https://en.wikivet.net/api.php?action=feedcontributions&user=Lwyasm1&feedformat=atomWikiVet English - User contributions [en]2024-03-28T10:37:30ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.35.0https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=User:Lwyasm1&diff=132174User:Lwyasm12011-11-22T17:49:29Z<p>Lwyasm1: /* Hours Worked */</p>
<hr />
<div><!--Go to 'Help:Personalise User Page' for help customising your user page--><br />
{{UserPage<br />
|Name=Stephanie Massey<br />
|Occupation= Veterinary Student <!--Word Specific & Case Sensitive--><br />
|School= UK - Nottingham<br />
|Year= 2011<br />
|Email= stephanie.massey87@gmail.com<br />
|Image=Steph1.jpg<br />
}}<br />
[[Category:UK - Nottingham Graduates]]<br />
<br />
==Hours Worked==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable collapsible"<br />
|Day<br />
|'''Week 11''' (21-27 November)<br />
|-<br />
|Monday<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
|Tuesday<br />
| 7<br />
|-<br />
|Wednesday<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
|Thursday<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
|Friday<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
|Saturday<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
|Sunday<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
|'''Total hours'''<br />
| 7<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable collapsible"<br />
|Day<br />
|'''Week 6''' (1 - 3 July)<br />
|'''Week 7''' (4-10 July)<br />
|'''Week 8''' (11-17 July)<br />
|'''Week 9''' (18-24 July)<br />
|'''Week 10''' (25-31 July)<br />
|-<br />
|Monday<br />
| <br />
| 6<br />
| 10<br />
|<br />
| 10<br />
|-<br />
|Tuesday<br />
| <br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| 10<br />
|-<br />
|Wednesday<br />
| <br />
| 4<br />
| 10<br />
| 10<br />
| 9<br />
|-<br />
|Thursday<br />
| <br />
| 9<br />
|<br />
| 9<br />
| 5<br />
|-<br />
|Friday<br />
| 4.5<br />
| 7<br />
|<br />
| <br />
| 6<br />
|-<br />
|Saturday<br />
| <br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Sunday<br />
| 7.5<br />
| 1<br />
| <br />
| 8.5<br />
| 7 + 5 on Monday 1st Aug<br />
|-<br />
|'''Total hours'''<br />
| 12<br />
| 27<br />
| 20<br />
| 27.5<br />
| 47<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable collapsible"<br />
|Day<br />
|'''Week 1''' (30 May - 5 June)<br />
|'''Week 2''' (6-12 June )<br />
|'''Week 3''' (13-19 June)<br />
|'''Week 4''' (20-26 June)<br />
|'''Week 5''' (27 June - 30 June)<br />
|-<br />
|Monday<br />
| <br />
| 7<br />
|<br />
| 9.5<br />
| 1<br />
|-<br />
|Tuesday<br />
| <br />
| 7<br />
| <br />
| 8.5<br />
| 9.5<br />
|-<br />
|Wednesday<br />
| <br />
| 7.5<br />
| 9<br />
| 4<br />
| 7.5<br />
|-<br />
|Thursday<br />
| 8<br />
| 9<br />
| 7<br />
| 7<br />
| 8<br />
|-<br />
|Friday<br />
| 9<br />
| 4<br />
| 7<br />
| 7<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Saturday<br />
| 4.5<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| 6.5<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Sunday<br />
| 6<br />
|<br />
| 5<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Total hours'''<br />
| 27.5<br />
| 34.5<br />
| 28<br />
| 42.5<br />
| 26<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
[[:Category: To Do - Steph]]</div>Lwyasm1https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Category:To_Do_-_Manson&diff=132173Category:To Do - Manson2011-11-22T17:39:38Z<p>Lwyasm1: </p>
<hr />
<div>Pages needed to link to Manson clinical flashcard Q&As:<br />
<br />
Once finished with a page, please add it to [[:Category:To Do - Manson review|Category:To Do - Manson review]]<br />
<br />
<font color = "red"><br />
</font color><br />
<br />
==Reptiles and Amphibians==<br />
<font color = "red"><br />
Q4 - Spirochaetosis page, not sure how to name it - [[Spirochaetosis - Reptiles]] or [[Spirochaetosis - Chelonia]]<br />
</font color><br />
<br />
=== Ornamental Fish ===<br />
DONE - OPEN - Publicised (awaiting review)<br />
<br />
=== Small Mammals ===<br />
DONE - OPEN - Publicised<br />
<br />
=== Avian Med ===<br />
DONE - OPEN - Publicised<br />
<br />
===Cattle Medicine===<br />
DONE - OPEN - Reviewed - Publicised (both blog and Facebook)<br />
<br />
===Equine Internal Medicine===<br />
DONE - OPEN - Publicised<br />
<br />
===Equine Orthopaedics & Rheumatology===<br />
DONE - OPEN - Publicised - Reviewed<br />
<br />
=== Sheep Medicine ===<br />
DONE - OPEN - Publicised (just blog)<br />
<br />
===Small Animal Dermatology===<br />
DONE - OPEN - Publicised<br />
<br />
===Equine Reproduction & Stud Medicine===<br />
DONE - OPEN<br />
<br />
===Cytology===<br />
<br />
DONE - OPEN - FACEBOOK (Twitter)<br />
<br />
===Feline Medicine===<br />
DONE - OPEN - BLOGGED (couldn't upload image onto blog) - Facebook<br />
<br />
===Rabbit Medicine and Surgery===<br />
DONE - OPEN<br />
<br />
===Small animals ECC===<br />
DONE - OPEN<br />
<br />
===Veterinary Dentistry===<br />
DONE - OPEN<br />
<br />
===Small Animal Soft Tissue Surgery===<br />
<br />
DONE - OPEN - Facebook<br />
<br />
===Small Animal Orthopaedics===<br />
<br />
DONE - OPEN<br />
<br />
===Small Animal Abdominal and Metabolic Disorders===<br />
DONE - OPEN</div>Lwyasm1https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Category:To_Do_-_Manson&diff=132172Category:To Do - Manson2011-11-22T17:39:08Z<p>Lwyasm1: </p>
<hr />
<div>Pages needed to link to Manson clinical flashcard Q&As:<br />
<br />
Once finished with a page, please add it to [[:Category:To Do - Manson review|Category:To Do - Manson review]]<br />
<br />
<font color = "red"><br />
</font color><br />
<br />
==Reptiles and Amphibians==<br />
<font color = "red"><br />
Q4 - Spirochaetosis page, not sure how to name it - [[Spirochaetosis - Reptiles]] or [[Spirochaetosis - Chelonia]]<br />
</font color><br />
<br />
=== Ornamental Fish ===<br />
DONE - OPEN - Publicised (awaiting review)<br />
<br />
=== Small Mammals ===<br />
DONE - OPEN - Publicised<br />
<br />
=== Avian Med ===<br />
DONE - OPEN - Publicised<br />
<br />
===Cattle Medicine===<br />
DONE - OPEN - Reviewed - Publicised (both blog and Facebook)<br />
<br />
===Equine Internal Medicine===<br />
DONE - OPEN - Publicised<br />
<br />
===Equine Orthopaedics & Rheumatology===<br />
DONE - OPEN - Publicised - Reviewed<br />
<br />
=== Sheep Medicine ===<br />
DONE - OPEN - Publicised (just blog)<br />
<br />
===Small Animal Dermatology===<br />
DONE - OPEN - Publicised<br />
<br />
===Equine Reproduction & Stud Medicine===<br />
DONE - OPEN<br />
<br />
===Cytology===<br />
<br />
DONE - OPEN - FACEBOOK (Twitter)<br />
<br />
===Feline Medicine===<br />
DONE - OPEN - BLOGGED (couldn't upload image onto blog) - Facebook<br />
<br />
===Rabbit Medicine and Surgery===<br />
DONE - OPEN<br />
<br />
===Small animals ECC===<br />
DONE - OPEN<br />
<br />
===Veterinary Dentistry===<br />
DONE - OPEN<br />
<br />
===Small Animal Soft Tissue Surgery===<br />
<br />
DONE - OPEN - Facebook<br />
<br />
===Small Animal Orthopaedics===<br />
<br />
DONE - OPEN<br />
<br />
==Small Animal Abdominal and Metabolic Disorders==<br />
DONE - OPEN</div>Lwyasm1https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Category:Pathological_Sample_Collection&diff=132171Category:Pathological Sample Collection2011-11-22T17:38:09Z<p>Lwyasm1: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{frontpage<br />
|pagetitle =Pathological Sample Collection<br />
|pagebody = <br />
|contenttitle =Content<br />
|contentbody =<br />
<big><b><br />
<categorytree mode=pages>Pathological Sample Collection</categorytree><br />
<br />
Urine Samples<br />
<br />
Peritoneal and Joint taps<br />
<br />
Tracheal Washes and BALs<br />
<br />
WECs<br />
</b></big><br />
|logo =path-logo.png<br />
}}<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Blood Samples and Coagulation Tests]]<br />
[[Category:Clinical Techniques]]<br />
[[Category:Clinical Pathology]]</div>Lwyasm1https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Ornamental_Fish_Q%26A_19&diff=132170Ornamental Fish Q&A 192011-11-22T17:37:37Z<p>Lwyasm1: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Manson<br />
|book = Ornamental Fish Q&A}}<br />
<br />
[[File:Ornamental Fish 19b.jpg|centre|500px]]<br />
<br><br />
[[File:Ornamental Fish 19c.png|centre|500px]]<br />
<br><br />
[[File:Ornamental Fish 19a.jpg|centre|500px]]<br />
<br />
<br /><br />
<br />
'''These rapidly spinning ciliated organisms were seen on the examination of a skin scrape (×100).'''<br />
<br />
<br /><br />
<br />
<FlashCard questions="2"><br />
|q1=Name the organism.<br />
|a1=<br />
''Trichodina'', a ciliated protozoan parasite which is a common cause of skin and gill disease in ornamental fish.<br />
|l1=Trichodina spp.<br />
|q2=How is a skin scraping prepared?<br />
|a2=<br />
A skin scrape is prepared by obtaining a small quantity of mucus from the skin surface of a freshly dead or anesthetized fish. <br />
<br />
Areas of predilection for skin parasites are those adjacent to the fins and it is a good approach to obtain material from these sites. <br />
<br />
The mucus is suspended in a small quantity of water on a microscope slide (preferably pond or tank water from which the fish was taken; tape or distilled water may destroy the parasites), a cover slip applied, and the preparation examined under the microscope (×40 magnification should be sufficient to visualize most parasites). <br />
<br />
The second picture shows prepared gill, fin, and skin biopsies.<br />
|l2= Skin Scrape Procedure#Skin Scraping in Fish<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
{{#tag:imagemap|Image:Next Question.png{{!}}center{{!}}200px<br />
rect 0 0 860 850 [[Ornamental Fish Q&A 20]]<br />
desc none}}<br />
[[Category:Ornamental Fish Q&A]]</div>Lwyasm1https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Skin_Scrape_Procedure&diff=132169Skin Scrape Procedure2011-11-22T17:36:41Z<p>Lwyasm1: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Introduction==<br />
Skin scrapings are a very common and important technique in the diagnosis of skin disease for all mammals and some reptiles and fish. They are particularly valuable in '''parasitological investigations.'''<br />
<br />
==Equipment==<br />
Scalpel blade<br />
<br />
Microscope<br />
<br />
Oil or Liquid Paraffin<br />
<br />
Surgical spirit or surgical scrub solution<br />
<br />
Microscope slides and cover slips<br />
<br />
==Preparation==<br />
The skin should preferably '''not be clipped or scrubbed prior''' to scraping as this will affect the sample quality. Clipping may be necessary in heavily haired areas but it should be avoided if possible. It is preferred to clean the area with surgical spirit or scrub afterwards. <br />
<br />
Prepare a microscope slide with a drop of mineral oil or liquid paraffin placed in the centre.<br />
<br />
'''No sedation or anaesthesia''' is usually required unless the animal's temperament prevents good quality samples being collected. Most animals tolerate the procedure very well.<br />
<br />
==Procedure==<br />
Choose the area that is to be sampled. It is best to scrape the '''periphery of any obvious lesions''' as this is where parasites tend to congregate and tissue is healthiest. '''Several samples''' should be taken from different regions as parasites can be very difficult to find.<br />
<br />
Run the scalpel blade along the desired area '''repeatedly in the same direction at an angle of ~45 degrees'''. It may be beneficial to '''dip the blade''' in a small amount of oil or liquid paraffin prior to scraping. Continue until the skin shows '''petechial haemorrhages'''. Do not continue until bleeding is copious as this will cloud the slide and make interpretation difficult. It is important that '''deep skin scrapes''' like this are taken when scraping for suspect [[Demodex|demodex mites]] or other deep burrowing mites, so that the hair follicle bulbs can be analysed.<br />
It may be prudent to scrape this way for any suspect parasitic infection as it will reveal both superficial and deep mites.<br />
<br />
Tissue should then be transferred from the scalpel to a '''clean microscope slide''' with a '''small amount of oil/liquid paraffin''' already placed on the slide and gently spread over the surface of the slide. A '''cover slip''' should then be added.<br />
<br />
==Interpretation==<br />
Slides should be examined '''systematically under a light microscope at 100x magnification'''. The light output should be reduced for best mite visualisation. Alternatively, they can be sent to a laboratory for analysis. <br />
<br />
If parasites are suspected, repeat sampling may be prudent, as may preventative treatment with an [[Ectoparasiticides|ectoparasiticide]]. If [[Demodicosis|demodicosis]] is diagnosed and an animal is undergoing treatment, three negative scrape results on three separate occasions are required to confirm a curative result.<br />
<br />
==Skin Scraping in Fish==<br />
When taking skin scrapings from fish, only the '''mucus''' is sampled; the epidermis should not be broken. A '''blunt metal or wooden scraper/spatula''' should be used and the mucus placed onto a slide with a small amount of '''tank/pond water''' (chlorine and other minerals in tap water may kill any parasites present). The slide can be interpreted in the same way as those from mammals. Fish may be sedated for the procedure if required to prevent damage or injury.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
FishDoc (2009) '''Taking a skin scrape''' Accessed online at http://www.fishdoc.co.uk/microscope/micro06.htm on 22/11/2011.<br />
<br />
Lewbart, G.A (1998) '''Ornamental Fish Self Assement Colour Review Guide'''. Manson Publishing. Question 19.<br />
<br />
Muller, G. H., Kirk, R. W., Scott, D. W., Griffin, C. W (2001) '''Small Animal Dermatology'''. Elsevier Health Sciences.<br />
<br />
Rosenfeld, A. J., Dial, S. M (2010) '''Clinical Pathology for the Veterinary Team'''. Wiley & Sons.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Pathological Sample Collection]] [[Category:Clinical Techniques]] [[Category:To Do - Manson review]]</div>Lwyasm1https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Skin_Scrape_Procedure&diff=132168Skin Scrape Procedure2011-11-22T17:27:15Z<p>Lwyasm1: /* References */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Introduction==<br />
Skin scrapings are a very common and important technique in the diagnosis of skin disease for all mammals and some reptiles and fish. They are particularly valuable in '''parasitological investigations.'''<br />
<br />
==Equipment==<br />
Scalpel blade<br />
<br />
Microscope<br />
<br />
Oil or Liquid Paraffin<br />
<br />
Surgical spirit or surgical scrub solution<br />
<br />
Microscope slides and cover slips<br />
<br />
==Preparation==<br />
The skin should preferably '''not be clipped or scrubbed prior''' to scraping as this will affect the sample quality. Clipping may be necessary in heavily haired areas but it should be avoided if possible. It is preferred to clean the area with surgical spirit or scrub afterwards. <br />
<br />
Prepare a microscope slide with a drop of mineral oil or liquid paraffin placed in the centre.<br />
<br />
'''No sedation or anaesthesia''' is usually required unless the animal's temperament prevents good quality samples being collected. Most animals tolerate the procedure very well.<br />
<br />
==Procedure==<br />
Choose the area that is to be sampled. It is best to scrape the '''periphery of any obvious lesions''' as this is where parasites tend to congregate and tissue is healthiest. '''Several samples''' should be taken from different regions as parasites can be very difficult to find.<br />
<br />
Run the scalpel blade along the desired area '''repeatedly in the same direction at an angle of ~45 degrees'''. It may be beneficial to '''dip the blade''' in a small amount of oil or liquid paraffin prior to scraping. Continue until the skin shows '''petechial haemorrhages'''. Do not continue until bleeding is copious as this will cloud the slide and make interpretation difficult. It is important that '''deep skin scrapes''' like this are taken when scraping for suspect [[Demodex|demodex mites]] or other deep burrowing mites, so that the hair follicle bulbs can be analysed.<br />
It may be prudent to scrape this way for any suspect parasitic infection as it will reveal both superficial and deep mites.<br />
<br />
Tissue should then be transferred from the scalpel to a '''clean microscope slide''' with a '''small amount of oil/liquid paraffin''' already placed on the slide and gently spread over the surface of the slide. A '''cover slip''' should then be added.<br />
<br />
==Interpretation==<br />
Slides should be examined '''systematically under a light microscope at 100x magnification'''. The light output should be reduced for best mite visualisation. Alternatively, they can be sent to a laboratory for analysis. <br />
<br />
If parasites are suspected, repeat sampling may be prudent, as may preventative treatment with an [[Ectoparasiticides|ectoparasiticide]]. If [[Demodicosis|demodicosis]] is diagnosed and an animal is undergoing treatment, three negative scrape results on three separate occasions are required to confirm a curative result.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
Muller, G. H., Kirk, R. W., Scott, D. W., Griffin, C. W (2001) '''Small Animal Dermatology'''. Elsevier Health Sciences.<br />
<br />
Rosenfeld, A. J., Dial, S. M (2010) '''Clinical Pathology for the Veterinary Team'''. Wiley & Sons.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Pathological Sample Collection]] [[Category:Clinical Techniques]] [[Category:To Do - Manson review]]</div>Lwyasm1https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Skin_Scrape_Procedure&diff=132167Skin Scrape Procedure2011-11-22T17:26:46Z<p>Lwyasm1: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Introduction==<br />
Skin scrapings are a very common and important technique in the diagnosis of skin disease for all mammals and some reptiles and fish. They are particularly valuable in '''parasitological investigations.'''<br />
<br />
==Equipment==<br />
Scalpel blade<br />
<br />
Microscope<br />
<br />
Oil or Liquid Paraffin<br />
<br />
Surgical spirit or surgical scrub solution<br />
<br />
Microscope slides and cover slips<br />
<br />
==Preparation==<br />
The skin should preferably '''not be clipped or scrubbed prior''' to scraping as this will affect the sample quality. Clipping may be necessary in heavily haired areas but it should be avoided if possible. It is preferred to clean the area with surgical spirit or scrub afterwards. <br />
<br />
Prepare a microscope slide with a drop of mineral oil or liquid paraffin placed in the centre.<br />
<br />
'''No sedation or anaesthesia''' is usually required unless the animal's temperament prevents good quality samples being collected. Most animals tolerate the procedure very well.<br />
<br />
==Procedure==<br />
Choose the area that is to be sampled. It is best to scrape the '''periphery of any obvious lesions''' as this is where parasites tend to congregate and tissue is healthiest. '''Several samples''' should be taken from different regions as parasites can be very difficult to find.<br />
<br />
Run the scalpel blade along the desired area '''repeatedly in the same direction at an angle of ~45 degrees'''. It may be beneficial to '''dip the blade''' in a small amount of oil or liquid paraffin prior to scraping. Continue until the skin shows '''petechial haemorrhages'''. Do not continue until bleeding is copious as this will cloud the slide and make interpretation difficult. It is important that '''deep skin scrapes''' like this are taken when scraping for suspect [[Demodex|demodex mites]] or other deep burrowing mites, so that the hair follicle bulbs can be analysed.<br />
It may be prudent to scrape this way for any suspect parasitic infection as it will reveal both superficial and deep mites.<br />
<br />
Tissue should then be transferred from the scalpel to a '''clean microscope slide''' with a '''small amount of oil/liquid paraffin''' already placed on the slide and gently spread over the surface of the slide. A '''cover slip''' should then be added.<br />
<br />
==Interpretation==<br />
Slides should be examined '''systematically under a light microscope at 100x magnification'''. The light output should be reduced for best mite visualisation. Alternatively, they can be sent to a laboratory for analysis. <br />
<br />
If parasites are suspected, repeat sampling may be prudent, as may preventative treatment with an [[Ectoparasiticides|ectoparasiticide]]. If [[Demodicosis|demodicosis]] is diagnosed and an animal is undergoing treatment, three negative scrape results on three separate occasions are required to confirm a curative result.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
Muller, G. H., Kirk, R. W., Scott, D. W., Griffin, C. W (2001) Small Animal Dermatology. Elsevier Health Sciences.<br />
<br />
Rosenfeld, A. J., Dial, S. M (2010) '''Clinical Pathology for the Veterinary Team'''. Wiley & Sons.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Pathological Sample Collection]] [[Category:Clinical Techniques]] [[Category:To Do - Manson review]]</div>Lwyasm1https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Skin_Scrape_Procedure&diff=132166Skin Scrape Procedure2011-11-22T17:25:29Z<p>Lwyasm1: /* Interpretation */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Introduction==<br />
Skin scrapings are a very common and important technique in the diagnosis of skin disease for all mammals and some reptiles and fish. They are particularly valuable in '''parasitological investigations.'''<br />
<br />
==Equipment==<br />
Scalpel blade<br />
<br />
Microscope<br />
<br />
Oil or Liquid Paraffin<br />
<br />
Surgical spirit or surgical scrub solution<br />
<br />
Microscope slides and cover slips<br />
<br />
==Preparation==<br />
The skin should preferably '''not be clipped or scrubbed prior''' to scraping as this will affect the sample quality. Clipping may be necessary in heavily haired areas but it should be avoided if possible. It is preferred to clean the area with surgical spirit or scrub afterwards. <br />
<br />
Prepare a microscope slide with a drop of mineral oil or liquid paraffin placed in the centre.<br />
<br />
'''No sedation or anaesthesia''' is usually required unless the animal's temperament prevents good quality samples being collected. Most animals tolerate the procedure very well.<br />
<br />
==Procedure==<br />
Choose the area that is to be sampled. It is best to scrape the '''periphery of any obvious lesions''' as this is where parasites tend to congregate and tissue is healthiest. '''Several samples''' should be taken from different regions as parasites can be very difficult to find.<br />
<br />
Run the scalpel blade along the desired area '''repeatedly in the same direction at an angle of ~45 degrees'''. It may be beneficial to '''dip the blade''' in a small amount of oil or liquid paraffin prior to scraping. Continue until the skin shows '''petechial haemorrhages'''. Do not continue until bleeding is copious as this will cloud the slide and make interpretation difficult. It is important that '''deep skin scrapes''' like this are taken when scraping for suspect [[Demodex|demodex mites]] or other deep burrowing mites, so that the hair follicle bulbs can be analysed.<br />
It may be prudent to scrape this way for any suspect parasitic infection as it will reveal both superficial and deep mites.<br />
<br />
Tissue should then be transferred from the scalpel to a '''clean microscope slide''' with a '''small amount of oil/liquid paraffin''' already placed on the slide and gently spread over the surface of the slide. A '''cover slip''' should then be added.<br />
<br />
==Interpretation==<br />
Slides should be examined '''systematically under a light microscope at 100x magnification'''. The light output should be reduced for best mite visualisation. Alternatively, they can be sent to a laboratory for analysis. <br />
<br />
If parasites are suspected, repeat sampling may be prudent, as may preventative treatment with an [[Ectoparasiticides|ectoparasiticide]]. If [[Demodicosis|demodicosis]] is diagnosed and an animal is undergoing treatment, three negative scrape results on three separate occasions are required to confirm a curative result.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Pathological Sample Collection]] [[Category:Clinical Techniques]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
Muller, G. H., Kirk, R. W., Scott, D. W., Griffin, C. W (2001) Small Animal Dermatology. Elsevier Health Sciences.<br />
<br />
Rosenfeld, A. J., Dial, S. M (2010) '''Clinical Pathology for the Veterinary Team'''. Wiley & Sons.</div>Lwyasm1https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Skin_Scrape_Procedure&diff=132165Skin Scrape Procedure2011-11-22T17:25:13Z<p>Lwyasm1: /* Interpretation */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Introduction==<br />
Skin scrapings are a very common and important technique in the diagnosis of skin disease for all mammals and some reptiles and fish. They are particularly valuable in '''parasitological investigations.'''<br />
<br />
==Equipment==<br />
Scalpel blade<br />
<br />
Microscope<br />
<br />
Oil or Liquid Paraffin<br />
<br />
Surgical spirit or surgical scrub solution<br />
<br />
Microscope slides and cover slips<br />
<br />
==Preparation==<br />
The skin should preferably '''not be clipped or scrubbed prior''' to scraping as this will affect the sample quality. Clipping may be necessary in heavily haired areas but it should be avoided if possible. It is preferred to clean the area with surgical spirit or scrub afterwards. <br />
<br />
Prepare a microscope slide with a drop of mineral oil or liquid paraffin placed in the centre.<br />
<br />
'''No sedation or anaesthesia''' is usually required unless the animal's temperament prevents good quality samples being collected. Most animals tolerate the procedure very well.<br />
<br />
==Procedure==<br />
Choose the area that is to be sampled. It is best to scrape the '''periphery of any obvious lesions''' as this is where parasites tend to congregate and tissue is healthiest. '''Several samples''' should be taken from different regions as parasites can be very difficult to find.<br />
<br />
Run the scalpel blade along the desired area '''repeatedly in the same direction at an angle of ~45 degrees'''. It may be beneficial to '''dip the blade''' in a small amount of oil or liquid paraffin prior to scraping. Continue until the skin shows '''petechial haemorrhages'''. Do not continue until bleeding is copious as this will cloud the slide and make interpretation difficult. It is important that '''deep skin scrapes''' like this are taken when scraping for suspect [[Demodex|demodex mites]] or other deep burrowing mites, so that the hair follicle bulbs can be analysed.<br />
It may be prudent to scrape this way for any suspect parasitic infection as it will reveal both superficial and deep mites.<br />
<br />
Tissue should then be transferred from the scalpel to a '''clean microscope slide''' with a '''small amount of oil/liquid paraffin''' already placed on the slide and gently spread over the surface of the slide. A '''cover slip''' should then be added.<br />
<br />
==Interpretation==<br />
Slides should be examined '''systematically under a light microscope at 100x magnification'''. The light output should be reduced for best mite visualisation. Alternatively, they can be sent to a laboratory for analysis. <br />
<br />
If parasites are suspected, repeat sampling may be prudent, as may preventative treatment with an [[Ectoparasiticides|Ectoparasiticide]]. If [[Demodicosis|demodicosis]] is diagnosed and an animal is undergoing treatment, three negative scrape results on three separate occasions are required to confirm a curative result.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Pathological Sample Collection]] [[Category:Clinical Techniques]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
Muller, G. H., Kirk, R. W., Scott, D. W., Griffin, C. W (2001) Small Animal Dermatology. Elsevier Health Sciences.<br />
<br />
Rosenfeld, A. J., Dial, S. M (2010) '''Clinical Pathology for the Veterinary Team'''. Wiley & Sons.</div>Lwyasm1https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Skin_Scrape_Procedure&diff=132164Skin Scrape Procedure2011-11-22T17:22:55Z<p>Lwyasm1: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Introduction==<br />
Skin scrapings are a very common and important technique in the diagnosis of skin disease for all mammals and some reptiles and fish. They are particularly valuable in '''parasitological investigations.'''<br />
<br />
==Equipment==<br />
Scalpel blade<br />
<br />
Microscope<br />
<br />
Oil or Liquid Paraffin<br />
<br />
Surgical spirit or surgical scrub solution<br />
<br />
Microscope slides and cover slips<br />
<br />
==Preparation==<br />
The skin should preferably '''not be clipped or scrubbed prior''' to scraping as this will affect the sample quality. Clipping may be necessary in heavily haired areas but it should be avoided if possible. It is preferred to clean the area with surgical spirit or scrub afterwards. <br />
<br />
Prepare a microscope slide with a drop of mineral oil or liquid paraffin placed in the centre.<br />
<br />
'''No sedation or anaesthesia''' is usually required unless the animal's temperament prevents good quality samples being collected. Most animals tolerate the procedure very well.<br />
<br />
==Procedure==<br />
Choose the area that is to be sampled. It is best to scrape the '''periphery of any obvious lesions''' as this is where parasites tend to congregate and tissue is healthiest. '''Several samples''' should be taken from different regions as parasites can be very difficult to find.<br />
<br />
Run the scalpel blade along the desired area '''repeatedly in the same direction at an angle of ~45 degrees'''. It may be beneficial to '''dip the blade''' in a small amount of oil or liquid paraffin prior to scraping. Continue until the skin shows '''petechial haemorrhages'''. Do not continue until bleeding is copious as this will cloud the slide and make interpretation difficult. It is important that '''deep skin scrapes''' like this are taken when scraping for suspect [[Demodex|demodex mites]] or other deep burrowing mites, so that the hair follicle bulbs can be analysed.<br />
It may be prudent to scrape this way for any suspect parasitic infection as it will reveal both superficial and deep mites.<br />
<br />
Tissue should then be transferred from the scalpel to a '''clean microscope slide''' with a '''small amount of oil/liquid paraffin''' already placed on the slide and gently spread over the surface of the slide. A '''cover slip''' should then be added.<br />
<br />
==Interpretation==<br />
Slides should be examined '''systematically under a light microscope at 100x magnification'''. The light output should be reduced for best mite visualisation. Alternatively, they can be sent to a laboratory for analysis.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Pathological Sample Collection]] [[Category:Clinical Techniques]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
Muller, G. H., Kirk, R. W., Scott, D. W., Griffin, C. W (2001) Small Animal Dermatology. Elsevier Health Sciences.<br />
<br />
Rosenfeld, A. J., Dial, S. M (2010) '''Clinical Pathology for the Veterinary Team'''. Wiley & Sons.</div>Lwyasm1https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Skin_Scrape_Procedure&diff=132162Skin Scrape Procedure2011-11-22T16:17:54Z<p>Lwyasm1: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Introduction==<br />
Skin scrapings are an important technique in the diagnosis of skin disease for all mammals and some reptiles and fish. They are particularly valuable in parasitological investigations.<br />
<br />
==Preparation==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
No sedation or anaesthesia is usually required unless the animal's temperament prevents good quality samples being collected. Most animals tolerate the procedure very well.<br />
<br />
==Procedure==<br />
<br />
==Interpretation==<br />
<br />
[[Category:Pathological Sample Collection]] [[Category:Clinical Techniques]]</div>Lwyasm1https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Skin_Scrape_Procedure&diff=132161Skin Scrape Procedure2011-11-22T15:48:31Z<p>Lwyasm1: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Skin Scrapes]]</div>Lwyasm1https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Skin_Scrape_Procedure&diff=132160Skin Scrape Procedure2011-11-22T15:48:21Z<p>Lwyasm1: Created page with "Category:Skin Scrape"</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Skin Scrape]]</div>Lwyasm1https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Category:To_Do_-_Manson&diff=132159Category:To Do - Manson2011-11-22T15:47:43Z<p>Lwyasm1: /* Ornamental Fish */</p>
<hr />
<div>Pages needed to link to Manson clinical flashcard Q&As:<br />
<br />
Once finished with a page, please add it to [[:Category:To Do - Manson review|Category:To Do - Manson review]]<br />
<br />
<font color = "red"><br />
</font color><br />
<br />
==Reptiles and Amphibians==<br />
<font color = "red"><br />
Q4 - Spirochaetosis page, not sure how to name it - [[Spirochaetosis - Reptiles]] or [[Spirochaetosis - Chelonia]]<br />
</font color><br />
<br />
==Ornamental Fish==<br />
DONE - OPEN - Publicised (awaiting review)<br />
<br />
=== Small Mammals ===<br />
DONE - OPEN - Publicised<br />
<br />
=== Avian Med ===<br />
DONE - OPEN - Publicised<br />
<br />
===Cattle Medicine===<br />
DONE - OPEN - Reviewed - Publicised (both blog and Facebook)<br />
<br />
===Equine Internal Medicine===<br />
DONE - OPEN - Publicised<br />
<br />
===Equine Orthopaedics & Rheumatology===<br />
DONE - OPEN - Publicised - Reviewed<br />
<br />
=== Sheep Medicine ===<br />
DONE - OPEN - Publicised (just blog)<br />
<br />
===Small Animal Dermatology===<br />
DONE - OPEN - Publicised<br />
<br />
===Equine Reproduction & Stud Medicine===<br />
DONE - OPEN<br />
<br />
===Cytology===<br />
<br />
DONE - OPEN - FACEBOOK (Twitter)<br />
<br />
===Feline Medicine===<br />
DONE - OPEN - BLOGGED (couldn't upload image onto blog) - Facebook<br />
<br />
===Rabbit Medicine and Surgery===<br />
DONE - OPEN<br />
<br />
===Small animals ECC===<br />
DONE - OPEN<br />
<br />
===Veterinary Dentistry===<br />
DONE - OPEN<br />
<br />
===Small Animal Soft Tissue Surgery===<br />
<br />
DONE - OPEN - Facebook<br />
<br />
===Small Animal Orthopaedics===<br />
<br />
DONE - OPEN<br />
<br />
==Small Animal Abdominal and Metabolic Disorders==<br />
DONE - OPEN</div>Lwyasm1https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Exopthalmos_-_Fish_Flashcards&diff=132158Exopthalmos - Fish Flashcards2011-11-22T15:04:17Z<p>Lwyasm1: </p>
<hr />
<div><FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1= Name some infectious causes of exopthalmos in fish (there are lots!)<br />
|a1= <br />
*Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis<br />
*Viral Haematopoeitic Necrosis<br />
*Channel Catfish Virus<br />
*''Aeromonas'' species infection<br />
*''Pseudomonas'' species infection<br />
*Ocular trematode (fluke) infection<br />
|l1= Exopthalmos - Fish#Introduction<br />
|q2= Name some non-infectious causes.<br />
|a2= <br />
*Traumatic injury<br />
*Gas Bubble Disease<br />
*Ammonia toxicity<br />
|l2= Exopthalmos - Fish#Introduction<br />
|q3= What is the condition commonly known as by fish keepers?<br />
|a3= Pop-eye disease<br />
|l3= Exopthalmos - Fish<br />
|q4= What is a common consequence of exopthalmos?<br />
|a4= Traumatic injury to the eye.<br />
|l4= Exopthalmos - Fish#Clinical Signs <br />
</FlashCard><br />
[[Category:Fish Flashcards]]<br />
[[Category:To Do - Manson review]]</div>Lwyasm1https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Exopthalmos_-_Fish&diff=132157Exopthalmos - Fish2011-11-22T15:03:14Z<p>Lwyasm1: /* References */</p>
<hr />
<div>Also Known As – Pop-eye - Exophthalmia<br />
<br />
Caused By – Many diseases and infections; see below<br />
<br />
==Introduction==<br />
Exopthalmos or “pop-eye” in fish is the most common ophthalmic pathology and can be the result of many diseases, injuries and infections.<br />
<br />
Potential infectious causes include [[Trematodes - Overview|trematode]] infection when flukes reside subretinally, [[Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis]], , [[Infectious Haematopoietic Necrosis]], [[Viral Haemorrhagic Septicaemia]], ''Icthyosporidium'' infection, [[Tuberculosis]], [[Aeromonas species - Overview|''Aeromomas spp.'']] and [[Pseudomonas species - Overview|''Pseudomonas spp.'']] infections, [[Vibriosis - Fish|Vibriosis]], [[Enteric Redmouth Disease]], [[Channel Catfish Virus]] and many more.<br />
<br />
Non-infectious causes include [[Gas Bubble Disease]], renal disease and ammonia toxicity.<br />
<br />
==Distribution==<br />
Global<br />
<br />
==Signalment==<br />
Any type of fish, commercial or ornamental, can be affected.<br />
<br />
==Clinical Signs==<br />
The eye/s of affected fish appear to be larger and bulging/protruding from the head. Traumatic injury often occurs as a result.<br />
<br />
==Diagnosis==<br />
The condition can be diagnosed clinically upon visual examination of the fish. Underlying diseases may require serology, bacteriology, parasitology or other investigative techniques. <br />
<br />
==Treatment==<br />
Treatment is highly dependent upon the cause and may or may not exist.<br />
Removal of excess gas may resolve minor [[Gas Bubble Disease|gas bubble disease]] or movement to a different tank may allow recovery from ammonia toxicity.Bacterial causes may respond to antibiotic therapy. Treatment is usually ineffective once significant damage is done to the globe.<br />
<br />
==Control==<br />
Biosecurity and disease prevention protocols are imperative for control of infectious causes of exopthalmos. Traumatic injury can be prevented by environmental design.<br />
<br />
{{Learning<br />
|flashcards = [[Exopthalmos - Fish Flashcards]]<br />
[[Ornamental Fish Q&A 22]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
Lewbart, G.A (1998) Ornamental Fish Self Assement Colour Review Guide. Manson Publishing. Question 22.<br />
<br />
Noga, E. J (2010) '''Fish Disease'''. Wiley & Sons. Various sections.<br />
<br />
Ribelin, W. E (1975) '''Pathology of Fishes, Symposium Proc'''. Univ. Wisconsin. pp386-388.<br />
<br />
Roberts, H. E (2009) '''Fundamentals of Ornamental Fish Health''' Wiley & Sons. Various sections.<br />
<br />
[[Category:To Do - Manson review]]</div>Lwyasm1https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Exopthalmos_-_Fish&diff=132156Exopthalmos - Fish2011-11-22T15:01:37Z<p>Lwyasm1: /* References */</p>
<hr />
<div>Also Known As – Pop-eye - Exophthalmia<br />
<br />
Caused By – Many diseases and infections; see below<br />
<br />
==Introduction==<br />
Exopthalmos or “pop-eye” in fish is the most common ophthalmic pathology and can be the result of many diseases, injuries and infections.<br />
<br />
Potential infectious causes include [[Trematodes - Overview|trematode]] infection when flukes reside subretinally, [[Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis]], , [[Infectious Haematopoietic Necrosis]], [[Viral Haemorrhagic Septicaemia]], ''Icthyosporidium'' infection, [[Tuberculosis]], [[Aeromonas species - Overview|''Aeromomas spp.'']] and [[Pseudomonas species - Overview|''Pseudomonas spp.'']] infections, [[Vibriosis - Fish|Vibriosis]], [[Enteric Redmouth Disease]], [[Channel Catfish Virus]] and many more.<br />
<br />
Non-infectious causes include [[Gas Bubble Disease]], renal disease and ammonia toxicity.<br />
<br />
==Distribution==<br />
Global<br />
<br />
==Signalment==<br />
Any type of fish, commercial or ornamental, can be affected.<br />
<br />
==Clinical Signs==<br />
The eye/s of affected fish appear to be larger and bulging/protruding from the head. Traumatic injury often occurs as a result.<br />
<br />
==Diagnosis==<br />
The condition can be diagnosed clinically upon visual examination of the fish. Underlying diseases may require serology, bacteriology, parasitology or other investigative techniques. <br />
<br />
==Treatment==<br />
Treatment is highly dependent upon the cause and may or may not exist.<br />
Removal of excess gas may resolve minor [[Gas Bubble Disease|gas bubble disease]] or movement to a different tank may allow recovery from ammonia toxicity.Bacterial causes may respond to antibiotic therapy. Treatment is usually ineffective once significant damage is done to the globe.<br />
<br />
==Control==<br />
Biosecurity and disease prevention protocols are imperative for control of infectious causes of exopthalmos. Traumatic injury can be prevented by environmental design.<br />
<br />
{{Learning<br />
|flashcards = [[Exopthalmos - Fish Flashcards]]<br />
[[Ornamental Fish Q&A 22]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
Lewbart, G.A (1998) Ornamental Fish Self Assement Colour Review Guide. Manson Publishing. Question 22.<br />
<br />
Noga, E. J (2010) '''Fish Disease'''. Wiley & Sons. Various sections.<br />
<br />
Ribelin, W. E (1975) '''Pathology of Fishes, Symposium Proc'''. Univ. Wisconsin. pp386-388.<br />
<br />
Roberts, H. E (2009) '''Fundamentals of Ornamental Fish Health''' Wiley & Sons. Various sections.<br />
<br />
[[Category:To Do – Manson review]]</div>Lwyasm1https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Ornamental_Fish_Q%26A_22&diff=132155Ornamental Fish Q&A 222011-11-22T14:59:52Z<p>Lwyasm1: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Manson<br />
|book = Ornamental Fish Q&A}}<br />
<br />
[[File:Ornamental Fish 22a.jpg|centre|500px]]<br />
<br><br />
[[File:Ornamental Fish 22b.jpg|centre|500px]]<br />
<br /><br />
<br />
'''This Moorish idol is markedly exophthalmic and on close inspection a large air bubble can be seen behind the globe.<br />
<br />
<br /><br />
<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1=What is this condition called?<br />
|a1=<br />
Supersaturation or gas-bubble disease.<br />
|l1=Gas Bubble Disease<br />
|q2=How does this problem develop?<br />
|a2=<br />
The most common cause of this problem is a cavitating pump which literally supersaturates the water with atmospheric air (meaning the majority of the gas will be nitrogen). <br />
<br />
Excessive oxygen production by algae and other plants is a less frequent cause. <br />
<br />
Over-aerating an aquarium with air bubbles from an air stone can, but rarely does, lead to supersaturation disease.<br />
|l2=Gas Bubble Disease<br />
|q3=How is this condition treated?<br />
|a3=<br />
Treatment usually involves finding the source of the excessive gas and eliminating it. <br />
<br />
In the case of a cavitating pump, filling the sump or reservoir or locating a leak in the system usually solves the problem. Air<br />
bubbles under the skin and within the fins will usually resolve within a day or two. <br />
<br />
Air bubbles in the circulatory system, especially in the branchial vasculature, can be acutely fatal.<br />
|l3=Gas Bubble Disease#Treatment<br />
|q4=List four other general causes of exophthalmia in fish.<br />
|a4=<br />
Ammonia toxicity, ocular parasites, septicemia, and neoplasia.<br />
|l4= Exopthalmos - Fish#Introduction<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
{{#tag:imagemap|Image:Next Question.png{{!}}center{{!}}200px<br />
rect 0 0 860 850 [[Ornamental Fish Q&A 23]]<br />
desc none}}<br />
[[Category:Ornamental Fish Q&A]]</div>Lwyasm1https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Exopthalmos_-_Fish&diff=132154Exopthalmos - Fish2011-11-22T14:58:46Z<p>Lwyasm1: /* Treatment */</p>
<hr />
<div>Also Known As – Pop-eye - Exophthalmia<br />
<br />
Caused By – Many diseases and infections; see below<br />
<br />
==Introduction==<br />
Exopthalmos or “pop-eye” in fish is the most common ophthalmic pathology and can be the result of many diseases, injuries and infections.<br />
<br />
Potential infectious causes include [[Trematodes - Overview|trematode]] infection when flukes reside subretinally, [[Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis]], , [[Infectious Haematopoietic Necrosis]], [[Viral Haemorrhagic Septicaemia]], ''Icthyosporidium'' infection, [[Tuberculosis]], [[Aeromonas species - Overview|''Aeromomas spp.'']] and [[Pseudomonas species - Overview|''Pseudomonas spp.'']] infections, [[Vibriosis - Fish|Vibriosis]], [[Enteric Redmouth Disease]], [[Channel Catfish Virus]] and many more.<br />
<br />
Non-infectious causes include [[Gas Bubble Disease]], renal disease and ammonia toxicity.<br />
<br />
==Distribution==<br />
Global<br />
<br />
==Signalment==<br />
Any type of fish, commercial or ornamental, can be affected.<br />
<br />
==Clinical Signs==<br />
The eye/s of affected fish appear to be larger and bulging/protruding from the head. Traumatic injury often occurs as a result.<br />
<br />
==Diagnosis==<br />
The condition can be diagnosed clinically upon visual examination of the fish. Underlying diseases may require serology, bacteriology, parasitology or other investigative techniques. <br />
<br />
==Treatment==<br />
Treatment is highly dependent upon the cause and may or may not exist.<br />
Removal of excess gas may resolve minor [[Gas Bubble Disease|gas bubble disease]] or movement to a different tank may allow recovery from ammonia toxicity.Bacterial causes may respond to antibiotic therapy. Treatment is usually ineffective once significant damage is done to the globe.<br />
<br />
==Control==<br />
Biosecurity and disease prevention protocols are imperative for control of infectious causes of exopthalmos. Traumatic injury can be prevented by environmental design.<br />
<br />
{{Learning<br />
|flashcards = [[Exopthalmos - Fish Flashcards]]<br />
[[Ornamental Fish Q&A 22]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
Noga, E. J (2010) '''Fish Disease'''. Wiley & Sons. Various sections.<br />
<br />
Ribelin, W. E (1975) '''Pathology of Fishes, Symposium Proc'''. Univ. Wisconsin. pp386-388.<br />
<br />
Roberts, H. E (2009) '''Fundamentals of Ornamental Fish Health''' Wiley & Sons. Various sections.<br />
<br />
[[Category:To Do – Manson review]]</div>Lwyasm1https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Exopthalmos_-_Fish&diff=132153Exopthalmos - Fish2011-11-22T14:57:57Z<p>Lwyasm1: /* Clinical Signs */</p>
<hr />
<div>Also Known As – Pop-eye - Exophthalmia<br />
<br />
Caused By – Many diseases and infections; see below<br />
<br />
==Introduction==<br />
Exopthalmos or “pop-eye” in fish is the most common ophthalmic pathology and can be the result of many diseases, injuries and infections.<br />
<br />
Potential infectious causes include [[Trematodes - Overview|trematode]] infection when flukes reside subretinally, [[Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis]], , [[Infectious Haematopoietic Necrosis]], [[Viral Haemorrhagic Septicaemia]], ''Icthyosporidium'' infection, [[Tuberculosis]], [[Aeromonas species - Overview|''Aeromomas spp.'']] and [[Pseudomonas species - Overview|''Pseudomonas spp.'']] infections, [[Vibriosis - Fish|Vibriosis]], [[Enteric Redmouth Disease]], [[Channel Catfish Virus]] and many more.<br />
<br />
Non-infectious causes include [[Gas Bubble Disease]], renal disease and ammonia toxicity.<br />
<br />
==Distribution==<br />
Global<br />
<br />
==Signalment==<br />
Any type of fish, commercial or ornamental, can be affected.<br />
<br />
==Clinical Signs==<br />
The eye/s of affected fish appear to be larger and bulging/protruding from the head. Traumatic injury often occurs as a result.<br />
<br />
==Diagnosis==<br />
The condition can be diagnosed clinically upon visual examination of the fish. Underlying diseases may require serology, bacteriology, parasitology or other investigative techniques. <br />
<br />
==Treatment==<br />
Treatment is highly dependent upon the cause and may or may not exist.<br />
<br />
==Control==<br />
Biosecurity and disease prevention protocols are imperative for control of infectious causes of exopthalmos. Traumatic injury can be prevented by environmental design.<br />
<br />
{{Learning<br />
|flashcards = [[Exopthalmos - Fish Flashcards]]<br />
[[Ornamental Fish Q&A 22]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
Noga, E. J (2010) '''Fish Disease'''. Wiley & Sons. Various sections.<br />
<br />
Ribelin, W. E (1975) '''Pathology of Fishes, Symposium Proc'''. Univ. Wisconsin. pp386-388.<br />
<br />
Roberts, H. E (2009) '''Fundamentals of Ornamental Fish Health''' Wiley & Sons. Various sections.<br />
<br />
[[Category:To Do – Manson review]]</div>Lwyasm1https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Exopthalmos_-_Fish&diff=132152Exopthalmos - Fish2011-11-22T14:54:29Z<p>Lwyasm1: </p>
<hr />
<div>Also Known As – Pop-eye - Exophthalmia<br />
<br />
Caused By – Many diseases and infections; see below<br />
<br />
==Introduction==<br />
Exopthalmos or “pop-eye” in fish is the most common ophthalmic pathology and can be the result of many diseases, injuries and infections.<br />
<br />
Potential infectious causes include [[Trematodes - Overview|trematode]] infection when flukes reside subretinally, [[Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis]], , [[Infectious Haematopoietic Necrosis]], [[Viral Haemorrhagic Septicaemia]], ''Icthyosporidium'' infection, [[Tuberculosis]], [[Aeromonas species - Overview|''Aeromomas spp.'']] and [[Pseudomonas species - Overview|''Pseudomonas spp.'']] infections, [[Vibriosis - Fish|Vibriosis]], [[Enteric Redmouth Disease]], [[Channel Catfish Virus]] and many more.<br />
<br />
Non-infectious causes include [[Gas Bubble Disease]], renal disease and ammonia toxicity.<br />
<br />
==Distribution==<br />
Global<br />
<br />
==Signalment==<br />
Any type of fish, commercial or ornamental, can be affected.<br />
<br />
==Clinical Signs==<br />
The eye/s of affected fish appear to be larger and bulging/protruding from the head. Traumatic injury often occurs as a result. Removal of excess gas may resolve minor [[Gas Bubble Disease|gas bubble disease]] or movement to a different tank may allow recovery from ammonia toxicity.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Diagnosis==<br />
The condition can be diagnosed clinically upon visual examination of the fish. Underlying diseases may require serology, bacteriology, parasitology or other investigative techniques. <br />
<br />
==Treatment==<br />
Treatment is highly dependent upon the cause and may or may not exist.<br />
<br />
==Control==<br />
Biosecurity and disease prevention protocols are imperative for control of infectious causes of exopthalmos. Traumatic injury can be prevented by environmental design.<br />
<br />
{{Learning<br />
|flashcards = [[Exopthalmos - Fish Flashcards]]<br />
[[Ornamental Fish Q&A 22]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
Noga, E. J (2010) '''Fish Disease'''. Wiley & Sons. Various sections.<br />
<br />
Ribelin, W. E (1975) '''Pathology of Fishes, Symposium Proc'''. Univ. Wisconsin. pp386-388.<br />
<br />
Roberts, H. E (2009) '''Fundamentals of Ornamental Fish Health''' Wiley & Sons. Various sections.<br />
<br />
[[Category:To Do – Manson review]]</div>Lwyasm1https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Exopthalmos_-_Fish_Flashcards&diff=132151Exopthalmos - Fish Flashcards2011-11-22T14:35:35Z<p>Lwyasm1: </p>
<hr />
<div><FlashCard questions="6"><br />
|q1= <br />
|a1= <br />
|l1=<br />
|q2=<br />
|a2= <br />
|l2= <br />
|q3= <br />
|a3=<br />
*<br />
*<br />
|l3= <br />
|q4=<br />
|a4=<br />
*<br />
*<br />
*<br />
|l4= <br />
|q5=?<br />
|a5=.<br />
|l5=<br />
|q6= <br />
|a6=<br />
*<br />
*<br />
|l6=<br />
</FlashCard><br />
[[Category:Fish Diseases Flashcards]]<br />
[[Category:To Do - Manson review]]</div>Lwyasm1https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Exopthalmos_-_Fish_Flashcards&diff=132150Exopthalmos - Fish Flashcards2011-11-22T14:34:11Z<p>Lwyasm1: Created page with "<FlashCard questions="6"> |q1= |a1= |l1= |q2= |a2= |l2= |q3= |a3= * * |l3= |q4= |a4= * * * |l4= |q5=? |a5=. |l5=Name of link |q6= |a6= * * |l6=Name of links </FlashCard>..."</p>
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<div><FlashCard questions="6"><br />
|q1= <br />
|a1= <br />
|l1=<br />
|q2=<br />
|a2= <br />
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*<br />
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|l3= <br />
|q4=<br />
|a4=<br />
*<br />
*<br />
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|l4= <br />
|q5=?<br />
|a5=.<br />
|l5=Name of link<br />
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*<br />
|l6=Name of links<br />
</FlashCard><br />
[[Category:Fish Diseases Flashcards]]<br />
[[Category:To Do - Manson review]]</div>Lwyasm1https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Exopthalmos_-_Fish&diff=132149Exopthalmos - Fish2011-11-22T14:33:00Z<p>Lwyasm1: /* Introduction */</p>
<hr />
<div>Also Known As – Pop-eye - Exophthalmia<br />
<br />
Caused By – Many diseases and infections<br />
<br />
==Introduction==<br />
Exopthalmos or “pop-eye” in fish is the most common ophthalmic pathology and can be the result of many diseases, injuries and infections.<br />
<br />
Potential causes include [[Trematodes - Overview|trematode]] infection when flukes reside subretinally, [[Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis]], [[Infectious Haematopoietic Necrosis]], [[Viral Haemorrhagic Septicaemia]], ''Icthyosporidium'' infection, [[Tuberculosis]], [[Aeromonas species - Overview|''Aeromomas spp.'']] and [[Pseudomonas species - Overview|''Pseudomonas spp.'']] infections, [[Vibriosis - Fish|Vibriosis]], renal disease<br />
<br />
==Distribution==<br />
<br />
==Signalment==<br />
<br />
==Clinical Signs==<br />
The eye/s of affected fish appear to be larger and protruding from the skull.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Diagnosis==<br />
The condition can be diagnosed clinically upon visual examination of the fish. Underlying diseases may require serology, bacteriology, parasitology or other investigative techniques. <br />
<br />
==Treatment==<br />
<br />
==Control==<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Learning<br />
|flashcards = [[Exopthalmos - Fish Flashcards]]<br />
[[Ornamental Fish Q&A 22]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
Ribelin, W. E (1975) '''Pathology of Fishes, Symposium Proc'''. Univ. Wisconsin. pp386-388.<br />
<br />
[[Category:To Do – Manson review]]</div>Lwyasm1https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Exopthalmos_-_Fish&diff=132148Exopthalmos - Fish2011-11-22T14:31:59Z<p>Lwyasm1: Created page with "Also Known As – Pop-eye - Exophthalmia Caused By – Many diseases and infections ==Introduction== Exopthalmos or “pop-eye” in fish is the most common ophthalmic patholog..."</p>
<hr />
<div>Also Known As – Pop-eye - Exophthalmia<br />
<br />
Caused By – Many diseases and infections<br />
<br />
==Introduction==<br />
Exopthalmos or “pop-eye” in fish is the most common ophthalmic pathology and can be the result of many diseases, injuries and infections.<br />
<br />
Potential causes include [[Trematodes - Overview|trematode]] infection when flukes reside subretinally, [[Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis]], [[Infectious Haemorrhagic Necrosis]], [[Viral Haemorrhagic Septicaemia]], ''Icthyosporidium'' infection, [[Tuberculosis]], [[Aeromonas - Overview|''Aeromomas spp.'']] and [[Pseudomonas - Overview|''Pseudomonas spp.'']] infections, [[Vibriosis - Fish|Vibriosis]], renal disease<br />
<br />
==Distribution==<br />
<br />
==Signalment==<br />
<br />
==Clinical Signs==<br />
The eye/s of affected fish appear to be larger and protruding from the skull.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Diagnosis==<br />
The condition can be diagnosed clinically upon visual examination of the fish. Underlying diseases may require serology, bacteriology, parasitology or other investigative techniques. <br />
<br />
==Treatment==<br />
<br />
==Control==<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Learning<br />
|flashcards = [[Exopthalmos - Fish Flashcards]]<br />
[[Ornamental Fish Q&A 22]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
Ribelin, W. E (1975) '''Pathology of Fishes, Symposium Proc'''. Univ. Wisconsin. pp386-388.<br />
<br />
[[Category:To Do – Manson review]]</div>Lwyasm1https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Streptococcal_Mastitis_-_Cattle&diff=132147Streptococcal Mastitis - Cattle2011-11-22T14:12:58Z<p>Lwyasm1: /* References */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Introduction==<br />
Bovine streptococcal mastitis involve colonisation of the udder with the following primary agents: ''S.agalactiae'', ''S. dysgalactiae'' and ''S. uberis''.<br />
<br />
''S. pyogenes, S. zooepidemicus'' and ''Enterococcus faecalis'' can also be involved.<br />
<br />
''S. agalactiae'' and ''S. dysgalactiae'' are considered to be '''contagious organisms''' which prefer to live in the udder and teat skin and spread from cow to cow at milking. ''S. agalactiae'' is an obligate intramammary bacteria and its survival outside the udder is limited.<br />
<br />
Contagious organisms often cause subclinical infections causing a prolonged mild elevation in somatic cell count.<br />
<br />
''S. uberis'' is generally considered to be an '''environmental organism''' which lives in dirty environments and sporadically gains entry to the udder often causing serious clinical mastitis.<br />
<br />
==Signalment==<br />
Usually affects dairy cows during the lactating period, but infection during the dry period can persist and cause problems in early lactation.<br />
<br />
==Clinical signs==<br />
In '''subclinical cases''', no gross inflammation or changes in the milk are seen. Chronic forms of the disease lead to progressive '''fibrosis''' of the affected quarter.<br />
<br />
'''Clinical cases''' present acutely, sometimes with systemic signs such as '''anorexia and pyrexia'''.<br />
<br />
There will be changes in the milk from the affected quarter, including ''' fibrin clots''' and changes in '''colour'''. Changes in the udder may also be apparent: swelling, heat, pain and redness.<br />
<br />
Signs can progress to abscessation and sloughing of the affected quarter in very severe cases.<br />
<br />
Additionally, '''teat morphology''' has a primary role in preventing entry of infection, and changes such as prolapse of the teat canal or wounds might indicate a predisposition for mastitis.<br />
<br />
==Diagnosis==<br />
'''Subclinical mastitis''' is diagnosed by evaluating the '''Somatic Cell Count''' using a '''California Milk Test''' or automated methods. Somatic Cell Counts above 200,000 cells/ml are indicative of mastitis in the sampled quarter.<br />
<br />
Bulk milk somatic cell counts can also be evaluated and indicate the '''prevalence''' of mastitis in the dairy herd on the day of sampling.<br />
<br />
'''Clinical mastitis''' is diagnosed on the basis of clinical signs.<br />
<br />
To determine the agent involved, '''sterile milk sampling''' of the affected quarter or udder and '''bacterial culture''' is required. An antibiotic sensitivity test should also be performed to select the best treatment.<br />
<br />
==Treatment==<br />
'''Intramammary therapy''' is the mainstay of mastitis treatment and involves instilling antibiotics such as a penicillin or beta-lactam into the affected quarter. The choice of antibiotic should be governed by culture and sensitivity results of milk samples.<br />
<br />
In acute clinical cases, parenteral antibiotics might also be beneficial along with supportive therapy and glucocorticoids to reduce inflammation.<br />
<br />
If premature agalactia occurs in chronic cases with resistant pathogens, culling might be a practical option.<br />
<br />
==Control and prevention==<br />
Control of mastitis is slightly different depending on if the agent is primarily contagious or environmental.<br />
<br />
Control of '''contagious organisms''' such as ''S. agalactiae'' and ''S. dysgalactiae'' involve a control of spread at milking time. The aim is to eliminate reservoirs of infection by identifying subclinical infections using individual somatic cell counts and using an effective '''Five Point Plan''':<br />
#'''Prompt detection and treatment of clinical cases''': detection in the parlour by stripping the udder and checking the fore milk. Treatment with a suitable antibiotic and resampling of the udder to check resolution.<br />
#'''Use of a post-milking teat dip''': the teat orifice remains open for about an hour after milking and bacteria can be transferred onto the teat skin during milking. A disinfectant should be used to kill bacteria and also aid in maintaining the teat in good condition.<br />
#'''Effective dry cow therapy''': using long-acting antibiotics infused into the udder to remove existing subclinical infections during the dry period. A teat sealant is also used to block the teat canal and prevent the entry of bacteria.<br />
#'''Culling of persistent offenders''': it might be beneficial to cull animals with 3 or more cases of mastitis in one lactation. Also those animals with persistently high Somatic Cell Counts which do not respond to treatment.<br />
#'''Regular servicing and maintenance of the milking machine''': rubber of silicone liners in the cups must be changed frequently, and the vacuum must be tested to ensure it is strong enough and has adequate reserve.<br />
<br />
The control of ''S. agalactiae'' is particular as it is an obligate mammary parasite and it responds well to intramammary antibiotics. Therefore it can be eliminated from herds through the use of '''blitz therapy'''. This involves treatment of all four quarters of all animals during lactation to eliminate ''S. agalactiae'' infections. Such treatment has been used effectively in the UK and ''S. agalactiae'' infections have fallen significantly sing the 1980s.<br />
<br />
<br />
Control of '''environmental organisms''' such as ''S. uberis'' follows certain different guidelines, although many principles can be applied from above.<br />
<br />
The most important point is to control the cows' environment and ensure '''clean, dry and comfortable bedding'''.<br />
<br />
Parlour factors are also vital and teat preparation to ensure they are clean and dry before clusters are applied at milking can help control the spread of environmental pathogens.<br />
<br />
<br />
Attempts have been made to create '''vaccines''' against the Streptococcal agents of mastitis, but no products are available yet.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
Edmonson, P. (2011) '''Blitz therapy for the eradication of ''Streptococcus agalactiae'' infections in dairy cattle''' ''In Practice'' 33, 33-37<br />
<br />
Statham, J. (2011) '''Single-agent infectious diseases''' ''In Practice'' 33, 210-217<br />
<br />
Blowey, R. (2000) '''The environment and mastitis''' ''In Practice'' 22, 382-394<br />
<br />
Kahn, C. (2005) '''The Merck Veterinary Manual''' 9th Edition ''Merck and co''<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Dermatological Diseases - Cattle]]<br />
[[Category:To_Do_-_Dermatology]][[Category:To Do - Medium]][[Category:Mastitis]]<br />
[[Category:To Do - Helen]]<br />
[[Category:To Do - Review]]</div>Lwyasm1https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Erythropoietic_Porphyria&diff=132146Erythropoietic Porphyria2011-11-22T14:12:24Z<p>Lwyasm1: /* References */</p>
<hr />
<div>Also known as: '''''Congenital Pink Tooth — Porphyria<br />
<br />
==Introduction==<br />
Congenital erythropoietic porphyria is a rare disease that affects cattle, cats and occasionally pigs. It occurs due to a defect in the metabolism of the haem group of haemoglobin leading to the deposition of pigment molecules in the skin and teeth. <br />
<br />
==Diagnosis==<br />
===Clinical Signs===<br />
The deposition of haem degradation products in the [[:Category:Teeth - Anatomy & Physiology|teeth]] results in red/pink discolouration, hence the name '''pink tooth'''.<br />
<br />
The pigment products which are deposited in the skin cause secondary [[Photosensitisation|'''photosensitisation''']]. This manifests as a crusting dermatitis in non-pigmented areas of the skin which are exposed to sunlight. Cattle are often affected over their face, around their eyes and over any white patches of the body.<br />
<br />
Some types of porphyria may cause [[Regenerative and Non-Regenerative Anaemias|anaemia]] in Siamese cats.<br />
<br />
===Differential Diagnoses===<br />
Discolouration of single teeth is more likely to be caused by '''pathological processes in the oral cavity''', including tooth root abscesses and pulpitis. '''Fluorosis''' may cause chalky mottling (odontodystrophy) and yellow/brown discolouration of teeth in cattle that are exposed to cement works effluent.<br />
<br />
===Pathology===<br />
At post-mortem examination, the bones are found to have the same pink/brown discolouration as the teeth.<br />
<br />
==Treatment==<br />
There is no specific treatment for porphyria. Affected animals should be kept out of sunlight.<br />
<br />
==Prognosis==<br />
Affected animals may suffer from severe burns if they exposed to sunlight but they may otherwise live normally.<br />
<br />
==Literature Search==<br />
[[File:CABI logo.jpg|left|90px]]<br />
<br />
<br />
Use these links to find recent scientific publications via CAB Abstracts (log in required unless accessing from a subscribing organisation).<br />
<br><br><br><br />
[http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?it=any&q1=porphyria&calendarInput=yyyy-mm-dd&occuring1=title&show=all&rowId=1&rowId=2&rowId=3&options1=AND&options2=AND&options3=AND&occuring3=freetext&occuring2=freetext&publishedend=yyyy&la=any&publishedstart=yyyy&fq=sc:%22ve%22&y=8&x=42 (Erythropoietic) Porphyria publications]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
Ettinger, S.J, Feldman, E.C. (2005) '''Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine''' (6th edition, volume 2) Elsevier Saunders Company<br />
<br />
<br />
{{review}}<br />
[[Category:Teeth - Developmental Pathology]][[Category:Lymphoreticular and Haematopoietic Diseases - Cattle]][[Category:Lymphoreticular and Haematopoietic Diseases - Cat]][[Category:Lymphoreticular and Haematopoietic Diseases - Pig]]<br />
[[Category:Expert Review - Farm Animal]][[Category:Expert Review - Small Animal]]</div>Lwyasm1https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Category:To_Do_-_Manson&diff=132145Category:To Do - Manson2011-11-22T14:11:57Z<p>Lwyasm1: /* Ornamental Fish */</p>
<hr />
<div>Pages needed to link to Manson clinical flashcard Q&As:<br />
<br />
Once finished with a page, please add it to [[:Category:To Do - Manson review|Category:To Do - Manson review]]<br />
<br />
<font color = "red"><br />
</font color><br />
<br />
==Reptiles and Amphibians==<br />
<font color = "red"><br />
Q4 - Spirochaetosis page, not sure how to name it - [[Spirochaetosis - Reptiles]] or [[Spirochaetosis - Chelonia]]<br />
</font color><br />
<br />
==Ornamental Fish==<br />
<font color = "red"><br />
Q19 - create [[Skin Scrape]] page to include mammals and fish?<br />
</font color><br />
<br />
=== Small Mammals ===<br />
DONE - OPEN - Publicised<br />
<br />
=== Avian Med ===<br />
DONE - OPEN - Publicised<br />
<br />
===Cattle Medicine===<br />
DONE - OPEN - Reviewed - Publicised (both blog and Facebook)<br />
<br />
===Equine Internal Medicine===<br />
DONE - OPEN - Publicised<br />
<br />
===Equine Orthopaedics & Rheumatology===<br />
DONE - OPEN - Publicised - Reviewed<br />
<br />
=== Sheep Medicine ===<br />
DONE - OPEN - Publicised (just blog)<br />
<br />
===Small Animal Dermatology===<br />
DONE - OPEN - Publicised<br />
<br />
===Equine Reproduction & Stud Medicine===<br />
DONE - OPEN<br />
<br />
===Cytology===<br />
<br />
DONE - OPEN - FACEBOOK (Twitter)<br />
<br />
===Feline Medicine===<br />
DONE - OPEN - BLOGGED (couldn't upload image onto blog) - Facebook<br />
<br />
===Rabbit Medicine and Surgery===<br />
DONE - OPEN<br />
<br />
===Small animals ECC===<br />
DONE - OPEN<br />
<br />
===Veterinary Dentistry===<br />
DONE - OPEN<br />
<br />
===Small Animal Soft Tissue Surgery===<br />
<br />
DONE - OPEN - Facebook<br />
<br />
===Small Animal Orthopaedics===<br />
<br />
DONE - OPEN<br />
<br />
==Small Animal Abdominal and Metabolic Disorders==<br />
DONE - OPEN</div>Lwyasm1https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Category:To_Do_-_Manson&diff=132144Category:To Do - Manson2011-11-22T13:59:37Z<p>Lwyasm1: /* Ornamental Fish */</p>
<hr />
<div>Pages needed to link to Manson clinical flashcard Q&As:<br />
<br />
Once finished with a page, please add it to [[:Category:To Do - Manson review|Category:To Do - Manson review]]<br />
<br />
<font color = "red"><br />
</font color><br />
<br />
==Reptiles and Amphibians==<br />
<font color = "red"><br />
Q4 - Spirochaetosis page, not sure how to name it - [[Spirochaetosis - Reptiles]] or [[Spirochaetosis - Chelonia]]<br />
</font color><br />
<br />
==Ornamental Fish==<br />
<font color = "red"><br />
Q19 - create [[Skin Scrape]] page to include mammals and fish?<br />
<br />
Q22 - also create [[Exopthalmia - Fish]]<br />
<br />
</font color><br />
<br />
=== Small Mammals ===<br />
DONE - OPEN - Publicised<br />
<br />
=== Avian Med ===<br />
DONE - OPEN - Publicised<br />
<br />
===Cattle Medicine===<br />
DONE - OPEN - Reviewed - Publicised (both blog and Facebook)<br />
<br />
===Equine Internal Medicine===<br />
DONE - OPEN - Publicised<br />
<br />
===Equine Orthopaedics & Rheumatology===<br />
DONE - OPEN - Publicised - Reviewed<br />
<br />
=== Sheep Medicine ===<br />
DONE - OPEN - Publicised (just blog)<br />
<br />
===Small Animal Dermatology===<br />
DONE - OPEN - Publicised<br />
<br />
===Equine Reproduction & Stud Medicine===<br />
DONE - OPEN<br />
<br />
===Cytology===<br />
<br />
DONE - OPEN - FACEBOOK (Twitter)<br />
<br />
===Feline Medicine===<br />
DONE - OPEN - BLOGGED (couldn't upload image onto blog) - Facebook<br />
<br />
===Rabbit Medicine and Surgery===<br />
DONE - OPEN<br />
<br />
===Small animals ECC===<br />
DONE - OPEN<br />
<br />
===Veterinary Dentistry===<br />
DONE - OPEN<br />
<br />
===Small Animal Soft Tissue Surgery===<br />
<br />
DONE - OPEN - Facebook<br />
<br />
===Small Animal Orthopaedics===<br />
<br />
DONE - OPEN<br />
<br />
==Small Animal Abdominal and Metabolic Disorders==<br />
DONE - OPEN</div>Lwyasm1https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Category:To_Do_-_Manson&diff=132143Category:To Do - Manson2011-11-22T13:59:20Z<p>Lwyasm1: </p>
<hr />
<div>Pages needed to link to Manson clinical flashcard Q&As:<br />
<br />
Once finished with a page, please add it to [[:Category:To Do - Manson review|Category:To Do - Manson review]]<br />
<br />
<font color = "red"><br />
</font color><br />
<br />
==Reptiles and Amphibians==<br />
<font color = "red"><br />
Q4 - Spirochaetosis page, not sure how to name it - [[Spirochaetosis - Reptiles]] or [[Spirochaetosis - Chelonia]]<br />
</font color><br />
<br />
==Ornamental Fish==<br />
<font color = "red"><br />
Q10 - [[Fish Louse]] - more detail on life cycle etc<br />
<br />
Q19 - create [[Skin Scrape]] page to include mammals and fish?<br />
<br />
Q22 - also create [[Exopthalmia - Fish]]<br />
<br />
</font color><br />
<br />
=== Small Mammals ===<br />
DONE - OPEN - Publicised<br />
<br />
=== Avian Med ===<br />
DONE - OPEN - Publicised<br />
<br />
===Cattle Medicine===<br />
DONE - OPEN - Reviewed - Publicised (both blog and Facebook)<br />
<br />
===Equine Internal Medicine===<br />
DONE - OPEN - Publicised<br />
<br />
===Equine Orthopaedics & Rheumatology===<br />
DONE - OPEN - Publicised - Reviewed<br />
<br />
=== Sheep Medicine ===<br />
DONE - OPEN - Publicised (just blog)<br />
<br />
===Small Animal Dermatology===<br />
DONE - OPEN - Publicised<br />
<br />
===Equine Reproduction & Stud Medicine===<br />
DONE - OPEN<br />
<br />
===Cytology===<br />
<br />
DONE - OPEN - FACEBOOK (Twitter)<br />
<br />
===Feline Medicine===<br />
DONE - OPEN - BLOGGED (couldn't upload image onto blog) - Facebook<br />
<br />
===Rabbit Medicine and Surgery===<br />
DONE - OPEN<br />
<br />
===Small animals ECC===<br />
DONE - OPEN<br />
<br />
===Veterinary Dentistry===<br />
DONE - OPEN<br />
<br />
===Small Animal Soft Tissue Surgery===<br />
<br />
DONE - OPEN - Facebook<br />
<br />
===Small Animal Orthopaedics===<br />
<br />
DONE - OPEN<br />
<br />
==Small Animal Abdominal and Metabolic Disorders==<br />
DONE - OPEN</div>Lwyasm1https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Trypanosoma&diff=132142Trypanosoma2011-11-22T13:58:38Z<p>Lwyasm1: /* Stercorarian Species */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Taxobox<br />
|name = ''Trypanosoma sp''<br />
|kingdom = Protista<br />
|sub-kingdom =<br />
|phylum = [[Protozoa]]<br />
|super-class =<br />
|class =<br />
|sub-class =<br />
|super-order =<br />
|order = Kinetoplastida<br />
|sub-order =<br />
|super-family =<br />
|family = Trypanosomatidae<br />
|sub-family =<br />
|genus = Trypanosoma<br />
|species =<br />
}}<br />
[[File:Trypanosoma brucei.gif|thumb|300px|right|Schematic diagram of ''Trypanosoma brucei'']]<br />
[[Image:Trypanosoma.jpg|thumb|right|150px|''Trypanosoma cruzi'' <br> CDC/Dr. Myron G. Schultz, WikiMedia Commons]]<br />
[[Image:T.cruzi in monkey heart.jpg|thumb|right|150px|''T. cruzi'' in monkey heart <br> Dr. L.L. Moore Jr., WikiMedia Commons]]<br />
[[Image:Triatoma infestans.jpg|thumb|right|150px|''Triatoma infestans'' the Kissing bug - WHO Wikimedia Commons]]<br />
[[Image:Chagas endemic zones 2005.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Chagas endemic zones 2005 - Wikimedia Commons]]<br />
==Introduction==<br />
Trypanosomes are '''elongated unicellular [[Protozoa |protozoal]]''' organisms with an undulating membrane and anterior flagellum. <br />
<br />
==Lifecycle==<br />
The trypanosomes are transmitted by '''haematophagous insect''' vectors including the '''[[Glossinidae |tsetse fly]]''' and '''triatomid''' kissing bug.<br />
<br />
===Stercorarian===<br />
Stercorarian trypanosomes develop in the '''posterior gut''' of the insect and infective '''metatrypanosomes''' are excreted in the '''faeces''' of the insect onto the '''skin''' of the host. <br />
<br />
They can then '''penetrate''' the tissues, gaining access through skin abrasions or mucous membranes. The metatrypanosomes then multiply within the reticulo-endothelial system of the host, later '''disseminating''' throughout the organs invading host cells residing within parasitophorous vacuole. These vacuoles acidify and subsequently release '''trypomastigotes''' into the cell cytoplasm. These then develop into '''amastigotes''' which divide several times eventually transforming back into trypomastigotes that rupture the host cell. From here they may invade other cells or enter the bloodstream where the opportunity may arise to infect the insect vector. The amastigotes may also burst the host cell and invade other cells.<br />
<br />
'''''T. cruzi''''', the trypanosome of '''most human importance''', is a typical Stercorarian trypanosome and utilises the '''triatomid “kissing bug”''' as its vector among others. Disease in dogs may also occur.<br />
<br />
''T. theileri'' infects cattle and is transmitted by [[Tabanidae |tabanid flies]], [[Stomoxys calcitrans |stable flies]], [[Ticks |ticks]] and [[Culicidae |mosquitoes]].<br />
<br />
===Salivarian===<br />
Salivarian trypanosomes develop in the '''anterior gut''' of their vector, the '''[[Glossinidae |Tsetse fly]]'''.<br />
<br />
Development occurs in the '''proboscis''' and midgut, forming '''epimastigotes''' which then invade the '''hypopharynx''' and develop into '''trypomastigotes''' and then '''infective metatrypanosomes''' form. <br />
<br />
These are then innoculated into the mammalian host through a '''bite''' before a blood meal.<br />
<br />
==Pathogenesis==<br />
Trypanosomes '''deplete''' carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and micronutrients from their hosts.<br />
<br />
They cause '''haemolytic [[Anaemia |anaemia]]''' when present within the bloodstream.<br />
<br />
==Diseases==<br />
[[Trypanosomosis]] affects the lymphoid and haematopoeitic systems of a wide range of hosts.<br />
<br />
===Salivarian Species===<br />
''T. brucei'' affects '''all domestic mammals''', including small and farm species, and humans. It also causes a specific [[Protozoal Skin Infections - Donkey|skin disease in donkeys]].<br />
<br />
''T. vivax'' infects ruminants, horses and camels causing significant disease.<br />
<br />
''T. equiperdum'' causes '''venereal''' equine disease '''dourine'''. It is the only trypanosome that does not immediately require an insect vector for transmission, being spread through coitus.<br />
<br />
''T. simiae'' causes fatal pyrexia in '''pigs''' while ''T. congolense'' is milder in the same species.<br />
<br />
''T. congolense'' can also affect '''dogs and cats''' causing acute fever, anaemia and neurological signs.<br />
<br />
''T. evansi'' also affects all domestic mammals.<br />
<br />
===Stercorarian Species===<br />
'''''T. cruzi''''' occurs in '''South America''' where it is transmitted by a triatomid (kissing) bug and infects armadillos, possums and humans. It is known as '''''Chagas’ Disease'''''. <br />
A similar acute disease is thought to be caused by ''T. cruzi'' in dogs in the USA.<br />
<br />
''T. melophagum'' and ''T. theileri'' are '''non-pathogenic''' species present in the '''UK''' infecting cattle, buffalo and antelope. Stress and concurrent disease are thought to be contributors to the development of clinical disease from ''T. theileri''.<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Learning<br />
|flashcards = [[Trypanosoma Flashcards]]<br />
[[Protozoa_Flashcards#Tropical_Protozoa|Tropical Protozoa Flashcards]] <br />
}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
{{CABI source<br />
|datasheet = [http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/?compid=3&dsid=96918&loadmodule=datasheet&page=2144&site=160 ''Trypanosoma''] <br />
|date = 6 June 2011<br />
}}<br />
<br><br><br><br />
<br />
{{Nick Lyons<br />
|October 29, 2011}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Tropical Protozoa]]<br />
[[Category:CABI Expert Review Completed]]<br />
[[Category:Nick Lyons reviewed]]</div>Lwyasm1https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Trypanosoma_Flashcards&diff=132141Trypanosoma Flashcards2011-11-22T13:57:30Z<p>Lwyasm1: Created page with "<FlashCard questions="6"> |q1= What type of organism are trypanosomes? |a1= Protozoa |l1= Trypanosoma |q2= What are the two types of trypanosome and what is the difference betwe..."</p>
<hr />
<div><FlashCard questions="6"><br />
|q1= What type of organism are trypanosomes?<br />
|a1= Protozoa<br />
|l1= Trypanosoma<br />
|q2= What are the two types of trypanosome and what is the difference between them?<br />
|a2= <br />
*Stercorarian and Salivarian<br />
*The difference is in the route of infection by the insect vector - stercorarian trypanosomes develop in the posterior gut and are excreted onto the skin in the insect's faeces. Salivarian trypanosomes develop in the anterior gut and are transmitted in the insect's bite.<br />
|l2= Trypanosoma#Lifecycle<br />
|q3= Which trypanosome poses most danger to humans? What is the disease known as?<br />
|a3= <br />
*''T. cruzi''<br />
*Chagas' Disease<br />
|l3= Trypanosoma#Lifecycle<br />
|q4= What are the two ways in which the parasites cause disease?<br />
|a4=<br />
*They deplete nutrients from their hosts.<br />
*They cause haemolytic anaemia when in the blood.<br />
|l4= Trypanosoma#Pathogenesis<br />
|q5=Which trypanosome causes skin disease in donkeys?<br />
|a5= ''T. brucei''<br />
|l5= Trypanosoma#Diseases<br />
|q6= Which two trypanosomes are present in the UK and what diseases do they cause?<br />
|a6=<br />
*''T. melophagum'' and ''T. theileri''<br />
*They are both non-pathogenic<br />
|l6=Trypanosoma#Diseases<br />
</FlashCard><br />
[[Category:Parasite Flashcards]]<br />
[[Category:To Do - Manson review]]</div>Lwyasm1https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=User:Lwyasm1&diff=132140User:Lwyasm12011-11-22T13:42:40Z<p>Lwyasm1: /* Hours Worked */</p>
<hr />
<div><!--Go to 'Help:Personalise User Page' for help customising your user page--><br />
{{UserPage<br />
|Name=Stephanie Massey<br />
|Occupation= Veterinary Student <!--Word Specific & Case Sensitive--><br />
|School= UK - Nottingham<br />
|Year= 2011<br />
|Email= stephanie.massey87@gmail.com<br />
|Image=Steph1.jpg<br />
}}<br />
[[Category:UK - Nottingham Graduates]]<br />
<br />
==Hours Worked==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable collapsible"<br />
|Day<br />
|'''Week 11''' (21-27 November)<br />
|-<br />
|Monday<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
|Tuesday<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
|Wednesday<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
|Thursday<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
|Friday<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
|Saturday<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
|Sunday<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
|'''Total hours'''<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable collapsible"<br />
|Day<br />
|'''Week 6''' (1 - 3 July)<br />
|'''Week 7''' (4-10 July)<br />
|'''Week 8''' (11-17 July)<br />
|'''Week 9''' (18-24 July)<br />
|'''Week 10''' (25-31 July)<br />
|-<br />
|Monday<br />
| <br />
| 6<br />
| 10<br />
|<br />
| 10<br />
|-<br />
|Tuesday<br />
| <br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| 10<br />
|-<br />
|Wednesday<br />
| <br />
| 4<br />
| 10<br />
| 10<br />
| 9<br />
|-<br />
|Thursday<br />
| <br />
| 9<br />
|<br />
| 9<br />
| 5<br />
|-<br />
|Friday<br />
| 4.5<br />
| 7<br />
|<br />
| <br />
| 6<br />
|-<br />
|Saturday<br />
| <br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Sunday<br />
| 7.5<br />
| 1<br />
| <br />
| 8.5<br />
| 7 + 5 on Monday 1st Aug<br />
|-<br />
|'''Total hours'''<br />
| 12<br />
| 27<br />
| 20<br />
| 27.5<br />
| 47<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable collapsible"<br />
|Day<br />
|'''Week 1''' (30 May - 5 June)<br />
|'''Week 2''' (6-12 June )<br />
|'''Week 3''' (13-19 June)<br />
|'''Week 4''' (20-26 June)<br />
|'''Week 5''' (27 June - 30 June)<br />
|-<br />
|Monday<br />
| <br />
| 7<br />
|<br />
| 9.5<br />
| 1<br />
|-<br />
|Tuesday<br />
| <br />
| 7<br />
| <br />
| 8.5<br />
| 9.5<br />
|-<br />
|Wednesday<br />
| <br />
| 7.5<br />
| 9<br />
| 4<br />
| 7.5<br />
|-<br />
|Thursday<br />
| 8<br />
| 9<br />
| 7<br />
| 7<br />
| 8<br />
|-<br />
|Friday<br />
| 9<br />
| 4<br />
| 7<br />
| 7<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Saturday<br />
| 4.5<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| 6.5<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Sunday<br />
| 6<br />
|<br />
| 5<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Total hours'''<br />
| 27.5<br />
| 34.5<br />
| 28<br />
| 42.5<br />
| 26<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
[[:Category: To Do - Steph]]</div>Lwyasm1https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Ornamental_Fish_Q%26A_10&diff=132139Ornamental Fish Q&A 102011-11-22T13:39:19Z<p>Lwyasm1: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Manson<br />
|book = Ornamental Fish Q&A}}<br />
<br />
[[File:Ornamental Fish 10.jpg|centre|500px]]<br />
<br />
<br /><br />
<br />
<br />
<br /><br />
<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1=What is the common name of this parasite (×20)?<br />
|a1=<br />
The fish louse.<br />
|l1= Fish Louse<br />
|q2=What is its genus?<br />
|a2=<br />
''Argulus sp.''.<br />
|l2= Fish Louse#Introduction<br />
|q3=How does it feed?<br />
|a3=<br />
This parasite feeds by piercing the skin with its sharp stylet (visible along the ventral midline of the animal) and then sucking up body fluids with its mouth parts.<br />
|l3= Fish Louse#Pathology and Clinical Signs<br />
|q4=What are the major clinical concerns with this parasite?<br />
|a4=<br />
Although a light ''Argulus'' infection is rarely fatal, the parasites irritate the skin, making the fish stressed and uncomfortable. <br />
<br />
A heavy fish louse infestation may allow opportunistic pathogens to infect the host, and fish lice are known directly to transmit bacterial and viral diseases.<br />
|l4= Fish Louse#Pathology and Clinical Signs<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
{{#tag:imagemap|Image:Next Question.png{{!}}center{{!}}200px<br />
rect 0 0 860 850 [[Ornamental Fish Q&A 11]]<br />
desc none}}<br />
[[Category:Ornamental Fish Q&A]]</div>Lwyasm1https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Ornamental_Fish_Q%26A_10&diff=132138Ornamental Fish Q&A 102011-11-22T13:38:49Z<p>Lwyasm1: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Manson<br />
|book = Ornamental Fish Q&A}}<br />
<br />
[[File:Ornamental Fish 10.jpg|centre|500px]]<br />
<br />
<br /><br />
<br />
<br />
<br /><br />
<br />
<FlashCard questions="4"><br />
|q1=What is the common name of this parasite (×20)?<br />
|a1=<br />
The fish louse.<br />
|l1= Fish Louse<br />
|q2=What is its genus?<br />
|a2=<br />
''Argulus''.<br />
|l2= Fish Louse#Introduction<br />
|q3=How does it feed?<br />
|a3=<br />
This parasite feeds by piercing the skin with its sharp stylet (visible along the ventral midline of the animal) and then sucking up body fluids with its mouth parts.<br />
|l3= Fish Louse#Pathology and Clinical Signs<br />
|q4=What are the major clinical concerns with this parasite?<br />
|a4=<br />
Although a light ''Argulus'' infection is rarely fatal, the parasites irritate the skin, making the fish stressed and uncomfortable. <br />
<br />
A heavy fish louse infestation may allow opportunistic pathogens to infect the host, and fish lice are known directly to transmit bacterial and viral diseases.<br />
|l4= Fish Louse#Pathology and Clinical Signs<br />
</FlashCard><br />
<br />
{{#tag:imagemap|Image:Next Question.png{{!}}center{{!}}200px<br />
rect 0 0 860 850 [[Ornamental Fish Q&A 11]]<br />
desc none}}<br />
[[Category:Ornamental Fish Q&A]]</div>Lwyasm1https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Fish_Louse&diff=132137Fish Louse2011-11-22T13:36:45Z<p>Lwyasm1: /* References */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Introduction==<br />
[[File:Argulus.jpg|250px|thumb|right|'''Fish Louse (''Argulus sp.'') attached to the skin of a fish (Wikimedia Commons)''']]<br />
<br />
The '''fish louse (''Argulus spp.'')''' is a '''metazoan [[Crustacea|crustacean]] skin parasites''' of '''freshwater fish'''. They pose a major threat to the health of commercially produced fish.<br />
<br />
==Life Cycle==<br />
The parasite's life cycle is '''direct'''. The lice mate on the fish and the female then lays her eggs on surfaces or plants within the habitat. These then progress through a series of '''metamorphic stages''', each of which moults its exoskeleton in order to grow.<br />
<br />
After '''4 days''' the hatched adult crustacean will seek out a host fish to feed on.<br />
<br />
The total life cycle takes '''30-100 days''' and is '''temperature dependent'''. Eggs can undergo '''latency''' and delayed hatching if water temperatures are not suitable over Winter.<br />
<br />
==Pathology and Clinical Signs==<br />
The louse has a sharp stylet along the ventral midline that it uses to pierce the skin of the fish. It then '''injects digestive enzymes''' into the surrounding tissues and feeds on the digested bodily fluids by sucking them out with its '''proboscis'''. <br />
<br />
The damage caused by the fish louse is two-fold; firstly '''localised inflammation and irritation''' of the skin caused directly by the parasite and secondarily the risk of developing '''opportunistic infections''', both '''bacterial and viral''' via the damaged skin. [[Pseudomonas species - Overview|''Pseudomonas spp.'']] and [[Aeromonas species - Overview|''Aeromonas spp.'']] are often of particular concern, as they can potentially invade the [[Gills|gills]].<br />
<br />
Fish may show '''rubbing and flashing behaviour''' due to the intense irritation caused by the infection.<br />
<br />
==Diagnosis==<br />
The louse can be seen with the '''naked eye''', growing up to '''7-10 mm''' in length. They appear as '''flat, oval, darkly coloured spots''' on the skin of the fish and are easier to see on fins or when moving. Red lesions may be visible from previous feeding areas.<br />
<br />
==Treatment==<br />
It is vital that any treatment plan is effective against both '''adults and juvenile stages''' of the parasite.<br />
<br />
Infestations can be treated with an '''increase in water salinity'''. If this is ineffective, [[Ectoparasiticides|ectoparasiticides]] such as '''organophosphates''' or [[Ectoparasiticides#Modes of Action|'''chitin inhibitors''']] can be used. Three treatments of OPs are usually required to eliminate all life stages. It should be noted that organophosphate treatment is not permitted in fish in the UK and should be confirmed in any other region before use. <br />
<br />
{{Learning<br />
|flashcards = [[Ornamental Fish Q&A 10]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
Fishdoc (2009) '''Argulus/Fish Louse''' at http://www.fishdoc.co.uk/disease/argulus.htm, accessed online 22/11/2011<br />
<br />
Frye, F. L & Williams, D. L (1995) '''Self-Assessment Colour Review - Reptiles & Amphibians''' ''Manson''<br />
<br />
Maclean, B (2006) '''Common dermatoses of ornamental fish and amphibians''' ''In Practice 2006 28: 604-613''<br />
<br />
Southgate, P (1994) '''Laboratory diagnosis of fish disease''' ''In Practice 1994;16:252-255 ''<br />
<br />
Stuart, N (1988) '''Common skin diseases of farmed and pet fish''' ''In Practice 1988 10: 47-53''<br />
<br />
Wildgoose, W (1998) '''Skin disease in ornamental fish: identifying common problems''' ''In Practice 1998 20: 226-243''<br />
<br />
[[Category:To Do - Manson review]]<br />
[[Category:Crustacea]]<br />
[[Category:Fish Diseases]]</div>Lwyasm1https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Fish_Louse&diff=132136Fish Louse2011-11-22T13:36:27Z<p>Lwyasm1: /* Treatment */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Introduction==<br />
[[File:Argulus.jpg|250px|thumb|right|'''Fish Louse (''Argulus sp.'') attached to the skin of a fish (Wikimedia Commons)''']]<br />
<br />
The '''fish louse (''Argulus spp.'')''' is a '''metazoan [[Crustacea|crustacean]] skin parasites''' of '''freshwater fish'''. They pose a major threat to the health of commercially produced fish.<br />
<br />
==Life Cycle==<br />
The parasite's life cycle is '''direct'''. The lice mate on the fish and the female then lays her eggs on surfaces or plants within the habitat. These then progress through a series of '''metamorphic stages''', each of which moults its exoskeleton in order to grow.<br />
<br />
After '''4 days''' the hatched adult crustacean will seek out a host fish to feed on.<br />
<br />
The total life cycle takes '''30-100 days''' and is '''temperature dependent'''. Eggs can undergo '''latency''' and delayed hatching if water temperatures are not suitable over Winter.<br />
<br />
==Pathology and Clinical Signs==<br />
The louse has a sharp stylet along the ventral midline that it uses to pierce the skin of the fish. It then '''injects digestive enzymes''' into the surrounding tissues and feeds on the digested bodily fluids by sucking them out with its '''proboscis'''. <br />
<br />
The damage caused by the fish louse is two-fold; firstly '''localised inflammation and irritation''' of the skin caused directly by the parasite and secondarily the risk of developing '''opportunistic infections''', both '''bacterial and viral''' via the damaged skin. [[Pseudomonas species - Overview|''Pseudomonas spp.'']] and [[Aeromonas species - Overview|''Aeromonas spp.'']] are often of particular concern, as they can potentially invade the [[Gills|gills]].<br />
<br />
Fish may show '''rubbing and flashing behaviour''' due to the intense irritation caused by the infection.<br />
<br />
==Diagnosis==<br />
The louse can be seen with the '''naked eye''', growing up to '''7-10 mm''' in length. They appear as '''flat, oval, darkly coloured spots''' on the skin of the fish and are easier to see on fins or when moving. Red lesions may be visible from previous feeding areas.<br />
<br />
==Treatment==<br />
It is vital that any treatment plan is effective against both '''adults and juvenile stages''' of the parasite.<br />
<br />
Infestations can be treated with an '''increase in water salinity'''. If this is ineffective, [[Ectoparasiticides|ectoparasiticides]] such as '''organophosphates''' or [[Ectoparasiticides#Modes of Action|'''chitin inhibitors''']] can be used. Three treatments of OPs are usually required to eliminate all life stages. It should be noted that organophosphate treatment is not permitted in fish in the UK and should be confirmed in any other region before use. <br />
<br />
{{Learning<br />
|flashcards = [[Ornamental Fish Q&A 10]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
Fishdoc (2009) '''Argulus/Fish Louse''' at http://www.fishdoc.co.uk/disease/argulus.htm, accessed online 22/11/2011<br />
<br />
Frye, F. L & Williams, D. L (1995) '''Self-Assessment Colour Review - Reptiles & Amphibians''' ''Manson''<br />
<br />
Maclean, B (2006) '''Common dermatoses of ornamental fish and amphibians''' ''In Practice 2006 28: 604-613''<br />
<br />
Southgate, P (1994) '''Laboratory diagnosis of fish disease''' ''In Practice 1994;16:252-255 ''<br />
<br />
Stuart, N (1988) '''Common skin diseases of farmed and pet fish''' ''In Practice 1988 10: 47-53''<br />
<br />
Wildgoose, W (1998) '''Skin disease in ornammental fish: identifying common problems''' ''In Practice 1998 20: 226-243''<br />
<br />
[[Category:To Do - Manson review]]<br />
[[Category:Crustacea]]<br />
[[Category:Fish Diseases]]</div>Lwyasm1https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Fish_Louse&diff=132135Fish Louse2011-11-22T13:35:05Z<p>Lwyasm1: /* Pathology and Clinical Signs */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Introduction==<br />
[[File:Argulus.jpg|250px|thumb|right|'''Fish Louse (''Argulus sp.'') attached to the skin of a fish (Wikimedia Commons)''']]<br />
<br />
The '''fish louse (''Argulus spp.'')''' is a '''metazoan [[Crustacea|crustacean]] skin parasites''' of '''freshwater fish'''. They pose a major threat to the health of commercially produced fish.<br />
<br />
==Life Cycle==<br />
The parasite's life cycle is '''direct'''. The lice mate on the fish and the female then lays her eggs on surfaces or plants within the habitat. These then progress through a series of '''metamorphic stages''', each of which moults its exoskeleton in order to grow.<br />
<br />
After '''4 days''' the hatched adult crustacean will seek out a host fish to feed on.<br />
<br />
The total life cycle takes '''30-100 days''' and is '''temperature dependent'''. Eggs can undergo '''latency''' and delayed hatching if water temperatures are not suitable over Winter.<br />
<br />
==Pathology and Clinical Signs==<br />
The louse has a sharp stylet along the ventral midline that it uses to pierce the skin of the fish. It then '''injects digestive enzymes''' into the surrounding tissues and feeds on the digested bodily fluids by sucking them out with its '''proboscis'''. <br />
<br />
The damage caused by the fish louse is two-fold; firstly '''localised inflammation and irritation''' of the skin caused directly by the parasite and secondarily the risk of developing '''opportunistic infections''', both '''bacterial and viral''' via the damaged skin. [[Pseudomonas species - Overview|''Pseudomonas spp.'']] and [[Aeromonas species - Overview|''Aeromonas spp.'']] are often of particular concern, as they can potentially invade the [[Gills|gills]].<br />
<br />
Fish may show '''rubbing and flashing behaviour''' due to the intense irritation caused by the infection.<br />
<br />
==Diagnosis==<br />
The louse can be seen with the '''naked eye''', growing up to '''7-10 mm''' in length. They appear as '''flat, oval, darkly coloured spots''' on the skin of the fish and are easier to see on fins or when moving. Red lesions may be visible from previous feeding areas.<br />
<br />
==Treatment==<br />
It is vital that any treatment plan is effective against both adults and juvenile stages of the parasite.<br />
<br />
Infestations can be treated with an '''increase in water salinity'''. If this is ineffective, [[Ectoparasiticides|ectoparasiticides]] such as '''organophosphates''' or [[Ectoparasiticides#Modes of Action|'''chitin inhibitors''']] can be used. Three treatments of OPs are usually required to eliminate all life stages. It should be noted that organophosphate treatment is not permitted in the UK and should be confirmed in any other region before use. <br />
<br />
{{Learning<br />
|flashcards = [[Ornamental Fish Q&A 10]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
Fishdoc (2009) '''Argulus/Fish Louse''' at http://www.fishdoc.co.uk/disease/argulus.htm, accessed online 22/11/2011<br />
<br />
Frye, F. L & Williams, D. L (1995) '''Self-Assessment Colour Review - Reptiles & Amphibians''' ''Manson''<br />
<br />
Maclean, B (2006) '''Common dermatoses of ornamental fish and amphibians''' ''In Practice 2006 28: 604-613''<br />
<br />
Southgate, P (1994) '''Laboratory diagnosis of fish disease''' ''In Practice 1994;16:252-255 ''<br />
<br />
Stuart, N (1988) '''Common skin diseases of farmed and pet fish''' ''In Practice 1988 10: 47-53''<br />
<br />
Wildgoose, W (1998) '''Skin disease in ornammental fish: identifying common problems''' ''In Practice 1998 20: 226-243''<br />
<br />
[[Category:To Do - Manson review]]<br />
[[Category:Crustacea]]<br />
[[Category:Fish Diseases]]</div>Lwyasm1https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Fish_Louse&diff=132134Fish Louse2011-11-22T13:34:34Z<p>Lwyasm1: /* Pathology and Clinical Signs */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Introduction==<br />
[[File:Argulus.jpg|250px|thumb|right|'''Fish Louse (''Argulus sp.'') attached to the skin of a fish (Wikimedia Commons)''']]<br />
<br />
The '''fish louse (''Argulus spp.'')''' is a '''metazoan [[Crustacea|crustacean]] skin parasites''' of '''freshwater fish'''. They pose a major threat to the health of commercially produced fish.<br />
<br />
==Life Cycle==<br />
The parasite's life cycle is '''direct'''. The lice mate on the fish and the female then lays her eggs on surfaces or plants within the habitat. These then progress through a series of '''metamorphic stages''', each of which moults its exoskeleton in order to grow.<br />
<br />
After '''4 days''' the hatched adult crustacean will seek out a host fish to feed on.<br />
<br />
The total life cycle takes '''30-100 days''' and is '''temperature dependent'''. Eggs can undergo '''latency''' and delayed hatching if water temperatures are not suitable over Winter.<br />
<br />
==Pathology and Clinical Signs==<br />
The louse has a sharp stylet along the ventral midline that it uses to pierce the skin of the fish. It then '''injects digestive enzymes''' into the surrounding tissues and feeds on the digested bodily fluids by sucking them out with its '''proboscis'''. <br />
<br />
The damage caused by the fish louse is two-fold; firstly '''localised inflammation and irritation''' of the skin caused directly by the parasite and secondarily the risk of developing '''opportunistic infections''', both '''bacterial and viral''' directly through the damaged skin. [[Pseudomonas species - Overview|''Pseudomonas spp.'']] and [[Aeromonas species - Overview|''Aeromonas spp.'']] are often of particular concern, as they can potentially invade the [[Gills|gills]].<br />
<br />
Fish may show '''rubbing and flashing behaviour''' due to the intense irritation caused by the infection.<br />
<br />
==Diagnosis==<br />
The louse can be seen with the '''naked eye''', growing up to '''7-10 mm''' in length. They appear as '''flat, oval, darkly coloured spots''' on the skin of the fish and are easier to see on fins or when moving. Red lesions may be visible from previous feeding areas.<br />
<br />
==Treatment==<br />
It is vital that any treatment plan is effective against both adults and juvenile stages of the parasite.<br />
<br />
Infestations can be treated with an '''increase in water salinity'''. If this is ineffective, [[Ectoparasiticides|ectoparasiticides]] such as '''organophosphates''' or [[Ectoparasiticides#Modes of Action|'''chitin inhibitors''']] can be used. Three treatments of OPs are usually required to eliminate all life stages. It should be noted that organophosphate treatment is not permitted in the UK and should be confirmed in any other region before use. <br />
<br />
{{Learning<br />
|flashcards = [[Ornamental Fish Q&A 10]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
Fishdoc (2009) '''Argulus/Fish Louse''' at http://www.fishdoc.co.uk/disease/argulus.htm, accessed online 22/11/2011<br />
<br />
Frye, F. L & Williams, D. L (1995) '''Self-Assessment Colour Review - Reptiles & Amphibians''' ''Manson''<br />
<br />
Maclean, B (2006) '''Common dermatoses of ornamental fish and amphibians''' ''In Practice 2006 28: 604-613''<br />
<br />
Southgate, P (1994) '''Laboratory diagnosis of fish disease''' ''In Practice 1994;16:252-255 ''<br />
<br />
Stuart, N (1988) '''Common skin diseases of farmed and pet fish''' ''In Practice 1988 10: 47-53''<br />
<br />
Wildgoose, W (1998) '''Skin disease in ornammental fish: identifying common problems''' ''In Practice 1998 20: 226-243''<br />
<br />
[[Category:To Do - Manson review]]<br />
[[Category:Crustacea]]<br />
[[Category:Fish Diseases]]</div>Lwyasm1https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Fish_Louse&diff=132133Fish Louse2011-11-22T13:33:55Z<p>Lwyasm1: /* Introduction */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Introduction==<br />
[[File:Argulus.jpg|250px|thumb|right|'''Fish Louse (''Argulus sp.'') attached to the skin of a fish (Wikimedia Commons)''']]<br />
<br />
The '''fish louse (''Argulus spp.'')''' is a '''metazoan [[Crustacea|crustacean]] skin parasites''' of '''freshwater fish'''. They pose a major threat to the health of commercially produced fish.<br />
<br />
==Life Cycle==<br />
The parasite's life cycle is '''direct'''. The lice mate on the fish and the female then lays her eggs on surfaces or plants within the habitat. These then progress through a series of '''metamorphic stages''', each of which moults its exoskeleton in order to grow.<br />
<br />
After '''4 days''' the hatched adult crustacean will seek out a host fish to feed on.<br />
<br />
The total life cycle takes '''30-100 days''' and is '''temperature dependent'''. Eggs can undergo '''latency''' and delayed hatching if water temperatures are not suitable over Winter.<br />
<br />
==Pathology and Clinical Signs==<br />
The louse has a sharp stylet along the ventral midline that it uses to pierce the skin of the fish. It then '''injects digestive enzymes''' into the surrounding tissues and feeds on the digested bodily fluids by sucking them out with its '''proboscis'''. <br />
<br />
The damage caused by the fish louse is two-fold; firstly '''localised inflammation and irritation''' of the skin caused directly by the parasite and secondarily the risk of developing'''opportunistic infections''', both '''bacterial and viral''' directly through the damaged skin. [[Pseudomonas species - Overview|''Pseudomonas spp.'']] and [[Aeromonas species - Overview|''Aeromonas spp.'']] are often of particular concern, as they can potentially invade the [[Gills|gills]].<br />
<br />
Fish may show '''rubbing and flashing behaviour''' due to the intense irritation caused by the infection.<br />
<br />
==Diagnosis==<br />
The louse can be seen with the '''naked eye''', growing up to '''7-10 mm''' in length. They appear as '''flat, oval, darkly coloured spots''' on the skin of the fish and are easier to see on fins or when moving. Red lesions may be visible from previous feeding areas.<br />
<br />
==Treatment==<br />
It is vital that any treatment plan is effective against both adults and juvenile stages of the parasite.<br />
<br />
Infestations can be treated with an '''increase in water salinity'''. If this is ineffective, [[Ectoparasiticides|ectoparasiticides]] such as '''organophosphates''' or [[Ectoparasiticides#Modes of Action|'''chitin inhibitors''']] can be used. Three treatments of OPs are usually required to eliminate all life stages. It should be noted that organophosphate treatment is not permitted in the UK and should be confirmed in any other region before use. <br />
<br />
{{Learning<br />
|flashcards = [[Ornamental Fish Q&A 10]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
Fishdoc (2009) '''Argulus/Fish Louse''' at http://www.fishdoc.co.uk/disease/argulus.htm, accessed online 22/11/2011<br />
<br />
Frye, F. L & Williams, D. L (1995) '''Self-Assessment Colour Review - Reptiles & Amphibians''' ''Manson''<br />
<br />
Maclean, B (2006) '''Common dermatoses of ornamental fish and amphibians''' ''In Practice 2006 28: 604-613''<br />
<br />
Southgate, P (1994) '''Laboratory diagnosis of fish disease''' ''In Practice 1994;16:252-255 ''<br />
<br />
Stuart, N (1988) '''Common skin diseases of farmed and pet fish''' ''In Practice 1988 10: 47-53''<br />
<br />
Wildgoose, W (1998) '''Skin disease in ornammental fish: identifying common problems''' ''In Practice 1998 20: 226-243''<br />
<br />
[[Category:To Do - Manson review]]<br />
[[Category:Crustacea]]<br />
[[Category:Fish Diseases]]</div>Lwyasm1https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Fish_Louse&diff=132132Fish Louse2011-11-22T13:33:36Z<p>Lwyasm1: /* Introduction */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Introduction==<br />
[[File:Argulus.jpg|250px|thumb|right|'''Fish Louse (''Argulus sp.'') attached to the skin of a fish (Wikimedia Commons)''']]<br />
<br />
The '''fish louse (''Argulus spp.''''' is a '''metazoan [[Crustacea|crustacean]] skin parasites''' of '''freshwater fish'''. They pose a major threat to the health of commercially produced fish.<br />
<br />
==Life Cycle==<br />
The parasite's life cycle is '''direct'''. The lice mate on the fish and the female then lays her eggs on surfaces or plants within the habitat. These then progress through a series of '''metamorphic stages''', each of which moults its exoskeleton in order to grow.<br />
<br />
After '''4 days''' the hatched adult crustacean will seek out a host fish to feed on.<br />
<br />
The total life cycle takes '''30-100 days''' and is '''temperature dependent'''. Eggs can undergo '''latency''' and delayed hatching if water temperatures are not suitable over Winter.<br />
<br />
==Pathology and Clinical Signs==<br />
The louse has a sharp stylet along the ventral midline that it uses to pierce the skin of the fish. It then '''injects digestive enzymes''' into the surrounding tissues and feeds on the digested bodily fluids by sucking them out with its '''proboscis'''. <br />
<br />
The damage caused by the fish louse is two-fold; firstly '''localised inflammation and irritation''' of the skin caused directly by the parasite and secondarily the risk of developing'''opportunistic infections''', both '''bacterial and viral''' directly through the damaged skin. [[Pseudomonas species - Overview|''Pseudomonas spp.'']] and [[Aeromonas species - Overview|''Aeromonas spp.'']] are often of particular concern, as they can potentially invade the [[Gills|gills]].<br />
<br />
Fish may show '''rubbing and flashing behaviour''' due to the intense irritation caused by the infection.<br />
<br />
==Diagnosis==<br />
The louse can be seen with the '''naked eye''', growing up to '''7-10 mm''' in length. They appear as '''flat, oval, darkly coloured spots''' on the skin of the fish and are easier to see on fins or when moving. Red lesions may be visible from previous feeding areas.<br />
<br />
==Treatment==<br />
It is vital that any treatment plan is effective against both adults and juvenile stages of the parasite.<br />
<br />
Infestations can be treated with an '''increase in water salinity'''. If this is ineffective, [[Ectoparasiticides|ectoparasiticides]] such as '''organophosphates''' or [[Ectoparasiticides#Modes of Action|'''chitin inhibitors''']] can be used. Three treatments of OPs are usually required to eliminate all life stages. It should be noted that organophosphate treatment is not permitted in the UK and should be confirmed in any other region before use. <br />
<br />
{{Learning<br />
|flashcards = [[Ornamental Fish Q&A 10]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
Fishdoc (2009) '''Argulus/Fish Louse''' at http://www.fishdoc.co.uk/disease/argulus.htm, accessed online 22/11/2011<br />
<br />
Frye, F. L & Williams, D. L (1995) '''Self-Assessment Colour Review - Reptiles & Amphibians''' ''Manson''<br />
<br />
Maclean, B (2006) '''Common dermatoses of ornamental fish and amphibians''' ''In Practice 2006 28: 604-613''<br />
<br />
Southgate, P (1994) '''Laboratory diagnosis of fish disease''' ''In Practice 1994;16:252-255 ''<br />
<br />
Stuart, N (1988) '''Common skin diseases of farmed and pet fish''' ''In Practice 1988 10: 47-53''<br />
<br />
Wildgoose, W (1998) '''Skin disease in ornammental fish: identifying common problems''' ''In Practice 1998 20: 226-243''<br />
<br />
[[Category:To Do - Manson review]]<br />
[[Category:Crustacea]]<br />
[[Category:Fish Diseases]]</div>Lwyasm1https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Fish_Louse&diff=132131Fish Louse2011-11-22T13:32:41Z<p>Lwyasm1: /* References */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Introduction==<br />
[[File:Argulus.jpg|250px|thumb|right|'''Fish Louse (''Argulus sp.'') attached to the skin of a fish (Wikimedia Commons)''']]<br />
<br />
The '''fish louse''' is a '''metazoan [[Crustacea|crustacean]] skin parasites''' of '''freshwater fish'''. They pose a major threat to teh health of commercially produced fish.<br />
<br />
==Life Cycle==<br />
The parasite's life cycle is '''direct'''. The lice mate on the fish and the female then lays her eggs on surfaces or plants within the habitat. These then progress through a series of '''metamorphic stages''', each of which moults its exoskeleton in order to grow.<br />
<br />
After '''4 days''' the hatched adult crustacean will seek out a host fish to feed on.<br />
<br />
The total life cycle takes '''30-100 days''' and is '''temperature dependent'''. Eggs can undergo '''latency''' and delayed hatching if water temperatures are not suitable over Winter.<br />
<br />
==Pathology and Clinical Signs==<br />
The louse has a sharp stylet along the ventral midline that it uses to pierce the skin of the fish. It then '''injects digestive enzymes''' into the surrounding tissues and feeds on the digested bodily fluids by sucking them out with its '''proboscis'''. <br />
<br />
The damage caused by the fish louse is two-fold; firstly '''localised inflammation and irritation''' of the skin caused directly by the parasite and secondarily the risk of developing'''opportunistic infections''', both '''bacterial and viral''' directly through the damaged skin. [[Pseudomonas species - Overview|''Pseudomonas spp.'']] and [[Aeromonas species - Overview|''Aeromonas spp.'']] are often of particular concern, as they can potentially invade the [[Gills|gills]].<br />
<br />
Fish may show '''rubbing and flashing behaviour''' due to the intense irritation caused by the infection.<br />
<br />
==Diagnosis==<br />
The louse can be seen with the '''naked eye''', growing up to '''7-10 mm''' in length. They appear as '''flat, oval, darkly coloured spots''' on the skin of the fish and are easier to see on fins or when moving. Red lesions may be visible from previous feeding areas.<br />
<br />
==Treatment==<br />
It is vital that any treatment plan is effective against both adults and juvenile stages of the parasite.<br />
<br />
Infestations can be treated with an '''increase in water salinity'''. If this is ineffective, [[Ectoparasiticides|ectoparasiticides]] such as '''organophosphates''' or [[Ectoparasiticides#Modes of Action|'''chitin inhibitors''']] can be used. Three treatments of OPs are usually required to eliminate all life stages. It should be noted that organophosphate treatment is not permitted in the UK and should be confirmed in any other region before use. <br />
<br />
{{Learning<br />
|flashcards = [[Ornamental Fish Q&A 10]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
Fishdoc (2009) '''Argulus/Fish Louse''' at http://www.fishdoc.co.uk/disease/argulus.htm, accessed online 22/11/2011<br />
<br />
Frye, F. L & Williams, D. L (1995) '''Self-Assessment Colour Review - Reptiles & Amphibians''' ''Manson''<br />
<br />
Maclean, B (2006) '''Common dermatoses of ornamental fish and amphibians''' ''In Practice 2006 28: 604-613''<br />
<br />
Southgate, P (1994) '''Laboratory diagnosis of fish disease''' ''In Practice 1994;16:252-255 ''<br />
<br />
Stuart, N (1988) '''Common skin diseases of farmed and pet fish''' ''In Practice 1988 10: 47-53''<br />
<br />
Wildgoose, W (1998) '''Skin disease in ornammental fish: identifying common problems''' ''In Practice 1998 20: 226-243''<br />
<br />
[[Category:To Do - Manson review]]<br />
[[Category:Crustacea]]<br />
[[Category:Fish Diseases]]</div>Lwyasm1https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Fish_Louse&diff=132130Fish Louse2011-11-22T13:31:53Z<p>Lwyasm1: /* Life Cycle */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Introduction==<br />
[[File:Argulus.jpg|250px|thumb|right|'''Fish Louse (''Argulus sp.'') attached to the skin of a fish (Wikimedia Commons)''']]<br />
<br />
The '''fish louse''' is a '''metazoan [[Crustacea|crustacean]] skin parasites''' of '''freshwater fish'''. They pose a major threat to teh health of commercially produced fish.<br />
<br />
==Life Cycle==<br />
The parasite's life cycle is '''direct'''. The lice mate on the fish and the female then lays her eggs on surfaces or plants within the habitat. These then progress through a series of '''metamorphic stages''', each of which moults its exoskeleton in order to grow.<br />
<br />
After '''4 days''' the hatched adult crustacean will seek out a host fish to feed on.<br />
<br />
The total life cycle takes '''30-100 days''' and is '''temperature dependent'''. Eggs can undergo '''latency''' and delayed hatching if water temperatures are not suitable over Winter.<br />
<br />
==Pathology and Clinical Signs==<br />
The louse has a sharp stylet along the ventral midline that it uses to pierce the skin of the fish. It then '''injects digestive enzymes''' into the surrounding tissues and feeds on the digested bodily fluids by sucking them out with its '''proboscis'''. <br />
<br />
The damage caused by the fish louse is two-fold; firstly '''localised inflammation and irritation''' of the skin caused directly by the parasite and secondarily the risk of developing'''opportunistic infections''', both '''bacterial and viral''' directly through the damaged skin. [[Pseudomonas species - Overview|''Pseudomonas spp.'']] and [[Aeromonas species - Overview|''Aeromonas spp.'']] are often of particular concern, as they can potentially invade the [[Gills|gills]].<br />
<br />
Fish may show '''rubbing and flashing behaviour''' due to the intense irritation caused by the infection.<br />
<br />
==Diagnosis==<br />
The louse can be seen with the '''naked eye''', growing up to '''7-10 mm''' in length. They appear as '''flat, oval, darkly coloured spots''' on the skin of the fish and are easier to see on fins or when moving. Red lesions may be visible from previous feeding areas.<br />
<br />
==Treatment==<br />
It is vital that any treatment plan is effective against both adults and juvenile stages of the parasite.<br />
<br />
Infestations can be treated with an '''increase in water salinity'''. If this is ineffective, [[Ectoparasiticides|ectoparasiticides]] such as '''organophosphates''' or [[Ectoparasiticides#Modes of Action|'''chitin inhibitors''']] can be used. Three treatments of OPs are usually required to eliminate all life stages. It should be noted that organophosphate treatment is not permitted in the UK and should be confirmed in any other region before use. <br />
<br />
{{Learning<br />
|flashcards = [[Ornamental Fish Q&A 10]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
Fishdoc (2009) '''Argulus/Fish Louse''' at http://www.fishdoc.co.uk/disease/argulus.htm, accessed online 22/11/2011<br />
<br />
Frye, F. L & Williams, D. L (1995) '''Self-Assessment Colour Review - Reptiles & Amphibians''' ''Manson''<br />
<br />
Maclean, B (2006) '''Common dermatoses of ornamental fish and amphibians''' ''In Practice 2006 28: 604-613''<br />
<br />
Southgate, P (1994) '''Laboratory diagnosis of fish disease''' ''In Practice 1994;16:252-255 ''<br />
<br />
Stuart, N (1988) '''Common skin diseases of farmed and pet fish''' ''In Practice 1988 10: 47-53''<br />
<br />
Wildgoose, W (1998) '''Skin disease in ornammental fish: identifying common problems''' ''In Practice 1998 20: 226-243''<br />
<br />
[[Category:To Do - Manson review]]<br />
[[Category:Crustacea]]</div>Lwyasm1https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Fish_Louse&diff=132129Fish Louse2011-11-22T13:30:12Z<p>Lwyasm1: /* References */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Introduction==<br />
[[File:Argulus.jpg|250px|thumb|right|'''Fish Louse (''Argulus sp.'') attached to the skin of a fish (Wikimedia Commons)''']]<br />
<br />
The '''fish louse''' is a '''metazoan [[Crustacea|crustacean]] skin parasites''' of '''freshwater fish'''. They pose a major threat to teh health of commercially produced fish.<br />
<br />
==Life Cycle==<br />
The parasite's life cycle is direct. The lice mate on the fish and the female then lays her eggs on surfaces or plants within the habitat. These then progress through a series of stages.<br />
<br />
After 4 days the hatched crustacean will seek out a host fish to feed on.<br />
<br />
The total life cycle takes 30-100 days and is temperature dependent. Eggs can undergo latency and delayed hatching if water temperatures are not suitable over Winter.<br />
<br />
==Pathology and Clinical Signs==<br />
The louse has a sharp stylet along the ventral midline that it uses to pierce the skin of the fish. It then '''injects digestive enzymes''' into the surrounding tissues and feeds on the digested bodily fluids by sucking them out with its '''proboscis'''. <br />
<br />
The damage caused by the fish louse is two-fold; firstly '''localised inflammation and irritation''' of the skin caused directly by the parasite and secondarily the risk of developing'''opportunistic infections''', both '''bacterial and viral''' directly through the damaged skin. [[Pseudomonas species - Overview|''Pseudomonas spp.'']] and [[Aeromonas species - Overview|''Aeromonas spp.'']] are often of particular concern, as they can potentially invade the [[Gills|gills]].<br />
<br />
Fish may show '''rubbing and flashing behaviour''' due to the intense irritation caused by the infection.<br />
<br />
==Diagnosis==<br />
The louse can be seen with the '''naked eye''', growing up to '''7-10 mm''' in length. They appear as '''flat, oval, darkly coloured spots''' on the skin of the fish and are easier to see on fins or when moving. Red lesions may be visible from previous feeding areas.<br />
<br />
==Treatment==<br />
It is vital that any treatment plan is effective against both adults and juvenile stages of the parasite.<br />
<br />
Infestations can be treated with an '''increase in water salinity'''. If this is ineffective, [[Ectoparasiticides|ectoparasiticides]] such as '''organophosphates''' or [[Ectoparasiticides#Modes of Action|'''chitin inhibitors''']] can be used. Three treatments of OPs are usually required to eliminate all life stages. It should be noted that organophosphate treatment is not permitted in the UK and should be confirmed in any other region before use. <br />
<br />
{{Learning<br />
|flashcards = [[Ornamental Fish Q&A 10]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
Fishdoc (2009) '''Argulus/Fish Louse''' at http://www.fishdoc.co.uk/disease/argulus.htm, accessed online 22/11/2011<br />
<br />
Frye, F. L & Williams, D. L (1995) '''Self-Assessment Colour Review - Reptiles & Amphibians''' ''Manson''<br />
<br />
Maclean, B (2006) '''Common dermatoses of ornamental fish and amphibians''' ''In Practice 2006 28: 604-613''<br />
<br />
Southgate, P (1994) '''Laboratory diagnosis of fish disease''' ''In Practice 1994;16:252-255 ''<br />
<br />
Stuart, N (1988) '''Common skin diseases of farmed and pet fish''' ''In Practice 1988 10: 47-53''<br />
<br />
Wildgoose, W (1998) '''Skin disease in ornammental fish: identifying common problems''' ''In Practice 1998 20: 226-243''<br />
<br />
[[Category:To Do - Manson review]]<br />
[[Category:Crustacea]]</div>Lwyasm1https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Fish_Louse&diff=132128Fish Louse2011-11-22T13:27:48Z<p>Lwyasm1: /* References */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Introduction==<br />
[[File:Argulus.jpg|250px|thumb|right|'''Fish Louse (''Argulus sp.'') attached to the skin of a fish (Wikimedia Commons)''']]<br />
<br />
The '''fish louse''' is a '''metazoan [[Crustacea|crustacean]] skin parasites''' of '''freshwater fish'''. They pose a major threat to teh health of commercially produced fish.<br />
<br />
==Life Cycle==<br />
The parasite's life cycle is direct. The lice mate on the fish and the female then lays her eggs on surfaces or plants within the habitat. These then progress through a series of stages.<br />
<br />
After 4 days the hatched crustacean will seek out a host fish to feed on.<br />
<br />
The total life cycle takes 30-100 days and is temperature dependent. Eggs can undergo latency and delayed hatching if water temperatures are not suitable over Winter.<br />
<br />
==Pathology and Clinical Signs==<br />
The louse has a sharp stylet along the ventral midline that it uses to pierce the skin of the fish. It then '''injects digestive enzymes''' into the surrounding tissues and feeds on the digested bodily fluids by sucking them out with its '''proboscis'''. <br />
<br />
The damage caused by the fish louse is two-fold; firstly '''localised inflammation and irritation''' of the skin caused directly by the parasite and secondarily the risk of developing'''opportunistic infections''', both '''bacterial and viral''' directly through the damaged skin. [[Pseudomonas species - Overview|''Pseudomonas spp.'']] and [[Aeromonas species - Overview|''Aeromonas spp.'']] are often of particular concern, as they can potentially invade the [[Gills|gills]].<br />
<br />
Fish may show '''rubbing and flashing behaviour''' due to the intense irritation caused by the infection.<br />
<br />
==Diagnosis==<br />
The louse can be seen with the '''naked eye''', growing up to '''7-10 mm''' in length. They appear as '''flat, oval, darkly coloured spots''' on the skin of the fish and are easier to see on fins or when moving. Red lesions may be visible from previous feeding areas.<br />
<br />
==Treatment==<br />
It is vital that any treatment plan is effective against both adults and juvenile stages of the parasite.<br />
<br />
Infestations can be treated with an '''increase in water salinity'''. If this is ineffective, [[Ectoparasiticides|ectoparasiticides]] such as '''organophosphates''' or [[Ectoparasiticides#Modes of Action|'''chitin inhibitors''']] can be used. Three treatments of OPs are usually required to eliminate all life stages. It should be noted that organophosphate treatment is not permitted in the UK and should be confirmed in any other region before use. <br />
<br />
{{Learning<br />
|flashcards = [[Ornamental Fish Q&A 10]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
Fishdoc '''Argulus/Fish Louse''' at http://www.fishdoc.co.uk/disease/argulus.htm, accessed online 22/11/2011<br />
<br />
Frye, FL & Williams, DL (1995) '''Self-Assessment Colour Review - Reptiles & Amphibians''' ''Manson''<br />
<br />
Maclean, B (2006) '''Common dermatoses of ornamental fish and amphibians''' ''In Practice 2006 28: 604-613''<br />
<br />
Southgate, P (1994) '''Laboratory diagnosis of fish disease''' ''In Practice 1994;16:252-255 ''<br />
<br />
Stuart, N (1988) '''Common skin diseases of farmed and pet fish''' ''In Practice 1988 10: 47-53''<br />
<br />
Wildgoose, W (1998) '''Skin disease in ornammental fish: identifying common problems''' ''In Practice 1998 20: 226-243''<br />
<br />
[[Category:To Do - Manson review]]<br />
[[Category:Crustacea]]</div>Lwyasm1https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Fish_Louse&diff=132127Fish Louse2011-11-22T13:22:16Z<p>Lwyasm1: /* Diagnosis */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Introduction==<br />
[[File:Argulus.jpg|250px|thumb|right|'''Fish Louse (''Argulus sp.'') attached to the skin of a fish (Wikimedia Commons)''']]<br />
<br />
The '''fish louse''' is a '''metazoan [[Crustacea|crustacean]] skin parasites''' of '''freshwater fish'''. They pose a major threat to teh health of commercially produced fish.<br />
<br />
==Life Cycle==<br />
The parasite's life cycle is direct. The lice mate on the fish and the female then lays her eggs on surfaces or plants within the habitat. These then progress through a series of stages.<br />
<br />
After 4 days the hatched crustacean will seek out a host fish to feed on.<br />
<br />
The total life cycle takes 30-100 days and is temperature dependent. Eggs can undergo latency and delayed hatching if water temperatures are not suitable over Winter.<br />
<br />
==Pathology and Clinical Signs==<br />
The louse has a sharp stylet along the ventral midline that it uses to pierce the skin of the fish. It then '''injects digestive enzymes''' into the surrounding tissues and feeds on the digested bodily fluids by sucking them out with its '''proboscis'''. <br />
<br />
The damage caused by the fish louse is two-fold; firstly '''localised inflammation and irritation''' of the skin caused directly by the parasite and secondarily the risk of developing'''opportunistic infections''', both '''bacterial and viral''' directly through the damaged skin. [[Pseudomonas species - Overview|''Pseudomonas spp.'']] and [[Aeromonas species - Overview|''Aeromonas spp.'']] are often of particular concern, as they can potentially invade the [[Gills|gills]].<br />
<br />
Fish may show '''rubbing and flashing behaviour''' due to the intense irritation caused by the infection.<br />
<br />
==Diagnosis==<br />
The louse can be seen with the '''naked eye''', growing up to '''7-10 mm''' in length. They appear as '''flat, oval, darkly coloured spots''' on the skin of the fish and are easier to see on fins or when moving. Red lesions may be visible from previous feeding areas.<br />
<br />
==Treatment==<br />
It is vital that any treatment plan is effective against both adults and juvenile stages of the parasite.<br />
<br />
Infestations can be treated with an '''increase in water salinity'''. If this is ineffective, [[Ectoparasiticides|ectoparasiticides]] such as '''organophosphates''' or [[Ectoparasiticides#Modes of Action|'''chitin inhibitors''']] can be used. Three treatments of OPs are usually required to eliminate all life stages. It should be noted that organophosphate treatment is not permitted in the UK and should be confirmed in any other region before use. <br />
<br />
{{Learning<br />
|flashcards = [[Ornamental Fish Q&A 10]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
Aquatic Community '''Argulus''' at http://www.aquaticcommunity.com/disease/argulus.php, accessed online 22/11/2011<br />
<br />
Fishdoc '''Argulus/Fish Louse''' at http://www.fishdoc.co.uk/disease/argulus.htm, accessed online 22/11/2011<br />
<br />
Frye, FL & Williams, DL (1995) '''Self-Assessment Colour Review - Reptiles & Amphibians''' ''Manson''<br />
<br />
Maclean, B (2006) '''Common dermatoses of ornamental fish and amphibians''' ''In Practice 2006 28: 604-613''<br />
<br />
Southgate, P (1994) '''Laboratory diagnosis of fish disease''' ''In Practice 1994;16:252-255 ''<br />
<br />
Stuart, N (1988) '''Common skin diseases of farmed and pet fish''' ''In Practice 1988 10: 47-53''<br />
<br />
Wildgoose, W (1998) '''Skin disease in ornammental fish: identifying common problems''' ''In Practice 1998 20: 226-243''<br />
<br />
[[Category:To Do - Manson review]]<br />
[[Category:Crustacea]]</div>Lwyasm1https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Fish_Louse&diff=132126Fish Louse2011-11-22T13:20:34Z<p>Lwyasm1: </p>
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<div>==Introduction==<br />
[[File:Argulus.jpg|250px|thumb|right|'''Fish Louse (''Argulus sp.'') attached to the skin of a fish (Wikimedia Commons)''']]<br />
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The '''fish louse''' is a '''metazoan [[Crustacea|crustacean]] skin parasites''' of '''freshwater fish'''. They pose a major threat to teh health of commercially produced fish.<br />
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==Life Cycle==<br />
The parasite's life cycle is direct. The lice mate on the fish and the female then lays her eggs on surfaces or plants within the habitat. These then progress through a series of stages.<br />
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After 4 days the hatched crustacean will seek out a host fish to feed on.<br />
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The total life cycle takes 30-100 days and is temperature dependent. Eggs can undergo latency and delayed hatching if water temperatures are not suitable over Winter.<br />
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==Pathology and Clinical Signs==<br />
The louse has a sharp stylet along the ventral midline that it uses to pierce the skin of the fish. It then '''injects digestive enzymes''' into the surrounding tissues and feeds on the digested bodily fluids by sucking them out with its '''proboscis'''. <br />
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The damage caused by the fish louse is two-fold; firstly '''localised inflammation and irritation''' of the skin caused directly by the parasite and secondarily the risk of developing'''opportunistic infections''', both '''bacterial and viral''' directly through the damaged skin. [[Pseudomonas species - Overview|''Pseudomonas spp.'']] and [[Aeromonas species - Overview|''Aeromonas spp.'']] are often of particular concern, as they can potentially invade the [[Gills|gills]].<br />
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Fish may show '''rubbing and flashing behaviour''' due to the intense irritation caused by the infection.<br />
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==Diagnosis==<br />
The louse can be seen with the '''naked eye''', growing up to '''7-10 mm''' in length. They appear as flat, oval, darkly coloured spots on the skin of the fish and are easier to see on fins or when moving. Red lesions may be visible from previous feeding areas.<br />
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==Treatment==<br />
It is vital that any treatment plan is effective against both adults and juvenile stages of the parasite.<br />
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Infestations can be treated with an '''increase in water salinity'''. If this is ineffective, [[Ectoparasiticides|ectoparasiticides]] such as '''organophosphates''' or [[Ectoparasiticides#Modes of Action|'''chitin inhibitors''']] can be used. Three treatments of OPs are usually required to eliminate all life stages. It should be noted that organophosphate treatment is not permitted in the UK and should be confirmed in any other region before use. <br />
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{{Learning<br />
|flashcards = [[Ornamental Fish Q&A 10]]<br />
}}<br />
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==References==<br />
Aquatic Community '''Argulus''' at http://www.aquaticcommunity.com/disease/argulus.php, accessed online 22/11/2011<br />
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Fishdoc '''Argulus/Fish Louse''' at http://www.fishdoc.co.uk/disease/argulus.htm, accessed online 22/11/2011<br />
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Frye, FL & Williams, DL (1995) '''Self-Assessment Colour Review - Reptiles & Amphibians''' ''Manson''<br />
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Maclean, B (2006) '''Common dermatoses of ornamental fish and amphibians''' ''In Practice 2006 28: 604-613''<br />
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Southgate, P (1994) '''Laboratory diagnosis of fish disease''' ''In Practice 1994;16:252-255 ''<br />
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Stuart, N (1988) '''Common skin diseases of farmed and pet fish''' ''In Practice 1988 10: 47-53''<br />
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Wildgoose, W (1998) '''Skin disease in ornammental fish: identifying common problems''' ''In Practice 1998 20: 226-243''<br />
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[[Category:To Do - Manson review]]<br />
[[Category:Crustacea]]</div>Lwyasm1https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=User:Lwyasm1&diff=123611User:Lwyasm12011-08-05T10:37:25Z<p>Lwyasm1: /* Hours Worked */</p>
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<div><!--Go to 'Help:Personalise User Page' for help customising your user page--><br />
{{UserPage<br />
|Name=Stephanie Massey<br />
|Occupation= Veterinary Student <!--Word Specific & Case Sensitive--><br />
|School= UK - Nottingham<br />
|Year= 2011<br />
|Email= stephanie.massey87@gmail.com<br />
|Image=Steph1.jpg<br />
}}<br />
[[Category:UK - Nottingham Graduates]]<br />
<br />
==Hours Worked==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable collapsible"<br />
|Day<br />
|'''Week 6''' (1 - 3 July)<br />
|'''Week 7''' (4-10 July)<br />
|'''Week 8''' (11-17 July)<br />
|'''Week 9''' (18-24 July)<br />
|'''Week 10''' (25-31 July)<br />
|-<br />
|Monday<br />
| <br />
| 6<br />
| 10<br />
|<br />
| 10<br />
|-<br />
|Tuesday<br />
| <br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| 10<br />
|-<br />
|Wednesday<br />
| <br />
| 4<br />
| 10<br />
| 10<br />
| 9<br />
|-<br />
|Thursday<br />
| <br />
| 9<br />
|<br />
| 9<br />
| 5<br />
|-<br />
|Friday<br />
| 4.5<br />
| 7<br />
|<br />
| <br />
| 6<br />
|-<br />
|Saturday<br />
| <br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Sunday<br />
| 7.5<br />
| 1<br />
| <br />
| 8.5<br />
| 7 + 5 on Monday 1st Aug<br />
|-<br />
|'''Total hours'''<br />
| 12<br />
| 27<br />
| 20<br />
| 27.5<br />
| 47<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable collapsible"<br />
|Day<br />
|'''Week 1''' (30 May - 5 June)<br />
|'''Week 2''' (6-12 June )<br />
|'''Week 3''' (13-19 June)<br />
|'''Week 4''' (20-26 June)<br />
|'''Week 5''' (27 June - 30 June)<br />
|-<br />
|Monday<br />
| <br />
| 7<br />
|<br />
| 9.5<br />
| 1<br />
|-<br />
|Tuesday<br />
| <br />
| 7<br />
| <br />
| 8.5<br />
| 9.5<br />
|-<br />
|Wednesday<br />
| <br />
| 7.5<br />
| 9<br />
| 4<br />
| 7.5<br />
|-<br />
|Thursday<br />
| 8<br />
| 9<br />
| 7<br />
| 7<br />
| 8<br />
|-<br />
|Friday<br />
| 9<br />
| 4<br />
| 7<br />
| 7<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Saturday<br />
| 4.5<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| 6.5<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Sunday<br />
| 6<br />
|<br />
| 5<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Total hours'''<br />
| 27.5<br />
| 34.5<br />
| 28<br />
| 42.5<br />
| 26<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
[[:Category: To Do - Steph]]</div>Lwyasm1https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Infectious_Pancreatic_Necrosis_Flashcards&diff=123610Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis Flashcards2011-08-05T10:34:19Z<p>Lwyasm1: Created page with "<FlashCard questions="6"> |q1= In what fish is IPN most important? |a1= *Salmon *Trout |l1= Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis#Signalment |q2= How is disease transmitted? |a2= *Vir..."</p>
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<div><FlashCard questions="6"><br />
|q1= In what fish is IPN most important?<br />
|a1= <br />
*Salmon<br />
*Trout<br />
|l1= Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis#Signalment<br />
|q2= How is disease transmitted?<br />
|a2= <br />
*Virus is shed into the water in urine and faeces and passed to susceptible fish<br />
*Vertical transmission also occurs<br />
|l2= Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis#Distribution<br />
|q3= By what age are fish usually resistant/immune to IPN?<br />
|a3= 1500 Degree days<br />
|l3= Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis#Signalment<br />
|q4= What are the clinical signs of IPN?<br />
|a4= Signs are non-specific and include:<br />
*Darkened skin<br />
*Mortalities<br />
*Inappetance<br />
*Abdominal distension<br />
*Erratic swimming<br />
*Pinpoint haemorrhages <br />
*Exophthalmos<br />
|l4= Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis#Clinical Signs<br />
|q5=How can the virus be isolated?<br />
|a5= From teleost cell cultures<br />
|l5= Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis#Diagnosis<br />
|q6= What are the Histopathological changes characteristic of IPN?<br />
|a6=<br />
* Focal necrosis of pancreatic acinar and islet cells.<br />
*Icosahedral viral particles can be seen within the cytoplasm of infected cells<br />
|l6= Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis#Diagnosis<br />
|q7= What control measures can be implemented for IPN?<br />
|a7=<br />
*Testing and culling of positive broodstock<br />
*Use of a protected water supply for eggs and fry<br />
*Egg disinfection<br />
*Avoidance of population mixing <br />
|l7= Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis#Control<br />
</FlashCard><br />
[[Category:Fish Flashcards]] [[Category:Endocrine Diseases Flashcards]]<br />
[[Category:To Do - CABI review]]</div>Lwyasm1