy, and legumes (e.g. clover). It is present in rough/hill grazing (often with heather, rushes, mosses), permanent pasture and rotational leys, the latter often high yielding italian or perennial ryegrass monocultures.<br />
|l3= Forage#Grass<br />
|q4= What concerns are associated with this feed? <br />
|a4= Scours, hypomagnesaemic tetany (especially in winter, or in rapidly growing grass (e.g. spring,/early summer, late summer/autumn), bloat (especially as mixed legume swards), pasture-induced laminitis.<br />
|l4= Forage#Grass <br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Silage and Haylage==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= Are these feeds classified as i) forages; ii) roots, tubers or their by-products; iii) cereals or their by-products; or iv) protein concentrates & sources? <br />
|a1= These types of feed are classified as i) forages. <br />
|l1=Forage#Silage and Haylage<br />
|q2=What is the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) range of silage and haylage?<br />
|a2= <br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)!! pH<br />
|-<br />
|Silage || 15 - 20 (20-30 clamp)(40-50 bale)|| 9.5 - 12 ||120 - 190 || 3.8 - 4.8<br />
|-<br />
|Haylage || 50-60 || 9 - 11.5 || 75 - 110 || 4.5 - 5.5<br />
|}<br />
|l2= Forage#Silage and Haylage<br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of these feeds?<br />
|a3= Silage is a fermented crop with a low dry matter content. It is cut at a relatively early stage of development and stored under anaerobic conditions. Haylage is similar to silage but is often cut at a more mature stage. It typically has a higher pH and DM than silage and can often be of more variable quality. With horses haylage is typically preferred (by owners) to silage. <br />
|l3= Forage#Silage and Haylage<br />
|q4= What concerns are associated with these feeds?<br />
|a4= Clostridia. Listeriosis. Acidosis. Moulds/mycotoxins. Poor fermentation (pH > 4.8) or too acidic (pH < 3.8).<br />
|l4= Forage#Silage and Haylage<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Hay==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= Is this feed classified as a i) forage; ii) root, tuber or their by-product; iii) cereal or their by-product; or iv) protein concentrate & source? <br />
|a1= This type of feed is classified as i) forage. <br />
|l1=Forage#Hay<br />
|q2= What is the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) range of this feed?<br />
|a2= {| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Hay || 80 - 90 || 7.5 - 10.5 ||50 - 150<br />
|}<br />
|l2= Forage#Hay<br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of this feed?<br />
|a3= Hay is dried grass, either naturally or artificially (dependent on the weather). It is cut at a relatively late stage of maturity and is typically of variable quality in colour and smell, and nutritive value. There are various types of hay such as ryegrass, meadow, and timothy. <br />
|l3= Forage#Hay<br />
|q4= What concern is associated with this feed? <br />
|a4= Mould/mycotoxins.<br />
|l4= Forage#Hay<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Straw==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= Is this feed classified as a i) forage; ii) root, tuber or their by-product; iii) cereal or their by-product; or iv) protein concentrate & source? <br />
|a1= This type of feed is classified as i) forage. <br />
|l1=Forage#Straw<br />
|q2= What is the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) range of this feed?<br />
|a2= <br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Straw || 86 - 88 || 6.1 - 7 || 34 - 38<br />
|-<br />
|Straw (ammoniated)|| 84 - 88 || 7.4 - 7.8 || 68 - 75<br />
|}<br />
|l2= Forage#Straw<br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of this feed?<br />
|a3= Straw (usually barley or oat for feed) can be treated with alkali, urea or ammonia. It is commonly used as a roughage source for growing ruminants, and especially animals being reared in cereal beef systems. <br />
|l3= Forage#Straw<br />
|q4= What concerns are associated with this feed? <br />
|a4= Moulds/mycotoxin. Impaction within GI tract (especially horses). High intakes of straw (+ grains) are associated with hypomagnesaemic tetany (due to high K levels in grain and straw) <br />
|l4= Forage#Straw<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Whole-Crop Cereal Silages==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= Are these feeds classified as i) forages; ii) roots, tubers or their by-products; iii) cereals or their by-products; or iv) protein concentrates & sources? <br />
|a1= These feeds are classified as i) forages. <br />
|l1=Forage#Whole-Crop Cereal Silage<br />
|q2= What are the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) ranges of these feeds?<br />
|a2= <br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Maize whole-crop silage || 22 - 35 || 10.5 - 12 ||65 - 110<br />
|-<br />
|Barley whole-crop silage || 30 - 40 ||9 - 11 ||80 - 110<br />
|}<br />
|l2= Forage#Whole-Crop Cereal Silage<br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of these feeds?<br />
|a3= Maize whole-crop silage has high energy concentration while having a low protein concentration. It is harvested when grain is in the late dough stage. Barley, oats, wheat, and triticale are also used for whole-crop cereal silage either as monocultures or mixed with legumes (e.g. peas) to improve protein content. They are also high in energy while low in protein. Whole-crop cereal silages are fed as sole forage or mixed with grass silage. <br />
|l3= Forage#Whole-Crop Cereal Silage<br />
|q4= What concerns are associated with this feed? <br />
|a4= Clostridia. Listeriosis. Acidosis. Poor fermentation (pH > 4.8) or too acidic (pH < 3.8).<br />
|l4= Forage#Whole-Crop Cereal Silage<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Clovers and Lucerne==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= Are these feeds classified as i) forages; ii) roots, tubers or their by-products; iii) cereals or their by-products; or iv) protein concentrates & sources? <br />
|a1= These feeds are classified as forages and more specifically legumes. <br />
|l1=Forage#Clovers and Lucerne<br />
|q2=. What are the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) ranges of these feeds?<br />
|a2= {| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Clover || 18 - 20 || 9 - 10.5 || 170 - 250<br />
|-<br />
|Lucerne || 22 - 25 || 8 - 10.5 || 150 - 200<br />
|-<br />
|Lucerne Hay || 84 - 88 || 8 - 10.5 || 200 - 225<br />
|}<br />
|l2= Forage#Clovers and Lucerne<br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of these feeds?<br />
|a3= Clovers are either white or red varieties. Clovers and Lucerne (aka Alfalfa) have a higher protein concentration and a higher mineral concentration (e.g. calcium) than grasses. Lucerne can be grazed or conserved as a monoculture. Lucernes also have a higher protein concentration than grasses. Legume silages tend to be more difficult to achieve a good fermentation, inoculants are usually required. <br />
|l3= Forage#Clover and Lucerne<br />
|q4= What concerns are associated with these feeds?<br />
|a4= Bloat (frothy). Red clovers and some Lucerne varieties may also contain significant levels of phytoestrogens that cause subfertility. <br />
|l4= Forage#Clovers and Lucerne<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Kale and Rape==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= Are these feeds classified as i) forages; ii) roots, tubers or their by-products; iii) cereals or their by-products; or iv) protein concentrates & sources? <br />
|a1= These types of feed are classified as i) forages, and more specifically forage brassicas.<br />
|l1=Forage#Kale and Rape<br />
|q2= What is the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) of these feeds?<br />
|a2= {| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Kale || 14 || 11 || 160<br />
|-<br />
|Rape || 14 || 9.5 || 200<br />
|}<br />
|l2= Forage#Kale and Rape<br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of these feeds?<br />
|a3= Kale and rape are considered good, digestible fodder. They have a higher protein concentration, carbohydrate concentration and calcium concentration than grasses. Rape has a higher protein concentration than kale. <br />
|l3= Forage#Kale and Rape<br />
|q4= What concerns are associated with these feeds?<br />
|a4= Goitrogenic. Haemolytic anaemia, haemoglobinuria. Feed to pregnant ewes with caution (can observe malformed, dead lambs at parturition).<br />
|l4= Forage#Kale and Rape<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Turnip and Swede==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= Are these feeds classified as i) forages; ii) roots, tubers or their by-products; iii) cereals or their by-products; or iv) protein concentrates & sources? <br />
|a1= These types of feed are classified as ii) roots, tubers or their & by-products, specifically roots.<br />
|l1=Roots, Tubers and By-Products#Turnip and Swede<br />
|q2= What is the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) of these feeds?<br />
|a2= {| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Turnip || 9 || 11.2 || 120<br />
|-<br />
|Swede || 12 || 12.8 || 110<br />
|}<br />
|l2= Roots, Tubers and By-Products#Turnip and Swede<br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of these feeds?<br />
|a3=Turnip and swede are related brassicas. They have good nutritive value, and typically a low dry matter and crude protein concentration. However, their protein tends to be very degradable.<br />
|l3= Roots, Tubers and By-Products#Turnip and Swede<br />
|q4= What concerns are associated with these feeds?<br />
|a4= Excess intakes associated with milk taint in dairy cows. Nitrate and sulphur toxicity.<br />
|l4= Roots, Tubers and By-Products#Turnip and Swede<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Mangel, Fodderbeet and Sugarbeet==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= Are these feeds classified as i) forage; ii) roots, tubers or their by-products; iii) cereals or their by-products; or iv) protein concentrates & sources? <br />
|a1= These types of feed are classified as ii) roots, tubers or their by-products, specifically roots.<br />
|l1= Roots, Tubers and By-Products#Mangel, Fodderbeet and Sugarbeet <br />
|q2= What is the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) of these feeds?<br />
|a2= {| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Mangel || 12 || 12.4 ||80<br />
|-<br />
|Fodderbeet || 18 ||11.9 ||70<br />
|}<br />
|l2= Roots, Tubers and By-Products#Mangel, Fodderbeet and Sugarbeet<br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of these feeds?<br />
|a3= These beets are very generally classified according to their DM content. Mangel < Fodderbeet < Sugarbeet. They are low in crude protein. Sugarbeets are primarily grown for sugar production, not feeding. <br />
|l3= Roots, Tubers and By-Products#Mangel, Fodderbeet and Sugarbeet<br />
|q4= What concerns are associated with these feeds?<br />
|a4= Mangels have a high nitrate concentration if fresh (need to store for a few weeks). High intakes of fodderbeet can cause GI tract disturbances, hypocalcaemia and in rare cases death. <br />
|l4= Roots, Tubers and By-Products#Mangel, Fodderbeet and Sugarbeet<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Sugarbeet Pulp==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= Is this feed classified as a i) forage; ii) root, tuber or their by-product; iii) cereal or their by-product; or iv) protein concentrate & source? <br />
|a1= This feed is classified as ii) root, tuber or their by-product, specifically a by-product from sugarbeet.<br />
|l1= Roots, Tubers and By-Products#Sugarbeet Pulp<br />
|q2= What is the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) of this feed?<br />
|a2= {| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|SB pulp (unmolassed) || 90 || 12.7 ||100<br />
|-<br />
|SB pulp (molassed) || 87 ||12.5 ||110<br />
|}<br />
|l2= Roots, Tubers and By-Products#Sugarbeet Pulp<br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of this feed?<br />
|a3= Sugarbeet pulp is the residue following sugar extraction from sugarbeet root. It has a high dry matter and digestible fibre content, but a relatively low protein and phosphorus concentration. It is available in pellets or shreds, molassed or unmolassed. Can also be ensiled with distillers/brewers grains (draff) to form Grainbeet. <br />
|l3= Roots, Tubers and By-Products#Sugarbeet Pulp<br />
|q4= What concerns is associated with this feed? <br />
|a4= Choke, especially in horses (can increase it’s volume up to 6x; recommended to soak (ca. 1 litre per 200g) for 24 hours prior to feeding to horses).<br />
|l4= Roots, Tubers and By-Products#Sugarbeet Pulp<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Molasses==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= Is this feed classified as a i) forage; ii) root, tuber or their by-product; iii) cereal or their by-product; or iv) protein concentrate & source? <br />
|a1= This feed is classified as ii) root, tuber or their by-product, specifically a by-product from sugarbeet.<br />
|l1= Roots, Tubers and By-Products#Molasses<br />
|q2= What is the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) range of this feed?<br />
|a2= {| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Molasses || 75 || 12.9 ||50<br />
|}<br />
|l2= Roots, Tubers and By-Products#Molasses<br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of this feed?<br />
|a3= Molasses is the residue following sugar extraction from sugarbeet root (also get molasses from sugarcane). It involves crystallisation and separation of sugar from water extract. Molasses is a thick, black liquid that is very low in protein concentration but very high in soluble sugars. It is often added to sugarbeet pulp, proprietary feeds, mineral licks, and TMR rations. <br />
|l3= Roots, Tubers and By-Products#Molasses<br />
|q4= What concerns are associated with this feed? <br />
|a4= Can be laxative. Acidosis at high intakes. <br />
|l4= Roots, Tubers and By-Products#Molasses<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Barley, Wheat and Oats==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= Are these feeds classified as i) forages; ii) roots, tubers or their by-products; iii) cereals or their by-products; or iv) protein concentrates & sources? <br />
|a1= These types of feed are classified as iii) cereals or their by-products, specifically cereal grains.<br />
|l1= Cereals and By-Products#Barley, Wheat & Oats <br />
|q2= What is the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) of these feeds?<br />
|a2= {| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Barley || 86 || 12.8 || 110<br />
|-<br />
|Wheat || 86 || 13.5 || 120<br />
|-<br />
|Oats || 86 || 12 || 110<br />
|}<br />
|l2= Cereals and By-Products#Barley, Wheat & Oats <br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of these feeds?<br />
|a3= Barley, wheat and oats are all starch rich cereal grains. They can be fed whole or processed. During processing, these grains can be rolled, bruised, milled, crimped, micronised, or treated with alkali or acid (e.g.prop-corn). In general, cattle need the grains to be processed more than sheep and goats. <br />
|l3= Cereals and By-Products#Barley, Wheat & Oats <br />
|q4= What concerns are associated with these feeds?<br />
|a4= Bloat. Acidosis. Soft fat. Liver abscesses. Cereals typically very poor source of calcium and deficient in Vitamins A and D. <br />
|l4= Cereals and By-Products#Barley, Wheat & Oats <br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Distillery and Brewing By-Products==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
||q1= Is this feed classified as i) forage; ii) roots, tubers or their by-products; iii) cereals or their by-products; or iv) protein concentrates & sources? <br />
|a1= These types of feed are classified as iii) cereals or their by-products, specifically cereal by-products of the distillery and brewing industries.<br />
|l1=Cereals and By-Products#Distillery and Brewing By-Products<br />
|q2= What is the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) of these feeds?<br />
|a2= {| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Brewer’s grains || 26 || 11.2 || 250<br />
|-<br />
|Distiller’s grains (draff) || 25 || 14.7 || 270<br />
|-<br />
|Distiller’s dark grains || 89 || 12.2 – 14.8 || 275 - 350<br />
|-<br />
|Malt culms || 90 || 11.2 || 270<br />
|}<br />
|l2= Cereals and By-Products# Distillery and Brewing By-Products<br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of these feeds?<br />
|a3= These by-products can be variable and are more suited to ruminants. They are a good source of fibre and have high unsaturated fatty acid content. The low DM by-products can be fed fresh or they can be ensiled. They are high in phosphorus but low in calcium and other minerals. <br />
|l3= Cereals and By-Products# Distillery and Brewing By-Products<br />
|q4= What concerns are associated with these feeds?<br />
|a4= Can be associated with deficiency in calcium, magnesium and other minerals. Poor fermentation and its associated problems can be encountered when ensiled. <br />
|l4= Cereals and By-Products# Distillery and Brewing By-Products<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Maize and Maize Gluten Feed==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
||q1= Are these feeds classified as i) forage; ii) roots, tubers or their by-products; iii) cereals or their by-products; or iv) protein concentrates & sources? <br />
|a1= These types of feed are classified as iii) cereals or their by-products.<br />
|l1=Cereals and By-Products#Maize and Maize Gluten Feed<br />
|q2= What is the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) of these feeds?<br />
|a2={| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Maize || 86 || 14.2 || 98<br />
|-<br />
|Flaked Maize || 90 || 15 || 110<br />
|-<br />
|Maize gluten feed || 90 || 12.7 || 250<br />
|} <br />
|l2= Cereals and By-Products#Maize and Maize Gluten Feed<br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of these feeds?<br />
|a3= These feeds are typically processed and may be flaked, rolled or micronised. They are suitable for ruminants and non-ruminants. Maize and maize gluten feed have high digestible energy, but poor source of calcium. <br />
|l3= Cereals and By-Products#Maize and Maize Gluten Feed<br />
|q4= What concerns are associated with these feeds?<br />
|a4= Maize and maize gluten feed can cause bloat and acidosis. The carcase fat colour can have a yellow pigmentation (due to presence of cryptoxanthin). <br />
|l4= Cereals and By-Products#Maize and Maize Gluten Feed <br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Oilseed Meals==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= Are these feeds classified as i) forages; ii) roots, tubers or their by-products; iii) cereals or their by-products; or iv) protein concentrates & sources? <br />
|a1= These types of feed are classified as iv) protein concentrates and sources.<br />
|l1= Protein Concentrates and Sources#Oilseed Meals<br />
|q2= What is the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) of these feeds?<br />
|a2= All oilseed meals are generally 90% DM. <br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Soyabean meal || 90 || 13.3 – 15.5 || 400 - 500<br />
|-<br />
|Cottonseed meal || 90 || 8.5 – 12.5 || 230 - 450<br />
|-<br />
|Rapeseed meal || 90 || 12 || 400<br />
|-<br />
|Linseed meal || 90 || 12 || 400<br />
|-<br />
|Sunflowerseed meal || 90 || 9.5 – 10.5 || 300 - 430<br />
|}|l2= Protein Concentrates and Sources#Oilseed Meals<br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of these feeds?<br />
|a3= Soyabean meal, cottonseed meal, rapeseed meal, linseed meal and sunflowerseed meal belong to the oilseed meal family. Oilseed meals are by-products and residues following the removal of oil from the seeds. They are a very good protein source with high digestibility and are a better source of calcium and phosphorus than cereals. <br />
|l3= Protein Concentrates and Sources#Oilseed Meals<br />
|q4= What concerns are associated with these feeds?<br />
|a4= Soyabeans are oestrogenic, goitrogenic and can contain high levels of lectins. Cottonseeds are low in essential amino acids, calcium and vitamins A and D, and can contain elevated levels of gossypols. Rapeseeds are goitrogenic and can contain elevated levels of tannins. Immature linseed has mucilage that is converted to hydrogen cyanide. Sunflowerseeds cause soft body fat in pigs due to high PUFA levels. <br />
|l4= Protein Concentrates and Sources#Oilseed Meals <br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Leguminous Seeds==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
||q1= Are these feeds classified as i) forages; ii) roots, tubers or their by-products; iii) cereals or their by-products; or iv) protein concentrates & sources? <br />
|a1= These types of feed are classified as iv) protein concentrates and sources.<br />
|l1= Protein Concentrates and Sources#Leguminous Seeds<br />
|q2= What is the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) of these feeds?<br />
|a2= {| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Peas || 86 || 13.8 || 260<br />
|-<br />
|Beans || 86 || 13.4 || 280<br />
|-<br />
|Lupin seed meal || 90 || 13.2 || 280 - 420<br />
|} <br />
|l2= Protein Concentrates and Sources#Leguminous Seeds <br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of these feeds?<br />
|a3= Leguminous seeds consists of peas, beans (broad, horse, windsor) and lupin (white, blue and yellow varieties) seeds. Leguminous seeds have a high protein content, good energy content and high phosphorus concentration, but tend to be low in calcium. Leguminous seeds can be eaten whole or processed (cracked, kibbled or ground). They are often used in place of other protein concentrations. <br />
|l3= Protein Concentrates and Sources#Leguminous Seeds <br />
|q4= What concerns are associated with these feeds?<br />
|a4= Some bean species may contain high levels of lectins. Lupin seeds may contain high levels of alkaloids (e.g. ergotamine). Can be associated with GI tract disturbances (colic, diarrhoea). <br />
|l4=Protein Concentrates and Sources#Leguminous Seeds<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Fishmeal==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= Is this feed classified as a i) forage; ii) root, tuber or their by-product; iii) cereal or their by-product; or iv) protein concentrate & source? <br />
|a1= This feed is classified as iv) protein concentrates & source.<br />
|l1= Protein Concentrates and Sources#Fishmeal<br />
|q2= What is the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) range of this feed?<br />
|a2= {| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Fishmeal || 91 || 14.5 - 18 || 700 - 800<br />
|}<br />
|l2= Protein Concentrates and Sources#Fishmeal<br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of this feed?<br />
|a3= For ruminants, fishmeal can only be used in unweaned calf milk replacers. Pigs, poultry and horses are permitted fishmeal. Fishmeal is included in small amounts and has many essential amino acids, vitamins and minerals. Contains high levels of calcium and phosphorus. UK produced fishmeal tends to be slightly lower nutritive value than herring or South American derived fishmeal. <br />
|l3= Protein Concentrates and Sources#Fishmeal<br />
|q4= What concerns are associated with this feed? <br />
|a4= Fishmeal is under severe restriction within the UK and EU. For ruminants, fishmeal can only be used in unweaned calf milk replacers. Pigs, poultry and horses are permitted fishmeal. High intakes are associated with taint of meat and eggs. <br />
|l4= Protein Concentrates and Sources#Fishmeal<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Urea==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= Is this feed classified as a i) forage; ii) root, tuber or their by-product; iii) cereal or their by-product; or iv) protein concentrate & source? <br />
|a1= This feed is classified as iv) protein concentrate & source, but this is a misnomer as technically it is not a protein, but an indirect source.<br />
|l1=Protein Concentrates and Sources#Urea<br />
|q2= What is the crude protein (CP) content of this feed?<br />
|a2= The CP is 2,900 g/kg DM. <br />
|l2=Protein Concentrates and Sources#Urea<br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of this feed?<br />
|a3= In ruminants, the rumen microflora hydrolyse urea to ammonia. Urea is often supplemented to diets of low protein concentration and can also be contained in molassed vitamin/mineral blocks. Urea may be used to treat straw (urine sometimes used in some developing countries), where it effectively improves digestibility of this low quality roughage. <br />
|l3=Protein Concentrates and Sources#Urea<br />
|q4= What concerns are associated with this feed? <br />
|a4= Less than one-third of the dietary nitrogen should be provided as urea in order to minimise ammonia toxicity. Signs of ammonia toxicity include bloat, twitching, ataxia, excessive salivation and death. <br />
|l4=Protein Concentrates and Sources#Urea<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
[[Category:Animal Nutrition|Z]]<br />
[[Category:To Do]]</div>Kcam11https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Large_Animal_Nutrition_Flashcards&diff=127352Large Animal Nutrition Flashcards2011-09-11T06:18:07Z<p>Kcam11: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Grass==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= Is this feed classified as a i) forage; ii) root, tuber or their by-product; iii) cereal or their by-product; or iv) protein concentrate & source? <br />
|a1= This type of feed is classified as i) forage. <br />
|l1=Forage#Grass<br />
|q2= What is the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) range of this feed?<br />
|a2= {| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Grass (young)||15 - 20 || 11.5 - 12.5 ||150 - 250<br />
|-<br />
|Grass (mature)||25 - 50 ||9.5 - 10.5 ||50 - 130<br />
|}<br />
|l2= Forage#Grass<br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of this feed?<br />
|a3= Typically based on ryegrass, but often mixed swards with cocksfoot, fescues, timothy, and legumes (e.g. clover). It is present in rough/hill grazing (often with heather, rushes, mosses), permanent pasture and rotational leys, the latter often high yielding italian or perennial ryegrass monocultures.<br />
|l3= Forage#Grass<br />
|q4= What concerns are associated with this feed? <br />
|a4= Scours, hypomagnesaemic tetany (especially in winter, or in rapidly growing grass (e.g. spring,/early summer, late summer/autumn), bloat (especially as mixed legume swards), pasture-induced laminitis.<br />
|l4= Forage#Grass <br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Silage and Haylage==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= Are these feeds classified as i) forages; ii) roots, tubers or their by-products; iii) cereals or their by-products; or iv) protein concentrates & sources? <br />
|a1= These types of feed are classified as i) forages. <br />
|l1=Forage#Silage and Haylage<br />
|q2=What is the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) range of silage and haylage?<br />
|a2= <br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)!! pH<br />
|-<br />
|Silage || 15 - 20 (20-30 clamp)(40-50 bale)|| 9.5 - 12 ||120 - 190 || 3.8 - 4.8<br />
|-<br />
|Haylage || 50-60 || 9 - 11.5 || 75 - 110 || 4.5 - 5.5<br />
|}<br />
|l2= Forage#Silage and Haylage<br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of these feeds?<br />
|a3= Silage is a fermented crop with a low dry matter content. It is cut at a relatively early stage of development and stored under anaerobic conditions. Haylage is similar to silage but is often cut at a more mature stage. It typically has a higher pH and DM than silage and can often be of more variable quality. With horses haylage is typically preferred (by owners) to silage. <br />
|l3= Forage#Silage and Haylage<br />
|q4= What concerns are associated with these feeds?<br />
|a4= Clostridia. Listeriosis. Acidosis. Moulds/mycotoxins. Poor fermentation (pH > 4.8) or too acidic (pH < 3.8).<br />
|l4= Forage#Silage and Haylage<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Hay==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= Is this feed classified as a i) forage; ii) root, tuber or their by-product; iii) cereal or their by-product; or iv) protein concentrate & source? <br />
|a1= This type of feed is classified as i) forage. <br />
|l1=Forage#Hay<br />
|q2= What is the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) range of this feed?<br />
|a2= {| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Hay || 80 - 90 || 7.5 - 10.5 ||50 - 150<br />
|}<br />
|l2= Forage#Hay<br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of this feed?<br />
|a3= Hay is dried grass, either naturally or artificially (dependent on the weather). It is cut at a relatively late stage of maturity and is typically of variable quality in colour and smell, and nutritive value. There are various types of hay such as ryegrass, meadow, and timothy. <br />
|l3= Forage#Hay<br />
|q4= What concern is associated with this feed? <br />
|a4= Mould/mycotoxins.<br />
|l4= Forage#Hay<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Straw==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= Is this feed classified as a i) forage; ii) root, tuber or their by-product; iii) cereal or their by-product; or iv) protein concentrate & source? <br />
|a1= This type of feed is classified as i) forage. <br />
|l1=Forage#Straw<br />
|q2= What is the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) range of this feed?<br />
|a2= <br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Straw || 86 - 88 || 6.1 - 7 || 34 - 38<br />
|-<br />
|Straw (ammoniated)|| 84 - 88 || 7.4 - 7.8 || 68 - 75<br />
|}<br />
|l2= Forage#Straw<br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of this feed?<br />
|a3= Straw (usually barley or oat for feed) can be treated with alkali, urea or ammonia. It is commonly used as a roughage source for growing ruminants, and especially animals being reared in cereal beef systems. <br />
|l3= Forage#Straw<br />
|q4= What concerns are associated with this feed? <br />
|a4= Moulds/mycotoxin. Impaction within GI tract (especially horses). High intakes of straw (+ grains) are associated with hypomagnesaemic tetany (due to high K levels in grain and straw) <br />
|l4= Forage#Straw<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Whole-Crop Cereal Silages==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= Are these feeds classified as i) forages; ii) roots, tubers or their by-products; iii) cereals or their by-products; or iv) protein concentrates & sources? <br />
|a1= These feeds are classified as i) forages. <br />
|l1=Forage#Whole-Crop Cereal Silage<br />
|q2= What are the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) ranges of these feeds?<br />
|a2= <br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Maize whole-crop silage || 22 - 35 || 10.5 - 12 ||65 - 110<br />
|-<br />
|Barley whole-crop silage || 30 - 40 ||9 - 11 ||80 - 110<br />
|}<br />
|l2= Forage#Whole-Crop Cereal Silage<br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of these feeds?<br />
|a3= Maize whole-crop silage has high energy concentration while having a low protein concentration. It is harvested when grain is in the late dough stage. Barley, oats, wheat, and triticale are also used for whole-crop cereal silage either as monocultures or mixed with legumes (e.g. peas) to improve protein content. They are also high in energy while low in protein. Whole-crop cereal silages are fed as sole forage or mixed with grass silage. <br />
|l3= Forage#Whole-Crop Cereal Silage<br />
|q4= What concerns are associated with this feed? <br />
|a4= Clostridia. Listeriosis. Acidosis. Poor fermentation (pH > 4.8) or too acidic (pH < 3.8).<br />
|l4= Forage#Whole-Crop Cereal Silage<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Clovers and Lucerne==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= Are these feeds classified as i) forages; ii) roots, tubers or their by-products; iii) cereals or their by-products; or iv) protein concentrates & sources? <br />
|a1= These feeds are classified as forages and more specifically legumes. <br />
|l1=Forage#Clovers and Lucerne<br />
|q2=. What are the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) ranges of these feeds?<br />
|a2= {| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Clover || 18 - 20 || 9 - 10.5 || 170 - 250<br />
|-<br />
|Lucerne || 22 - 25 || 8 - 10.5 || 150 - 200<br />
|-<br />
|Lucerne Hay || 84 - 88 || 8 - 10.5 || 200 - 225<br />
|}<br />
|l2= Forage#Clovers and Lucerne<br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of these feeds?<br />
|a3= Clovers are either white or red varieties. Clovers and Lucerne (aka Alfalfa) have a higher protein concentration and a higher mineral concentration (e.g. calcium) than grasses. Lucerne can be grazed or conserved as a monoculture. Lucernes also have a higher protein concentration than grasses. Legume silages tend to be more difficult to achieve a good fermentation, inoculants are usually required. <br />
|l3= Forage#Clover and Lucerne<br />
|q4= What concerns are associated with these feeds?<br />
|a4= Bloat (frothy). Red clovers and some Lucerne varieties may also contain significant levels of phytoestrogens that cause subfertility. <br />
|l4= Forage#Clovers and Lucerne<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Kale and Rape==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= Are these feeds classified as i) forages; ii) roots, tubers or their by-products; iii) cereals or their by-products; or iv) protein concentrates & sources? <br />
|a1= These types of feed are classified as i) forages, and more specifically forage brassicas.<br />
|l1=Forage#Kale and Rape<br />
|q2= What is the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) of these feeds?<br />
|a2= {| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Kale || 14 || 11 || 160<br />
|-<br />
|Rape || 14 || 9.5 || 200<br />
|}<br />
|l2= Forage#Kale and Rape<br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of these feeds?<br />
|a3= Kale and rape are considered good, digestible fodder. They have a higher protein concentration, carbohydrate concentration and calcium concentration than grasses. Rape has a higher protein concentration than kale. <br />
|l3= Forage#Kale and Rape<br />
|q4= What concerns are associated with these feeds?<br />
|a4= Goitrogenic. Haemolytic anaemia, haemoglobinuria. Feed to pregnant ewes with caution (can observe malformed, dead lambs at parturition).<br />
|l4= Forage#Kale and Rape<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Turnip and Swede==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= Are these feeds classified as i) forages; ii) roots, tubers or their by-products; iii) cereals or their by-products; or iv) protein concentrates & sources? <br />
|a1= These types of feed are classified as ii) roots, tubers or their & by-products, specifically roots.<br />
|l1=Roots, Tubers and By-Products#Turnip and Swede<br />
|q2= What is the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) of these feeds?<br />
|a2= {| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Turnip || 9 || 11.2 || 120<br />
|-<br />
|Swede || 12 || 12.8 || 110<br />
|}<br />
|l2= Roots, Tubers and By-Products#Turnip and Swede<br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of these feeds?<br />
|a3=Turnip and swede are related brassicas. They have good nutritive value, and typically a low dry matter and crude protein concentration. However, their protein tends to be very degradable.<br />
|l3= Roots, Tubers and By-Products#Turnip and Swede<br />
|q4= What concerns are associated with these feeds?<br />
|a4= Excess intakes associated with milk taint in dairy cows. Nitrate and sulphur toxicity.<br />
|l4= Roots, Tubers and By-Products#Turnip and Swede<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Mangel, Fodderbeet and Sugarbeet==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= Are these feeds classified as i) forage; ii) roots, tubers or their by-products; iii) cereals or their by-products; or iv) protein concentrates & sources? <br />
|a1= These types of feed are classified as ii) roots, tubers or their by-products, specifically roots.<br />
|l1= Roots, Tubers and By-Products#Mangel, Fodderbeet and Sugarbeet <br />
|q2= What is the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) of these feeds?<br />
|a2= {| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Mangel || 12 || 12.4 ||80<br />
|-<br />
|Fodderbeet || 18 ||11.9 ||70<br />
|}<br />
|l2= Roots, Tubers and By-Products#Mangel, Fodderbeet and Sugarbeet<br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of these feeds?<br />
|a3= These beets are very generally classified according to their DM content. Mangel < Fodderbeet < Sugarbeet. They are low in crude protein. Sugarbeets are primarily grown for sugar production, not feeding. <br />
|l3= Roots, Tubers and By-Products#Mangel, Fodderbeet and Sugarbeet<br />
|q4= What concerns are associated with these feeds?<br />
|a4= Mangels have a high nitrate concentration if fresh (need to store for a few weeks). High intakes of fodderbeet can cause GI tract disturbances, hypocalcaemia and in rare cases death. <br />
|l4= Roots, Tubers and By-Products#Mangel, Fodderbeet and Sugarbeet<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Sugarbeet Pulp==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= Is this feed classified as a i) forage; ii) root, tuber or their by-product; iii) cereal or their by-product; or iv) protein concentrate & source? <br />
|a1= This feed is classified as ii) root, tuber or their by-product, specifically a by-product from sugarbeet.<br />
|l1= Roots, Tubers and By-Products#Sugarbeet Pulp<br />
|q2= What is the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) of this feed?<br />
|a2= {| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|SB pulp (unmolassed) || 90 || 12.7 ||100<br />
|-<br />
|SB pulp (molassed) || 87 ||12.5 ||110<br />
|}<br />
|l2= Roots, Tubers and By-Products#Sugarbeet Pulp<br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of this feed?<br />
|a3= Sugarbeet pulp is the residue following sugar extraction from sugarbeet root. It has a high dry matter and digestible fibre content, but a relatively low protein and phosphorus concentration. It is available in pellets or shreds, molassed or unmolassed. Can also be ensiled with distillers/brewers grains (draff) to form Grainbeet. <br />
|l3= Roots, Tubers and By-Products#Sugarbeet Pulp<br />
|q4= What concerns is associated with this feed? <br />
|a4= Choke, especially in horses (can increase it’s volume up to 6x; recommended to soak (ca. 1 litre per 200g) for 24 hours prior to feeding to horses).<br />
|l4= Roots, Tubers and By-Products#Sugarbeet Pulp<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Molasses==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= Is this feed classified as a i) forage; ii) root, tuber or their by-product; iii) cereal or their by-product; or iv) protein concentrate & source? <br />
|a1= This feed is classified as ii) root, tuber or their by-product, specifically a by-product from sugarbeet.<br />
|l1= Roots, Tubers and By-Products#Molasses<br />
|q2= What is the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) range of this feed?<br />
|a2= {| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Molasses || 75 || 12.9 ||50<br />
|}<br />
|l2= Roots, Tubers and By-Products#Molasses<br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of this feed?<br />
|a3= Molasses is the residue following sugar extraction from sugarbeet root (also get molasses from sugarcane). It involves crystallisation and separation of sugar from water extract. Molasses is a thick, black liquid that is very low in protein concentration but very high in soluble sugars. It is often added to sugarbeet pulp, proprietary feeds, mineral licks, and TMR rations. <br />
|l3= Roots, Tubers and By-Products#Molasses<br />
|q4= What concerns are associated with this feed? <br />
|a4= Can be laxative. Acidosis at high intakes. <br />
|l4= Roots, Tubers and By-Products#Molasses<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Barley, Wheat and Oats==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= Are these feeds classified as i) forages; ii) roots, tubers or their by-products; iii) cereals or their by-products; or iv) protein concentrates & sources? <br />
|a1= These types of feed are classified as iii) cereals or their by-products, specifically cereal grains.<br />
|l1= Cereals and By-Products#Barley, Wheat & Oats <br />
|q2= What is the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) of these feeds?<br />
|a2= {| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Barley || 86 || 12.8 || 110<br />
|-<br />
|Wheat || 86 || 13.5 || 120<br />
|-<br />
|Oats || 86 || 12 || 110<br />
|}<br />
|l2= Cereals and By-Products#Barley, Wheat & Oats <br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of these feeds?<br />
|a3= Barley, wheat and oats are all starch rich cereal grains. They can be fed whole or processed. During processing, these grains can be rolled, bruised, milled, crimped, micronised, or treated with alkali or acid (e.g.prop-corn). In general, cattle need the grains to be processed more than sheep and goats. <br />
|l3= Cereals and By-Products#Barley, Wheat & Oats <br />
|q4= What concerns are associated with these feeds?<br />
|a4= Bloat. Acidosis. Soft fat. Liver abscesses. Cereals typically very poor source of calcium and deficient in Vitamins A and D. <br />
|l4= Cereals and By-Products#Barley, Wheat & Oats <br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Distillery and Brewing By-Products==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
||q1= Is this feed classified as i) forage; ii) roots, tubers or their by-products; iii) cereals or their by-products; or iv) protein concentrates & sources? <br />
|a1= These types of feed are classified as iii) cereals or their by-products, specifically cereal by-products of the distillery and brewing industries.<br />
|l1=Cereals and By-Products#Distillery and Brewing By-Products<br />
|q2= What is the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) of these feeds?<br />
|a2= {| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Brewer’s grains || 26 || 11.2 || 250<br />
|-<br />
|Distiller’s grains (draff) || 25 || 14.7 || 270<br />
|-<br />
|Distiller’s dark grains || 89 || 12.2 – 14.8 || 275 - 350<br />
|-<br />
|Malt culms || 90 || 11.2 || 270<br />
|}<br />
|l2= Cereals and By-Products# Distillery and Brewing By-Products<br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of these feeds?<br />
|a3= These by-products can be variable and are more suited to ruminants. They are a good source of fibre and have high unsaturated fatty acid content. The low DM by-products can be fed fresh or they can be ensiled. They are high in phosphorus but low in calcium and other minerals. <br />
|l3= Cereals and By-Products# Distillery and Brewing By-Products<br />
|q4= What concerns are associated with these feeds?<br />
|a4= Can be associated with deficiency in calcium, magnesium and other minerals. Poor fermentation and its associated problems can be encountered when ensiled. <br />
|l4= Cereals and By-Products# Distillery and Brewing By-Products<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Maize and Maize Gluten Feed==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
||q1= Are these feeds classified as i) forage; ii) roots, tubers or their by-products; iii) cereals or their by-products; or iv) protein concentrates & sources? <br />
|a1= These types of feed are classified as iii) cereals or their by-products.<br />
|l1=Cereals and By-Products#Maize and Maize Gluten Feed<br />
|q2= What is the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) of these feeds?<br />
|a2={| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Maize || 86 || 14.2 || 98<br />
|-<br />
|Flaked Maize || 90 || 15 || 110<br />
|-<br />
|Maize gluten feed || 90 || 12.7 || 250<br />
|} <br />
|l2= Cereals and By-Products#Maize and Maize Gluten Feed<br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of these feeds?<br />
|a3= These feeds are typically processed and may be flaked, rolled or micronised. They are suitable for ruminants and non-ruminants. Maize and maize gluten feed have high digestible energy, but poor source of calcium. <br />
|l3= Cereals and By-Products#Maize and Maize Gluten Feed<br />
|q4= What concerns are associated with these feeds?<br />
|a4= Maize and maize gluten feed can cause bloat and acidosis. The carcase fat colour can have a yellow pigmentation (due to presence of cryptoxanthin). <br />
|l4= Cereals and By-Products#Maize and Maize Gluten Feed <br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Oilseed Meals==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= Are these feeds classified as i) forages; ii) roots, tubers or their by-products; iii) cereals or their by-products; or iv) protein concentrates & sources? <br />
|a1= These types of feed are classified as iv) protein concentrates and sources.<br />
|l1= Protein Concentrates and Sources#Oilseed Meals<br />
|q2= What is the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) of these feeds?<br />
|a2= All oilseed meals are generally 90% DM. <br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Soyabean meal || 90 || 13.3 – 15.5 || 400 - 500<br />
|-<br />
|Cottonseed meal || 90 || 8.5 – 12.5 || 230 - 450<br />
|-<br />
|Rapeseed meal || 90 || 12 || 400<br />
|-<br />
|Linseed meal || 90 || 12 || 400<br />
|-<br />
|Sunflowerseed meal || 90 || 9.5 – 10.5 || 300 - 430<br />
|}|l2= Protein Concentrates and Sources#Oilseed Meals<br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of these feeds?<br />
|a3= Soyabean meal, cottonseed meal, rapeseed meal, linseed meal and sunflowerseed meal belong to the oilseed meal family. Oilseed meals are by-products and residues following the removal of oil from the seeds. They are a very good protein source with high digestibility and are a better source of calcium and phosphorus than cereals. <br />
|l3= Protein Concentrates and Sources#Oilseed Meals<br />
|q4= What concerns are associated with these feeds?<br />
|a4= Soyabeans are oestrogenic, goitrogenic and can contain high levels of lectins. Cottonseeds are low in essential amino acids, calcium and vitamins A and D, and can contain elevated levels of gossypols. Rapeseeds are goitrogenic and can contain elevated levels of tannins. Immature linseed has mucilage that is converted to hydrogen cyanide. Sunflowerseeds cause soft body fat in pigs due to high PUFA levels. <br />
|l4= Protein Concentrates and Sources#Oilseed Meals <br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Leguminous Seeds==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
||q1= Are these feeds classified as i) forages; ii) roots, tubers or their by-products; iii) cereals or their by-products; or iv) protein concentrates & sources? <br />
|a1= These types of feed are classified as iv) protein concentrates and sources.<br />
|l1= Protein Concentrates and Sources#Leguminous Seeds<br />
|q2= What is the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) of these feeds?<br />
|a2= {| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Peas || 86 || 13.8 || 260<br />
|-<br />
|Beans || 86 || 13.4 || 280<br />
|-<br />
|Lupin seed meal || 90 || 13.2 || 280 - 420<br />
|} <br />
|l2= Protein Concentrates and Sources#Leguminous Seeds <br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of these feeds?<br />
|a3= Leguminous seeds consists of peas, beans (broad, horse, windsor) and lupin (white, blue and yellow varieties) seeds. Leguminous seeds have a high protein content, good energy content and high phosphorus concentration, but tend to be low in calcium. Leguminous seeds can be eaten whole or processed (cracked, kibbled or ground). They are often used in place of other protein concentrations. <br />
|l3= Protein Concentrates and Sources#Leguminous Seeds <br />
|q4= What concerns are associated with these feeds?<br />
|a4= Some bean species may contain high levels of lectins. Lupin seeds may contain high levels of alkaloids (e.g. ergotamine). Can be associated with GI tract disturbances (colic, diarrhoea). <br />
|l4=Protein Concentrates and Sources#Leguminous Seeds<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Fishmeal==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= Is this feed classified as a i) forage; ii) root, tuber or their by-product; iii) cereal or their by-product; or iv) protein concentrate & source? <br />
|a1= This feed is classified as iv) protein concentrates & source.<br />
|l1= Protein Concentrates and Sources#Fishmeal<br />
|q2= What is the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) range of this feed?<br />
|a2= {| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Fishmeal || 91 || 14.5 - 18 || 700 - 800<br />
|}<br />
|l2= Protein Concentrates and Sources#Fishmeal<br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of this feed?<br />
|a3= For ruminants, fishmeal can only be used in unweaned calf milk replacers. Pigs, poultry and horses are permitted fishmeal. Fishmeal is included in small amounts and has many essential amino acids, vitamins and minerals. Contains high levels of calcium and phosphorus. UK produced fishmeal tends to be slightly lower nutritive value than herring or South American derived fishmeal. <br />
|l3= Protein Concentrates and Sources#Fishmeal<br />
|q4= What concerns are associated with this feed? <br />
|a4= Fishmeal is under severe restriction within the UK and EU. For ruminants, fishmeal can only be used in unweaned calf milk replacers. Pigs, poultry and horses are permitted fishmeal. High intakes are associated with taint of meat and eggs. <br />
|l4= Protein Concentrates and Sources#Fishmeal<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Urea==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= Is this feed classified as a i) forage; ii) root, tuber or their by-product; iii) cereal or their by-product; or iv) protein concentrate & source? <br />
|a1= This feed is classified as iv) protein concentrate & source, but this is a misnomer as technically it is not a protein, but an indirect source.<br />
|l1=Protein Concentrates and Sources#Urea<br />
|q2= What is the crude protein (CP) content of this feed?<br />
|a2= The CP is 2,900 g/kg DM. <br />
|l2=Protein Concentrates and Sources#Urea<br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of this feed?<br />
|a3= In ruminants, the rumen microflora hydrolyse urea to ammonia. Urea is often supplemented to diets of low protein concentration and can also be contained in molassed vitamin/mineral blocks. Urea may be used to treat straw (urine sometimes used in some developing countries), where it effectively improves digestibility of this low quality roughage. <br />
|l3=Protein Concentrates and Sources#Urea<br />
|q4= What concerns are associated with this feed? <br />
|a4= Less than one-third of the dietary nitrogen should be provided as urea in order to minimise ammonia toxicity. Signs of ammonia toxicity include bloat, twitching, ataxia, excessive salivation and death. <br />
|l4=Protein Concentrates and Sources#Urea<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
[[Category:Animal Nutrition|Z]]<br />
[[Category:To Do]]</div>Kcam11https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Cereals_and_By-Products&diff=127351Cereals and By-Products2011-09-11T06:14:33Z<p>Kcam11: /* Distillery and Brewing By-Products */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Barley, Wheat & Oats== <!----Write below this line---><br />
[[File:Whole and rolled barley.jpg|Barley|200px]]<br />
[[File:Porridge oats.JPG|Oats|200px]]<br />
[[File:Wheat1.jpg|Wheat|200px]]<br />
[[File:Wheatfeed.jpg|Wheat Feed|200px]]<br />
====Characteristics====<!----Write below this line---><br />
Barley, wheat and oats are all starch rich cereal grains. They can be fed whole or processed. During processing, these grains can be rolled, bruised, milled, crimped, micronised, or treated with alkali or acid (e.g.prop-corn). In general, cattle need the grains to be processed more than sheep and goats. <br />
<br><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Barley || 86 || 12.8 || 110<br />
|-<br />
|Wheat || 86 || 13.5 || 120<br />
|-<br />
|Oats || 86 || 12 || 110<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
===Associated Problems===<!----Write below this line---><br />
Bloat. Acidosis. Soft fat. Liver abscesses. Cereals typically very poor source of calcium and deficient in Vitamins A and D. <br />
<br><br><br><br />
<br />
==Distillery and Brewing By-Products==<br />
(Brewer’s grains, Distiller’s grains (draff), Distiller’s dark grains, Malt culms)<br><br><br />
[[File:Wheat distillers grains.jpg|wheat distiller's grains|200px]]<br />
[[File:Distillers dark grains.jpg |distiller's dark grains|200px]]<br />
[[File:Malt culms.jpg|Malt Culms|200px]]<br />
<br><br />
===Characteristics===<br />
These by-products can be variable and are more suited to ruminants. They are a good source of fibre and have high unsaturated fatty acid content. The low DM by-products can be fed fresh or they can be ensiled. They are high in phosphorus but low in calcium and other minerals. <br><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Brewers grains || 26 || 11.2 || 250<br />
|-<br />
|Distillers grains || 25 || 14.7 || 270<br />
|-<br />
|Distillers dark grains || 89 || 12.2 – 14.8 || 275 - 350<br />
|-<br />
|Malt culms || 90 || 11.2 || 270<br />
|}<br />
===Associated Problems===<!----Write below this line---><br />
Can be associated with deficiency in calcium, magnesium and other minerals. Poor fermentation and its associated problems can be encountered when ensiled. <br><br><br><br />
<br />
==Maize and Maize Gluten Feed== <!----Write below this line---><br />
[[File:Maize.jpg|Maize Corn|200px]]<br />
[[File:Flaked maize.jpg|Flaked Maize|200px]]<br />
===Characteristics===<!----Write below this line---><br />
These feeds are typically processed and may be flaked, rolled or micronised. They are suitable for ruminants and non-ruminants. Maize and maize gluten feed have high digestible energy, but poor source of calcium. <br />
<br><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Maize || 86 || 14.2 || 98<br />
|-<br />
|Flaked Maize || 90 || 15 || 110<br />
|-<br />
|Maize gluten feed || 90 || 12.7 || 250<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
===Associated Problems===<!----Write below this line---><br />
Maize and maize gluten feed can cause bloat and acidosis. The carcase fat colour can have a yellow pigmentation (due to presence of cryptoxanthin). <br />
<br><br><br><br />
<br />
{{Learning<br />
|flashcards = [[Animal Nutrition Flashcards]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Animal Nutrition]]<br />
[[Category:To Do]]</div>Kcam11https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Large_Animal_Nutrition_Flashcards&diff=127350Large Animal Nutrition Flashcards2011-09-11T06:14:21Z<p>Kcam11: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Grass==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= Is this feed classified as a i) forage; ii) root, tuber or their by-product; iii) cereal or their by-product; or iv) protein concentrate & source? <br />
|a1= This type of feed is classified as i) forage. <br />
|l1=Forage#Grass<br />
|q2= What is the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) range of this feed?<br />
|a2= {| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Grass (young)||15 - 20 || 11.5 - 12.5 ||150 - 250<br />
|-<br />
|Grass (mature)||25 - 50 ||9.5 - 10.5 ||50 - 130<br />
|}<br />
|l2= Forage#Grass<br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of this feed?<br />
|a3= Typically based on ryegrass, but often mixed swards with cocksfoot, fescues, timothy, and legumes (e.g. clover). It is present in rough/hill grazing (often with heather, rushes, mosses), permanent pasture and rotational leys, the latter often high yielding italian or perennial ryegrass monocultures.<br />
|l3= Forage#Grass<br />
|q4= What concerns are associated with this feed? <br />
|a4= Scours, hypomagnesaemic tetany (especially in winter, or in rapidly growing grass (e.g. spring,/early summer, late summer/autumn), bloat (especially as mixed legume swards), pasture-induced laminitis.<br />
|l4= Forage#Grass <br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Silage and Haylage==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= Are these feeds classified as i) forages; ii) roots, tubers or their by-products; iii) cereals or their by-products; or iv) protein concentrates & sources? <br />
|a1= These types of feed are classified as i) forages. <br />
|l1=Forage#Silage and Haylage<br />
|q2=What is the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) range of silage and haylage?<br />
|a2= <br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)!! pH<br />
|-<br />
|Silage || 15 - 20 (20-30 clamp)(40-50 bale)|| 9.5 - 12 ||120 - 190 || 3.8 - 4.8<br />
|-<br />
|Haylage || 50-60 || 9 - 11.5 || 75 - 110 || 4.5 - 5.5<br />
|}<br />
|l2= Forage#Silage and Haylage<br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of these feeds?<br />
|a3= Silage is a fermented crop with a low dry matter content. It is cut at a relatively early stage of development and stored under anaerobic conditions. Haylage is similar to silage but is often cut at a more mature stage. It typically has a higher pH and DM than silage and can often be of more variable quality. With horses haylage is typically preferred (by owners) to silage. <br />
|l3= Forage#Silage and Haylage<br />
|q4= What concerns are associated with these feeds?<br />
|a4= Clostridia. Listeriosis. Acidosis. Moulds/mycotoxins. Poor fermentation (pH > 4.8) or too acidic (pH < 3.8).<br />
|l4= Forage#Silage and Haylage<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Hay==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= Is this feed classified as a i) forage; ii) root, tuber or their by-product; iii) cereal or their by-product; or iv) protein concentrate & source? <br />
|a1= This type of feed is classified as i) forage. <br />
|l1=Forage#Hay<br />
|q2= What is the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) range of this feed?<br />
|a2= {| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Hay || 80 - 90 || 7.5 - 10.5 ||50 - 150<br />
|}<br />
|l2= Forage#Hay<br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of this feed?<br />
|a3= Hay is dried grass, either naturally or artificially (dependent on the weather). It is cut at a relatively late stage of maturity and is typically of variable quality in colour and smell, and nutritive value. There are various types of hay such as ryegrass, meadow, and timothy. <br />
|l3= Forage#Hay<br />
|q4= What concern is associated with this feed? <br />
|a4= Mould/mycotoxins.<br />
|l4= Forage#Hay<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Straw==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= Is this feed classified as a i) forage; ii) root, tuber or their by-product; iii) cereal or their by-product; or iv) protein concentrate & source? <br />
|a1= This type of feed is classified as i) forage. <br />
|l1=Forage#Straw<br />
|q2= What is the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) range of this feed?<br />
|a2= <br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Straw || 86 - 88 || 6.1 - 7 || 34 - 38<br />
|-<br />
|Straw (ammoniated)|| 84 - 88 || 7.4 - 7.8 || 68 - 75<br />
|}<br />
|l2= Forage#Straw<br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of this feed?<br />
|a3= Straw (usually barley or oat for feed) can be treated with alkali, urea or ammonia. It is commonly used as a roughage source for growing ruminants, and especially animals being reared in cereal beef systems. <br />
|l3= Forage#Straw<br />
|q4= What concerns are associated with this feed? <br />
|a4= Moulds/mycotoxin. Impaction within GI tract (especially horses). High intakes of straw (+ grains) are associated with hypomagnesaemic tetany (due to high K levels in grain and straw) <br />
|l4= Forage#Straw<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Whole-Crop Cereal Silages==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= Are these feeds classified as i) forages; ii) roots, tubers or their by-products; iii) cereals or their by-products; or iv) protein concentrates & sources? <br />
|a1= These feeds are classified as i) forages. <br />
|l1=Forage#Whole-Crop Cereal Silage<br />
|q2= What are the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) ranges of these feeds?<br />
|a2= <br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Maize whole-crop silage || 22 - 35 || 10.5 - 12 ||65 - 110<br />
|-<br />
|Barley whole-crop silage || 30 - 40 ||9 - 11 ||80 - 110<br />
|}<br />
|l2= Forage#Whole-Crop Cereal Silage<br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of these feeds?<br />
|a3= Maize whole-crop silage has high energy concentration while having a low protein concentration. It is harvested when grain is in the late dough stage. Barley, oats, wheat, and triticale are also used for whole-crop cereal silage either as monocultures or mixed with legumes (e.g. peas) to improve protein content. They are also high in energy while low in protein. Whole-crop cereal silages are fed as sole forage or mixed with grass silage. <br />
|l3= Forage#Whole-Crop Cereal Silage<br />
|q4= What concerns are associated with this feed? <br />
|a4= Clostridia. Listeriosis. Acidosis. Poor fermentation (pH > 4.8) or too acidic (pH < 3.8).<br />
|l4= Forage#Whole-Crop Cereal Silage<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Clovers and Lucerne==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= Are these feeds classified as i) forages; ii) roots, tubers or their by-products; iii) cereals or their by-products; or iv) protein concentrates & sources? <br />
|a1= These feeds are classified as forages and more specifically legumes. <br />
|l1=Forage#Clovers and Lucerne<br />
|q2=. What are the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) ranges of these feeds?<br />
|a2= {| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Clover || 18 - 20 || 9 - 10.5 || 170 - 250<br />
|-<br />
|Lucerne || 22 - 25 || 8 - 10.5 || 150 - 200<br />
|-<br />
|Lucerne Hay || 84 - 88 || 8 - 10.5 || 200 - 225<br />
|}<br />
|l2= Forage#Clovers and Lucerne<br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of these feeds?<br />
|a3= Clovers are either white or red varieties. Clovers and Lucerne (aka Alfalfa) have a higher protein concentration and a higher mineral concentration (e.g. calcium) than grasses. Lucerne can be grazed or conserved as a monoculture. Lucernes also have a higher protein concentration than grasses. Legume silages tend to be more difficult to achieve a good fermentation, inoculants are usually required. <br />
|l3= Forage#Clover and Lucerne<br />
|q4= What concerns are associated with these feeds?<br />
|a4= Bloat (frothy). Red clovers and some Lucerne varieties may also contain significant levels of phytoestrogens that cause subfertility. <br />
|l4= Forage#Clovers and Lucerne<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Kale and Rape==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= Are these feeds classified as i) forages; ii) roots, tubers or their by-products; iii) cereals or their by-products; or iv) protein concentrates & sources? <br />
|a1= These types of feed are classified as i) forages, and more specifically forage brassicas.<br />
|l1=Forage#Kale and Rape<br />
|q2= What is the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) of these feeds?<br />
|a2= {| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Kale || 14 || 11 || 160<br />
|-<br />
|Rape || 14 || 9.5 || 200<br />
|}<br />
|l2= Forage#Kale and Rape<br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of these feeds?<br />
|a3= Kale and rape are considered good, digestible fodder. They have a higher protein concentration, carbohydrate concentration and calcium concentration than grasses. Rape has a higher protein concentration than kale. <br />
|l3= Forage#Kale and Rape<br />
|q4= What concerns are associated with these feeds?<br />
|a4= Goitrogenic. Haemolytic anaemia, haemoglobinuria. Feed to pregnant ewes with caution (can observe malformed, dead lambs at parturition).<br />
|l4= Forage#Kale and Rape<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Turnip and Swede==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= Are these feeds classified as i) forages; ii) roots, tubers or their by-products; iii) cereals or their by-products; or iv) protein concentrates & sources? <br />
|a1= These types of feed are classified as ii) roots, tubers or their & by-products, specifically roots.<br />
|l1=Roots, Tubers and By-Products#Turnip and Swede<br />
|q2= What is the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) of these feeds?<br />
|a2= {| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Turnip || 9 || 11.2 || 120<br />
|-<br />
|Swede || 12 || 12.8 || 110<br />
|}<br />
|l2= Roots, Tubers and By-Products#Turnip and Swede<br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of these feeds?<br />
|a3=Turnip and swede are related brassicas. They have good nutritive value, and typically a low dry matter and crude protein concentration. However, their protein tends to be very degradable.<br />
|l3= Roots, Tubers and By-Products#Turnip and Swede<br />
|q4= What concerns are associated with these feeds?<br />
|a4= Excess intakes associated with milk taint in dairy cows. Nitrate and sulphur toxicity.<br />
|l4= Roots, Tubers and By-Products#Turnip and Swede<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Mangel, Fodderbeet and Sugarbeet==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= Are these feeds classified as i) forage; ii) roots, tubers or their by-products; iii) cereals or their by-products; or iv) protein concentrates & sources? <br />
|a1= These types of feed are classified as ii) roots, tubers or their by-products, specifically roots.<br />
|l1= Roots, Tubers and By-Products#Mangel, Fodderbeet and Sugarbeet <br />
|q2= What is the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) of these feeds?<br />
|a2= {| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Mangel || 12 || 12.4 ||80<br />
|-<br />
|Fodderbeet || 18 ||11.9 ||70<br />
|}<br />
|l2= Roots, Tubers and By-Products#Mangel, Fodderbeet and Sugarbeet<br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of these feeds?<br />
|a3= These beets are very generally classified according to their DM content. Mangel < Fodderbeet < Sugarbeet. They are low in crude protein. Sugarbeets are primarily grown for sugar production, not feeding. <br />
|l3= Roots, Tubers and By-Products#Mangel, Fodderbeet and Sugarbeet<br />
|q4= What concerns are associated with these feeds?<br />
|a4= Mangels have a high nitrate concentration if fresh (need to store for a few weeks). High intakes of fodderbeet can cause GI tract disturbances, hypocalcaemia and in rare cases death. <br />
|l4= Roots, Tubers and By-Products#Mangel, Fodderbeet and Sugarbeet<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Sugarbeet Pulp==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= Is this feed classified as a i) forage; ii) root, tuber or their by-product; iii) cereal or their by-product; or iv) protein concentrate & source? <br />
|a1= This feed is classified as ii) root, tuber or their by-product, specifically a by-product from sugarbeet.<br />
|l1= Roots, Tubers and By-Products#Sugarbeet Pulp<br />
|q2= What is the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) of this feed?<br />
|a2= {| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|SB pulp (unmolassed) || 90 || 12.7 ||100<br />
|-<br />
|SB pulp (molassed) || 87 ||12.5 ||110<br />
|}<br />
|l2= Roots, Tubers and By-Products#Sugarbeet Pulp<br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of this feed?<br />
|a3= Sugarbeet pulp is the residue following sugar extraction from sugarbeet root. It has a high dry matter and digestible fibre content, but a relatively low protein and phosphorus concentration. It is available in pellets or shreds, molassed or unmolassed. Can also be ensiled with distillers/brewers grains (draff) to form Grainbeet. <br />
|l3= Roots, Tubers and By-Products#Sugarbeet Pulp<br />
|q4= What concerns is associated with this feed? <br />
|a4= Choke, especially in horses (can increase it’s volume up to 6x; recommended to soak (ca. 1 litre per 200g) for 24 hours prior to feeding to horses).<br />
|l4= Roots, Tubers and By-Products#Sugarbeet Pulp<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Molasses==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= Is this feed classified as a i) forage; ii) root, tuber or their by-product; iii) cereal or their by-product; or iv) protein concentrate & source? <br />
|a1= This feed is classified as ii) root, tuber or their by-product, specifically a by-product from sugarbeet.<br />
|l1= Roots, Tubers and By-Products#Molasses<br />
|q2= What is the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) range of this feed?<br />
|a2= {| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Molasses || 75 || 12.9 ||50<br />
|}<br />
|l2= Roots, Tubers and By-Products#Molasses<br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of this feed?<br />
|a3= Molasses is the residue following sugar extraction from sugarbeet root (also get molasses from sugarcane). It involves crystallisation and separation of sugar from water extract. Molasses is a thick, black liquid that is very low in protein concentration but very high in soluble sugars. It is often added to sugarbeet pulp, proprietary feeds, mineral licks, and TMR rations. <br />
|l3= Roots, Tubers and By-Products#Molasses<br />
|q4= What concerns are associated with this feed? <br />
|a4= Can be laxative. Acidosis at high intakes. <br />
|l4= Roots, Tubers and By-Products#Molasses<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Barley, Wheat and Oats==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= Are these feeds classified as i) forages; ii) roots, tubers or their by-products; iii) cereals or their by-products; or iv) protein concentrates & sources? <br />
|a1= These types of feed are classified as iii) cereals or their by-products, specifically cereal grains.<br />
|l1= Cereals and By-Products#Barley, Wheat & Oats <br />
|q2= What is the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) of these feeds?<br />
|a2= All cereal grains are typically 86% DM. <br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Barley || 86 || 12.8 || 110<br />
|-<br />
|Wheat || 86 || 13.5 || 120<br />
|-<br />
|Oats || 86 || 12 || 110<br />
|}<br />
|l2= Cereals and By-Products#Barley, Wheat & Oats <br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of these feeds?<br />
|a3= Barley, wheat and oats are all starch rich cereal grains. They can be fed whole or processed. During processing, these grains can be rolled, bruised, milled, crimped, micronised, or treated with alkali or acid (e.g.prop-corn). In general, cattle need the grains to be processed more than sheep and goats. <br />
|l3= Cereals and By-Products#Barley, Wheat & Oats <br />
|q4= What concerns are associated with these feeds?<br />
|a4= Bloat. Acidosis. Soft fat. Liver abscesses. Cereals typically very poor source of calcium and deficient in Vitamins A and D. <br />
|l4= Cereals and By-Products#Barley, Wheat & Oats <br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Distillery and Brewing By-Products==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
||q1= Is this feed classified as i) forage; ii) roots, tubers or their by-products; iii) cereals or their by-products; or iv) protein concentrates & sources? <br />
|a1= These types of feed are classified as iii) cereals or their by-products, specifically cereal by-products of the distillery and brewing industries.<br />
|l1=Cereals and By-Products#Distillery and Brewing By-Products<br />
|q2= What is the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) of these feeds?<br />
|a2= {| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Brewer’s grains || 26 || 11.2 || 250<br />
|-<br />
|Distiller’s grains (draff) || 25 || 14.7 || 270<br />
|-<br />
|Distiller’s dark grains || 89 || 12.2 – 14.8 || 275 - 350<br />
|-<br />
|Malt culms || 90 || 11.2 || 270<br />
|}<br />
|l2= Cereals and By-Products# Distillery and Brewing By-Products<br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of these feeds?<br />
|a3= These by-products can be variable and are more suited to ruminants. They are a good source of fibre and have high unsaturated fatty acid content. The low DM by-products can be fed fresh or they can be ensiled. They are high in phosphorus but low in calcium and other minerals. <br />
|l3= Cereals and By-Products# Distillery and Brewing By-Products<br />
|q4= What concerns are associated with these feeds?<br />
|a4= Can be associated with deficiency in calcium, magnesium and other minerals. Poor fermentation and its associated problems can be encountered when ensiled. <br />
|l4= Cereals and By-Products# Distillery and Brewing By-Products<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Maize and Maize Gluten Feed==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
||q1= Are these feeds classified as i) forage; ii) roots, tubers or their by-products; iii) cereals or their by-products; or iv) protein concentrates & sources? <br />
|a1= These types of feed are classified as iii) cereals or their by-products.<br />
|l1=Cereals and By-Products#Maize and Maize Gluten Feed<br />
|q2= What is the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) of these feeds?<br />
|a2={| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Maize || 86 || 14.2 || 98<br />
|-<br />
|Flaked Maize || 90 || 15 || 110<br />
|-<br />
|Maize gluten feed || 90 || 12.7 || 250<br />
|} <br />
|l2= Cereals and By-Products#Maize and Maize Gluten Feed<br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of these feeds?<br />
|a3= These feeds are typically processed and may be flaked, rolled or micronised. They are suitable for ruminants and non-ruminants. Maize and maize gluten feed have high digestible energy, but poor source of calcium. <br />
|l3= Cereals and By-Products#Maize and Maize Gluten Feed<br />
|q4= What concerns are associated with these feeds?<br />
|a4= Maize and maize gluten feed can cause bloat and acidosis. The carcase fat colour can have a yellow pigmentation (due to presence of cryptoxanthin). <br />
|l4= Cereals and By-Products#Maize and Maize Gluten Feed <br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Oilseed Meals==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= Are these feeds classified as i) forages; ii) roots, tubers or their by-products; iii) cereals or their by-products; or iv) protein concentrates & sources? <br />
|a1= These types of feed are classified as iv) protein concentrates and sources.<br />
|l1= Protein Concentrates and Sources#Oilseed Meals<br />
|q2= What is the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) of these feeds?<br />
|a2= All oilseed meals are generally 90% DM. <br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Soyabean meal || 90 || 13.3 – 15.5 || 400 - 500<br />
|-<br />
|Cottonseed meal || 90 || 8.5 – 12.5 || 230 - 450<br />
|-<br />
|Rapeseed meal || 90 || 12 || 400<br />
|-<br />
|Linseed meal || 90 || 12 || 400<br />
|-<br />
|Sunflowerseed meal || 90 || 9.5 – 10.5 || 300 - 430<br />
|}|l2= Protein Concentrates and Sources#Oilseed Meals<br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of these feeds?<br />
|a3= Soyabean meal, cottonseed meal, rapeseed meal, linseed meal and sunflowerseed meal belong to the oilseed meal family. Oilseed meals are by-products and residues following the removal of oil from the seeds. They are a very good protein source with high digestibility and are a better source of calcium and phosphorus than cereals. <br />
|l3= Protein Concentrates and Sources#Oilseed Meals<br />
|q4= What concerns are associated with these feeds?<br />
|a4= Soyabeans are oestrogenic, goitrogenic and can contain high levels of lectins. Cottonseeds are low in essential amino acids, calcium and vitamins A and D, and can contain elevated levels of gossypols. Rapeseeds are goitrogenic and can contain elevated levels of tannins. Immature linseed has mucilage that is converted to hydrogen cyanide. Sunflowerseeds cause soft body fat in pigs due to high PUFA levels. <br />
|l4= Protein Concentrates and Sources#Oilseed Meals <br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Leguminous Seeds==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
||q1= Are these feeds classified as i) forages; ii) roots, tubers or their by-products; iii) cereals or their by-products; or iv) protein concentrates & sources? <br />
|a1= These types of feed are classified as iv) protein concentrates and sources.<br />
|l1= Protein Concentrates and Sources#Leguminous Seeds<br />
|q2= What is the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) of these feeds?<br />
|a2= {| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Peas || 86 || 13.8 || 260<br />
|-<br />
|Beans || 86 || 13.4 || 280<br />
|-<br />
|Lupin seed meal || 90 || 13.2 || 280 - 420<br />
|} <br />
|l2= Protein Concentrates and Sources#Leguminous Seeds <br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of these feeds?<br />
|a3= Leguminous seeds consists of peas, beans (broad, horse, windsor) and lupin (white, blue and yellow varieties) seeds. Leguminous seeds have a high protein content, good energy content and high phosphorus concentration, but tend to be low in calcium. Leguminous seeds can be eaten whole or processed (cracked, kibbled or ground). They are often used in place of other protein concentrations. <br />
|l3= Protein Concentrates and Sources#Leguminous Seeds <br />
|q4= What concerns are associated with these feeds?<br />
|a4= Some bean species may contain high levels of lectins. Lupin seeds may contain high levels of alkaloids (e.g. ergotamine). Can be associated with GI tract disturbances (colic, diarrhoea). <br />
|l4=Protein Concentrates and Sources#Leguminous Seeds<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Fishmeal==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= Is this feed classified as a i) forage; ii) root, tuber or their by-product; iii) cereal or their by-product; or iv) protein concentrate & source? <br />
|a1= This feed is classified as iv) protein concentrates & source.<br />
|l1= Protein Concentrates and Sources#Fishmeal<br />
|q2= What is the typical dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), and crude protein (CP) range of this feed?<br />
|a2= {| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Fishmeal || 91 || 14.5 - 18 || 700 - 800<br />
|}<br />
|l2= Protein Concentrates and Sources#Fishmeal<br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of this feed?<br />
|a3= For ruminants, fishmeal can only be used in unweaned calf milk replacers. Pigs, poultry and horses are permitted fishmeal. Fishmeal is included in small amounts and has many essential amino acids, vitamins and minerals. Contains high levels of calcium and phosphorus. UK produced fishmeal tends to be slightly lower nutritive value than herring or South American derived fishmeal. <br />
|l3= Protein Concentrates and Sources#Fishmeal<br />
|q4= What concerns are associated with this feed? <br />
|a4= Fishmeal is under severe restriction within the UK and EU. For ruminants, fishmeal can only be used in unweaned calf milk replacers. Pigs, poultry and horses are permitted fishmeal. High intakes are associated with taint of meat and eggs. <br />
|l4= Protein Concentrates and Sources#Fishmeal<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
==Urea==<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= Is this feed classified as a i) forage; ii) root, tuber or their by-product; iii) cereal or their by-product; or iv) protein concentrate & source? <br />
|a1= This feed is classified as iv) protein concentrate & source, but this is a misnomer as technically it is not a protein, but an indirect source.<br />
|l1=Protein Concentrates and Sources#Urea<br />
|q2= What is the crude protein (CP) content of this feed?<br />
|a2= The CP is 2,900 g/kg DM. <br />
|l2=Protein Concentrates and Sources#Urea<br />
|q3= What are the characteristics of this feed?<br />
|a3= In ruminants, the rumen microflora hydrolyse urea to ammonia. Urea is often supplemented to diets of low protein concentration and can also be contained in molassed vitamin/mineral blocks. Urea may be used to treat straw (urine sometimes used in some developing countries), where it effectively improves digestibility of this low quality roughage. <br />
|l3=Protein Concentrates and Sources#Urea<br />
|q4= What concerns are associated with this feed? <br />
|a4= Less than one-third of the dietary nitrogen should be provided as urea in order to minimise ammonia toxicity. Signs of ammonia toxicity include bloat, twitching, ataxia, excessive salivation and death. <br />
|l4=Protein Concentrates and Sources#Urea<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
[[Category:Animal Nutrition|Z]]<br />
[[Category:To Do]]</div>Kcam11https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Sheep_Breed_Flashcards&diff=127263Sheep Breed Flashcards2011-09-09T06:37:13Z<p>Kcam11: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Scottish blackface.jpg|Scottish blackface|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Scottish Blackface<br />
|l1=Hill Breeds#Scottish Blackface<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (i) hill<br />
|l2=Hill Breeds#Scottish Blackface<br />
|q3= Did this breed originate in continental Europe or Great Britain? <br />
|a3= Great Britain<br />
|l3= Hill Breeds#Scottish Blackface<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*can also be sub-divided into 3 types, which differ slightly in size and appearance – the types are known as Perth, Lanark and Northumberland<br />
*outstanding qualities of the breed are survivability/hardiness, adaptability and versatility <br />
*excellent mothers and will protect their lambs against predators<br />
*Once settled, the stock rarely leave their own area or mix with sheep from other areas which reduces the need for expensive fencing (a practice known as hefting)<br />
*large horns, a roman nose, and unusual black and white facial markings <br />
*legs are usually black or black and white and are free from wool<br />
*fleece is white, long and coarse <br />
|l4=Hill Breeds#Scottish Blackface<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
<br />
[[File: Swaledale.jpg|Swaledale|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Swaledale<br />
|l1=Hill Breeds#Swaledale<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (i) hill<br />
|l2=Hill Breeds#Swaledale<br />
|q3= Did this breed originate in continental Europe or Great Britain? <br />
|a3= Great Britain, specifically the Yorkshire valley of Swaledale<br />
|l3= Hill Breeds#Swaledale<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
* upper part of a Swaledale face is dark complexioned while the muzzle is white/grey or mealy in colour<br />
*large, curled horns<br />
* fleece is thick and white while their legs are grey or mottled in colour and are free from wool<br />
*excellent mothers and are known for being able to rear lambs well, even in adverse conditions<br />
|l4= Hill Breeds#Swaledale<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
<br />
[[File:Cheviot ewe and lamb.jpg|Cheviot ewe and lamb|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Cheviot<br />
|l1=Hill Breeds#Cheviot<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (i) hill<br />
|l2=Hill Breeds#Cheviot<br />
|q3= Did this breed originate in continental Europe or Great Britain? <br />
|a3= Great Britain, specifically the Cheviot hills in the Scottish Borders <br />
|l3= Hill Breeds#Cheviot<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*North Country Cheviot is the largest of the UK hill breeds<br />
*dense, firm white fleece covering except for their head and legs <br />
*Rams may have horns while the ewes are usually polled<br />
* hardy and has very strong maternal instincts<br />
l4= Hill Breeds#Cheviot<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
<br />
[[File:White Welsh Mountain sheep.jpg|White Welsh Mountain sheep|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Welsh Mountain<br />
|l1=Hill Breeds#Welsh Mountain<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (i) Hill<br />
|l2=Hill Breeds#Welsh Mountain<br />
|q3= Did this breed originate in continental Europe or Great Britain? <br />
|a3= Great Britain, specifically Wales<br />
|l3= Hill Breeds#Welsh Mountain<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4=<br />
*typically smaller and more compact than other hill breeds<br />
most common variation has white wool<br />
*Bodies are compact and strong<br />
*no wool covering on face or legs<br />
*tails of Welsh Mountain sheep are left undocked<br />
* fleece covering except for their head and legs <br />
*Rams usually have horns while the ewes are usually polled<br />
*bred to survive in harsh environments<br />
|l4= Hill Breeds#Welsh Mountain<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
<br />
[[File:Border Leicester 02.jpg|Border Leicester 02|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Border Leicester<br />
|l1=Longwool Breeds#Border Leicester<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (ii) Longwool<br />
|l2= Longwool Breeds#Border Leicester<br />
|q3= Did this breed originate in continental Europe or Great Britain? <br />
|a3= Great Britain, specifically the Scottish Borders and North England.<br />
|l3= Longwool Breeds#Border Leicester<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*polled<br />
*head is covered with short white hair (no wool)<br />
*heavy, long fleece with a silvery and glistening appearance<br />
*roman nose and large white ears <br />
*good maternal instincts<br />
*moderately prolific<br />
|l4= Longwool Breeds#Border Leicester<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
<br />
[[File:The Andrews sisters photo 2.jpg|The Andrews sisters photo 2|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Bluefaced Leicester<br />
|l1=Longwool Breeds#Bluefaced Leicester<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (ii) Longwool<br />
|l2= Longwool Breeds# Bluefaced Leicester <br />
|q3= Did this breed originate in continental Europe or Great Britain? <br />
|a3= Great Britain, specifically in the North of England<br />
|l3= Longwool Breeds# Bluefaced Leicester <br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*skin of head is blueish in colour which shows through the white hair covering the head<br />
*longest bodied of the British sheep and have large ears and a roman nose<br />
*polled<br />
*heavy, long fleece with a silvery and glistening appearance<br />
*Their fleece is the finest of the longwool breeds, and it is important that the wool be tightly purled, fine and open cleanly to the skin<br />
*free of wool on their head, neck, belly and legs<br />
*prolific and has very good milking ability to match this<br />
|l4= Longwool Breeds# Bluefaced Leicester <br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Suffolk (sheep) - Oveja - Borrega.JPG|Suffolk (sheep) - Oveja - Borrega|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Suffolk<br />
|l1=Terminal Sire Breeds#Suffolk<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (v) Terminal Sire<br />
|l2=Terminal Sire Breeds#Suffolk<br />
|q3= Did this breed originate in continental Europe or Great Britain? <br />
|a3= Great Britain, specifically Southern England<br />
|l3= Terminal Sire Breeds#Suffolk<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*distinctive black face with moderately long black ears and legs that are free from wool *white, short fleece with close fibre<br />
*considered a Shortwool Ewe breed <br />
*naturally polled <br />
|l4= Terminal Sire Breeds#Suffolk<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
<br />
[[File:Mouton Dorset Down.JPG|Mouton Dorset Down|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Dorset Down<br />
|l1=Terminal Sire Breeds#Dorset Down<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (v) Terminal Sire<br />
|l2= Terminal Sire Breeds# Dorset Down <br />
|q3= Did this breed originate in continental Europe or Great Britain? <br />
|a3= Great Britain, specifically Southern England<br />
|l3= Terminal Sire Breeds# Dorset Down <br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*shortwool<br />
*polled<br />
*dark colour on its face and lower legs<br />
*white fleece round the cheeks, between the ears, on the forehead and down the legs<br />
*ewes produce early maturing lambs<br />
|l4= Terminal Sire Breeds# Dorset Down <br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
<br />
[[File:Texel sheep.jpg|Texel sheep|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Texel<br />
|l1=Terminal Sire Breeds#Texel<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (v) Terminal Sire<br />
|l2=Terminal Sire Breeds#Texel<br />
|q3= Did this breed originate in continental Europe or Great Britain? <br />
|a3= continental Europe, specifically Belgium<br />
|l3= Terminal Sire Breeds#Texel<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*white-faced with no wool on its legs or head<br />
* black, blue or brown shading or patches on the head<br />
*distinct short and wide face with a black nose<br />
*widely placed short ears and black hooves <br />
*large, double-muscled hindquarters/gigots<br />
|l4= Terminal Sire Breeds#Texel<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
<br />
[[File:Mouton Charollais.JPG|Mouton Charollais|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Charollais<br />
|l1= Terminal Sire Breeds#Charollais<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (v) Terminal Sire<br />
|l2=Terminal Sire Breeds#Charollais<br />
|q3= Did this breed originate in continental Europe or Great Britain? <br />
|a3= continental Europe, specifically France<br />
|l3= Terminal Sire Breeds#Charollais<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*pink-grey skin on their faces, covered by white hair<br />
*distinct feature of white flash, above each eye <br />
*fleece is white or cream colour but is not found on their face or legs<br />
*both sexes are naturally polled<br />
*strong maternal traits, easy lambing and can produce fast growing, robust lambs<br />
|l4= Terminal Sire Breeds#Charollais<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
<br />
[[File:Beltex Sheep near Whygill - geograph.org.uk - 209731.jpg|Beltex Sheep near Whygill - geograph.org.uk - 209731|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Beltex<br />
|l1= Terminal Sire Breeds#Beltex<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (v) Terminal Sire<br />
|l2=Terminal Sire Breeds#Beltex<br />
|q3= Did this breed originate in continental Europe or Great Britain? <br />
|a3= continental Europe, specifically Belgium<br />
|l3= Terminal Sire Breeds#Beltex<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*white-faced with no wool on its legs or head<br />
*may have black, blue or brown shading or patches on the head<br />
*distinct short and wide face with a black nose<br />
*widely placed short ears and black hooves <br />
*large, double-muscled hindquarters/gigots<br />
|l4= Terminal Sire Breeds#Beltex<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
<br />
[[File:Lleyn sheep.jpg|Lleyn sheep|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Lleyn<br />
|l1= Shortwool Ewe Breeds#Lleyn<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (v) Shortwool Ewe<br />
|l2=Shortwool Ewe Breeds#Lleyn<br />
|q3= Did this breed originate in continental Europe or Great Britain? <br />
|a3= Great Britain, specifically the Lleyn peninsula in Wales<br />
|l3= Shortwool Ewe Breeds#Lleyn<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*naturally polled with a white or cream colour fleece<br />
*versatility for lowland and upland<br />
*head is cream/white in colour with a black nose and thick ears with black spots<br />
|l4= Shortwool Ewe Breeds#Lleyn<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
<br />
[[File:Clun forest.jpg|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Clun Forest<br />
|l1= Shortwool Ewe Breeds#Clun Forest<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (v) Shortwool Ewe<br />
|l2=Shortwool Ewe Breeds#Clun Forest<br />
|q3= Did this breed originate in continental Europe or Great Britain? <br />
|a3= Great Britain, specifically Shropshire in England<br />
|l3= Shortwool Ewe Breeds#Clun Forest<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*distinct face that is dark rich in colour, narrow and free from wool; except for a wollen top knot on the top of the head<br />
*black legs and feet, free from wool from hock down <br />
*adaptable to variety of conditions<br />
*docile, relatively easy care breed <br />
|l4= Shortwool Ewe Breeds#Clun Forest<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
<br />
[[File:Scotmule.jpg|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Scottish Mule<br />
|l1= Longwool Crossbreeds#Scottish Mule<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (iii) Longwool Crossbreed<br />
|l2= Longwool Crossbreeds#Scottish Mule <br />
|q3= Name the sire and dam breeds of this crossbreed.<br />
|a3= Bluefaced Leicester ram and Scottish Blackface ewe<br />
|l3= Longwool Crossbreeds#Scottish Mule<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*renowned for being of good size/frame, prolific with good milking ability and mothering instincts<br />
*produce good sized lambs, especially when mated with a terminal sire breed<br />
|l4= Longwool Crossbreeds#Scottish Mule<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
[[File:Sheep Study 7.jpg|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= North Country Mule<br />
|l1= Longwool Crossbreeds#North Country Mule<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (iii) Longwool Crossbreed<br />
|l2= Longwool Crossbreeds#North Country Mule<br />
|q3= Name the sire and dam breeds of this crossbreed.<br />
|a3= Bluefaced Leicester ram and either a Swaledale or Northumberland type Scottish Blackface ewe<br />
|l3= Longwool Crossbreeds#North Country Mule<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*renowned for being of good size/frame, prolific with good milking ability and mothering instincts<br />
*produce good sized lambs, especially when mated with a terminal sire breed<br />
|l4= Longwool Crossbreeds#North Country Mule<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
[[File:Welshmule.jpg|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Welsh Mule<br />
|l1= Longwool Crossbreeds#Welsh Mule<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (iii) Longwool Crossbreed<br />
|l2= Longwool Crossbreeds#Welsh Mule<br />
|q3= Name the sire and dam breeds of this crossbreed.<br />
|a3= Bluefaced Leicester ram and either a Welsh Mountain, Beulah or Welsh Hill Speckled-face ewe <br />
|l3= Longwool Crossbreeds#Welsh Mule<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*renowned for being of good size/frame, prolific with good milking ability and mothering instincts<br />
*produce good sized lambs, especially when mated with a terminal sire breed<br />
|l4= Longwool Crossbreeds#Welsh Mule<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
[[File:Scotgrey.jpg|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Greyface<br />
|l1= Longwool Crossbreeds#Greyface<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (iii) Longwool Crossbreed<br />
|l2= Longwool Crossbreeds#Greyface<br />
|q3= Name the sire and dam breeds of this crossbreed. <br />
|a3= Border Leicester Ram and Scottish Blackface Ewe<br />
|l3= Longwool Crossbreeds#Greyface<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*renowned for being of good size/frame, prolific with good milking ability and mothering instincts<br />
*produce good sized lambs, especially when mated with a terminal sire breed<br />
|l4= Longwool Crossbreeds#Greyface<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
[[File:Scothalf.jpg|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Scottish Halfbred<br />
|l1= Longwool Crossbreeds#Scottish Halfbred<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (iii) Longwool Crossbreed<br />
|l2= Longwool Crossbreeds#Scottish Halfbred<br />
|q3= Name the sire and dam breeds of this crossbreed.<br />
|a3= Border Leicester ram and Cheviot ewe<br />
|l3= Longwool Crossbreeds#Scottish Halfbred<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*renowned for being of good size/frame, prolific with good milking ability and mothering instincts<br />
*produce good sized lambs, especially when mated with a terminal sire breed<br />
|l4= Longwool Crossbreeds#Scottish Halfbred<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
[[File:Welshhal.jpg|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Welsh Halfbred<br />
|l1= Longwool Crossbreeds#Welsh Halfbred<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (iii) Longwool Crossbreed<br />
|l2= Longwool Crossbreeds#Welsh Halfbred<br />
|q3= Name the sire and dam breeds of this crossbreed.<br />
|a3= Border Leicester ram and Welsh Mountain Ewe<br />
|l3= Longwool Crossbreeds#Welsh Halfbred<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*renowned for being of good size/frame, prolific with good milking ability and mothering instincts<br />
*produce good sized lambs, especially when mated with a terminal sire breed<br />
|l4= Longwool Crossbreeds#Welsh Halfbred<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
[[Image:Englishhalf.jpg|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= English Halfbred<br />
|l1= Longwool Crossbreeds#English Halfbred<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (iii) Longwool Crossbreed<br />
|l2= Longwool Crossbreeds#Engish Halfbred<br />
|q3= Name the sire and dam breeds of this crossbreed.<br />
|a3= Border Leicester ram and Clun Forest Ewe<br />
|l3= Longwool Crossbreeds#English Halfbred<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*renowned for being of good size/frame, prolific with good milking ability and mothering instincts<br />
*produce good sized lambs, especially when mated with a terminal sire breed<br />
|l4= Longwool Crossbreeds#English Halfbred<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
[[Category:Sheep Breeds]]<br />
[[Category:To Do]]</div>Kcam11https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Longwool_Crossbreeds&diff=127262Longwool Crossbreeds2011-09-09T06:36:45Z<p>Kcam11: /* Scotch Halfbred */</p>
<hr />
<div>Longwool Crossbred ewes are pivotal in the UK industry where they are crossed with a terminal sire to produce a fast growing, high quality prime lamb. They are renowned for being of good size/frame, prolific with good milking ability and mothering instincts, and they produce good sized lambs, especially when mated with a terminal sire breed.<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
==Scotch Mule==<br />
<br />
*The Scotch Mule is a cross between a Bluefaced Leicester ram and a Scottish Blackface ewe.<br />
[[File:Scotmule.jpg|Scotch Mule|200px]]<br />
<br><br><br><br><br />
<br />
==North Country Mule==<br />
*The North Country Mule, also called the North of England Mule, is a cross between a Bluefaced Leicester ram and either a Swaledale or Northumberland type Scottish Blackface ewe. <br />
[[File:Sheep Study 7.jpg|150px]]<br />
<br><br><br><br><br><br><br />
<br />
==Welsh Mule==<br />
*A Welsh Mule is a cross between a Bluefaced Leicester ram and either a Welsh Mountain, Beulah or Welsh Hill Speckled-face ewe.<br />
<br><br />
[[File:Welshmule.jpg|Welsh Mule|200px]]<br />
<br><br><br><br><br />
<br />
==Greyface==<br />
*The Greyface is a cross between a Border Leicester ram and a Scottish Blackface ewe. <br />
[[File:Scotgrey.jpg|Greyface|200px]]<br />
<br><br><br><br><br />
<br />
==Scotch Halfbred==<br />
*The Scotch Halfbred is a cross between a Border Leicester ram and a Cheviot ewe.<br />
[[File:Scothalf.jpg|Scotch Halfbred|200px]]<br />
<br><br><br><br><br />
<br />
==Welsh Halfbred==<br />
*The Welsh Halfbred is a cross between a Border Leicester ram and a Welsh Mountain ewe.<br />
[[File:Welshhal.jpg|Welsh Halfbred|200px]]<br />
<br><br><br><br><br />
<br />
==English Halfbred==<br />
*The English Halfbred is a cross between a Border Leicester ram and a Clun Forest ewe. <br />
<gallery><br />
File:Englishhalf.jpg<br />
</gallery><br />
<br><br><br><br><br />
{{Learning<br />
|flashcards = [[Sheep Breeds Flashcards]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sheep Breeds]]<br />
[[Category:To Do]]</div>Kcam11https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Longwool_Crossbreeds&diff=127260Longwool Crossbreeds2011-09-09T06:32:52Z<p>Kcam11: /* Welsh Halfbred */</p>
<hr />
<div>Longwool Crossbred ewes are pivotal in the UK industry where they are crossed with a terminal sire to produce a fast growing, high quality prime lamb. They are renowned for being of good size/frame, prolific with good milking ability and mothering instincts, and they produce good sized lambs, especially when mated with a terminal sire breed.<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
==Scotch Mule==<br />
<br />
*The Scotch Mule is a cross between a Bluefaced Leicester ram and a Scottish Blackface ewe.<br />
[[File:Scotmule.jpg|Scotch Mule|200px]]<br />
<br><br><br><br><br />
<br />
==North Country Mule==<br />
*The North Country Mule, also called the North of England Mule, is a cross between a Bluefaced Leicester ram and either a Swaledale or Northumberland type Scottish Blackface ewe. <br />
[[File:Sheep Study 7.jpg|150px]]<br />
<br><br><br><br><br><br><br />
<br />
==Welsh Mule==<br />
*A Welsh Mule is a cross between a Bluefaced Leicester ram and either a Welsh Mountain, Beulah or Welsh Hill Speckled-face ewe.<br />
<br><br />
[[File:Welshmule.jpg|Welsh Mule|200px]]<br />
<br><br><br><br><br />
<br />
==Greyface==<br />
*The Greyface is a cross between a Border Leicester ram and a Scottish Blackface ewe. <br />
[[File:Scotgrey.jpg|Greyface|200px]]<br />
<br><br><br><br><br />
<br />
==Scotch Halfbred==<br />
*The Scotch Halfbred is a cross between a Border Leicester ram and a Cheviot ewe.<br />
<gallery><br />
File:Scothalfbred.jpg<br />
</gallery><br />
<br><br><br><br><br />
==Welsh Halfbred==<br />
*The Welsh Halfbred is a cross between a Border Leicester ram and a Welsh Mountain ewe.<br />
[[File:Welshhal.jpg|Welsh Halfbred|200px]]<br />
<br><br><br><br><br />
<br />
==English Halfbred==<br />
*The English Halfbred is a cross between a Border Leicester ram and a Clun Forest ewe. <br />
<gallery><br />
File:Englishhalf.jpg<br />
</gallery><br />
<br><br><br><br><br />
{{Learning<br />
|flashcards = [[Sheep Breeds Flashcards]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sheep Breeds]]<br />
[[Category:To Do]]</div>Kcam11https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Sheep_Breed_Flashcards&diff=127259Sheep Breed Flashcards2011-09-09T06:30:22Z<p>Kcam11: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Scottish blackface.jpg|Scottish blackface|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Scottish Blackface<br />
|l1=Hill Breeds#Scottish Blackface<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (i) hill<br />
|l2=Hill Breeds#Scottish Blackface<br />
|q3= Did this breed originate in continental Europe or Great Britain? <br />
|a3= Great Britain<br />
|l3= Hill Breeds#Scottish Blackface<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*can also be sub-divided into 3 types, which differ slightly in size and appearance – the types are known as Perth, Lanark and Northumberland<br />
*outstanding qualities of the breed are survivability/hardiness, adaptability and versatility <br />
*excellent mothers and will protect their lambs against predators<br />
*Once settled, the stock rarely leave their own area or mix with sheep from other areas which reduces the need for expensive fencing (a practice known as hefting)<br />
*large horns, a roman nose, and unusual black and white facial markings <br />
*legs are usually black or black and white and are free from wool<br />
*fleece is white, long and coarse <br />
|l4=Hill Breeds#Scottish Blackface<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
<br />
[[File: Swaledale.jpg|Swaledale|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Swaledale<br />
|l1=Hill Breeds#Swaledale<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (i) hill<br />
|l2=Hill Breeds#Swaledale<br />
|q3= Did this breed originate in continental Europe or Great Britain? <br />
|a3= Great Britain, specifically the Yorkshire valley of Swaledale<br />
|l3= Hill Breeds#Swaledale<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
* upper part of a Swaledale face is dark complexioned while the muzzle is white/grey or mealy in colour<br />
*large, curled horns<br />
* fleece is thick and white while their legs are grey or mottled in colour and are free from wool<br />
*excellent mothers and are known for being able to rear lambs well, even in adverse conditions<br />
|l4= Hill Breeds#Swaledale<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
<br />
[[File:Cheviot ewe and lamb.jpg|Cheviot ewe and lamb|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Cheviot<br />
|l1=Hill Breeds#Cheviot<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (i) hill<br />
|l2=Hill Breeds#Cheviot<br />
|q3= Did this breed originate in continental Europe or Great Britain? <br />
|a3= Great Britain, specifically the Cheviot hills in the Scottish Borders <br />
|l3= Hill Breeds#Cheviot<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*North Country Cheviot is the largest of the UK hill breeds<br />
*dense, firm white fleece covering except for their head and legs <br />
*Rams may have horns while the ewes are usually polled<br />
* hardy and has very strong maternal instincts<br />
l4= Hill Breeds#Cheviot<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
<br />
[[File:White Welsh Mountain sheep.jpg|White Welsh Mountain sheep|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Welsh Mountain<br />
|l1=Hill Breeds#Welsh Mountain<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (i) Hill<br />
|l2=Hill Breeds#Welsh Mountain<br />
|q3= Did this breed originate in continental Europe or Great Britain? <br />
|a3= Great Britain, specifically Wales<br />
|l3= Hill Breeds#Welsh Mountain<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4=<br />
*typically smaller and more compact than other hill breeds<br />
most common variation has white wool<br />
*Bodies are compact and strong<br />
*no wool covering on face or legs<br />
*tails of Welsh Mountain sheep are left undocked<br />
* fleece covering except for their head and legs <br />
*Rams usually have horns while the ewes are usually polled<br />
*bred to survive in harsh environments<br />
|l4= Hill Breeds#Welsh Mountain<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
<br />
[[File:Border Leicester 02.jpg|Border Leicester 02|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Border Leicester<br />
|l1=Longwool Breeds#Border Leicester<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (ii) Longwool<br />
|l2= Longwool Breeds#Border Leicester<br />
|q3= Did this breed originate in continental Europe or Great Britain? <br />
|a3= Great Britain, specifically the Scottish Borders and North England.<br />
|l3= Longwool Breeds#Border Leicester<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*polled<br />
*head is covered with short white hair (no wool)<br />
*heavy, long fleece with a silvery and glistening appearance<br />
*roman nose and large white ears <br />
*good maternal instincts<br />
*moderately prolific<br />
|l4= Longwool Breeds#Border Leicester<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
<br />
[[File:The Andrews sisters photo 2.jpg|The Andrews sisters photo 2|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Bluefaced Leicester<br />
|l1=Longwool Breeds#Bluefaced Leicester<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (ii) Longwool<br />
|l2= Longwool Breeds# Bluefaced Leicester <br />
|q3= Did this breed originate in continental Europe or Great Britain? <br />
|a3= Great Britain, specifically in the North of England<br />
|l3= Longwool Breeds# Bluefaced Leicester <br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*skin of head is blueish in colour which shows through the white hair covering the head<br />
*longest bodied of the British sheep and have large ears and a roman nose<br />
*polled<br />
*heavy, long fleece with a silvery and glistening appearance<br />
*Their fleece is the finest of the longwool breeds, and it is important that the wool be tightly purled, fine and open cleanly to the skin<br />
*free of wool on their head, neck, belly and legs<br />
*prolific and has very good milking ability to match this<br />
|l4= Longwool Breeds# Bluefaced Leicester <br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Suffolk (sheep) - Oveja - Borrega.JPG|Suffolk (sheep) - Oveja - Borrega|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Suffolk<br />
|l1=Terminal Sire Breeds#Suffolk<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (v) Terminal Sire<br />
|l2=Terminal Sire Breeds#Suffolk<br />
|q3= Did this breed originate in continental Europe or Great Britain? <br />
|a3= Great Britain, specifically Southern England<br />
|l3= Terminal Sire Breeds#Suffolk<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*distinctive black face with moderately long black ears and legs that are free from wool *white, short fleece with close fibre<br />
*considered a Shortwool Ewe breed <br />
*naturally polled <br />
|l4= Terminal Sire Breeds#Suffolk<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
<br />
[[File:Mouton Dorset Down.JPG|Mouton Dorset Down|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Dorset Down<br />
|l1=Terminal Sire Breeds#Dorset Down<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (v) Terminal Sire<br />
|l2= Terminal Sire Breeds# Dorset Down <br />
|q3= Did this breed originate in continental Europe or Great Britain? <br />
|a3= Great Britain, specifically Southern England<br />
|l3= Terminal Sire Breeds# Dorset Down <br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*shortwool<br />
*polled<br />
*dark colour on its face and lower legs<br />
*white fleece round the cheeks, between the ears, on the forehead and down the legs<br />
*ewes produce early maturing lambs<br />
|l4= Terminal Sire Breeds# Dorset Down <br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
<br />
[[File:Texel sheep.jpg|Texel sheep|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Texel<br />
|l1=Terminal Sire Breeds#Texel<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (v) Terminal Sire<br />
|l2=Terminal Sire Breeds#Texel<br />
|q3= Did this breed originate in continental Europe or Great Britain? <br />
|a3= continental Europe, specifically Belgium<br />
|l3= Terminal Sire Breeds#Texel<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*white-faced with no wool on its legs or head<br />
* black, blue or brown shading or patches on the head<br />
*distinct short and wide face with a black nose<br />
*widely placed short ears and black hooves <br />
*large, double-muscled hindquarters/gigots<br />
|l4= Terminal Sire Breeds#Texel<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
<br />
[[File:Mouton Charollais.JPG|Mouton Charollais|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Charollais<br />
|l1= Terminal Sire Breeds#Charollais<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (v) Terminal Sire<br />
|l2=Terminal Sire Breeds#Charollais<br />
|q3= Did this breed originate in continental Europe or Great Britain? <br />
|a3= continental Europe, specifically France<br />
|l3= Terminal Sire Breeds#Charollais<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*pink-grey skin on their faces, covered by white hair<br />
*distinct feature of white flash, above each eye <br />
*fleece is white or cream colour but is not found on their face or legs<br />
*both sexes are naturally polled<br />
*strong maternal traits, easy lambing and can produce fast growing, robust lambs<br />
|l4= Terminal Sire Breeds#Charollais<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
<br />
[[File:Beltex Sheep near Whygill - geograph.org.uk - 209731.jpg|Beltex Sheep near Whygill - geograph.org.uk - 209731|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Beltex<br />
|l1= Terminal Sire Breeds#Beltex<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (v) Terminal Sire<br />
|l2=Terminal Sire Breeds#Beltex<br />
|q3= Did this breed originate in continental Europe or Great Britain? <br />
|a3= continental Europe, specifically Belgium<br />
|l3= Terminal Sire Breeds#Beltex<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*white-faced with no wool on its legs or head<br />
*may have black, blue or brown shading or patches on the head<br />
*distinct short and wide face with a black nose<br />
*widely placed short ears and black hooves <br />
*large, double-muscled hindquarters/gigots<br />
|l4= Terminal Sire Breeds#Beltex<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
<br />
[[File:Lleyn sheep.jpg|Lleyn sheep|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Lleyn<br />
|l1= Shortwool Ewe Breeds#Lleyn<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (v) Shortwool Ewe<br />
|l2=Shortwool Ewe Breeds#Lleyn<br />
|q3= Did this breed originate in continental Europe or Great Britain? <br />
|a3= Great Britain, specifically the Lleyn peninsula in Wales<br />
|l3= Shortwool Ewe Breeds#Lleyn<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*naturally polled with a white or cream colour fleece<br />
*versatility for lowland and upland<br />
*head is cream/white in colour with a black nose and thick ears with black spots<br />
|l4= Shortwool Ewe Breeds#Lleyn<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
<br />
[[File:Clun forest.jpg|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Clun Forest<br />
|l1= Shortwool Ewe Breeds#Clun Forest<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (v) Shortwool Ewe<br />
|l2=Shortwool Ewe Breeds#Clun Forest<br />
|q3= Did this breed originate in continental Europe or Great Britain? <br />
|a3= Great Britain, specifically Shropshire in England<br />
|l3= Shortwool Ewe Breeds#Clun Forest<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*distinct face that is dark rich in colour, narrow and free from wool; except for a wollen top knot on the top of the head<br />
*black legs and feet, free from wool from hock down <br />
*adaptable to variety of conditions<br />
*docile, relatively easy care breed <br />
|l4= Shortwool Ewe Breeds#Clun Forest<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
<br />
[[File:Scotmule.jpg|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Scottish Mule<br />
|l1= Longwool Crossbreeds#Scottish Mule<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (iii) Longwool Crossbreed<br />
|l2= Longwool Crossbreeds#Scottish Mule <br />
|q3= Name the sire and dam breeds of this crossbreed.<br />
|a3= Bluefaced Leicester ram and Scottish Blackface ewe<br />
|l3= Longwool Crossbreeds#Scottish Mule<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*renowned for being of good size/frame, prolific with good milking ability and mothering instincts<br />
*produce good sized lambs, especially when mated with a terminal sire breed<br />
|l4= Longwool Crossbreeds#Scottish Mule<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
[[File:Sheep Study 7.jpg|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= North Country Mule<br />
|l1= Longwool Crossbreeds#North Country Mule<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (iii) Longwool Crossbreed<br />
|l2= Longwool Crossbreeds#North Country Mule<br />
|q3= Name the sire and dam breeds of this crossbreed.<br />
|a3= Bluefaced Leicester ram and either a Swaledale or Northumberland type Scottish Blackface ewe<br />
|l3= Longwool Crossbreeds#North Country Mule<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*renowned for being of good size/frame, prolific with good milking ability and mothering instincts<br />
*produce good sized lambs, especially when mated with a terminal sire breed<br />
|l4= Longwool Crossbreeds#North Country Mule<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
[[File:Welshmule.jpg|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Welsh Mule<br />
|l1= Longwool Crossbreeds#Welsh Mule<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (iii) Longwool Crossbreed<br />
|l2= Longwool Crossbreeds#Welsh Mule<br />
|q3= Name the sire and dam breeds of this crossbreed.<br />
|a3= Bluefaced Leicester ram and either a Welsh Mountain, Beulah or Welsh Hill Speckled-face ewe <br />
|l3= Longwool Crossbreeds#Welsh Mule<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*renowned for being of good size/frame, prolific with good milking ability and mothering instincts<br />
*produce good sized lambs, especially when mated with a terminal sire breed<br />
|l4= Longwool Crossbreeds#Welsh Mule<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
[[File:Scotgrey.jpg|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Greyface<br />
|l1= Longwool Crossbreeds#Greyface<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (iii) Longwool Crossbreed<br />
|l2= Longwool Crossbreeds#Greyface<br />
|q3= Name the sire and dam breeds of this crossbreed. <br />
|a3= Border Leicester Ram and Scottish Blackface Ewe<br />
|l3= Longwool Crossbreeds#Greyface<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*renowned for being of good size/frame, prolific with good milking ability and mothering instincts<br />
*produce good sized lambs, especially when mated with a terminal sire breed<br />
|l4= Longwool Crossbreeds#Greyface<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
[[Image:Scothalfbred.jpg|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Scottish Halfbred<br />
|l1= Longwool Crossbreeds#Scottish Halfbred<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (iii) Longwool Crossbreed<br />
|l2= Longwool Crossbreeds#Scottish Halfbred<br />
|q3= Name the sire and dam breeds of this crossbreed.<br />
|a3= Border Leicester ram and Cheviot ewe<br />
|l3= Longwool Crossbreeds#Scottish Halfbred<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*renowned for being of good size/frame, prolific with good milking ability and mothering instincts<br />
*produce good sized lambs, especially when mated with a terminal sire breed<br />
|l4= Longwool Crossbreeds#Scottish Halfbred<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
[[Image:WelshHalfbred.jpg|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Welsh Halfbred<br />
|l1= Longwool Crossbreeds#Welsh Halfbred<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (iii) Longwool Crossbreed<br />
|l2= Longwool Crossbreeds#Welsh Halfbred<br />
|q3= Name the sire and dam breeds of this crossbreed.<br />
|a3= Border Leicester ram and Welsh Mountain Ewe<br />
|l3= Longwool Crossbreeds#Welsh Halfbred<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*renowned for being of good size/frame, prolific with good milking ability and mothering instincts<br />
*produce good sized lambs, especially when mated with a terminal sire breed<br />
|l4= Longwool Crossbreeds#Welsh Halfbred<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
[[Image:Englishhalf.jpg|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= English Halfbred<br />
|l1= Longwool Crossbreeds#English Halfbred<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (iii) Longwool Crossbreed<br />
|l2= Longwool Crossbreeds#Engish Halfbred<br />
|q3= Name the sire and dam breeds of this crossbreed.<br />
|a3= Border Leicester ram and Clun Forest Ewe<br />
|l3= Longwool Crossbreeds#English Halfbred<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*renowned for being of good size/frame, prolific with good milking ability and mothering instincts<br />
*produce good sized lambs, especially when mated with a terminal sire breed<br />
|l4= Longwool Crossbreeds#English Halfbred<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
[[Category:Sheep Breeds]]<br />
[[Category:To Do]]</div>Kcam11https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Longwool_Crossbreeds&diff=127258Longwool Crossbreeds2011-09-09T06:29:58Z<p>Kcam11: /* Scotch Mule */</p>
<hr />
<div>Longwool Crossbred ewes are pivotal in the UK industry where they are crossed with a terminal sire to produce a fast growing, high quality prime lamb. They are renowned for being of good size/frame, prolific with good milking ability and mothering instincts, and they produce good sized lambs, especially when mated with a terminal sire breed.<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
==Scotch Mule==<br />
<br />
*The Scotch Mule is a cross between a Bluefaced Leicester ram and a Scottish Blackface ewe.<br />
[[File:Scotmule.jpg|Scotch Mule|200px]]<br />
<br><br><br><br><br />
<br />
==North Country Mule==<br />
*The North Country Mule, also called the North of England Mule, is a cross between a Bluefaced Leicester ram and either a Swaledale or Northumberland type Scottish Blackface ewe. <br />
[[File:Sheep Study 7.jpg|150px]]<br />
<br><br><br><br><br><br><br />
<br />
==Welsh Mule==<br />
*A Welsh Mule is a cross between a Bluefaced Leicester ram and either a Welsh Mountain, Beulah or Welsh Hill Speckled-face ewe.<br />
<br><br />
[[File:Welshmule.jpg|Welsh Mule|200px]]<br />
<br><br><br><br><br />
<br />
==Greyface==<br />
*The Greyface is a cross between a Border Leicester ram and a Scottish Blackface ewe. <br />
[[File:Scotgrey.jpg|Greyface|200px]]<br />
<br><br><br><br><br />
<br />
==Scotch Halfbred==<br />
*The Scotch Halfbred is a cross between a Border Leicester ram and a Cheviot ewe.<br />
<gallery><br />
File:Scothalfbred.jpg<br />
</gallery><br />
<br><br><br><br><br />
==Welsh Halfbred==<br />
*The Welsh Halfbred is a cross between a Border Leicester ram and a Welsh Mountain ewe.<br />
<gallery><br />
File:WelshHalfbred.jpg<br />
</gallery><br />
<br><br><br><br><br />
==English Halfbred==<br />
*The English Halfbred is a cross between a Border Leicester ram and a Clun Forest ewe. <br />
<gallery><br />
File:Englishhalf.jpg<br />
</gallery><br />
<br><br><br><br><br />
{{Learning<br />
|flashcards = [[Sheep Breeds Flashcards]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sheep Breeds]]<br />
[[Category:To Do]]</div>Kcam11https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Longwool_Crossbreeds&diff=127257Longwool Crossbreeds2011-09-09T06:28:19Z<p>Kcam11: /* Greyface */</p>
<hr />
<div>Longwool Crossbred ewes are pivotal in the UK industry where they are crossed with a terminal sire to produce a fast growing, high quality prime lamb. They are renowned for being of good size/frame, prolific with good milking ability and mothering instincts, and they produce good sized lambs, especially when mated with a terminal sire breed.<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
==Scotch Mule==<br />
<br />
*The Scotch Mule is a cross between a Bluefaced Leicester ram and a Scottish Blackface ewe.<br />
<gallery><br />
File: ScotMule.jpg<br />
</gallery><br />
<br><br><br><br><br />
<br />
==North Country Mule==<br />
*The North Country Mule, also called the North of England Mule, is a cross between a Bluefaced Leicester ram and either a Swaledale or Northumberland type Scottish Blackface ewe. <br />
[[File:Sheep Study 7.jpg|150px]]<br />
<br><br><br><br><br><br><br />
<br />
==Welsh Mule==<br />
*A Welsh Mule is a cross between a Bluefaced Leicester ram and either a Welsh Mountain, Beulah or Welsh Hill Speckled-face ewe.<br />
<br><br />
[[File:Welshmule.jpg|Welsh Mule|200px]]<br />
<br><br><br><br><br />
<br />
==Greyface==<br />
*The Greyface is a cross between a Border Leicester ram and a Scottish Blackface ewe. <br />
[[File:Scotgrey.jpg|Greyface|200px]]<br />
<br><br><br><br><br />
<br />
==Scotch Halfbred==<br />
*The Scotch Halfbred is a cross between a Border Leicester ram and a Cheviot ewe.<br />
<gallery><br />
File:Scothalfbred.jpg<br />
</gallery><br />
<br><br><br><br><br />
==Welsh Halfbred==<br />
*The Welsh Halfbred is a cross between a Border Leicester ram and a Welsh Mountain ewe.<br />
<gallery><br />
File:WelshHalfbred.jpg<br />
</gallery><br />
<br><br><br><br><br />
==English Halfbred==<br />
*The English Halfbred is a cross between a Border Leicester ram and a Clun Forest ewe. <br />
<gallery><br />
File:Englishhalf.jpg<br />
</gallery><br />
<br><br><br><br><br />
{{Learning<br />
|flashcards = [[Sheep Breeds Flashcards]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sheep Breeds]]<br />
[[Category:To Do]]</div>Kcam11https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Sheep_Breed_Flashcards&diff=127256Sheep Breed Flashcards2011-09-09T06:25:27Z<p>Kcam11: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Scottish blackface.jpg|Scottish blackface|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Scottish Blackface<br />
|l1=Hill Breeds#Scottish Blackface<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (i) hill<br />
|l2=Hill Breeds#Scottish Blackface<br />
|q3= Did this breed originate in continental Europe or Great Britain? <br />
|a3= Great Britain<br />
|l3= Hill Breeds#Scottish Blackface<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*can also be sub-divided into 3 types, which differ slightly in size and appearance – the types are known as Perth, Lanark and Northumberland<br />
*outstanding qualities of the breed are survivability/hardiness, adaptability and versatility <br />
*excellent mothers and will protect their lambs against predators<br />
*Once settled, the stock rarely leave their own area or mix with sheep from other areas which reduces the need for expensive fencing (a practice known as hefting)<br />
*large horns, a roman nose, and unusual black and white facial markings <br />
*legs are usually black or black and white and are free from wool<br />
*fleece is white, long and coarse <br />
|l4=Hill Breeds#Scottish Blackface<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
<br />
[[File: Swaledale.jpg|Swaledale|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Swaledale<br />
|l1=Hill Breeds#Swaledale<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (i) hill<br />
|l2=Hill Breeds#Swaledale<br />
|q3= Did this breed originate in continental Europe or Great Britain? <br />
|a3= Great Britain, specifically the Yorkshire valley of Swaledale<br />
|l3= Hill Breeds#Swaledale<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
* upper part of a Swaledale face is dark complexioned while the muzzle is white/grey or mealy in colour<br />
*large, curled horns<br />
* fleece is thick and white while their legs are grey or mottled in colour and are free from wool<br />
*excellent mothers and are known for being able to rear lambs well, even in adverse conditions<br />
|l4= Hill Breeds#Swaledale<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
<br />
[[File:Cheviot ewe and lamb.jpg|Cheviot ewe and lamb|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Cheviot<br />
|l1=Hill Breeds#Cheviot<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (i) hill<br />
|l2=Hill Breeds#Cheviot<br />
|q3= Did this breed originate in continental Europe or Great Britain? <br />
|a3= Great Britain, specifically the Cheviot hills in the Scottish Borders <br />
|l3= Hill Breeds#Cheviot<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*North Country Cheviot is the largest of the UK hill breeds<br />
*dense, firm white fleece covering except for their head and legs <br />
*Rams may have horns while the ewes are usually polled<br />
* hardy and has very strong maternal instincts<br />
l4= Hill Breeds#Cheviot<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
<br />
[[File:White Welsh Mountain sheep.jpg|White Welsh Mountain sheep|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Welsh Mountain<br />
|l1=Hill Breeds#Welsh Mountain<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (i) Hill<br />
|l2=Hill Breeds#Welsh Mountain<br />
|q3= Did this breed originate in continental Europe or Great Britain? <br />
|a3= Great Britain, specifically Wales<br />
|l3= Hill Breeds#Welsh Mountain<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4=<br />
*typically smaller and more compact than other hill breeds<br />
most common variation has white wool<br />
*Bodies are compact and strong<br />
*no wool covering on face or legs<br />
*tails of Welsh Mountain sheep are left undocked<br />
* fleece covering except for their head and legs <br />
*Rams usually have horns while the ewes are usually polled<br />
*bred to survive in harsh environments<br />
|l4= Hill Breeds#Welsh Mountain<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
<br />
[[File:Border Leicester 02.jpg|Border Leicester 02|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Border Leicester<br />
|l1=Longwool Breeds#Border Leicester<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (ii) Longwool<br />
|l2= Longwool Breeds#Border Leicester<br />
|q3= Did this breed originate in continental Europe or Great Britain? <br />
|a3= Great Britain, specifically the Scottish Borders and North England.<br />
|l3= Longwool Breeds#Border Leicester<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*polled<br />
*head is covered with short white hair (no wool)<br />
*heavy, long fleece with a silvery and glistening appearance<br />
*roman nose and large white ears <br />
*good maternal instincts<br />
*moderately prolific<br />
|l4= Longwool Breeds#Border Leicester<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
<br />
[[File:The Andrews sisters photo 2.jpg|The Andrews sisters photo 2|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Bluefaced Leicester<br />
|l1=Longwool Breeds#Bluefaced Leicester<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (ii) Longwool<br />
|l2= Longwool Breeds# Bluefaced Leicester <br />
|q3= Did this breed originate in continental Europe or Great Britain? <br />
|a3= Great Britain, specifically in the North of England<br />
|l3= Longwool Breeds# Bluefaced Leicester <br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*skin of head is blueish in colour which shows through the white hair covering the head<br />
*longest bodied of the British sheep and have large ears and a roman nose<br />
*polled<br />
*heavy, long fleece with a silvery and glistening appearance<br />
*Their fleece is the finest of the longwool breeds, and it is important that the wool be tightly purled, fine and open cleanly to the skin<br />
*free of wool on their head, neck, belly and legs<br />
*prolific and has very good milking ability to match this<br />
|l4= Longwool Breeds# Bluefaced Leicester <br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Suffolk (sheep) - Oveja - Borrega.JPG|Suffolk (sheep) - Oveja - Borrega|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Suffolk<br />
|l1=Terminal Sire Breeds#Suffolk<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (v) Terminal Sire<br />
|l2=Terminal Sire Breeds#Suffolk<br />
|q3= Did this breed originate in continental Europe or Great Britain? <br />
|a3= Great Britain, specifically Southern England<br />
|l3= Terminal Sire Breeds#Suffolk<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*distinctive black face with moderately long black ears and legs that are free from wool *white, short fleece with close fibre<br />
*considered a Shortwool Ewe breed <br />
*naturally polled <br />
|l4= Terminal Sire Breeds#Suffolk<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
<br />
[[File:Mouton Dorset Down.JPG|Mouton Dorset Down|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Dorset Down<br />
|l1=Terminal Sire Breeds#Dorset Down<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (v) Terminal Sire<br />
|l2= Terminal Sire Breeds# Dorset Down <br />
|q3= Did this breed originate in continental Europe or Great Britain? <br />
|a3= Great Britain, specifically Southern England<br />
|l3= Terminal Sire Breeds# Dorset Down <br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*shortwool<br />
*polled<br />
*dark colour on its face and lower legs<br />
*white fleece round the cheeks, between the ears, on the forehead and down the legs<br />
*ewes produce early maturing lambs<br />
|l4= Terminal Sire Breeds# Dorset Down <br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
<br />
[[File:Texel sheep.jpg|Texel sheep|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Texel<br />
|l1=Terminal Sire Breeds#Texel<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (v) Terminal Sire<br />
|l2=Terminal Sire Breeds#Texel<br />
|q3= Did this breed originate in continental Europe or Great Britain? <br />
|a3= continental Europe, specifically Belgium<br />
|l3= Terminal Sire Breeds#Texel<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*white-faced with no wool on its legs or head<br />
* black, blue or brown shading or patches on the head<br />
*distinct short and wide face with a black nose<br />
*widely placed short ears and black hooves <br />
*large, double-muscled hindquarters/gigots<br />
|l4= Terminal Sire Breeds#Texel<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
<br />
[[File:Mouton Charollais.JPG|Mouton Charollais|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Charollais<br />
|l1= Terminal Sire Breeds#Charollais<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (v) Terminal Sire<br />
|l2=Terminal Sire Breeds#Charollais<br />
|q3= Did this breed originate in continental Europe or Great Britain? <br />
|a3= continental Europe, specifically France<br />
|l3= Terminal Sire Breeds#Charollais<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*pink-grey skin on their faces, covered by white hair<br />
*distinct feature of white flash, above each eye <br />
*fleece is white or cream colour but is not found on their face or legs<br />
*both sexes are naturally polled<br />
*strong maternal traits, easy lambing and can produce fast growing, robust lambs<br />
|l4= Terminal Sire Breeds#Charollais<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
<br />
[[File:Beltex Sheep near Whygill - geograph.org.uk - 209731.jpg|Beltex Sheep near Whygill - geograph.org.uk - 209731|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Beltex<br />
|l1= Terminal Sire Breeds#Beltex<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (v) Terminal Sire<br />
|l2=Terminal Sire Breeds#Beltex<br />
|q3= Did this breed originate in continental Europe or Great Britain? <br />
|a3= continental Europe, specifically Belgium<br />
|l3= Terminal Sire Breeds#Beltex<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*white-faced with no wool on its legs or head<br />
*may have black, blue or brown shading or patches on the head<br />
*distinct short and wide face with a black nose<br />
*widely placed short ears and black hooves <br />
*large, double-muscled hindquarters/gigots<br />
|l4= Terminal Sire Breeds#Beltex<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
<br />
[[File:Lleyn sheep.jpg|Lleyn sheep|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Lleyn<br />
|l1= Shortwool Ewe Breeds#Lleyn<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (v) Shortwool Ewe<br />
|l2=Shortwool Ewe Breeds#Lleyn<br />
|q3= Did this breed originate in continental Europe or Great Britain? <br />
|a3= Great Britain, specifically the Lleyn peninsula in Wales<br />
|l3= Shortwool Ewe Breeds#Lleyn<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*naturally polled with a white or cream colour fleece<br />
*versatility for lowland and upland<br />
*head is cream/white in colour with a black nose and thick ears with black spots<br />
|l4= Shortwool Ewe Breeds#Lleyn<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
<br />
[[File:Clun forest.jpg|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Clun Forest<br />
|l1= Shortwool Ewe Breeds#Clun Forest<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (v) Shortwool Ewe<br />
|l2=Shortwool Ewe Breeds#Clun Forest<br />
|q3= Did this breed originate in continental Europe or Great Britain? <br />
|a3= Great Britain, specifically Shropshire in England<br />
|l3= Shortwool Ewe Breeds#Clun Forest<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*distinct face that is dark rich in colour, narrow and free from wool; except for a wollen top knot on the top of the head<br />
*black legs and feet, free from wool from hock down <br />
*adaptable to variety of conditions<br />
*docile, relatively easy care breed <br />
|l4= Shortwool Ewe Breeds#Clun Forest<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
<br />
[[Image:ScotMule.jpg|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Scottish Mule<br />
|l1= Longwool Crossbreeds#Scottish Mule<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (iii) Longwool Crossbreed<br />
|l2= Longwool Crossbreeds#Scottish Mule <br />
|q3= Name the sire and dam breeds of this crossbreed.<br />
|a3= Bluefaced Leicester ram and Scottish Blackface ewe<br />
|l3= Longwool Crossbreeds#Scottish Mule<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*renowned for being of good size/frame, prolific with good milking ability and mothering instincts<br />
*produce good sized lambs, especially when mated with a terminal sire breed<br />
|l4= Longwool Crossbreeds#Scottish Mule<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
[[File:Sheep Study 7.jpg|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= North Country Mule<br />
|l1= Longwool Crossbreeds#North Country Mule<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (iii) Longwool Crossbreed<br />
|l2= Longwool Crossbreeds#North Country Mule<br />
|q3= Name the sire and dam breeds of this crossbreed.<br />
|a3= Bluefaced Leicester ram and either a Swaledale or Northumberland type Scottish Blackface ewe<br />
|l3= Longwool Crossbreeds#North Country Mule<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*renowned for being of good size/frame, prolific with good milking ability and mothering instincts<br />
*produce good sized lambs, especially when mated with a terminal sire breed<br />
|l4= Longwool Crossbreeds#North Country Mule<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
[[File:Welshmule.jpg|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Welsh Mule<br />
|l1= Longwool Crossbreeds#Welsh Mule<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (iii) Longwool Crossbreed<br />
|l2= Longwool Crossbreeds#Welsh Mule<br />
|q3= Name the sire and dam breeds of this crossbreed.<br />
|a3= Bluefaced Leicester ram and either a Welsh Mountain, Beulah or Welsh Hill Speckled-face ewe <br />
|l3= Longwool Crossbreeds#Welsh Mule<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*renowned for being of good size/frame, prolific with good milking ability and mothering instincts<br />
*produce good sized lambs, especially when mated with a terminal sire breed<br />
|l4= Longwool Crossbreeds#Welsh Mule<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
[[File:Greyface Dartmoor, Suffolk Show.jpg|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Greyface<br />
|l1= Longwool Crossbreeds#Greyface<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (iii) Longwool Crossbreed<br />
|l2= Longwool Crossbreeds#Greyface<br />
|q3= Name the sire and dam breeds of this crossbreed. <br />
|a3= Border Leicester Ram and Scottish Blackface Ewe<br />
|l3= Longwool Crossbreeds#Greyface<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*renowned for being of good size/frame, prolific with good milking ability and mothering instincts<br />
*produce good sized lambs, especially when mated with a terminal sire breed<br />
|l4= Longwool Crossbreeds#Greyface<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
[[Image:Scothalfbred.jpg|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Scottish Halfbred<br />
|l1= Longwool Crossbreeds#Scottish Halfbred<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (iii) Longwool Crossbreed<br />
|l2= Longwool Crossbreeds#Scottish Halfbred<br />
|q3= Name the sire and dam breeds of this crossbreed.<br />
|a3= Border Leicester ram and Cheviot ewe<br />
|l3= Longwool Crossbreeds#Scottish Halfbred<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*renowned for being of good size/frame, prolific with good milking ability and mothering instincts<br />
*produce good sized lambs, especially when mated with a terminal sire breed<br />
|l4= Longwool Crossbreeds#Scottish Halfbred<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
[[Image:WelshHalfbred.jpg|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Welsh Halfbred<br />
|l1= Longwool Crossbreeds#Welsh Halfbred<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (iii) Longwool Crossbreed<br />
|l2= Longwool Crossbreeds#Welsh Halfbred<br />
|q3= Name the sire and dam breeds of this crossbreed.<br />
|a3= Border Leicester ram and Welsh Mountain Ewe<br />
|l3= Longwool Crossbreeds#Welsh Halfbred<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*renowned for being of good size/frame, prolific with good milking ability and mothering instincts<br />
*produce good sized lambs, especially when mated with a terminal sire breed<br />
|l4= Longwool Crossbreeds#Welsh Halfbred<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
[[Image:Englishhalf.jpg|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= English Halfbred<br />
|l1= Longwool Crossbreeds#English Halfbred<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (iii) Longwool Crossbreed<br />
|l2= Longwool Crossbreeds#Engish Halfbred<br />
|q3= Name the sire and dam breeds of this crossbreed.<br />
|a3= Border Leicester ram and Clun Forest Ewe<br />
|l3= Longwool Crossbreeds#English Halfbred<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*renowned for being of good size/frame, prolific with good milking ability and mothering instincts<br />
*produce good sized lambs, especially when mated with a terminal sire breed<br />
|l4= Longwool Crossbreeds#English Halfbred<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
[[Category:Sheep Breeds]]<br />
[[Category:To Do]]</div>Kcam11https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Longwool_Crossbreeds&diff=127255Longwool Crossbreeds2011-09-09T06:24:41Z<p>Kcam11: /* Greyface */</p>
<hr />
<div>Longwool Crossbred ewes are pivotal in the UK industry where they are crossed with a terminal sire to produce a fast growing, high quality prime lamb. They are renowned for being of good size/frame, prolific with good milking ability and mothering instincts, and they produce good sized lambs, especially when mated with a terminal sire breed.<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
==Scotch Mule==<br />
<br />
*The Scotch Mule is a cross between a Bluefaced Leicester ram and a Scottish Blackface ewe.<br />
<gallery><br />
File: ScotMule.jpg<br />
</gallery><br />
<br><br><br><br><br />
<br />
==North Country Mule==<br />
*The North Country Mule, also called the North of England Mule, is a cross between a Bluefaced Leicester ram and either a Swaledale or Northumberland type Scottish Blackface ewe. <br />
[[File:Sheep Study 7.jpg|150px]]<br />
<br><br><br><br><br><br><br />
<br />
==Welsh Mule==<br />
*A Welsh Mule is a cross between a Bluefaced Leicester ram and either a Welsh Mountain, Beulah or Welsh Hill Speckled-face ewe.<br />
<br><br />
[[File:Welshmule.jpg|Welsh Mule|200px]]<br />
<br><br><br><br><br />
<br />
==Greyface==<br />
*The Greyface is a cross between a Border Leicester ram and a Scottish Blackface ewe. <br />
[[File:Greyface Dartmoor, Suffolk Show.jpg|Greyface|200px]]<br />
<br><br><br><br><br />
<br />
==Scotch Halfbred==<br />
*The Scotch Halfbred is a cross between a Border Leicester ram and a Cheviot ewe.<br />
<gallery><br />
File:Scothalfbred.jpg<br />
</gallery><br />
<br><br><br><br><br />
==Welsh Halfbred==<br />
*The Welsh Halfbred is a cross between a Border Leicester ram and a Welsh Mountain ewe.<br />
<gallery><br />
File:WelshHalfbred.jpg<br />
</gallery><br />
<br><br><br><br><br />
==English Halfbred==<br />
*The English Halfbred is a cross between a Border Leicester ram and a Clun Forest ewe. <br />
<gallery><br />
File:Englishhalf.jpg<br />
</gallery><br />
<br><br><br><br><br />
{{Learning<br />
|flashcards = [[Sheep Breeds Flashcards]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sheep Breeds]]<br />
[[Category:To Do]]</div>Kcam11https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Sheep_Breed_Flashcards&diff=127254Sheep Breed Flashcards2011-09-09T06:19:13Z<p>Kcam11: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Scottish blackface.jpg|Scottish blackface|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Scottish Blackface<br />
|l1=Hill Breeds#Scottish Blackface<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (i) hill<br />
|l2=Hill Breeds#Scottish Blackface<br />
|q3= Did this breed originate in continental Europe or Great Britain? <br />
|a3= Great Britain<br />
|l3= Hill Breeds#Scottish Blackface<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*can also be sub-divided into 3 types, which differ slightly in size and appearance – the types are known as Perth, Lanark and Northumberland<br />
*outstanding qualities of the breed are survivability/hardiness, adaptability and versatility <br />
*excellent mothers and will protect their lambs against predators<br />
*Once settled, the stock rarely leave their own area or mix with sheep from other areas which reduces the need for expensive fencing (a practice known as hefting)<br />
*large horns, a roman nose, and unusual black and white facial markings <br />
*legs are usually black or black and white and are free from wool<br />
*fleece is white, long and coarse <br />
|l4=Hill Breeds#Scottish Blackface<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
<br />
[[File: Swaledale.jpg|Swaledale|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Swaledale<br />
|l1=Hill Breeds#Swaledale<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (i) hill<br />
|l2=Hill Breeds#Swaledale<br />
|q3= Did this breed originate in continental Europe or Great Britain? <br />
|a3= Great Britain, specifically the Yorkshire valley of Swaledale<br />
|l3= Hill Breeds#Swaledale<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
* upper part of a Swaledale face is dark complexioned while the muzzle is white/grey or mealy in colour<br />
*large, curled horns<br />
* fleece is thick and white while their legs are grey or mottled in colour and are free from wool<br />
*excellent mothers and are known for being able to rear lambs well, even in adverse conditions<br />
|l4= Hill Breeds#Swaledale<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
<br />
[[File:Cheviot ewe and lamb.jpg|Cheviot ewe and lamb|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Cheviot<br />
|l1=Hill Breeds#Cheviot<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (i) hill<br />
|l2=Hill Breeds#Cheviot<br />
|q3= Did this breed originate in continental Europe or Great Britain? <br />
|a3= Great Britain, specifically the Cheviot hills in the Scottish Borders <br />
|l3= Hill Breeds#Cheviot<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*North Country Cheviot is the largest of the UK hill breeds<br />
*dense, firm white fleece covering except for their head and legs <br />
*Rams may have horns while the ewes are usually polled<br />
* hardy and has very strong maternal instincts<br />
l4= Hill Breeds#Cheviot<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
<br />
[[File:White Welsh Mountain sheep.jpg|White Welsh Mountain sheep|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Welsh Mountain<br />
|l1=Hill Breeds#Welsh Mountain<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (i) Hill<br />
|l2=Hill Breeds#Welsh Mountain<br />
|q3= Did this breed originate in continental Europe or Great Britain? <br />
|a3= Great Britain, specifically Wales<br />
|l3= Hill Breeds#Welsh Mountain<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4=<br />
*typically smaller and more compact than other hill breeds<br />
most common variation has white wool<br />
*Bodies are compact and strong<br />
*no wool covering on face or legs<br />
*tails of Welsh Mountain sheep are left undocked<br />
* fleece covering except for their head and legs <br />
*Rams usually have horns while the ewes are usually polled<br />
*bred to survive in harsh environments<br />
|l4= Hill Breeds#Welsh Mountain<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
<br />
[[File:Border Leicester 02.jpg|Border Leicester 02|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Border Leicester<br />
|l1=Longwool Breeds#Border Leicester<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (ii) Longwool<br />
|l2= Longwool Breeds#Border Leicester<br />
|q3= Did this breed originate in continental Europe or Great Britain? <br />
|a3= Great Britain, specifically the Scottish Borders and North England.<br />
|l3= Longwool Breeds#Border Leicester<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*polled<br />
*head is covered with short white hair (no wool)<br />
*heavy, long fleece with a silvery and glistening appearance<br />
*roman nose and large white ears <br />
*good maternal instincts<br />
*moderately prolific<br />
|l4= Longwool Breeds#Border Leicester<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
<br />
[[File:The Andrews sisters photo 2.jpg|The Andrews sisters photo 2|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Bluefaced Leicester<br />
|l1=Longwool Breeds#Bluefaced Leicester<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (ii) Longwool<br />
|l2= Longwool Breeds# Bluefaced Leicester <br />
|q3= Did this breed originate in continental Europe or Great Britain? <br />
|a3= Great Britain, specifically in the North of England<br />
|l3= Longwool Breeds# Bluefaced Leicester <br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*skin of head is blueish in colour which shows through the white hair covering the head<br />
*longest bodied of the British sheep and have large ears and a roman nose<br />
*polled<br />
*heavy, long fleece with a silvery and glistening appearance<br />
*Their fleece is the finest of the longwool breeds, and it is important that the wool be tightly purled, fine and open cleanly to the skin<br />
*free of wool on their head, neck, belly and legs<br />
*prolific and has very good milking ability to match this<br />
|l4= Longwool Breeds# Bluefaced Leicester <br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Suffolk (sheep) - Oveja - Borrega.JPG|Suffolk (sheep) - Oveja - Borrega|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Suffolk<br />
|l1=Terminal Sire Breeds#Suffolk<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (v) Terminal Sire<br />
|l2=Terminal Sire Breeds#Suffolk<br />
|q3= Did this breed originate in continental Europe or Great Britain? <br />
|a3= Great Britain, specifically Southern England<br />
|l3= Terminal Sire Breeds#Suffolk<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*distinctive black face with moderately long black ears and legs that are free from wool *white, short fleece with close fibre<br />
*considered a Shortwool Ewe breed <br />
*naturally polled <br />
|l4= Terminal Sire Breeds#Suffolk<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
<br />
[[File:Mouton Dorset Down.JPG|Mouton Dorset Down|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Dorset Down<br />
|l1=Terminal Sire Breeds#Dorset Down<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (v) Terminal Sire<br />
|l2= Terminal Sire Breeds# Dorset Down <br />
|q3= Did this breed originate in continental Europe or Great Britain? <br />
|a3= Great Britain, specifically Southern England<br />
|l3= Terminal Sire Breeds# Dorset Down <br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*shortwool<br />
*polled<br />
*dark colour on its face and lower legs<br />
*white fleece round the cheeks, between the ears, on the forehead and down the legs<br />
*ewes produce early maturing lambs<br />
|l4= Terminal Sire Breeds# Dorset Down <br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
<br />
[[File:Texel sheep.jpg|Texel sheep|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Texel<br />
|l1=Terminal Sire Breeds#Texel<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (v) Terminal Sire<br />
|l2=Terminal Sire Breeds#Texel<br />
|q3= Did this breed originate in continental Europe or Great Britain? <br />
|a3= continental Europe, specifically Belgium<br />
|l3= Terminal Sire Breeds#Texel<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*white-faced with no wool on its legs or head<br />
* black, blue or brown shading or patches on the head<br />
*distinct short and wide face with a black nose<br />
*widely placed short ears and black hooves <br />
*large, double-muscled hindquarters/gigots<br />
|l4= Terminal Sire Breeds#Texel<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
<br />
[[File:Mouton Charollais.JPG|Mouton Charollais|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Charollais<br />
|l1= Terminal Sire Breeds#Charollais<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (v) Terminal Sire<br />
|l2=Terminal Sire Breeds#Charollais<br />
|q3= Did this breed originate in continental Europe or Great Britain? <br />
|a3= continental Europe, specifically France<br />
|l3= Terminal Sire Breeds#Charollais<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*pink-grey skin on their faces, covered by white hair<br />
*distinct feature of white flash, above each eye <br />
*fleece is white or cream colour but is not found on their face or legs<br />
*both sexes are naturally polled<br />
*strong maternal traits, easy lambing and can produce fast growing, robust lambs<br />
|l4= Terminal Sire Breeds#Charollais<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
<br />
[[File:Beltex Sheep near Whygill - geograph.org.uk - 209731.jpg|Beltex Sheep near Whygill - geograph.org.uk - 209731|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Beltex<br />
|l1= Terminal Sire Breeds#Beltex<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (v) Terminal Sire<br />
|l2=Terminal Sire Breeds#Beltex<br />
|q3= Did this breed originate in continental Europe or Great Britain? <br />
|a3= continental Europe, specifically Belgium<br />
|l3= Terminal Sire Breeds#Beltex<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*white-faced with no wool on its legs or head<br />
*may have black, blue or brown shading or patches on the head<br />
*distinct short and wide face with a black nose<br />
*widely placed short ears and black hooves <br />
*large, double-muscled hindquarters/gigots<br />
|l4= Terminal Sire Breeds#Beltex<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
<br />
[[File:Lleyn sheep.jpg|Lleyn sheep|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Lleyn<br />
|l1= Shortwool Ewe Breeds#Lleyn<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (v) Shortwool Ewe<br />
|l2=Shortwool Ewe Breeds#Lleyn<br />
|q3= Did this breed originate in continental Europe or Great Britain? <br />
|a3= Great Britain, specifically the Lleyn peninsula in Wales<br />
|l3= Shortwool Ewe Breeds#Lleyn<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*naturally polled with a white or cream colour fleece<br />
*versatility for lowland and upland<br />
*head is cream/white in colour with a black nose and thick ears with black spots<br />
|l4= Shortwool Ewe Breeds#Lleyn<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
<br />
[[File:Clun forest.jpg|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Clun Forest<br />
|l1= Shortwool Ewe Breeds#Clun Forest<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (v) Shortwool Ewe<br />
|l2=Shortwool Ewe Breeds#Clun Forest<br />
|q3= Did this breed originate in continental Europe or Great Britain? <br />
|a3= Great Britain, specifically Shropshire in England<br />
|l3= Shortwool Ewe Breeds#Clun Forest<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*distinct face that is dark rich in colour, narrow and free from wool; except for a wollen top knot on the top of the head<br />
*black legs and feet, free from wool from hock down <br />
*adaptable to variety of conditions<br />
*docile, relatively easy care breed <br />
|l4= Shortwool Ewe Breeds#Clun Forest<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
<br />
[[Image:ScotMule.jpg|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Scottish Mule<br />
|l1= Longwool Crossbreeds#Scottish Mule<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (iii) Longwool Crossbreed<br />
|l2= Longwool Crossbreeds#Scottish Mule <br />
|q3= Name the sire and dam breeds of this crossbreed.<br />
|a3= Bluefaced Leicester ram and Scottish Blackface ewe<br />
|l3= Longwool Crossbreeds#Scottish Mule<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*renowned for being of good size/frame, prolific with good milking ability and mothering instincts<br />
*produce good sized lambs, especially when mated with a terminal sire breed<br />
|l4= Longwool Crossbreeds#Scottish Mule<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
[[File:Sheep Study 7.jpg|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= North Country Mule<br />
|l1= Longwool Crossbreeds#North Country Mule<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (iii) Longwool Crossbreed<br />
|l2= Longwool Crossbreeds#North Country Mule<br />
|q3= Name the sire and dam breeds of this crossbreed.<br />
|a3= Bluefaced Leicester ram and either a Swaledale or Northumberland type Scottish Blackface ewe<br />
|l3= Longwool Crossbreeds#North Country Mule<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*renowned for being of good size/frame, prolific with good milking ability and mothering instincts<br />
*produce good sized lambs, especially when mated with a terminal sire breed<br />
|l4= Longwool Crossbreeds#North Country Mule<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
[[File:Welshmule.jpg|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Welsh Mule<br />
|l1= Longwool Crossbreeds#Welsh Mule<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (iii) Longwool Crossbreed<br />
|l2= Longwool Crossbreeds#Welsh Mule<br />
|q3= Name the sire and dam breeds of this crossbreed.<br />
|a3= Bluefaced Leicester ram and either a Welsh Mountain, Beulah or Welsh Hill Speckled-face ewe <br />
|l3= Longwool Crossbreeds#Welsh Mule<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*renowned for being of good size/frame, prolific with good milking ability and mothering instincts<br />
*produce good sized lambs, especially when mated with a terminal sire breed<br />
|l4= Longwool Crossbreeds#Welsh Mule<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
[[Image:greyface.jpg|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Greyface<br />
|l1= Longwool Crossbreeds#Greyface<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (iii) Longwool Crossbreed<br />
|l2= Longwool Crossbreeds#Greyface<br />
|q3= Name the sire and dam breeds of this crossbreed. <br />
|a3= Border Leicester Ram and Scottish Blackface Ewe<br />
|l3= Longwool Crossbreeds#Greyface<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*renowned for being of good size/frame, prolific with good milking ability and mothering instincts<br />
*produce good sized lambs, especially when mated with a terminal sire breed<br />
|l4= Longwool Crossbreeds#Greyface<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
[[Image:Scothalfbred.jpg|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Scottish Halfbred<br />
|l1= Longwool Crossbreeds#Scottish Halfbred<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (iii) Longwool Crossbreed<br />
|l2= Longwool Crossbreeds#Scottish Halfbred<br />
|q3= Name the sire and dam breeds of this crossbreed.<br />
|a3= Border Leicester ram and Cheviot ewe<br />
|l3= Longwool Crossbreeds#Scottish Halfbred<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*renowned for being of good size/frame, prolific with good milking ability and mothering instincts<br />
*produce good sized lambs, especially when mated with a terminal sire breed<br />
|l4= Longwool Crossbreeds#Scottish Halfbred<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
[[Image:WelshHalfbred.jpg|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Welsh Halfbred<br />
|l1= Longwool Crossbreeds#Welsh Halfbred<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (iii) Longwool Crossbreed<br />
|l2= Longwool Crossbreeds#Welsh Halfbred<br />
|q3= Name the sire and dam breeds of this crossbreed.<br />
|a3= Border Leicester ram and Welsh Mountain Ewe<br />
|l3= Longwool Crossbreeds#Welsh Halfbred<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*renowned for being of good size/frame, prolific with good milking ability and mothering instincts<br />
*produce good sized lambs, especially when mated with a terminal sire breed<br />
|l4= Longwool Crossbreeds#Welsh Halfbred<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
[[Image:Englishhalf.jpg|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= English Halfbred<br />
|l1= Longwool Crossbreeds#English Halfbred<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (iii) Longwool Crossbreed<br />
|l2= Longwool Crossbreeds#Engish Halfbred<br />
|q3= Name the sire and dam breeds of this crossbreed.<br />
|a3= Border Leicester ram and Clun Forest Ewe<br />
|l3= Longwool Crossbreeds#English Halfbred<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*renowned for being of good size/frame, prolific with good milking ability and mothering instincts<br />
*produce good sized lambs, especially when mated with a terminal sire breed<br />
|l4= Longwool Crossbreeds#English Halfbred<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
[[Category:Sheep Breeds]]<br />
[[Category:To Do]]</div>Kcam11https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Longwool_Crossbreeds&diff=127253Longwool Crossbreeds2011-09-09T06:18:23Z<p>Kcam11: /* Welsh Mule */</p>
<hr />
<div>Longwool Crossbred ewes are pivotal in the UK industry where they are crossed with a terminal sire to produce a fast growing, high quality prime lamb. They are renowned for being of good size/frame, prolific with good milking ability and mothering instincts, and they produce good sized lambs, especially when mated with a terminal sire breed.<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
==Scotch Mule==<br />
<br />
*The Scotch Mule is a cross between a Bluefaced Leicester ram and a Scottish Blackface ewe.<br />
<gallery><br />
File: ScotMule.jpg<br />
</gallery><br />
<br><br><br><br><br />
<br />
==North Country Mule==<br />
*The North Country Mule, also called the North of England Mule, is a cross between a Bluefaced Leicester ram and either a Swaledale or Northumberland type Scottish Blackface ewe. <br />
[[File:Sheep Study 7.jpg|150px]]<br />
<br><br><br><br><br><br><br />
<br />
==Welsh Mule==<br />
*A Welsh Mule is a cross between a Bluefaced Leicester ram and either a Welsh Mountain, Beulah or Welsh Hill Speckled-face ewe.<br />
<br><br />
[[File:Welshmule.jpg|Welsh Mule|200px]]<br />
<br><br><br><br><br />
<br />
==Greyface==<br />
*The Greyface is a cross between a Border Leicester ram and a Scottish Blackface ewe. <br />
<gallery><br />
File:greyface.jpg<br />
</gallery><br />
<br><br><br><br><br />
<br />
==Scotch Halfbred==<br />
*The Scotch Halfbred is a cross between a Border Leicester ram and a Cheviot ewe.<br />
<gallery><br />
File:Scothalfbred.jpg<br />
</gallery><br />
<br><br><br><br><br />
==Welsh Halfbred==<br />
*The Welsh Halfbred is a cross between a Border Leicester ram and a Welsh Mountain ewe.<br />
<gallery><br />
File:WelshHalfbred.jpg<br />
</gallery><br />
<br><br><br><br><br />
==English Halfbred==<br />
*The English Halfbred is a cross between a Border Leicester ram and a Clun Forest ewe. <br />
<gallery><br />
File:Englishhalf.jpg<br />
</gallery><br />
<br><br><br><br><br />
{{Learning<br />
|flashcards = [[Sheep Breeds Flashcards]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sheep Breeds]]<br />
[[Category:To Do]]</div>Kcam11https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Longwool_Crossbreeds&diff=127252Longwool Crossbreeds2011-09-09T06:17:36Z<p>Kcam11: /* Welsh Mule */</p>
<hr />
<div>Longwool Crossbred ewes are pivotal in the UK industry where they are crossed with a terminal sire to produce a fast growing, high quality prime lamb. They are renowned for being of good size/frame, prolific with good milking ability and mothering instincts, and they produce good sized lambs, especially when mated with a terminal sire breed.<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
==Scotch Mule==<br />
<br />
*The Scotch Mule is a cross between a Bluefaced Leicester ram and a Scottish Blackface ewe.<br />
<gallery><br />
File: ScotMule.jpg<br />
</gallery><br />
<br><br><br><br><br />
<br />
==North Country Mule==<br />
*The North Country Mule, also called the North of England Mule, is a cross between a Bluefaced Leicester ram and either a Swaledale or Northumberland type Scottish Blackface ewe. <br />
[[File:Sheep Study 7.jpg|150px]]<br />
<br><br><br><br><br><br><br />
<br />
==Welsh Mule==<br />
*A Welsh Mule is a cross between a Bluefaced Leicester ram and either a Welsh Mountain, Beulah or Welsh Hill Speckled-face ewe.<br />
[[File:Welshmule.jpg|Welsh Mule|200px]]<br />
<br><br><br><br><br />
<br />
==Greyface==<br />
*The Greyface is a cross between a Border Leicester ram and a Scottish Blackface ewe. <br />
<gallery><br />
File:greyface.jpg<br />
</gallery><br />
<br><br><br><br><br />
<br />
==Scotch Halfbred==<br />
*The Scotch Halfbred is a cross between a Border Leicester ram and a Cheviot ewe.<br />
<gallery><br />
File:Scothalfbred.jpg<br />
</gallery><br />
<br><br><br><br><br />
==Welsh Halfbred==<br />
*The Welsh Halfbred is a cross between a Border Leicester ram and a Welsh Mountain ewe.<br />
<gallery><br />
File:WelshHalfbred.jpg<br />
</gallery><br />
<br><br><br><br><br />
==English Halfbred==<br />
*The English Halfbred is a cross between a Border Leicester ram and a Clun Forest ewe. <br />
<gallery><br />
File:Englishhalf.jpg<br />
</gallery><br />
<br><br><br><br><br />
{{Learning<br />
|flashcards = [[Sheep Breeds Flashcards]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sheep Breeds]]<br />
[[Category:To Do]]</div>Kcam11https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Longwool_Crossbreeds&diff=127243Longwool Crossbreeds2011-09-08T16:35:07Z<p>Kcam11: /* North Country Mule */</p>
<hr />
<div>Longwool Crossbred ewes are pivotal in the UK industry where they are crossed with a terminal sire to produce a fast growing, high quality prime lamb. They are renowned for being of good size/frame, prolific with good milking ability and mothering instincts, and they produce good sized lambs, especially when mated with a terminal sire breed.<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
==Scotch Mule==<br />
<br />
*The Scotch Mule is a cross between a Bluefaced Leicester ram and a Scottish Blackface ewe.<br />
<gallery><br />
File: ScotMule.jpg<br />
</gallery><br />
<br><br><br><br><br />
<br />
==North Country Mule==<br />
*The North Country Mule, also called the North of England Mule, is a cross between a Bluefaced Leicester ram and either a Swaledale or Northumberland type Scottish Blackface ewe. <br />
[[File:Sheep Study 7.jpg|150px]]<br />
<br><br><br><br><br><br><br />
<br />
==Welsh Mule==<br />
*A Welsh Mule is a cross between a Bluefaced Leicester ram and either a Welsh Mountain, Beulah or Welsh Hill Speckled-face ewe.<br />
<gallery><br />
File:welshmule.JPG<br />
</gallery><br />
<br><br><br><br><br />
<br />
==Greyface==<br />
*The Greyface is a cross between a Border Leicester ram and a Scottish Blackface ewe. <br />
<gallery><br />
File:greyface.jpg<br />
</gallery><br />
<br><br><br><br><br />
<br />
==Scotch Halfbred==<br />
*The Scotch Halfbred is a cross between a Border Leicester ram and a Cheviot ewe.<br />
<gallery><br />
File:Scothalfbred.jpg<br />
</gallery><br />
<br><br><br><br><br />
==Welsh Halfbred==<br />
*The Welsh Halfbred is a cross between a Border Leicester ram and a Welsh Mountain ewe.<br />
<gallery><br />
File:WelshHalfbred.jpg<br />
</gallery><br />
<br><br><br><br><br />
==English Halfbred==<br />
*The English Halfbred is a cross between a Border Leicester ram and a Clun Forest ewe. <br />
<gallery><br />
File:Englishhalf.jpg<br />
</gallery><br />
<br><br><br><br><br />
{{Learning<br />
|flashcards = [[Sheep Breeds Flashcards]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sheep Breeds]]<br />
[[Category:To Do]]</div>Kcam11https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Sheep_Breed_Flashcards&diff=127242Sheep Breed Flashcards2011-09-08T16:33:45Z<p>Kcam11: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Scottish blackface.jpg|Scottish blackface|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Scottish Blackface<br />
|l1=Hill Breeds#Scottish Blackface<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (i) hill<br />
|l2=Hill Breeds#Scottish Blackface<br />
|q3= Did this breed originate in continental Europe or Great Britain? <br />
|a3= Great Britain<br />
|l3= Hill Breeds#Scottish Blackface<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*can also be sub-divided into 3 types, which differ slightly in size and appearance – the types are known as Perth, Lanark and Northumberland<br />
*outstanding qualities of the breed are survivability/hardiness, adaptability and versatility <br />
*excellent mothers and will protect their lambs against predators<br />
*Once settled, the stock rarely leave their own area or mix with sheep from other areas which reduces the need for expensive fencing (a practice known as hefting)<br />
*large horns, a roman nose, and unusual black and white facial markings <br />
*legs are usually black or black and white and are free from wool<br />
*fleece is white, long and coarse <br />
|l4=Hill Breeds#Scottish Blackface<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
<br />
[[File: Swaledale.jpg|Swaledale|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Swaledale<br />
|l1=Hill Breeds#Swaledale<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (i) hill<br />
|l2=Hill Breeds#Swaledale<br />
|q3= Did this breed originate in continental Europe or Great Britain? <br />
|a3= Great Britain, specifically the Yorkshire valley of Swaledale<br />
|l3= Hill Breeds#Swaledale<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
* upper part of a Swaledale face is dark complexioned while the muzzle is white/grey or mealy in colour<br />
*large, curled horns<br />
* fleece is thick and white while their legs are grey or mottled in colour and are free from wool<br />
*excellent mothers and are known for being able to rear lambs well, even in adverse conditions<br />
|l4= Hill Breeds#Swaledale<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
<br />
[[File:Cheviot ewe and lamb.jpg|Cheviot ewe and lamb|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Cheviot<br />
|l1=Hill Breeds#Cheviot<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (i) hill<br />
|l2=Hill Breeds#Cheviot<br />
|q3= Did this breed originate in continental Europe or Great Britain? <br />
|a3= Great Britain, specifically the Cheviot hills in the Scottish Borders <br />
|l3= Hill Breeds#Cheviot<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*North Country Cheviot is the largest of the UK hill breeds<br />
*dense, firm white fleece covering except for their head and legs <br />
*Rams may have horns while the ewes are usually polled<br />
* hardy and has very strong maternal instincts<br />
l4= Hill Breeds#Cheviot<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
<br />
[[File:White Welsh Mountain sheep.jpg|White Welsh Mountain sheep|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Welsh Mountain<br />
|l1=Hill Breeds#Welsh Mountain<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (i) Hill<br />
|l2=Hill Breeds#Welsh Mountain<br />
|q3= Did this breed originate in continental Europe or Great Britain? <br />
|a3= Great Britain, specifically Wales<br />
|l3= Hill Breeds#Welsh Mountain<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4=<br />
*typically smaller and more compact than other hill breeds<br />
most common variation has white wool<br />
*Bodies are compact and strong<br />
*no wool covering on face or legs<br />
*tails of Welsh Mountain sheep are left undocked<br />
* fleece covering except for their head and legs <br />
*Rams usually have horns while the ewes are usually polled<br />
*bred to survive in harsh environments<br />
|l4= Hill Breeds#Welsh Mountain<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
<br />
[[File:Border Leicester 02.jpg|Border Leicester 02|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Border Leicester<br />
|l1=Longwool Breeds#Border Leicester<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (ii) Longwool<br />
|l2= Longwool Breeds#Border Leicester<br />
|q3= Did this breed originate in continental Europe or Great Britain? <br />
|a3= Great Britain, specifically the Scottish Borders and North England.<br />
|l3= Longwool Breeds#Border Leicester<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*polled<br />
*head is covered with short white hair (no wool)<br />
*heavy, long fleece with a silvery and glistening appearance<br />
*roman nose and large white ears <br />
*good maternal instincts<br />
*moderately prolific<br />
|l4= Longwool Breeds#Border Leicester<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
<br />
[[File:The Andrews sisters photo 2.jpg|The Andrews sisters photo 2|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Bluefaced Leicester<br />
|l1=Longwool Breeds#Bluefaced Leicester<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (ii) Longwool<br />
|l2= Longwool Breeds# Bluefaced Leicester <br />
|q3= Did this breed originate in continental Europe or Great Britain? <br />
|a3= Great Britain, specifically in the North of England<br />
|l3= Longwool Breeds# Bluefaced Leicester <br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*skin of head is blueish in colour which shows through the white hair covering the head<br />
*longest bodied of the British sheep and have large ears and a roman nose<br />
*polled<br />
*heavy, long fleece with a silvery and glistening appearance<br />
*Their fleece is the finest of the longwool breeds, and it is important that the wool be tightly purled, fine and open cleanly to the skin<br />
*free of wool on their head, neck, belly and legs<br />
*prolific and has very good milking ability to match this<br />
|l4= Longwool Breeds# Bluefaced Leicester <br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Suffolk (sheep) - Oveja - Borrega.JPG|Suffolk (sheep) - Oveja - Borrega|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Suffolk<br />
|l1=Terminal Sire Breeds#Suffolk<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (v) Terminal Sire<br />
|l2=Terminal Sire Breeds#Suffolk<br />
|q3= Did this breed originate in continental Europe or Great Britain? <br />
|a3= Great Britain, specifically Southern England<br />
|l3= Terminal Sire Breeds#Suffolk<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*distinctive black face with moderately long black ears and legs that are free from wool *white, short fleece with close fibre<br />
*considered a Shortwool Ewe breed <br />
*naturally polled <br />
|l4= Terminal Sire Breeds#Suffolk<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
<br />
[[File:Mouton Dorset Down.JPG|Mouton Dorset Down|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Dorset Down<br />
|l1=Terminal Sire Breeds#Dorset Down<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (v) Terminal Sire<br />
|l2= Terminal Sire Breeds# Dorset Down <br />
|q3= Did this breed originate in continental Europe or Great Britain? <br />
|a3= Great Britain, specifically Southern England<br />
|l3= Terminal Sire Breeds# Dorset Down <br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*shortwool<br />
*polled<br />
*dark colour on its face and lower legs<br />
*white fleece round the cheeks, between the ears, on the forehead and down the legs<br />
*ewes produce early maturing lambs<br />
|l4= Terminal Sire Breeds# Dorset Down <br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
<br />
[[File:Texel sheep.jpg|Texel sheep|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Texel<br />
|l1=Terminal Sire Breeds#Texel<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (v) Terminal Sire<br />
|l2=Terminal Sire Breeds#Texel<br />
|q3= Did this breed originate in continental Europe or Great Britain? <br />
|a3= continental Europe, specifically Belgium<br />
|l3= Terminal Sire Breeds#Texel<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*white-faced with no wool on its legs or head<br />
* black, blue or brown shading or patches on the head<br />
*distinct short and wide face with a black nose<br />
*widely placed short ears and black hooves <br />
*large, double-muscled hindquarters/gigots<br />
|l4= Terminal Sire Breeds#Texel<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
<br />
[[File:Mouton Charollais.JPG|Mouton Charollais|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Charollais<br />
|l1= Terminal Sire Breeds#Charollais<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (v) Terminal Sire<br />
|l2=Terminal Sire Breeds#Charollais<br />
|q3= Did this breed originate in continental Europe or Great Britain? <br />
|a3= continental Europe, specifically France<br />
|l3= Terminal Sire Breeds#Charollais<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*pink-grey skin on their faces, covered by white hair<br />
*distinct feature of white flash, above each eye <br />
*fleece is white or cream colour but is not found on their face or legs<br />
*both sexes are naturally polled<br />
*strong maternal traits, easy lambing and can produce fast growing, robust lambs<br />
|l4= Terminal Sire Breeds#Charollais<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
<br />
[[File:Beltex Sheep near Whygill - geograph.org.uk - 209731.jpg|Beltex Sheep near Whygill - geograph.org.uk - 209731|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Beltex<br />
|l1= Terminal Sire Breeds#Beltex<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (v) Terminal Sire<br />
|l2=Terminal Sire Breeds#Beltex<br />
|q3= Did this breed originate in continental Europe or Great Britain? <br />
|a3= continental Europe, specifically Belgium<br />
|l3= Terminal Sire Breeds#Beltex<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*white-faced with no wool on its legs or head<br />
*may have black, blue or brown shading or patches on the head<br />
*distinct short and wide face with a black nose<br />
*widely placed short ears and black hooves <br />
*large, double-muscled hindquarters/gigots<br />
|l4= Terminal Sire Breeds#Beltex<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
<br />
[[File:Lleyn sheep.jpg|Lleyn sheep|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Lleyn<br />
|l1= Shortwool Ewe Breeds#Lleyn<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (v) Shortwool Ewe<br />
|l2=Shortwool Ewe Breeds#Lleyn<br />
|q3= Did this breed originate in continental Europe or Great Britain? <br />
|a3= Great Britain, specifically the Lleyn peninsula in Wales<br />
|l3= Shortwool Ewe Breeds#Lleyn<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*naturally polled with a white or cream colour fleece<br />
*versatility for lowland and upland<br />
*head is cream/white in colour with a black nose and thick ears with black spots<br />
|l4= Shortwool Ewe Breeds#Lleyn<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
<br />
[[File:Clun forest.jpg|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Clun Forest<br />
|l1= Shortwool Ewe Breeds#Clun Forest<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (v) Shortwool Ewe<br />
|l2=Shortwool Ewe Breeds#Clun Forest<br />
|q3= Did this breed originate in continental Europe or Great Britain? <br />
|a3= Great Britain, specifically Shropshire in England<br />
|l3= Shortwool Ewe Breeds#Clun Forest<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*distinct face that is dark rich in colour, narrow and free from wool; except for a wollen top knot on the top of the head<br />
*black legs and feet, free from wool from hock down <br />
*adaptable to variety of conditions<br />
*docile, relatively easy care breed <br />
|l4= Shortwool Ewe Breeds#Clun Forest<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
<br />
[[Image:ScotMule.jpg|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Scottish Mule<br />
|l1= Longwool Crossbreeds#Scottish Mule<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (iii) Longwool Crossbreed<br />
|l2= Longwool Crossbreeds#Scottish Mule <br />
|q3= Name the sire and dam breeds of this crossbreed.<br />
|a3= Bluefaced Leicester ram and Scottish Blackface ewe<br />
|l3= Longwool Crossbreeds#Scottish Mule<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*renowned for being of good size/frame, prolific with good milking ability and mothering instincts<br />
*produce good sized lambs, especially when mated with a terminal sire breed<br />
|l4= Longwool Crossbreeds#Scottish Mule<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
[[File:Sheep Study 7.jpg|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= North Country Mule<br />
|l1= Longwool Crossbreeds#North Country Mule<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (iii) Longwool Crossbreed<br />
|l2= Longwool Crossbreeds#North Country Mule<br />
|q3= Name the sire and dam breeds of this crossbreed.<br />
|a3= Bluefaced Leicester ram and either a Swaledale or Northumberland type Scottish Blackface ewe<br />
|l3= Longwool Crossbreeds#North Country Mule<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*renowned for being of good size/frame, prolific with good milking ability and mothering instincts<br />
*produce good sized lambs, especially when mated with a terminal sire breed<br />
|l4= Longwool Crossbreeds#North Country Mule<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
[[Image:welshmule.JPG|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Welsh Mule<br />
|l1= Longwool Crossbreeds#Welsh Mule<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (iii) Longwool Crossbreed<br />
|l2= Longwool Crossbreeds#Welsh Mule<br />
|q3= Name the sire and dam breeds of this crossbreed.<br />
|a3= Bluefaced Leicester ram and either a Welsh Mountain, Beulah or Welsh Hill Speckled-face ewe <br />
|l3= Longwool Crossbreeds#Welsh Mule<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*renowned for being of good size/frame, prolific with good milking ability and mothering instincts<br />
*produce good sized lambs, especially when mated with a terminal sire breed<br />
|l4= Longwool Crossbreeds#Welsh Mule<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
[[Image:greyface.jpg|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Greyface<br />
|l1= Longwool Crossbreeds#Greyface<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (iii) Longwool Crossbreed<br />
|l2= Longwool Crossbreeds#Greyface<br />
|q3= Name the sire and dam breeds of this crossbreed. <br />
|a3= Border Leicester Ram and Scottish Blackface Ewe<br />
|l3= Longwool Crossbreeds#Greyface<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*renowned for being of good size/frame, prolific with good milking ability and mothering instincts<br />
*produce good sized lambs, especially when mated with a terminal sire breed<br />
|l4= Longwool Crossbreeds#Greyface<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
[[Image:Scothalfbred.jpg|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Scottish Halfbred<br />
|l1= Longwool Crossbreeds#Scottish Halfbred<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (iii) Longwool Crossbreed<br />
|l2= Longwool Crossbreeds#Scottish Halfbred<br />
|q3= Name the sire and dam breeds of this crossbreed.<br />
|a3= Border Leicester ram and Cheviot ewe<br />
|l3= Longwool Crossbreeds#Scottish Halfbred<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*renowned for being of good size/frame, prolific with good milking ability and mothering instincts<br />
*produce good sized lambs, especially when mated with a terminal sire breed<br />
|l4= Longwool Crossbreeds#Scottish Halfbred<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
[[Image:WelshHalfbred.jpg|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Welsh Halfbred<br />
|l1= Longwool Crossbreeds#Welsh Halfbred<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (iii) Longwool Crossbreed<br />
|l2= Longwool Crossbreeds#Welsh Halfbred<br />
|q3= Name the sire and dam breeds of this crossbreed.<br />
|a3= Border Leicester ram and Welsh Mountain Ewe<br />
|l3= Longwool Crossbreeds#Welsh Halfbred<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*renowned for being of good size/frame, prolific with good milking ability and mothering instincts<br />
*produce good sized lambs, especially when mated with a terminal sire breed<br />
|l4= Longwool Crossbreeds#Welsh Halfbred<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
[[Image:Englishhalf.jpg|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= English Halfbred<br />
|l1= Longwool Crossbreeds#English Halfbred<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (iii) Longwool Crossbreed<br />
|l2= Longwool Crossbreeds#Engish Halfbred<br />
|q3= Name the sire and dam breeds of this crossbreed.<br />
|a3= Border Leicester ram and Clun Forest Ewe<br />
|l3= Longwool Crossbreeds#English Halfbred<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*renowned for being of good size/frame, prolific with good milking ability and mothering instincts<br />
*produce good sized lambs, especially when mated with a terminal sire breed<br />
|l4= Longwool Crossbreeds#English Halfbred<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
[[Category:Sheep Breeds]]<br />
[[Category:To Do]]</div>Kcam11https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Longwool_Crossbreeds&diff=127240Longwool Crossbreeds2011-09-08T16:21:48Z<p>Kcam11: /* North Country Mule */</p>
<hr />
<div>Longwool Crossbred ewes are pivotal in the UK industry where they are crossed with a terminal sire to produce a fast growing, high quality prime lamb. They are renowned for being of good size/frame, prolific with good milking ability and mothering instincts, and they produce good sized lambs, especially when mated with a terminal sire breed.<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
==Scotch Mule==<br />
<br />
*The Scotch Mule is a cross between a Bluefaced Leicester ram and a Scottish Blackface ewe.<br />
<gallery><br />
File: ScotMule.jpg<br />
</gallery><br />
<br><br><br><br><br />
<br />
==North Country Mule==<br />
*The North Country Mule, also called the North of England Mule, is a cross between a Bluefaced Leicester ram and either a Swaledale or Northumberland type Scottish Blackface ewe. <br />
[[File:Sheep Study 7.jpg|150px|right]]<br />
<br><br><br><br><br><br><br />
<br />
==Welsh Mule==<br />
*A Welsh Mule is a cross between a Bluefaced Leicester ram and either a Welsh Mountain, Beulah or Welsh Hill Speckled-face ewe.<br />
<gallery><br />
File:welshmule.JPG<br />
</gallery><br />
<br><br><br><br><br />
<br />
==Greyface==<br />
*The Greyface is a cross between a Border Leicester ram and a Scottish Blackface ewe. <br />
<gallery><br />
File:greyface.jpg<br />
</gallery><br />
<br><br><br><br><br />
<br />
==Scotch Halfbred==<br />
*The Scotch Halfbred is a cross between a Border Leicester ram and a Cheviot ewe.<br />
<gallery><br />
File:Scothalfbred.jpg<br />
</gallery><br />
<br><br><br><br><br />
==Welsh Halfbred==<br />
*The Welsh Halfbred is a cross between a Border Leicester ram and a Welsh Mountain ewe.<br />
<gallery><br />
File:WelshHalfbred.jpg<br />
</gallery><br />
<br><br><br><br><br />
==English Halfbred==<br />
*The English Halfbred is a cross between a Border Leicester ram and a Clun Forest ewe. <br />
<gallery><br />
File:Englishhalf.jpg<br />
</gallery><br />
<br><br><br><br><br />
{{Learning<br />
|flashcards = [[Sheep Breeds Flashcards]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sheep Breeds]]<br />
[[Category:To Do]]</div>Kcam11https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Longwool_Crossbreeds&diff=127239Longwool Crossbreeds2011-09-08T16:16:55Z<p>Kcam11: /* North Country Mule */</p>
<hr />
<div>Longwool Crossbred ewes are pivotal in the UK industry where they are crossed with a terminal sire to produce a fast growing, high quality prime lamb. They are renowned for being of good size/frame, prolific with good milking ability and mothering instincts, and they produce good sized lambs, especially when mated with a terminal sire breed.<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
==Scotch Mule==<br />
<br />
*The Scotch Mule is a cross between a Bluefaced Leicester ram and a Scottish Blackface ewe.<br />
<gallery><br />
File: ScotMule.jpg<br />
</gallery><br />
<br><br><br><br><br />
<br />
==North Country Mule==<br />
*The North Country Mule, also called the North of England Mule, is a cross between a Bluefaced Leicester ram and either a Swaledale or Northumberland type Scottish Blackface ewe. <br />
[[File:Sheep Study 7.jpg|200px|right]]<br />
<br><br><br><br><br />
<br />
==Welsh Mule==<br />
*A Welsh Mule is a cross between a Bluefaced Leicester ram and either a Welsh Mountain, Beulah or Welsh Hill Speckled-face ewe.<br />
<gallery><br />
File:welshmule.JPG<br />
</gallery><br />
<br><br><br><br><br />
<br />
==Greyface==<br />
*The Greyface is a cross between a Border Leicester ram and a Scottish Blackface ewe. <br />
<gallery><br />
File:greyface.jpg<br />
</gallery><br />
<br><br><br><br><br />
<br />
==Scotch Halfbred==<br />
*The Scotch Halfbred is a cross between a Border Leicester ram and a Cheviot ewe.<br />
<gallery><br />
File:Scothalfbred.jpg<br />
</gallery><br />
<br><br><br><br><br />
==Welsh Halfbred==<br />
*The Welsh Halfbred is a cross between a Border Leicester ram and a Welsh Mountain ewe.<br />
<gallery><br />
File:WelshHalfbred.jpg<br />
</gallery><br />
<br><br><br><br><br />
==English Halfbred==<br />
*The English Halfbred is a cross between a Border Leicester ram and a Clun Forest ewe. <br />
<gallery><br />
File:Englishhalf.jpg<br />
</gallery><br />
<br><br><br><br><br />
{{Learning<br />
|flashcards = [[Sheep Breeds Flashcards]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sheep Breeds]]<br />
[[Category:To Do]]</div>Kcam11https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Sheep_Breed_Flashcards&diff=127194Sheep Breed Flashcards2011-09-08T11:19:00Z<p>Kcam11: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Scottish blackface.jpg|Scottish blackface|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Scottish Blackface<br />
|l1=Hill Breeds#Scottish Blackface<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (i) hill<br />
|l2=Hill Breeds#Scottish Blackface<br />
|q3= Did this breed originate in continental Europe or Great Britain? <br />
|a3= Great Britain<br />
|l3= Hill Breeds#Scottish Blackface<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*can also be sub-divided into 3 types, which differ slightly in size and appearance – the types are known as Perth, Lanark and Northumberland<br />
*outstanding qualities of the breed are survivability/hardiness, adaptability and versatility <br />
*excellent mothers and will protect their lambs against predators<br />
*Once settled, the stock rarely leave their own area or mix with sheep from other areas which reduces the need for expensive fencing (a practice known as hefting)<br />
*large horns, a roman nose, and unusual black and white facial markings <br />
*legs are usually black or black and white and are free from wool<br />
*fleece is white, long and coarse <br />
|l4=Hill Breeds#Scottish Blackface<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
<br />
[[File: Swaledale.jpg|Swaledale|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Swaledale<br />
|l1=Hill Breeds#Swaledale<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (i) hill<br />
|l2=Hill Breeds#Swaledale<br />
|q3= Did this breed originate in continental Europe or Great Britain? <br />
|a3= Great Britain, specifically the Yorkshire valley of Swaledale<br />
|l3= Hill Breeds#Swaledale<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
* upper part of a Swaledale face is dark complexioned while the muzzle is white/grey or mealy in colour<br />
*large, curled horns<br />
* fleece is thick and white while their legs are grey or mottled in colour and are free from wool<br />
*excellent mothers and are known for being able to rear lambs well, even in adverse conditions<br />
|l4= Hill Breeds#Swaledale<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
<br />
[[File:Cheviot ewe and lamb.jpg|Cheviot ewe and lamb|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Cheviot<br />
|l1=Hill Breeds#Cheviot<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (i) hill<br />
|l2=Hill Breeds#Cheviot<br />
|q3= Did this breed originate in continental Europe or Great Britain? <br />
|a3= Great Britain, specifically the Cheviot hills in the Scottish Borders <br />
|l3= Hill Breeds#Cheviot<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*North Country Cheviot is the largest of the UK hill breeds<br />
*dense, firm white fleece covering except for their head and legs <br />
*Rams may have horns while the ewes are usually polled<br />
* hardy and has very strong maternal instincts<br />
l4= Hill Breeds#Cheviot<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
<br />
[[File:White Welsh Mountain sheep.jpg|White Welsh Mountain sheep|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Welsh Mountain<br />
|l1=Hill Breeds#Welsh Mountain<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (i) Hill<br />
|l2=Hill Breeds#Welsh Mountain<br />
|q3= Did this breed originate in continental Europe or Great Britain? <br />
|a3= Great Britain, specifically Wales<br />
|l3= Hill Breeds#Welsh Mountain<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4=<br />
*typically smaller and more compact than other hill breeds<br />
most common variation has white wool<br />
*Bodies are compact and strong<br />
*no wool covering on face or legs<br />
*tails of Welsh Mountain sheep are left undocked<br />
* fleece covering except for their head and legs <br />
*Rams usually have horns while the ewes are usually polled<br />
*bred to survive in harsh environments<br />
|l4= Hill Breeds#Welsh Mountain<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
<br />
[[File:Border Leicester 02.jpg|Border Leicester 02|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Border Leicester<br />
|l1=Longwool Breeds#Border Leicester<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (ii) Longwool<br />
|l2= Longwool Breeds#Border Leicester<br />
|q3= Did this breed originate in continental Europe or Great Britain? <br />
|a3= Great Britain, specifically the Scottish Borders and North England.<br />
|l3= Longwool Breeds#Border Leicester<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*polled<br />
*head is covered with short white hair (no wool)<br />
*heavy, long fleece with a silvery and glistening appearance<br />
*roman nose and large white ears <br />
*good maternal instincts<br />
*moderately prolific<br />
|l4= Longwool Breeds#Border Leicester<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
<br />
[[File:The Andrews sisters photo 2.jpg|The Andrews sisters photo 2|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Bluefaced Leicester<br />
|l1=Longwool Breeds#Bluefaced Leicester<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (ii) Longwool<br />
|l2= Longwool Breeds# Bluefaced Leicester <br />
|q3= Did this breed originate in continental Europe or Great Britain? <br />
|a3= Great Britain, specifically in the North of England<br />
|l3= Longwool Breeds# Bluefaced Leicester <br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*skin of head is blueish in colour which shows through the white hair covering the head<br />
*longest bodied of the British sheep and have large ears and a roman nose<br />
*polled<br />
*heavy, long fleece with a silvery and glistening appearance<br />
*Their fleece is the finest of the longwool breeds, and it is important that the wool be tightly purled, fine and open cleanly to the skin<br />
*free of wool on their head, neck, belly and legs<br />
*prolific and has very good milking ability to match this<br />
|l4= Longwool Breeds# Bluefaced Leicester <br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Suffolk (sheep) - Oveja - Borrega.JPG|Suffolk (sheep) - Oveja - Borrega|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Suffolk<br />
|l1=Terminal Sire Breeds#Suffolk<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (v) Terminal Sire<br />
|l2=Terminal Sire Breeds#Suffolk<br />
|q3= Did this breed originate in continental Europe or Great Britain? <br />
|a3= Great Britain, specifically Southern England<br />
|l3= Terminal Sire Breeds#Suffolk<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*distinctive black face with moderately long black ears and legs that are free from wool *white, short fleece with close fibre<br />
*considered a Shortwool Ewe breed <br />
*naturally polled <br />
|l4= Terminal Sire Breeds#Suffolk<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
<br />
[[File:Mouton Dorset Down.JPG|Mouton Dorset Down|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Dorset Down<br />
|l1=Terminal Sire Breeds#Dorset Down<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (v) Terminal Sire<br />
|l2= Terminal Sire Breeds# Dorset Down <br />
|q3= Did this breed originate in continental Europe or Great Britain? <br />
|a3= Great Britain, specifically Southern England<br />
|l3= Terminal Sire Breeds# Dorset Down <br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*shortwool<br />
*polled<br />
*dark colour on its face and lower legs<br />
*white fleece round the cheeks, between the ears, on the forehead and down the legs<br />
*ewes produce early maturing lambs<br />
|l4= Terminal Sire Breeds# Dorset Down <br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
<br />
[[File:Texel sheep.jpg|Texel sheep|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Texel<br />
|l1=Terminal Sire Breeds#Texel<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (v) Terminal Sire<br />
|l2=Terminal Sire Breeds#Texel<br />
|q3= Did this breed originate in continental Europe or Great Britain? <br />
|a3= continental Europe, specifically Belgium<br />
|l3= Terminal Sire Breeds#Texel<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*white-faced with no wool on its legs or head<br />
* black, blue or brown shading or patches on the head<br />
*distinct short and wide face with a black nose<br />
*widely placed short ears and black hooves <br />
*large, double-muscled hindquarters/gigots<br />
|l4= Terminal Sire Breeds#Texel<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
<br />
[[File:Mouton Charollais.JPG|Mouton Charollais|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Charollais<br />
|l1= Terminal Sire Breeds#Charollais<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (v) Terminal Sire<br />
|l2=Terminal Sire Breeds#Charollais<br />
|q3= Did this breed originate in continental Europe or Great Britain? <br />
|a3= continental Europe, specifically France<br />
|l3= Terminal Sire Breeds#Charollais<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*pink-grey skin on their faces, covered by white hair<br />
*distinct feature of white flash, above each eye <br />
*fleece is white or cream colour but is not found on their face or legs<br />
*both sexes are naturally polled<br />
*strong maternal traits, easy lambing and can produce fast growing, robust lambs<br />
|l4= Terminal Sire Breeds#Charollais<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
<br />
[[File:Beltex Sheep near Whygill - geograph.org.uk - 209731.jpg|Beltex Sheep near Whygill - geograph.org.uk - 209731|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Beltex<br />
|l1= Terminal Sire Breeds#Beltex<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (v) Terminal Sire<br />
|l2=Terminal Sire Breeds#Beltex<br />
|q3= Did this breed originate in continental Europe or Great Britain? <br />
|a3= continental Europe, specifically Belgium<br />
|l3= Terminal Sire Breeds#Beltex<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*white-faced with no wool on its legs or head<br />
*may have black, blue or brown shading or patches on the head<br />
*distinct short and wide face with a black nose<br />
*widely placed short ears and black hooves <br />
*large, double-muscled hindquarters/gigots<br />
|l4= Terminal Sire Breeds#Beltex<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
<br />
[[File:Lleyn sheep.jpg|Lleyn sheep|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Lleyn<br />
|l1= Shortwool Ewe Breeds#Lleyn<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (v) Shortwool Ewe<br />
|l2=Shortwool Ewe Breeds#Lleyn<br />
|q3= Did this breed originate in continental Europe or Great Britain? <br />
|a3= Great Britain, specifically the Lleyn peninsula in Wales<br />
|l3= Shortwool Ewe Breeds#Lleyn<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*naturally polled with a white or cream colour fleece<br />
*versatility for lowland and upland<br />
*head is cream/white in colour with a black nose and thick ears with black spots<br />
|l4= Shortwool Ewe Breeds#Lleyn<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
<br />
[[File:Clun forest.jpg|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Clun Forest<br />
|l1= Shortwool Ewe Breeds#Clun Forest<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (v) Shortwool Ewe<br />
|l2=Shortwool Ewe Breeds#Clun Forest<br />
|q3= Did this breed originate in continental Europe or Great Britain? <br />
|a3= Great Britain, specifically Shropshire in England<br />
|l3= Shortwool Ewe Breeds#Clun Forest<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*distinct face that is dark rich in colour, narrow and free from wool; except for a wollen top knot on the top of the head<br />
*black legs and feet, free from wool from hock down <br />
*adaptable to variety of conditions<br />
*docile, relatively easy care breed <br />
|l4= Shortwool Ewe Breeds#Clun Forest<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
<br />
[[Image:ScotMule.jpg|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Scottish Mule<br />
|l1= Longwool Crossbreeds#Scottish Mule<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (iii) Longwool Crossbreed<br />
|l2= Longwool Crossbreeds#Scottish Mule <br />
|q3= Name the sire and dam breeds of this crossbreed.<br />
|a3= Bluefaced Leicester ram and Scottish Blackface ewe<br />
|l3= Longwool Crossbreeds#Scottish Mule<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*renowned for being of good size/frame, prolific with good milking ability and mothering instincts<br />
*produce good sized lambs, especially when mated with a terminal sire breed<br />
|l4= Longwool Crossbreeds#Scottish Mule<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
[[Image:NCMule.jpg|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= North Country Mule<br />
|l1= Longwool Crossbreeds#North Country Mule<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (iii) Longwool Crossbreed<br />
|l2= Longwool Crossbreeds#North Country Mule<br />
|q3= Name the sire and dam breeds of this crossbreed.<br />
|a3= Bluefaced Leicester ram and either a Swaledale or Northumberland type Scottish Blackface ewe<br />
|l3= Longwool Crossbreeds#North Country Mule<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*renowned for being of good size/frame, prolific with good milking ability and mothering instincts<br />
*produce good sized lambs, especially when mated with a terminal sire breed<br />
|l4= Longwool Crossbreeds#North Country Mule<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
[[Image:welshmule.JPG|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Welsh Mule<br />
|l1= Longwool Crossbreeds#Welsh Mule<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (iii) Longwool Crossbreed<br />
|l2= Longwool Crossbreeds#Welsh Mule<br />
|q3= Name the sire and dam breeds of this crossbreed.<br />
|a3= Bluefaced Leicester ram and either a Welsh Mountain, Beulah or Welsh Hill Speckled-face ewe <br />
|l3= Longwool Crossbreeds#Welsh Mule<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*renowned for being of good size/frame, prolific with good milking ability and mothering instincts<br />
*produce good sized lambs, especially when mated with a terminal sire breed<br />
|l4= Longwool Crossbreeds#Welsh Mule<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
[[Image:greyface.jpg|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Greyface<br />
|l1= Longwool Crossbreeds#Greyface<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (iii) Longwool Crossbreed<br />
|l2= Longwool Crossbreeds#Greyface<br />
|q3= Name the sire and dam breeds of this crossbreed. <br />
|a3= Border Leicester Ram and Scottish Blackface Ewe<br />
|l3= Longwool Crossbreeds#Greyface<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*renowned for being of good size/frame, prolific with good milking ability and mothering instincts<br />
*produce good sized lambs, especially when mated with a terminal sire breed<br />
|l4= Longwool Crossbreeds#Greyface<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
[[Image:Scothalfbred.jpg|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Scottish Halfbred<br />
|l1= Longwool Crossbreeds#Scottish Halfbred<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (iii) Longwool Crossbreed<br />
|l2= Longwool Crossbreeds#Scottish Halfbred<br />
|q3= Name the sire and dam breeds of this crossbreed.<br />
|a3= Border Leicester ram and Cheviot ewe<br />
|l3= Longwool Crossbreeds#Scottish Halfbred<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*renowned for being of good size/frame, prolific with good milking ability and mothering instincts<br />
*produce good sized lambs, especially when mated with a terminal sire breed<br />
|l4= Longwool Crossbreeds#Scottish Halfbred<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
[[Image:WelshHalfbred.jpg|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= Welsh Halfbred<br />
|l1= Longwool Crossbreeds#Welsh Halfbred<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (iii) Longwool Crossbreed<br />
|l2= Longwool Crossbreeds#Welsh Halfbred<br />
|q3= Name the sire and dam breeds of this crossbreed.<br />
|a3= Border Leicester ram and Welsh Mountain Ewe<br />
|l3= Longwool Crossbreeds#Welsh Halfbred<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*renowned for being of good size/frame, prolific with good milking ability and mothering instincts<br />
*produce good sized lambs, especially when mated with a terminal sire breed<br />
|l4= Longwool Crossbreeds#Welsh Halfbred<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br><br />
[[Image:Englishhalf.jpg|250px]]<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= What is the name of this breed?<br />
|a1= English Halfbred<br />
|l1= Longwool Crossbreeds#English Halfbred<br />
|q2= Is this breed classified as a (i) Hill, (ii) Longwool, (iii) Longwool Crossbreed, (iv) Shortwool Ewe or (v) Terminal Sire breed?<br />
|a2= (iii) Longwool Crossbreed<br />
|l2= Longwool Crossbreeds#Engish Halfbred<br />
|q3= Name the sire and dam breeds of this crossbreed.<br />
|a3= Border Leicester ram and Clun Forest Ewe<br />
|l3= Longwool Crossbreeds#English Halfbred<br />
|q4= What are the characteristics that define this breed?<br />
|a4= <br />
*renowned for being of good size/frame, prolific with good milking ability and mothering instincts<br />
*produce good sized lambs, especially when mated with a terminal sire breed<br />
|l4= Longwool Crossbreeds#English Halfbred<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
[[Category:Sheep Breeds]]<br />
[[Category:To Do]]</div>Kcam11https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Shortwool_Ewe_Breeds&diff=127193Shortwool Ewe Breeds2011-09-08T11:16:44Z<p>Kcam11: /* Clun Forest */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Lleyn==<br />
<br><br />
[[File:Lleyn sheep.jpg|Lleyn sheep|200px|right]]<br />
*The Lleyn originated from the Lleyn peninsula in Wales.<br />
*Lleyn are naturally polled with a white or cream colour fleece.<br />
*Their head is cream/white in colour with a black nose and thick ears with black spots.<br />
*Lleyn ewes have good maternal instincts and are known as a relatively easy care breed.<br />
*This breed has become more popular in recent years due to its versatility for lowland or upland breeding. <br />
<br><br><br><br><br />
<br />
==Clun Forest==<br />
<br><br />
[[File:Clun forest.jpg|200px|right]]<br />
*The Clun Forest originated from Shropshire in England.<br />
*They are a docile breed that have a distinct face that is dark rich in colour, narrow and free from wool; except for a wollen top knot on the top of the head.<br />
*The Clun Forest breed are polled.<br />
*Clun Forests have black legs and feet, free from wool from the hock downwards.<br />
* They can adapt to a variety of conditions and are known as a relatively easy care breed.<br />
<br />
{{Learning<br />
|flashcards = [[Sheep Breeds Flashcards]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sheep Breeds]]<br />
[[Category:To Do]]</div>Kcam11https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Protein_Concentrates_and_Sources&diff=127192Protein Concentrates and Sources2011-09-08T11:14:08Z<p>Kcam11: /* Oilseed Meals */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Oilseed Meals ==<br />
These include: '''Soyabean, Cottonseed, Rapeseed, Linseed, Sunflowerseed meals'''<br><br />
[[File:Soyabean meal.jpg|Soyabean Meal|200px]]<br />
[[File:Soya hulls.jpg|Soya Hulls|200px]]<br />
[[File:Rapeseed meal.jpg|Rapeseed Meal|200px]]<br />
===Characteristics===<!----Write below this line---><br />
Soyabean meal, cottonseed meal, rapeseed meal, linseed meal and sunflowerseed meal belong to the oilseed meal family. Oilseed meals are by-products and residues following the removal of oil from the seeds. They are a very good protein source with high digestibility and are a better source of calcium and phosphorus than cereals. <br><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Soyabean meal || 90 || 13.3 – 15.5 || 400 - 500<br />
|-<br />
|Cottonseed meal || 90 || 8.5 – 12.5 || 230 - 450<br />
|-<br />
|Rapeseed meal || 90 || 12 || 400<br />
|-<br />
|Linseed meal || 90 || 12 || 400<br />
|-<br />
|Sunflowerseed meal || 90 || 9.5 – 10.5 || 300 - 430<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
===Associated Problems===<br />
Soyabeans are oestrogenic, goitrogenic and can contain high levels of lectins. Cottonseeds are low in essential amino acids, calcium and vitamins A and D, and can contain elevated levels of gossypols. Rapeseeds are goitrogenic and can contain elevated levels of tannins. Immature linseed has mucilage that is converted to hydrogen cyanide. Sunflowerseeds cause soft body fat in pigs due to high PUFA levels. <br><br><br><br />
<br />
==Leguminous Seeds == <br />
These include: '''Peas, Beans (broad, horse, Windsor) and Lupin seeds'''<br><br />
[[File:Peas - Studio - 2011.jpg|Peas|200px]]<br />
===Characteristics===<br />
Leguminous seeds consists of peas, beans (broad, horse, windsor) and lupin (white, blue and yellow varieties) seeds. Leguminous seeds have a high protein content, good energy content and high phosphorus concentration, but tend to be low in calcium. Leguminous seeds can be eaten whole or processed (cracked, kibbled or ground). They are often used in place of other protein concentrations. <br><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Peas || 86 || 13.8 || 260<br />
|-<br />
|Beans || 86 || 13.4 || 280<br />
|-<br />
|Lupin seed meal || 90 || 13.2 || 280 - 420<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
===Associated Problems===<!----Write below this line---><br />
Some bean species may contain high levels of lectins. Lupin seeds may contain high levels of alkaloids (e.g. ergotamine). Can be associated with GI tract disturbances (colic, diarrhoea). <br />
<br><br><br><br />
<br />
==Fishmeal== <!----Write below this line---><br />
[[File:Heogan Fishmeal Factory, Bressay - geograph.org.uk - 1064643.jpg|200px]]<br />
There are other types of animal protein such as meat & bone and blood meal. However, due to the UK and EU restrictions ruminants and non-ruminants must not be fed processed meat & bone or blood meal. Only farmed fish are permitted bloodmeal. <br><br />
<br />
===Characteristics===<!----Write below this line---><br />
Due to EU/UK restrictions, fishmeal can only be used in unweaned calf milk replacers in ruminants. Pigs, poultry and horses are permitted fishmeal. Fishmeal is typically included in small amounts and has many essential amino acids, vitamins and minerals. Contains high levels of calcium and phosphorus. UK produced fishmeal tends to be slightly lower nutritive value than herring or South American derived fishmeal. <br />
<br><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Fishmeal || 91 || 14.5 - 18 || 700 - 800<br />
|-<br />
|Meat and Bone Meal || 90 || 10 || 600<br />
|-<br />
|Blood Meal || 87 || 12.8 || 920<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
===Associated Problems===<!----Write below this line---><br />
High intakes of fishmeal are associated with taint of meat and eggs. <br />
<br><br><br><br />
<br />
==Urea== <!----Write below this line---><br />
[[File:Urea.png|Urea|200px|right]]<br />
====Characteristics====<!----Write below this line---><br />
A misnomer as not technically a protein, but it does have a CP equivalent to 2,900g/kg DM. In ruminants, the rumen microflora hydrolyse urea to ammonia. Urea is often supplemented to diets of low protein concentration and can also be contained in molassed vitamin/mineral blocks. Urea may be used to treat straw (urine sometimes used in some developing countries), where it effectively improves digestibility of this low quality roughage. <br />
<br><br />
====Associated Problems====<!----Write below this line---><br />
Less than one-third of the dietary nitrogen should be provided as urea in order to minimise ammonia toxicity. Signs of ammonia toxicity include bloat, twitching, ataxia, excessive salivation and death. <br />
<br><br><br><br />
<br />
{{Learning<br />
|flashcards = [[Animal Nutrition Flashcards]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Animal Nutrition]]<br />
[[Category:To Do]]</div>Kcam11https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Cereals_and_By-Products&diff=127191Cereals and By-Products2011-09-08T11:12:44Z<p>Kcam11: /* Barley, Wheat & Oats */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Barley, Wheat & Oats== <!----Write below this line---><br />
[[File:Whole and rolled barley.jpg|Barley|200px]]<br />
[[File:Porridge oats.JPG|Oats|200px]]<br />
[[File:Wheat1.jpg|Wheat|200px]]<br />
[[File:Wheatfeed.jpg|Wheat Feed|200px]]<br />
====Characteristics====<!----Write below this line---><br />
Barley, wheat and oats are all starch rich cereal grains. They can be fed whole or processed. During processing, these grains can be rolled, bruised, milled, crimped, micronised, or treated with alkali or acid (e.g.prop-corn). In general, cattle need the grains to be processed more than sheep and goats. <br />
<br><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Barley || 86 || 12.8 || 110<br />
|-<br />
|Wheat || 86 || 13.5 || 120<br />
|-<br />
|Oats || 86 || 12 || 110<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
===Associated Problems===<!----Write below this line---><br />
Bloat. Acidosis. Soft fat. Liver abscesses. Cereals typically very poor source of calcium and deficient in Vitamins A and D. <br />
<br><br><br><br />
<br />
==Distillery and Brewing By-Products==<br />
(Brewer’s grains, Distiller’s grains (draff), Distiller’s dark grains, Malt culms)<br><br><br />
[[File:Wheat distillers grains.jpg|wheat distiller's grains|200px]]<br />
[[File:Distillers dark grains.jpg |distiller's dark grains|200px]]<br />
[[File:Malt culms.jpg|Malt Culms|200px]]<br />
<br />
<br><br />
===Characteristics===<br />
These by-products can be variable and are more suited to ruminants. They are a good source of fibre and have high unsaturated fatty acid content. The low DM by-products can be fed fresh or they can be ensiled. They are high in phosphorus but low in calcium and other minerals. <br><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Brewers grains || 26 || 11.2 || 250<br />
|-<br />
|Distillers grains || 25 || 14.7 || 270<br />
|-<br />
|Distillers dark grains || 89 || 12.2 – 14.8 || 275 - 350<br />
|-<br />
|Malt culms || 90 || 11.2 || 270<br />
|}<br />
===Associated Problems===<!----Write below this line---><br />
Can be associated with deficiency in calcium, magnesium and other minerals. Poor fermentation and its associated problems can be encountered when ensiled. <br><br><br><br />
<br />
==Maize and Maize Gluten Feed== <!----Write below this line---><br />
[[File:Maize.jpg|Maize Corn|200px]]<br />
[[File:Flaked maize.jpg|Flaked Maize|200px]]<br />
===Characteristics===<!----Write below this line---><br />
These feeds are typically processed and may be flaked, rolled or micronised. They are suitable for ruminants and non-ruminants. Maize and maize gluten feed have high digestible energy, but poor source of calcium. <br />
<br><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Maize || 86 || 14.2 || 98<br />
|-<br />
|Flaked Maize || 90 || 15 || 110<br />
|-<br />
|Maize gluten feed || 90 || 12.7 || 250<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
===Associated Problems===<!----Write below this line---><br />
Maize and maize gluten feed can cause bloat and acidosis. The carcase fat colour can have a yellow pigmentation (due to presence of cryptoxanthin). <br />
<br><br><br><br />
<br />
{{Learning<br />
|flashcards = [[Animal Nutrition Flashcards]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Animal Nutrition]]<br />
[[Category:To Do]]</div>Kcam11https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Cereals_and_By-Products&diff=127190Cereals and By-Products2011-09-08T11:08:35Z<p>Kcam11: /* Distillery and Brewing By-Products */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Barley, Wheat & Oats== <!----Write below this line---><br />
[[File:Whole and rolled barley.jpg|Barley|200px]]<br />
[[File:Porridge oats.JPG|Oats|200px]]<br />
[[File:Wheat1.jpg|Wheat|200px]]<br />
====Characteristics====<!----Write below this line---><br />
Barley, wheat and oats are all starch rich cereal grains. They can be fed whole or processed. During processing, these grains can be rolled, bruised, milled, crimped, micronised, or treated with alkali or acid (e.g.prop-corn). In general, cattle need the grains to be processed more than sheep and goats. <br />
<br><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Barley || 86 || 12.8 || 110<br />
|-<br />
|Wheat || 86 || 13.5 || 120<br />
|-<br />
|Oats || 86 || 12 || 110<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
===Associated Problems===<!----Write below this line---><br />
Bloat. Acidosis. Soft fat. Liver abscesses. Cereals typically very poor source of calcium and deficient in Vitamins A and D. <br />
<br><br><br><br />
<br />
==Distillery and Brewing By-Products==<br />
(Brewer’s grains, Distiller’s grains (draff), Distiller’s dark grains, Malt culms)<br><br><br />
[[File:Wheat distillers grains.jpg|wheat distiller's grains|200px]]<br />
[[File:Distillers dark grains.jpg |distiller's dark grains|200px]]<br />
[[File:Malt culms.jpg|Malt Culms|200px]]<br />
<br />
<br><br />
===Characteristics===<br />
These by-products can be variable and are more suited to ruminants. They are a good source of fibre and have high unsaturated fatty acid content. The low DM by-products can be fed fresh or they can be ensiled. They are high in phosphorus but low in calcium and other minerals. <br><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Brewers grains || 26 || 11.2 || 250<br />
|-<br />
|Distillers grains || 25 || 14.7 || 270<br />
|-<br />
|Distillers dark grains || 89 || 12.2 – 14.8 || 275 - 350<br />
|-<br />
|Malt culms || 90 || 11.2 || 270<br />
|}<br />
===Associated Problems===<!----Write below this line---><br />
Can be associated with deficiency in calcium, magnesium and other minerals. Poor fermentation and its associated problems can be encountered when ensiled. <br><br><br><br />
<br />
==Maize and Maize Gluten Feed== <!----Write below this line---><br />
[[File:Maize.jpg|Maize Corn|200px]]<br />
[[File:Flaked maize.jpg|Flaked Maize|200px]]<br />
===Characteristics===<!----Write below this line---><br />
These feeds are typically processed and may be flaked, rolled or micronised. They are suitable for ruminants and non-ruminants. Maize and maize gluten feed have high digestible energy, but poor source of calcium. <br />
<br><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Maize || 86 || 14.2 || 98<br />
|-<br />
|Flaked Maize || 90 || 15 || 110<br />
|-<br />
|Maize gluten feed || 90 || 12.7 || 250<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
===Associated Problems===<!----Write below this line---><br />
Maize and maize gluten feed can cause bloat and acidosis. The carcase fat colour can have a yellow pigmentation (due to presence of cryptoxanthin). <br />
<br><br><br><br />
<br />
{{Learning<br />
|flashcards = [[Animal Nutrition Flashcards]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Animal Nutrition]]<br />
[[Category:To Do]]</div>Kcam11https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Cereals_and_By-Products&diff=127189Cereals and By-Products2011-09-08T11:06:01Z<p>Kcam11: /* Barley, Wheat & Oats */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Barley, Wheat & Oats== <!----Write below this line---><br />
[[File:Whole and rolled barley.jpg|Barley|200px]]<br />
[[File:Porridge oats.JPG|Oats|200px]]<br />
[[File:Wheat1.jpg|Wheat|200px]]<br />
====Characteristics====<!----Write below this line---><br />
Barley, wheat and oats are all starch rich cereal grains. They can be fed whole or processed. During processing, these grains can be rolled, bruised, milled, crimped, micronised, or treated with alkali or acid (e.g.prop-corn). In general, cattle need the grains to be processed more than sheep and goats. <br />
<br><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Barley || 86 || 12.8 || 110<br />
|-<br />
|Wheat || 86 || 13.5 || 120<br />
|-<br />
|Oats || 86 || 12 || 110<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
===Associated Problems===<!----Write below this line---><br />
Bloat. Acidosis. Soft fat. Liver abscesses. Cereals typically very poor source of calcium and deficient in Vitamins A and D. <br />
<br><br><br><br />
<br />
==Distillery and Brewing By-Products==<br />
(Brewer’s grains, Distiller’s grains (draff), Distiller’s dark grains, Malt culms)<br><br><br />
[[File:Wheat distillers grains.jpg|wheat distiller's grains|200px]]<br />
[[File:Distillers dark grains.jpg |distiller's dark grains|200px]]<br />
<br><br />
===Characteristics===<br />
These by-products can be variable and are more suited to ruminants. They are a good source of fibre and have high unsaturated fatty acid content. The low DM by-products can be fed fresh or they can be ensiled. They are high in phosphorus but low in calcium and other minerals. <br><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Brewers grains || 26 || 11.2 || 250<br />
|-<br />
|Distillers grains || 25 || 14.7 || 270<br />
|-<br />
|Distillers dark grains || 89 || 12.2 – 14.8 || 275 - 350<br />
|-<br />
|Malt culms || 90 || 11.2 || 270<br />
|}<br />
===Associated Problems===<!----Write below this line---><br />
Can be associated with deficiency in calcium, magnesium and other minerals. Poor fermentation and its associated problems can be encountered when ensiled. <br><br><br><br />
<br />
==Maize and Maize Gluten Feed== <!----Write below this line---><br />
[[File:Maize.jpg|Maize Corn|200px]]<br />
[[File:Flaked maize.jpg|Flaked Maize|200px]]<br />
===Characteristics===<!----Write below this line---><br />
These feeds are typically processed and may be flaked, rolled or micronised. They are suitable for ruminants and non-ruminants. Maize and maize gluten feed have high digestible energy, but poor source of calcium. <br />
<br><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Maize || 86 || 14.2 || 98<br />
|-<br />
|Flaked Maize || 90 || 15 || 110<br />
|-<br />
|Maize gluten feed || 90 || 12.7 || 250<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
===Associated Problems===<!----Write below this line---><br />
Maize and maize gluten feed can cause bloat and acidosis. The carcase fat colour can have a yellow pigmentation (due to presence of cryptoxanthin). <br />
<br><br><br><br />
<br />
{{Learning<br />
|flashcards = [[Animal Nutrition Flashcards]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Animal Nutrition]]<br />
[[Category:To Do]]</div>Kcam11https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Forage&diff=127188Forage2011-09-08T11:04:21Z<p>Kcam11: /* Silage and Haylage */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Grass== <br />
[[File:Grasshastie.jpg|Grass|200px]]<br />
===Characteristics===<br />
Typically based on ryegrass, but often mixed swards with cocksfoot, fescues, timothy, and legumes (e.g. clover). It is present in rough/hill grazing (often with heather, rushes, mosses), permanent pasture and rotational leys, the latter often high yielding italian or perennial ryegrass monocultures.<br />
<br><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Grass (young)||15 - 20 || 11.5 - 12.5 ||150 - 250<br />
|-<br />
|Grass (mature)||25 - 50 ||9.5 - 10.5 ||50 - 130<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
===Associated Problems===<!----Write below this line---><br />
<br />
Scours, hypomagnesaemic tetany (especially in winter, or in rapidly growing grass (e.g. spring,/early summer, late summer/autumn), bloat (especially as mixed legume swards), pasture-induced laminitis.<br />
<br><br><br><br />
<br />
==Silage and Haylage== <!----Write below this line---><br />
[[File:Big bale silage2.jpg|Silage|200px]]<br />
[[File:Big bale silage.jpg|Big Bale Silage|200px]]<br />
===Characteristics===<!----Write below this line---><br />
Silage is a fermented crop with a low dry matter content. It is cut at a relatively early stage of development and stored under anaerobic conditions (clamp or big bale). Haylage is similar to silage but is often cut at a more mature stage and is typically baled. Haylage has a higher pH and DM than silage and can often be of more variable quality. With horses haylage is typically preferred (by owners) to silage.<br />
<br><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)!! pH<br />
|-<br />
|Silage || 15 - 20 (20-30 clamp)(40-50 bale)|| 9.5 - 12 ||120 - 190 || 3.8 - 4.8<br />
|-<br />
|Haylage || 50-60 || 9 - 11.5 || 75 - 110 || 4.5 - 5.5<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
<br />
===Associated Problems===<!----Write below this line---><br />
Clostridia. Listeriosis. Acidosis. Moulds/mycotoxins. Poor fermentation (pH > 4.8) or too acidic (pH < 3.8).<br />
<br><br><br><br />
<br />
==Hay== <!----Write below this line---><br />
[[File:Hayhastie.jpg|Hay|200px]]<br />
[[File:Hay3.jpg|Hay|200px]]<br />
===Characteristics===<!----Write below this line---><br />
Hay is dried grass, either naturally or artificially (dependent on the weather). It is cut at a relatively late stage of maturity and is typically of variable quality in colour and smell, and nutritive value. There are various types of hay such as ryegrass, meadow, and timothy. <br><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Hay || 80 - 90 || 7.5 - 10.5 ||50 - 150<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
===Associated Problems===<!----Write below this line---><br />
Moulds/mycotoxins.<br />
<br><br><br><br />
<br />
==Straw== <!----Write below this line---><br />
[[File:Straw1.jpg|200px]]<br />
[[File:Straw4.jpg|200px]]<br />
===Characteristics===<!----Write below this line---><br />
Straw (usually barley or oat for feed) can be treated with alkali, urea or ammonia. It is commonly used as a roughage source for growing ruminants, and especially animals being reared in cereal beef systems. <br />
<br><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Straw || 86 - 88 || 6.1 - 7 || 34 - 38<br />
|-<br />
|Straw (ammoniated)|| 84 - 88 || 7.4 - 7.8 || 68 - 75<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
===Associated Problems===<!----Write below this line---><br />
Moulds/mycotoxin. Impaction within GI tract (especially horses). High intakes of straw (+ grains) are associated with hypomagnesaemic tetany (due to high K levels in grain and straw) <br />
<br><br><br><br />
<br />
==Whole-Crop Cereal Silage== <!----Write below this line---><br />
[[File:Near Knaps of Bedlam - geograph.org.uk - 1304243.jpg|200px]]<br />
===Characteristics===<!----Write below this line---><br />
Maize whole-crop silage has high energy concentration while having a low protein concentration. It is harvested when grain is in the late dough stage. Barley, oats, wheat, and triticale are also used for whole-crop cereal silage either as monocultures or mixed with legumes (e.g. peas) to improve protein content. They are also high in energy while low in protein. Whole-crop cereal silages are fed as sole forage or mixed with grass silage. <br />
<br><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Maize whole-crop silage || 22 - 35 || 10.5 - 12 ||65 - 110<br />
|-<br />
|Barley whole-crop silage || 30 - 40 ||9 - 11 ||80 - 110<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
===Associated Problems===<!----Write below this line---><br />
Clostridia. Listeriosis. Acidosis. Poor fermentation (pH > 4.8) or too acidic (pH < 3.8).<br />
<br />
==Clovers and Lucerne==<br />
[[File:Clover.jpg|clover|100px]]<br />
[[File:Lucerne flowers.jpg|Lucerne|200px]]<br />
===Characteristics===<!----Write below this line---><br />
Clovers are either white or red varieties. Clovers and Lucerne (aka Alfalfa) have a higher protein concentration and a higher mineral concentration (e.g. calcium) than grasses. Lucerne can be grazed or conserved as a monoculture. Lucernes also have a higher protein concentration than grasses. Legume silages tend to be more difficult to achieve a good fermentation, inoculants are usually required. <br />
<br><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Clover || 18 - 20 || 9 - 10.5 || 170 - 250<br />
|-<br />
|Lucerne || 22 - 25 || 8 - 10.5 || 150 - 200<br />
|-<br />
|Lucerne Hay || 84 - 88 || 8 - 10.5 || 200 - 225<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
===Associated Problems===<!----Write below this line---><br />
<br />
Bloat (frothy). Red clovers and some Lucerne varieties may also contain significant levels of phytoestrogens that cause subfertility. <br />
<br><br><br><br />
<br />
==Kale and Rape== <br />
[[File:Kale1.jpg||200px|Kale]][[File:Rape.jpg|200px|Rape]]<br />
===Characteristics===<br />
Kale and rape are considered good, digestible fodder. They have a higher protein concentration, carbohydrate concentration and calcium concentration than grasses. Rape has a higher protein concentration than kale. <br />
<br><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Kale || 14 || 11 || 160<br />
|-<br />
|Rape || 14 || 9.5 || 200<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
===Associated Problems===<br />
Goitrogenic. Haemolytic anaemia, haemoglobinuria. Feed to pregnant ewes with caution (can observe malformed, dead lambs at parturition).<br />
<br><br><br><br />
{{Learning<br />
|flashcards = [[Animal Nutrition Flashcards]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Animal Nutrition]]<br />
[[Category:To Do]]</div>Kcam11https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Forage&diff=127185Forage2011-09-08T10:55:22Z<p>Kcam11: /* Straw */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Grass== <br />
[[File:Grasshastie.jpg|Grass|200px]]<br />
===Characteristics===<br />
Typically based on ryegrass, but often mixed swards with cocksfoot, fescues, timothy, and legumes (e.g. clover). It is present in rough/hill grazing (often with heather, rushes, mosses), permanent pasture and rotational leys, the latter often high yielding italian or perennial ryegrass monocultures.<br />
<br><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Grass (young)||15 - 20 || 11.5 - 12.5 ||150 - 250<br />
|-<br />
|Grass (mature)||25 - 50 ||9.5 - 10.5 ||50 - 130<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
===Associated Problems===<!----Write below this line---><br />
<br />
Scours, hypomagnesaemic tetany (especially in winter, or in rapidly growing grass (e.g. spring,/early summer, late summer/autumn), bloat (especially as mixed legume swards), pasture-induced laminitis.<br />
<br><br><br><br />
<br />
==Silage and Haylage== <!----Write below this line---><br />
[[File:Big bale silage2.jpg |Silage|200px]]<br />
===Characteristics===<!----Write below this line---><br />
Silage is a fermented crop with a low dry matter content. It is cut at a relatively early stage of development and stored under anaerobic conditions (clamp or big bale). Haylage is similar to silage but is often cut at a more mature stage and is typically baled. Haylage has a higher pH and DM than silage and can often be of more variable quality. With horses haylage is typically preferred (by owners) to silage.<br />
<br><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)!! pH<br />
|-<br />
|Silage || 15 - 20 (20-30 clamp)(40-50 bale)|| 9.5 - 12 ||120 - 190 || 3.8 - 4.8<br />
|-<br />
|Haylage || 50-60 || 9 - 11.5 || 75 - 110 || 4.5 - 5.5<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
<br />
===Associated Problems===<!----Write below this line---><br />
Clostridia. Listeriosis. Acidosis. Moulds/mycotoxins. Poor fermentation (pH > 4.8) or too acidic (pH < 3.8).<br />
<br><br><br><br />
<br />
==Hay== <!----Write below this line---><br />
[[File:Hayhastie.jpg|Hay|200px]]<br />
[[File:Hay3.jpg|Hay|200px]]<br />
===Characteristics===<!----Write below this line---><br />
Hay is dried grass, either naturally or artificially (dependent on the weather). It is cut at a relatively late stage of maturity and is typically of variable quality in colour and smell, and nutritive value. There are various types of hay such as ryegrass, meadow, and timothy. <br><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Hay || 80 - 90 || 7.5 - 10.5 ||50 - 150<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
===Associated Problems===<!----Write below this line---><br />
Moulds/mycotoxins.<br />
<br><br><br><br />
<br />
==Straw== <!----Write below this line---><br />
[[File:Straw1.jpg|200px]]<br />
[[File:Straw4.jpg|200px]]<br />
===Characteristics===<!----Write below this line---><br />
Straw (usually barley or oat for feed) can be treated with alkali, urea or ammonia. It is commonly used as a roughage source for growing ruminants, and especially animals being reared in cereal beef systems. <br />
<br><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Straw || 86 - 88 || 6.1 - 7 || 34 - 38<br />
|-<br />
|Straw (ammoniated)|| 84 - 88 || 7.4 - 7.8 || 68 - 75<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
===Associated Problems===<!----Write below this line---><br />
Moulds/mycotoxin. Impaction within GI tract (especially horses). High intakes of straw (+ grains) are associated with hypomagnesaemic tetany (due to high K levels in grain and straw) <br />
<br><br><br><br />
<br />
==Whole-Crop Cereal Silage== <!----Write below this line---><br />
[[File:Near Knaps of Bedlam - geograph.org.uk - 1304243.jpg|200px]]<br />
===Characteristics===<!----Write below this line---><br />
Maize whole-crop silage has high energy concentration while having a low protein concentration. It is harvested when grain is in the late dough stage. Barley, oats, wheat, and triticale are also used for whole-crop cereal silage either as monocultures or mixed with legumes (e.g. peas) to improve protein content. They are also high in energy while low in protein. Whole-crop cereal silages are fed as sole forage or mixed with grass silage. <br />
<br><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Maize whole-crop silage || 22 - 35 || 10.5 - 12 ||65 - 110<br />
|-<br />
|Barley whole-crop silage || 30 - 40 ||9 - 11 ||80 - 110<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
===Associated Problems===<!----Write below this line---><br />
Clostridia. Listeriosis. Acidosis. Poor fermentation (pH > 4.8) or too acidic (pH < 3.8).<br />
<br />
==Clovers and Lucerne==<br />
[[File:Clover.jpg|clover|100px]]<br />
[[File:Lucerne flowers.jpg|Lucerne|200px]]<br />
===Characteristics===<!----Write below this line---><br />
Clovers are either white or red varieties. Clovers and Lucerne (aka Alfalfa) have a higher protein concentration and a higher mineral concentration (e.g. calcium) than grasses. Lucerne can be grazed or conserved as a monoculture. Lucernes also have a higher protein concentration than grasses. Legume silages tend to be more difficult to achieve a good fermentation, inoculants are usually required. <br />
<br><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Clover || 18 - 20 || 9 - 10.5 || 170 - 250<br />
|-<br />
|Lucerne || 22 - 25 || 8 - 10.5 || 150 - 200<br />
|-<br />
|Lucerne Hay || 84 - 88 || 8 - 10.5 || 200 - 225<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
===Associated Problems===<!----Write below this line---><br />
<br />
Bloat (frothy). Red clovers and some Lucerne varieties may also contain significant levels of phytoestrogens that cause subfertility. <br />
<br><br><br><br />
<br />
==Kale and Rape== <br />
[[File:Kale1.jpg||200px|Kale]][[File:Rape.jpg|200px|Rape]]<br />
===Characteristics===<br />
Kale and rape are considered good, digestible fodder. They have a higher protein concentration, carbohydrate concentration and calcium concentration than grasses. Rape has a higher protein concentration than kale. <br />
<br><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Kale || 14 || 11 || 160<br />
|-<br />
|Rape || 14 || 9.5 || 200<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
===Associated Problems===<br />
Goitrogenic. Haemolytic anaemia, haemoglobinuria. Feed to pregnant ewes with caution (can observe malformed, dead lambs at parturition).<br />
<br><br><br><br />
{{Learning<br />
|flashcards = [[Animal Nutrition Flashcards]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Animal Nutrition]]<br />
[[Category:To Do]]</div>Kcam11https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Protein_Concentrates_and_Sources&diff=127182Protein Concentrates and Sources2011-09-08T10:48:12Z<p>Kcam11: /* Fishmeal */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Oilseed Meals ==<br />
These include: '''Soyabean, Cottonseed, Rapeseed, Linseed, Sunflowerseed meals'''<br><br />
[[File:Soyabean meal.jpg|Soyabean Meal|200px]]<br />
[[File:Rapeseed meal.jpg|Rapeseed Meal|200px]]<br />
===Characteristics===<!----Write below this line---><br />
Soyabean meal, cottonseed meal, rapeseed meal, linseed meal and sunflowerseed meal belong to the oilseed meal family. Oilseed meals are by-products and residues following the removal of oil from the seeds. They are a very good protein source with high digestibility and are a better source of calcium and phosphorus than cereals. <br><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Soyabean meal || 90 || 13.3 – 15.5 || 400 - 500<br />
|-<br />
|Cottonseed meal || 90 || 8.5 – 12.5 || 230 - 450<br />
|-<br />
|Rapeseed meal || 90 || 12 || 400<br />
|-<br />
|Linseed meal || 90 || 12 || 400<br />
|-<br />
|Sunflowerseed meal || 90 || 9.5 – 10.5 || 300 - 430<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
===Associated Problems===<br />
Soyabeans are oestrogenic, goitrogenic and can contain high levels of lectins. Cottonseeds are low in essential amino acids, calcium and vitamins A and D, and can contain elevated levels of gossypols. Rapeseeds are goitrogenic and can contain elevated levels of tannins. Immature linseed has mucilage that is converted to hydrogen cyanide. Sunflowerseeds cause soft body fat in pigs due to high PUFA levels. <br><br><br><br />
<br />
==Leguminous Seeds == <br />
These include: '''Peas, Beans (broad, horse, Windsor) and Lupin seeds'''<br><br />
[[File:Peas - Studio - 2011.jpg|Peas|200px]]<br />
===Characteristics===<br />
Leguminous seeds consists of peas, beans (broad, horse, windsor) and lupin (white, blue and yellow varieties) seeds. Leguminous seeds have a high protein content, good energy content and high phosphorus concentration, but tend to be low in calcium. Leguminous seeds can be eaten whole or processed (cracked, kibbled or ground). They are often used in place of other protein concentrations. <br><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Peas || 86 || 13.8 || 260<br />
|-<br />
|Beans || 86 || 13.4 || 280<br />
|-<br />
|Lupin seed meal || 90 || 13.2 || 280 - 420<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
===Associated Problems===<!----Write below this line---><br />
Some bean species may contain high levels of lectins. Lupin seeds may contain high levels of alkaloids (e.g. ergotamine). Can be associated with GI tract disturbances (colic, diarrhoea). <br />
<br><br><br><br />
<br />
==Fishmeal== <!----Write below this line---><br />
[[File:Heogan Fishmeal Factory, Bressay - geograph.org.uk - 1064643.jpg|200px]]<br />
There are other types of animal protein such as meat & bone and blood meal. However, due to the UK and EU restrictions ruminants and non-ruminants must not be fed processed meat & bone or blood meal. Only farmed fish are permitted bloodmeal. <br><br />
<br />
===Characteristics===<!----Write below this line---><br />
Due to EU/UK restrictions, fishmeal can only be used in unweaned calf milk replacers in ruminants. Pigs, poultry and horses are permitted fishmeal. Fishmeal is typically included in small amounts and has many essential amino acids, vitamins and minerals. Contains high levels of calcium and phosphorus. UK produced fishmeal tends to be slightly lower nutritive value than herring or South American derived fishmeal. <br />
<br><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Fishmeal || 91 || 14.5 - 18 || 700 - 800<br />
|-<br />
|Meat and Bone Meal || 90 || 10 || 600<br />
|-<br />
|Blood Meal || 87 || 12.8 || 920<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
===Associated Problems===<!----Write below this line---><br />
High intakes of fishmeal are associated with taint of meat and eggs. <br />
<br><br><br><br />
<br />
==Urea== <!----Write below this line---><br />
[[File:Urea.png|Urea|200px|right]]<br />
====Characteristics====<!----Write below this line---><br />
A misnomer as not technically a protein, but it does have a CP equivalent to 2,900g/kg DM. In ruminants, the rumen microflora hydrolyse urea to ammonia. Urea is often supplemented to diets of low protein concentration and can also be contained in molassed vitamin/mineral blocks. Urea may be used to treat straw (urine sometimes used in some developing countries), where it effectively improves digestibility of this low quality roughage. <br />
<br><br />
====Associated Problems====<!----Write below this line---><br />
Less than one-third of the dietary nitrogen should be provided as urea in order to minimise ammonia toxicity. Signs of ammonia toxicity include bloat, twitching, ataxia, excessive salivation and death. <br />
<br><br><br><br />
<br />
{{Learning<br />
|flashcards = [[Animal Nutrition Flashcards]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Animal Nutrition]]<br />
[[Category:To Do]]</div>Kcam11https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Protein_Concentrates_and_Sources&diff=127181Protein Concentrates and Sources2011-09-08T10:47:52Z<p>Kcam11: /* Leguminous Seeds */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Oilseed Meals ==<br />
These include: '''Soyabean, Cottonseed, Rapeseed, Linseed, Sunflowerseed meals'''<br><br />
[[File:Soyabean meal.jpg|Soyabean Meal|200px]]<br />
[[File:Rapeseed meal.jpg|Rapeseed Meal|200px]]<br />
===Characteristics===<!----Write below this line---><br />
Soyabean meal, cottonseed meal, rapeseed meal, linseed meal and sunflowerseed meal belong to the oilseed meal family. Oilseed meals are by-products and residues following the removal of oil from the seeds. They are a very good protein source with high digestibility and are a better source of calcium and phosphorus than cereals. <br><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Soyabean meal || 90 || 13.3 – 15.5 || 400 - 500<br />
|-<br />
|Cottonseed meal || 90 || 8.5 – 12.5 || 230 - 450<br />
|-<br />
|Rapeseed meal || 90 || 12 || 400<br />
|-<br />
|Linseed meal || 90 || 12 || 400<br />
|-<br />
|Sunflowerseed meal || 90 || 9.5 – 10.5 || 300 - 430<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
===Associated Problems===<br />
Soyabeans are oestrogenic, goitrogenic and can contain high levels of lectins. Cottonseeds are low in essential amino acids, calcium and vitamins A and D, and can contain elevated levels of gossypols. Rapeseeds are goitrogenic and can contain elevated levels of tannins. Immature linseed has mucilage that is converted to hydrogen cyanide. Sunflowerseeds cause soft body fat in pigs due to high PUFA levels. <br><br><br><br />
<br />
==Leguminous Seeds == <br />
These include: '''Peas, Beans (broad, horse, Windsor) and Lupin seeds'''<br><br />
[[File:Peas - Studio - 2011.jpg|Peas|200px]]<br />
===Characteristics===<br />
Leguminous seeds consists of peas, beans (broad, horse, windsor) and lupin (white, blue and yellow varieties) seeds. Leguminous seeds have a high protein content, good energy content and high phosphorus concentration, but tend to be low in calcium. Leguminous seeds can be eaten whole or processed (cracked, kibbled or ground). They are often used in place of other protein concentrations. <br><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Peas || 86 || 13.8 || 260<br />
|-<br />
|Beans || 86 || 13.4 || 280<br />
|-<br />
|Lupin seed meal || 90 || 13.2 || 280 - 420<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
===Associated Problems===<!----Write below this line---><br />
Some bean species may contain high levels of lectins. Lupin seeds may contain high levels of alkaloids (e.g. ergotamine). Can be associated with GI tract disturbances (colic, diarrhoea). <br />
<br><br><br><br />
<br />
==Fishmeal== <!----Write below this line---><br />
[[File:Heogan Fishmeal Factory, Bressay - geograph.org.uk - 1064643.jpg|right|200px]]<br />
There are other types of animal protein such as meat & bone and blood meal. However, due to the UK and EU restrictions ruminants and non-ruminants must not be fed processed meat & bone or blood meal. Only farmed fish are permitted bloodmeal. <br><br />
<br />
===Characteristics===<!----Write below this line---><br />
Due to EU/UK restrictions, fishmeal can only be used in unweaned calf milk replacers in ruminants. Pigs, poultry and horses are permitted fishmeal. Fishmeal is typically included in small amounts and has many essential amino acids, vitamins and minerals. Contains high levels of calcium and phosphorus. UK produced fishmeal tends to be slightly lower nutritive value than herring or South American derived fishmeal. <br />
<br><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Fishmeal || 91 || 14.5 - 18 || 700 - 800<br />
|-<br />
|Meat and Bone Meal || 90 || 10 || 600<br />
|-<br />
|Blood Meal || 87 || 12.8 || 920<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
===Associated Problems===<!----Write below this line---><br />
High intakes of fishmeal are associated with taint of meat and eggs. <br />
<br><br><br><br />
<br />
==Urea== <!----Write below this line---><br />
[[File:Urea.png|Urea|200px|right]]<br />
====Characteristics====<!----Write below this line---><br />
A misnomer as not technically a protein, but it does have a CP equivalent to 2,900g/kg DM. In ruminants, the rumen microflora hydrolyse urea to ammonia. Urea is often supplemented to diets of low protein concentration and can also be contained in molassed vitamin/mineral blocks. Urea may be used to treat straw (urine sometimes used in some developing countries), where it effectively improves digestibility of this low quality roughage. <br />
<br><br />
====Associated Problems====<!----Write below this line---><br />
Less than one-third of the dietary nitrogen should be provided as urea in order to minimise ammonia toxicity. Signs of ammonia toxicity include bloat, twitching, ataxia, excessive salivation and death. <br />
<br><br><br><br />
<br />
{{Learning<br />
|flashcards = [[Animal Nutrition Flashcards]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Animal Nutrition]]<br />
[[Category:To Do]]</div>Kcam11https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Protein_Concentrates_and_Sources&diff=127179Protein Concentrates and Sources2011-09-08T10:46:40Z<p>Kcam11: /* Leguminous Seeds */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Oilseed Meals ==<br />
These include: '''Soyabean, Cottonseed, Rapeseed, Linseed, Sunflowerseed meals'''<br><br />
[[File:Soyabean meal.jpg|Soyabean Meal|200px]]<br />
[[File:Rapeseed meal.jpg|Rapeseed Meal|200px]]<br />
===Characteristics===<!----Write below this line---><br />
Soyabean meal, cottonseed meal, rapeseed meal, linseed meal and sunflowerseed meal belong to the oilseed meal family. Oilseed meals are by-products and residues following the removal of oil from the seeds. They are a very good protein source with high digestibility and are a better source of calcium and phosphorus than cereals. <br><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Soyabean meal || 90 || 13.3 – 15.5 || 400 - 500<br />
|-<br />
|Cottonseed meal || 90 || 8.5 – 12.5 || 230 - 450<br />
|-<br />
|Rapeseed meal || 90 || 12 || 400<br />
|-<br />
|Linseed meal || 90 || 12 || 400<br />
|-<br />
|Sunflowerseed meal || 90 || 9.5 – 10.5 || 300 - 430<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
===Associated Problems===<br />
Soyabeans are oestrogenic, goitrogenic and can contain high levels of lectins. Cottonseeds are low in essential amino acids, calcium and vitamins A and D, and can contain elevated levels of gossypols. Rapeseeds are goitrogenic and can contain elevated levels of tannins. Immature linseed has mucilage that is converted to hydrogen cyanide. Sunflowerseeds cause soft body fat in pigs due to high PUFA levels. <br><br><br><br />
<br />
==Leguminous Seeds == <br />
These include: '''Peas, Beans (broad, horse, Windsor) and Lupin seeds'''<br />
[[File:Peas - Studio - 2011.jpg|Peas|200px]]<br />
===Characteristics===<br />
Leguminous seeds consists of peas, beans (broad, horse, windsor) and lupin (white, blue and yellow varieties) seeds. Leguminous seeds have a high protein content, good energy content and high phosphorus concentration, but tend to be low in calcium. Leguminous seeds can be eaten whole or processed (cracked, kibbled or ground). They are often used in place of other protein concentrations. <br><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Peas || 86 || 13.8 || 260<br />
|-<br />
|Beans || 86 || 13.4 || 280<br />
|-<br />
|Lupin seed meal || 90 || 13.2 || 280 - 420<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
===Associated Problems===<!----Write below this line---><br />
Some bean species may contain high levels of lectins. Lupin seeds may contain high levels of alkaloids (e.g. ergotamine). Can be associated with GI tract disturbances (colic, diarrhoea). <br />
<br><br><br><br />
<br />
==Fishmeal== <!----Write below this line---><br />
[[File:Heogan Fishmeal Factory, Bressay - geograph.org.uk - 1064643.jpg|right|200px]]<br />
There are other types of animal protein such as meat & bone and blood meal. However, due to the UK and EU restrictions ruminants and non-ruminants must not be fed processed meat & bone or blood meal. Only farmed fish are permitted bloodmeal. <br><br />
<br />
===Characteristics===<!----Write below this line---><br />
Due to EU/UK restrictions, fishmeal can only be used in unweaned calf milk replacers in ruminants. Pigs, poultry and horses are permitted fishmeal. Fishmeal is typically included in small amounts and has many essential amino acids, vitamins and minerals. Contains high levels of calcium and phosphorus. UK produced fishmeal tends to be slightly lower nutritive value than herring or South American derived fishmeal. <br />
<br><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Fishmeal || 91 || 14.5 - 18 || 700 - 800<br />
|-<br />
|Meat and Bone Meal || 90 || 10 || 600<br />
|-<br />
|Blood Meal || 87 || 12.8 || 920<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
===Associated Problems===<!----Write below this line---><br />
High intakes of fishmeal are associated with taint of meat and eggs. <br />
<br><br><br><br />
<br />
==Urea== <!----Write below this line---><br />
[[File:Urea.png|Urea|200px|right]]<br />
====Characteristics====<!----Write below this line---><br />
A misnomer as not technically a protein, but it does have a CP equivalent to 2,900g/kg DM. In ruminants, the rumen microflora hydrolyse urea to ammonia. Urea is often supplemented to diets of low protein concentration and can also be contained in molassed vitamin/mineral blocks. Urea may be used to treat straw (urine sometimes used in some developing countries), where it effectively improves digestibility of this low quality roughage. <br />
<br><br />
====Associated Problems====<!----Write below this line---><br />
Less than one-third of the dietary nitrogen should be provided as urea in order to minimise ammonia toxicity. Signs of ammonia toxicity include bloat, twitching, ataxia, excessive salivation and death. <br />
<br><br><br><br />
<br />
{{Learning<br />
|flashcards = [[Animal Nutrition Flashcards]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Animal Nutrition]]<br />
[[Category:To Do]]</div>Kcam11https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Protein_Concentrates_and_Sources&diff=127177Protein Concentrates and Sources2011-09-08T10:45:12Z<p>Kcam11: /* Oilseed Meals */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Oilseed Meals ==<br />
These include: '''Soyabean, Cottonseed, Rapeseed, Linseed, Sunflowerseed meals'''<br><br />
[[File:Soyabean meal.jpg|Soyabean Meal|200px]]<br />
[[File:Rapeseed meal.jpg|Rapeseed Meal|200px]]<br />
===Characteristics===<!----Write below this line---><br />
Soyabean meal, cottonseed meal, rapeseed meal, linseed meal and sunflowerseed meal belong to the oilseed meal family. Oilseed meals are by-products and residues following the removal of oil from the seeds. They are a very good protein source with high digestibility and are a better source of calcium and phosphorus than cereals. <br><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Soyabean meal || 90 || 13.3 – 15.5 || 400 - 500<br />
|-<br />
|Cottonseed meal || 90 || 8.5 – 12.5 || 230 - 450<br />
|-<br />
|Rapeseed meal || 90 || 12 || 400<br />
|-<br />
|Linseed meal || 90 || 12 || 400<br />
|-<br />
|Sunflowerseed meal || 90 || 9.5 – 10.5 || 300 - 430<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
===Associated Problems===<br />
Soyabeans are oestrogenic, goitrogenic and can contain high levels of lectins. Cottonseeds are low in essential amino acids, calcium and vitamins A and D, and can contain elevated levels of gossypols. Rapeseeds are goitrogenic and can contain elevated levels of tannins. Immature linseed has mucilage that is converted to hydrogen cyanide. Sunflowerseeds cause soft body fat in pigs due to high PUFA levels. <br><br><br><br />
<br />
==Leguminous Seeds == <br />
These include: '''Peas, Beans (broad, horse, Windsor) and Lupin seeds'''<br />
[[File:Peas - Studio - 2011.jpg|Peas|200px|right]]<br />
===Characteristics===<br />
Leguminous seeds consists of peas, beans (broad, horse, windsor) and lupin (white, blue and yellow varieties) seeds. Leguminous seeds have a high protein content, good energy content and high phosphorus concentration, but tend to be low in calcium. Leguminous seeds can be eaten whole or processed (cracked, kibbled or ground). They are often used in place of other protein concentrations. <br><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Peas || 86 || 13.8 || 260<br />
|-<br />
|Beans || 86 || 13.4 || 280<br />
|-<br />
|Lupin seed meal || 90 || 13.2 || 280 - 420<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
===Associated Problems===<!----Write below this line---><br />
Some bean species may contain high levels of lectins. Lupin seeds may contain high levels of alkaloids (e.g. ergotamine). Can be associated with GI tract disturbances (colic, diarrhoea). <br />
<br><br><br><br />
<br />
==Fishmeal== <!----Write below this line---><br />
[[File:Heogan Fishmeal Factory, Bressay - geograph.org.uk - 1064643.jpg|right|200px]]<br />
There are other types of animal protein such as meat & bone and blood meal. However, due to the UK and EU restrictions ruminants and non-ruminants must not be fed processed meat & bone or blood meal. Only farmed fish are permitted bloodmeal. <br><br />
<br />
===Characteristics===<!----Write below this line---><br />
Due to EU/UK restrictions, fishmeal can only be used in unweaned calf milk replacers in ruminants. Pigs, poultry and horses are permitted fishmeal. Fishmeal is typically included in small amounts and has many essential amino acids, vitamins and minerals. Contains high levels of calcium and phosphorus. UK produced fishmeal tends to be slightly lower nutritive value than herring or South American derived fishmeal. <br />
<br><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Fishmeal || 91 || 14.5 - 18 || 700 - 800<br />
|-<br />
|Meat and Bone Meal || 90 || 10 || 600<br />
|-<br />
|Blood Meal || 87 || 12.8 || 920<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
===Associated Problems===<!----Write below this line---><br />
High intakes of fishmeal are associated with taint of meat and eggs. <br />
<br><br><br><br />
<br />
==Urea== <!----Write below this line---><br />
[[File:Urea.png|Urea|200px|right]]<br />
====Characteristics====<!----Write below this line---><br />
A misnomer as not technically a protein, but it does have a CP equivalent to 2,900g/kg DM. In ruminants, the rumen microflora hydrolyse urea to ammonia. Urea is often supplemented to diets of low protein concentration and can also be contained in molassed vitamin/mineral blocks. Urea may be used to treat straw (urine sometimes used in some developing countries), where it effectively improves digestibility of this low quality roughage. <br />
<br><br />
====Associated Problems====<!----Write below this line---><br />
Less than one-third of the dietary nitrogen should be provided as urea in order to minimise ammonia toxicity. Signs of ammonia toxicity include bloat, twitching, ataxia, excessive salivation and death. <br />
<br><br><br><br />
<br />
{{Learning<br />
|flashcards = [[Animal Nutrition Flashcards]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Animal Nutrition]]<br />
[[Category:To Do]]</div>Kcam11https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Protein_Concentrates_and_Sources&diff=127171Protein Concentrates and Sources2011-09-08T10:37:39Z<p>Kcam11: /* Oilseed Meals */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Oilseed Meals ==<br />
These include: '''Soyabean, Cottonseed, Rapeseed, Linseed, Sunflowerseed meals'''<br />
[[File:Soyabean meal.jpg|Soyabean Meal|200px]]<br />
===Characteristics===<!----Write below this line---><br />
Soyabean meal, cottonseed meal, rapeseed meal, linseed meal and sunflowerseed meal belong to the oilseed meal family. Oilseed meals are by-products and residues following the removal of oil from the seeds. They are a very good protein source with high digestibility and are a better source of calcium and phosphorus than cereals. <br><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Soyabean meal || 90 || 13.3 – 15.5 || 400 - 500<br />
|-<br />
|Cottonseed meal || 90 || 8.5 – 12.5 || 230 - 450<br />
|-<br />
|Rapeseed meal || 90 || 12 || 400<br />
|-<br />
|Linseed meal || 90 || 12 || 400<br />
|-<br />
|Sunflowerseed meal || 90 || 9.5 – 10.5 || 300 - 430<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
===Associated Problems===<br />
Soyabeans are oestrogenic, goitrogenic and can contain high levels of lectins. Cottonseeds are low in essential amino acids, calcium and vitamins A and D, and can contain elevated levels of gossypols. Rapeseeds are goitrogenic and can contain elevated levels of tannins. Immature linseed has mucilage that is converted to hydrogen cyanide. Sunflowerseeds cause soft body fat in pigs due to high PUFA levels. <br><br><br><br />
<br />
==Leguminous Seeds == <br />
These include: '''Peas, Beans (broad, horse, Windsor) and Lupin seeds'''<br />
[[File:Peas - Studio - 2011.jpg|Peas|200px|right]]<br />
===Characteristics===<br />
Leguminous seeds consists of peas, beans (broad, horse, windsor) and lupin (white, blue and yellow varieties) seeds. Leguminous seeds have a high protein content, good energy content and high phosphorus concentration, but tend to be low in calcium. Leguminous seeds can be eaten whole or processed (cracked, kibbled or ground). They are often used in place of other protein concentrations. <br><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Peas || 86 || 13.8 || 260<br />
|-<br />
|Beans || 86 || 13.4 || 280<br />
|-<br />
|Lupin seed meal || 90 || 13.2 || 280 - 420<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
===Associated Problems===<!----Write below this line---><br />
Some bean species may contain high levels of lectins. Lupin seeds may contain high levels of alkaloids (e.g. ergotamine). Can be associated with GI tract disturbances (colic, diarrhoea). <br />
<br><br><br><br />
<br />
==Fishmeal== <!----Write below this line---><br />
[[File:Heogan Fishmeal Factory, Bressay - geograph.org.uk - 1064643.jpg|right|200px]]<br />
There are other types of animal protein such as meat & bone and blood meal. However, due to the UK and EU restrictions ruminants and non-ruminants must not be fed processed meat & bone or blood meal. Only farmed fish are permitted bloodmeal. <br><br />
<br />
===Characteristics===<!----Write below this line---><br />
Due to EU/UK restrictions, fishmeal can only be used in unweaned calf milk replacers in ruminants. Pigs, poultry and horses are permitted fishmeal. Fishmeal is typically included in small amounts and has many essential amino acids, vitamins and minerals. Contains high levels of calcium and phosphorus. UK produced fishmeal tends to be slightly lower nutritive value than herring or South American derived fishmeal. <br />
<br><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Fishmeal || 91 || 14.5 - 18 || 700 - 800<br />
|-<br />
|Meat and Bone Meal || 90 || 10 || 600<br />
|-<br />
|Blood Meal || 87 || 12.8 || 920<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
===Associated Problems===<!----Write below this line---><br />
High intakes of fishmeal are associated with taint of meat and eggs. <br />
<br><br><br><br />
<br />
==Urea== <!----Write below this line---><br />
[[File:Urea.png|Urea|200px|right]]<br />
====Characteristics====<!----Write below this line---><br />
A misnomer as not technically a protein, but it does have a CP equivalent to 2,900g/kg DM. In ruminants, the rumen microflora hydrolyse urea to ammonia. Urea is often supplemented to diets of low protein concentration and can also be contained in molassed vitamin/mineral blocks. Urea may be used to treat straw (urine sometimes used in some developing countries), where it effectively improves digestibility of this low quality roughage. <br />
<br><br />
====Associated Problems====<!----Write below this line---><br />
Less than one-third of the dietary nitrogen should be provided as urea in order to minimise ammonia toxicity. Signs of ammonia toxicity include bloat, twitching, ataxia, excessive salivation and death. <br />
<br><br><br><br />
<br />
{{Learning<br />
|flashcards = [[Animal Nutrition Flashcards]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Animal Nutrition]]<br />
[[Category:To Do]]</div>Kcam11https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Roots,_Tubers_and_By-Products&diff=127165Roots, Tubers and By-Products2011-09-08T10:36:12Z<p>Kcam11: /* Sugarbeet Pulp */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Turnips and Swedes==<br />
[[File:Turnips.jpg|200px|Turnips]]<br />
===Characteristics===<br />
Turnip and swede are related brassicas. They have good nutritive value, and typically a low dry matter and crude protein concentration. However, their protein tends to be very degradable.<br />
<br><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Turnip || 9 || 11.2 || 120<br />
|-<br />
|Swede || 12 || 12.8 || 110<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
===Associated Problems===<br />
Excess intakes associated with milk taint in dairy cows. Nitrate and sulphur toxicity.<br />
<br><br />
<br><br><br />
<br />
==Mangel, Fodderbeet and Sugarbeet== <!----Write below this line---><br />
[[File:Some Gartons Mangels.jpg|Mangel|150px]]<br />
[[File:Summerland Bungalow - geograph.org.uk - 731356.jpg|Fodderbeet|200px]]<br />
<br />
===Characteristics===<!----Write below this line---><br />
<br><br />
These beets are very generally classified according to their DM content. Mangel < Fodderbeet < Sugarbeet. They are low in crude protein. Sugarbeets are primarily grown for sugar production, not feeding. <br />
<br><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Mangel || 12 || 12.4 ||80<br />
|-<br />
|Fodderbeet || 18 ||11.9 ||70<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
===Associated Problems===<!----Write below this line---><br />
Mangels have a high nitrate concentration if fresh (need to store for a few weeks). High intakes of fodderbeet can cause GI tract disturbances, hypocalcaemia and in rare cases death. <br />
<br><br><br><br />
<br />
==Sugarbeet Pulp== <!----Write below this line---><br />
[[File:Sugarbeet pulp.jpg|Sugarbeet Pulp|200px]]<br />
===Characteristics===<!----Write below this line---><br />
Sugarbeet pulp is the residue following sugar extraction from sugarbeet root. It has a high dry matter and digestible fibre content, but a relatively low protein and phosphorus concentration. It is available in pellets or shreds, molassed or unmolassed. Can also be ensiled with distillers/brewers grains (draff) to form Grainbeet. <br />
<br><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|SB pulp (unmolassed) || 90 || 12.7 ||100<br />
|-<br />
|SB pulp (molassed) || 87 ||12.5 ||110<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
===Associated Problems===<!----Write below this line---><br />
Choke, especially in horses (can increase it’s volume up to 6x; recommended to soak (ca. 1 litre per 200g) for 24 hours prior to feeding to horses).<br />
<br><br><br><br />
<br />
==Molasses== <!----Write below this line---><br />
[[File:Molasses.JPG|Molasses|200px|right]]<br />
===Characteristics===<!----Write below this line---><br />
<br />
Molasses is the residue following sugar extraction from sugarbeet root (also get molasses from sugarcane). It involves crystallisation and separation of sugar from water extract. Molasses is a thick, black liquid that is very low in protein concentration but very high in soluble sugars. It is often added to sugarbeet pulp, proprietary feeds, mineral licks, and TMR rations. <br />
<br><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Molasses || 75 || 12.9 ||50<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
<br />
===Associated Problems===<!----Write below this line---><br />
<br />
Can be laxative. Acidosis at high intakes. <br />
<br><br><br><br />
<br />
{{Learning<br />
|flashcards = [[Animal Nutrition Flashcards]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Animal Nutrition]]<br />
[[Category:To Do]]</div>Kcam11https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Roots,_Tubers_and_By-Products&diff=127164Roots, Tubers and By-Products2011-09-08T10:35:24Z<p>Kcam11: /* Sugarbeet Pulp */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Turnips and Swedes==<br />
[[File:Turnips.jpg|200px|Turnips]]<br />
===Characteristics===<br />
Turnip and swede are related brassicas. They have good nutritive value, and typically a low dry matter and crude protein concentration. However, their protein tends to be very degradable.<br />
<br><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Turnip || 9 || 11.2 || 120<br />
|-<br />
|Swede || 12 || 12.8 || 110<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
===Associated Problems===<br />
Excess intakes associated with milk taint in dairy cows. Nitrate and sulphur toxicity.<br />
<br><br />
<br><br><br />
<br />
==Mangel, Fodderbeet and Sugarbeet== <!----Write below this line---><br />
[[File:Some Gartons Mangels.jpg|Mangel|150px]]<br />
[[File:Summerland Bungalow - geograph.org.uk - 731356.jpg|Fodderbeet|200px]]<br />
<br />
===Characteristics===<!----Write below this line---><br />
<br><br />
These beets are very generally classified according to their DM content. Mangel < Fodderbeet < Sugarbeet. They are low in crude protein. Sugarbeets are primarily grown for sugar production, not feeding. <br />
<br><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Mangel || 12 || 12.4 ||80<br />
|-<br />
|Fodderbeet || 18 ||11.9 ||70<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
===Associated Problems===<!----Write below this line---><br />
Mangels have a high nitrate concentration if fresh (need to store for a few weeks). High intakes of fodderbeet can cause GI tract disturbances, hypocalcaemia and in rare cases death. <br />
<br><br><br><br />
<br />
==Sugarbeet Pulp== <!----Write below this line---><br />
[[File:Sugarbeet pulp.jpg|Sugarbeet|200px]]<br />
===Characteristics===<!----Write below this line---><br />
Sugarbeet pulp is the residue following sugar extraction from sugarbeet root. It has a high dry matter and digestible fibre content, but a relatively low protein and phosphorus concentration. It is available in pellets or shreds, molassed or unmolassed. Can also be ensiled with distillers/brewers grains (draff) to form Grainbeet. <br />
<br><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|SB pulp (unmolassed) || 90 || 12.7 ||100<br />
|-<br />
|SB pulp (molassed) || 87 ||12.5 ||110<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
===Associated Problems===<!----Write below this line---><br />
Choke, especially in horses (can increase it’s volume up to 6x; recommended to soak (ca. 1 litre per 200g) for 24 hours prior to feeding to horses).<br />
<br><br><br><br />
<br />
==Molasses== <!----Write below this line---><br />
[[File:Molasses.JPG|Molasses|200px|right]]<br />
===Characteristics===<!----Write below this line---><br />
<br />
Molasses is the residue following sugar extraction from sugarbeet root (also get molasses from sugarcane). It involves crystallisation and separation of sugar from water extract. Molasses is a thick, black liquid that is very low in protein concentration but very high in soluble sugars. It is often added to sugarbeet pulp, proprietary feeds, mineral licks, and TMR rations. <br />
<br><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Molasses || 75 || 12.9 ||50<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
<br />
===Associated Problems===<!----Write below this line---><br />
<br />
Can be laxative. Acidosis at high intakes. <br />
<br><br><br><br />
<br />
{{Learning<br />
|flashcards = [[Animal Nutrition Flashcards]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Animal Nutrition]]<br />
[[Category:To Do]]</div>Kcam11https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Roots,_Tubers_and_By-Products&diff=127161Roots, Tubers and By-Products2011-09-08T10:34:52Z<p>Kcam11: /* Associated Problems */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Turnips and Swedes==<br />
[[File:Turnips.jpg|200px|Turnips]]<br />
===Characteristics===<br />
Turnip and swede are related brassicas. They have good nutritive value, and typically a low dry matter and crude protein concentration. However, their protein tends to be very degradable.<br />
<br><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Turnip || 9 || 11.2 || 120<br />
|-<br />
|Swede || 12 || 12.8 || 110<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
===Associated Problems===<br />
Excess intakes associated with milk taint in dairy cows. Nitrate and sulphur toxicity.<br />
<br><br />
<br><br><br />
<br />
==Mangel, Fodderbeet and Sugarbeet== <!----Write below this line---><br />
[[File:Some Gartons Mangels.jpg|Mangel|150px]]<br />
[[File:Summerland Bungalow - geograph.org.uk - 731356.jpg|Fodderbeet|200px]]<br />
<br />
===Characteristics===<!----Write below this line---><br />
<br><br />
These beets are very generally classified according to their DM content. Mangel < Fodderbeet < Sugarbeet. They are low in crude protein. Sugarbeets are primarily grown for sugar production, not feeding. <br />
<br><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Mangel || 12 || 12.4 ||80<br />
|-<br />
|Fodderbeet || 18 ||11.9 ||70<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
===Associated Problems===<!----Write below this line---><br />
Mangels have a high nitrate concentration if fresh (need to store for a few weeks). High intakes of fodderbeet can cause GI tract disturbances, hypocalcaemia and in rare cases death. <br />
<br><br><br><br />
<br />
==Sugarbeet Pulp== <!----Write below this line---><br />
[[File:Sugar beet - geograph.org.uk - 1558767.jpg|Sugarbeet|200px|right]]<br />
===Characteristics===<!----Write below this line---><br />
Sugarbeet pulp is the residue following sugar extraction from sugarbeet root. It has a high dry matter and digestible fibre content, but a relatively low protein and phosphorus concentration. It is available in pellets or shreds, molassed or unmolassed. Can also be ensiled with distillers/brewers grains (draff) to form Grainbeet. <br />
<br><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|SB pulp (unmolassed) || 90 || 12.7 ||100<br />
|-<br />
|SB pulp (molassed) || 87 ||12.5 ||110<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
===Associated Problems===<!----Write below this line---><br />
Choke, especially in horses (can increase it’s volume up to 6x; recommended to soak (ca. 1 litre per 200g) for 24 hours prior to feeding to horses).<br />
<br><br><br><br />
<br />
==Molasses== <!----Write below this line---><br />
[[File:Molasses.JPG|Molasses|200px|right]]<br />
===Characteristics===<!----Write below this line---><br />
<br />
Molasses is the residue following sugar extraction from sugarbeet root (also get molasses from sugarcane). It involves crystallisation and separation of sugar from water extract. Molasses is a thick, black liquid that is very low in protein concentration but very high in soluble sugars. It is often added to sugarbeet pulp, proprietary feeds, mineral licks, and TMR rations. <br />
<br><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Molasses || 75 || 12.9 ||50<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
<br />
===Associated Problems===<!----Write below this line---><br />
<br />
Can be laxative. Acidosis at high intakes. <br />
<br><br><br><br />
<br />
{{Learning<br />
|flashcards = [[Animal Nutrition Flashcards]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Animal Nutrition]]<br />
[[Category:To Do]]</div>Kcam11https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Roots,_Tubers_and_By-Products&diff=127160Roots, Tubers and By-Products2011-09-08T10:34:33Z<p>Kcam11: /* Mangel, Fodderbeet and Sugarbeet */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Turnips and Swedes==<br />
[[File:Turnips.jpg|200px|Turnips]]<br />
===Characteristics===<br />
Turnip and swede are related brassicas. They have good nutritive value, and typically a low dry matter and crude protein concentration. However, their protein tends to be very degradable.<br />
<br><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Turnip || 9 || 11.2 || 120<br />
|-<br />
|Swede || 12 || 12.8 || 110<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
===Associated Problems===<br />
Excess intakes associated with milk taint in dairy cows. Nitrate and sulphur toxicity.<br />
<br><br />
<br />
==Mangel, Fodderbeet and Sugarbeet== <!----Write below this line---><br />
[[File:Some Gartons Mangels.jpg|Mangel|150px]]<br />
[[File:Summerland Bungalow - geograph.org.uk - 731356.jpg|Fodderbeet|200px]]<br />
<br />
===Characteristics===<!----Write below this line---><br />
<br><br />
These beets are very generally classified according to their DM content. Mangel < Fodderbeet < Sugarbeet. They are low in crude protein. Sugarbeets are primarily grown for sugar production, not feeding. <br />
<br><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Mangel || 12 || 12.4 ||80<br />
|-<br />
|Fodderbeet || 18 ||11.9 ||70<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
===Associated Problems===<!----Write below this line---><br />
Mangels have a high nitrate concentration if fresh (need to store for a few weeks). High intakes of fodderbeet can cause GI tract disturbances, hypocalcaemia and in rare cases death. <br />
<br><br><br><br />
<br />
==Sugarbeet Pulp== <!----Write below this line---><br />
[[File:Sugar beet - geograph.org.uk - 1558767.jpg|Sugarbeet|200px|right]]<br />
===Characteristics===<!----Write below this line---><br />
Sugarbeet pulp is the residue following sugar extraction from sugarbeet root. It has a high dry matter and digestible fibre content, but a relatively low protein and phosphorus concentration. It is available in pellets or shreds, molassed or unmolassed. Can also be ensiled with distillers/brewers grains (draff) to form Grainbeet. <br />
<br><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|SB pulp (unmolassed) || 90 || 12.7 ||100<br />
|-<br />
|SB pulp (molassed) || 87 ||12.5 ||110<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
===Associated Problems===<!----Write below this line---><br />
Choke, especially in horses (can increase it’s volume up to 6x; recommended to soak (ca. 1 litre per 200g) for 24 hours prior to feeding to horses).<br />
<br><br><br><br />
<br />
==Molasses== <!----Write below this line---><br />
[[File:Molasses.JPG|Molasses|200px|right]]<br />
===Characteristics===<!----Write below this line---><br />
<br />
Molasses is the residue following sugar extraction from sugarbeet root (also get molasses from sugarcane). It involves crystallisation and separation of sugar from water extract. Molasses is a thick, black liquid that is very low in protein concentration but very high in soluble sugars. It is often added to sugarbeet pulp, proprietary feeds, mineral licks, and TMR rations. <br />
<br><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Molasses || 75 || 12.9 ||50<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
<br />
===Associated Problems===<!----Write below this line---><br />
<br />
Can be laxative. Acidosis at high intakes. <br />
<br><br><br><br />
<br />
{{Learning<br />
|flashcards = [[Animal Nutrition Flashcards]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Animal Nutrition]]<br />
[[Category:To Do]]</div>Kcam11https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Roots,_Tubers_and_By-Products&diff=127158Roots, Tubers and By-Products2011-09-08T10:33:56Z<p>Kcam11: /* Turnips and Swedes */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Turnips and Swedes==<br />
[[File:Turnips.jpg|200px|Turnips]]<br />
===Characteristics===<br />
Turnip and swede are related brassicas. They have good nutritive value, and typically a low dry matter and crude protein concentration. However, their protein tends to be very degradable.<br />
<br><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Turnip || 9 || 11.2 || 120<br />
|-<br />
|Swede || 12 || 12.8 || 110<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
===Associated Problems===<br />
Excess intakes associated with milk taint in dairy cows. Nitrate and sulphur toxicity.<br />
<br><br />
<br />
==Mangel, Fodderbeet and Sugarbeet== <!----Write below this line---><br />
[[File:Some Gartons Mangels.jpg|Mangel|150px|right]]<br />
[[File:Summerland Bungalow - geograph.org.uk - 731356.jpg|Fodderbeet|200px|right]]<br />
<br />
===Characteristics===<!----Write below this line---><br />
<br><br />
These beets are very generally classified according to their DM content. Mangel < Fodderbeet < Sugarbeet. They are low in crude protein. Sugarbeets are primarily grown for sugar production, not feeding. <br />
<br><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Mangel || 12 || 12.4 ||80<br />
|-<br />
|Fodderbeet || 18 ||11.9 ||70<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
===Associated Problems===<!----Write below this line---><br />
Mangels have a high nitrate concentration if fresh (need to store for a few weeks). High intakes of fodderbeet can cause GI tract disturbances, hypocalcaemia and in rare cases death. <br />
<br><br><br><br />
<br />
==Sugarbeet Pulp== <!----Write below this line---><br />
[[File:Sugar beet - geograph.org.uk - 1558767.jpg|Sugarbeet|200px|right]]<br />
===Characteristics===<!----Write below this line---><br />
Sugarbeet pulp is the residue following sugar extraction from sugarbeet root. It has a high dry matter and digestible fibre content, but a relatively low protein and phosphorus concentration. It is available in pellets or shreds, molassed or unmolassed. Can also be ensiled with distillers/brewers grains (draff) to form Grainbeet. <br />
<br><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|SB pulp (unmolassed) || 90 || 12.7 ||100<br />
|-<br />
|SB pulp (molassed) || 87 ||12.5 ||110<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
===Associated Problems===<!----Write below this line---><br />
Choke, especially in horses (can increase it’s volume up to 6x; recommended to soak (ca. 1 litre per 200g) for 24 hours prior to feeding to horses).<br />
<br><br><br><br />
<br />
==Molasses== <!----Write below this line---><br />
[[File:Molasses.JPG|Molasses|200px|right]]<br />
===Characteristics===<!----Write below this line---><br />
<br />
Molasses is the residue following sugar extraction from sugarbeet root (also get molasses from sugarcane). It involves crystallisation and separation of sugar from water extract. Molasses is a thick, black liquid that is very low in protein concentration but very high in soluble sugars. It is often added to sugarbeet pulp, proprietary feeds, mineral licks, and TMR rations. <br />
<br><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! DM (%) !! ME (MJ/kg DM) !! CP (g/kg DM)<br />
|-<br />
|Molasses || 75 || 12.9 ||50<br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
<br />
===Associated Problems===<!----Write below this line---><br />
<br />
Can be laxative. Acidosis at high intakes. <br />
<br><br><br><br />
<br />
{{Learning<br />
|flashcards = [[Animal Nutrition Flashcards]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Animal Nutrition]]<br />
[[Category:To Do]]</div>Kcam11