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https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Renal_Anatomy_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology&diff=38849
Renal Anatomy - Anatomy & Physiology
2008-10-05T17:58:21Z
<p>Lwyatri: /* Anatomical Species Differences */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{toplink<br />
|backcolour = C1F0F6<br />
|linkpage =Urinary System - Anatomy & Physiology<br />
|linktext =URINARY SYSTEM<br />
|pagetype =Anatomy<br />
}}<br />
<br><br />
{|align="right"<br />
|__TOC__<br />
|}<br />
==Common Anatomy==<br />
[[Image:basicnormkidap.jpg|right|thumb|250px|<small><center>Histology section of a normal kidney (© RVC 2008)</center></small>]]<br />
[[Image:normkidcortap.jpg|right|thumb|250px|<small><center>Histology section of a normal renal cortex (© RVC 2008)</center></small>]]<br />
[[Image:promaledogab.jpg|right|thumb|250px|<small><center>A prosection of the abdomen of a male dog (© UoN 2008)</center></small>]]<br />
[[Image:profemaledogab.jpg|right|thumb|250px|<small><center>A prosection of the abdomen of a female dog(© UoN 2008)</center></small>]]<br />
[[Image:sagkidlabelled.jpg|right|thumb|250px|<small><center>A labelled saggital section of a lamb kidney(Courtesy of Donal McNally - University of Nottingham)</center></small>]]<br />
* The kidney is the part of the urinary tract where blood is filtered and urine is produced. <br />
* The kidneys are paired and lie in a retroperitoneal position. <br />
* They are positioned in the caudo-dorsal abdomen.<br />
* They lie within a splitting of the sublumbar fascia. This also often contains a large quantity of fat to cushion and protect the kidneys from the pressure of other organs <br />
* The right kidney is most cranial in all species except the pig.<br />
* In species where the right kidney is most cranial it lies in a small fossa of the caudate liver lobe.<br />
* However the left kidney is the most mobile.<br />
* During development all species begin with a multi-lobed structure but a varying degree of fusion occurs between the species giving rise to the various different characteristics seen.<br />
<br />
==The Basic Components of the Kidney==<br />
<br />
===Outer fibrous capsule===<br />
<br />
A tough outer capsule surrounds the parenchyma and this prevents the kidney expanding. It is easily stripped away from a healthy kidney but adheres where pathology has occured.<br />
<br />
===Renal Cortex===<br />
* 2 Parts<br />
* External zone<br />
* Internal zone (juxtamedullar)<br />
* Contains the following parts of the [[The Nephron - Anatomy & Physiology| nephron]]<br />
** [[Microscopic Anatomy of the Nephron - Anatomy & Physiology#The Renal Corpuscle| Renal corpuscle]]<br />
** [[Microscopic Anatomy of the Nephron - Anatomy & Physiology#Proximal Tubule| Proximal convoluted tubule]]<br />
** [[Microscopic Anatomy of the Nephron - Anatomy & Physiology#The Distal Tubule| Distal convoluted tubule]]<br />
** [[WikiWords#Urinary Section| Medullary Rays]]<br />
<br />
===Renal Medulla===<br />
* Contains medullary pyramids<br />
* The part nearest the cortex is the base of the pyramid which narrows to form the inner part - renal papilla<br />
* The medulla can be split into two parts, the outer and the inner<br />
* Different parts of the [[The Nephron - Anatomy & Physiology| nephron]] reside in these areas<br />
====Outer Medulla====<br />
The outer medulla can be further divided into the outer and inner stripe<br />
<br />
=====The Outer Stripe=====<br />
This section located just inside the cortex contains the following parts of the [[The Nephron - Anatomy & Physiology| nephron]]:<br />
* [[Microscopic Anatomy of the Nephron - Anatomy & Physiology#Proximal Tubule| Proximal straight tubules]]<br />
* [[Microscopic Anatomy of the Nephron - Anatomy & Physiology#The Distal Tubule| Distal straight tubules]]<br />
* [[Microscopic Anatomy of the Nephron - Anatomy & Physiology#The Loop of Henle| Thin descending and thick ascending limbs of the loop of henle]]<br />
* [[Microscopic Anatomy of the Nephron - Anatomy & Physiology#Collecting Duct| Outer medullary collecting ducts]]<br />
* [[Microscopic Anatomy of the Nephron - Anatomy & Physiology #The Vasa Recta| Vasa recta]]<br />
<br />
=====The Inner Stripe=====<br />
Located inside of the outer stripe this section contains the following parts:<br />
* [[Microscopic Anatomy of the Nephron - Anatomy & Physiology#The Loop of Henle| Thin ascending and thick ascending limbs of the loop of henle]]<br />
* [[Microscopic Anatomy of the Nephron - Anatomy & Physiology#Collecting Duct| Outer medullary collecting ducts]]<br />
<br />
=====The Difference=====<br />
<br />
The outer stripe contains the straight proximal tubules and the inner does not. However the inner contains thin ascending limbs and the outer does not. This difference makes up the anatomical demarcation between the two stripes<br />
<br />
====Inner Medulla====<br />
* The inner medulla however only contains the following parts:<br />
** [[Microscopic Anatomy of the Nephron - Anatomy & Physiology#The Loop of Henle| Loop of henle]]<br />
** [[Microscopic Anatomy of the Nephron - Anatomy & Physiology#Collecting Duct| Collecting ducts]]<br />
** [[Microscopic Anatomy of the Nephron - Anatomy & Physiology #The Vasa Recta| Vasa recta]]<br />
<br />
===Renal Pelvis===<br />
* The renal sinus is located within an indentation on the medial side of the kidney<br />
* The renal pelvis is located within the renal sinus<br />
* All papillary ducts open here<br />
* The renal pelvis then drains into the ureters<br />
* Varies between species<br />
* Absent in cow<br />
* Contains mucous glands in the horse<br />
<br />
===Divisions of the Kidney===<br />
<br />
* The kidney is divided into [[WikiWords#Urinary Section| renal lobes]] from a structural point of view.<br />
* These can then be divided into a renal pyramid and the piece of cortex above it<br />
* Renal Pyramids are important descriptor of part of the kidney.<br />
**These structures are visible grossly are the region of the medulla which appears triangular in cross section. They are actually cone shaped and the pointed part which faces towards the renal pelvis is termed the apex and the part against the cortex the base.<br />
* They can also be subdivided into [[WikiWords#Urinary Section| renal lobules]] comprising of [[The Nephron - Anatomy & Physiology| nephrons]], [[WikiWords#Urinary Section| a medullary ray]] and [[Microscopic Anatomy of the Nephron - Anatomy & Physiology#Collecting Duct| a collecting duct]].<br />
<br />
* In some species the kidneys are described as '''multipyramidal''' this means they have multiple lobes and pyramids. Others are described as '''unipyramidal''' meaning they only have one lobe and pyramid.<br />
<br />
===Innervation===<br />
<br />
* Sympathetic and parasympathetic fibres from solar plexus<br />
* Travel with renal arteries<br />
* Sympathetic fibres synapse in coeliac ganglion and cranial mesenteric ganglion<br />
<br />
===Lymphatic Drainage===<br />
<br />
Renal lymph nodes<br />
<br />
==Anatomical Species Differences==<br />
[[Image:lambpigkidcombDM.jpg|right|thumb|250px|<small><center>A picture showing a typical lamb and pig kidney. (Courtesy of Donal McNally - University of Nottingham</center></small>]]<br />
The various species have major and rather striking differences in the structure of their kidneys.<br />
<br />
===Canine, Feline, and Ovine===<br />
These species all have similar renal anatomy. Their kidneys are relatively short and thick and they are the traditional kidney bean shape. They have a smooth outer surface and have a single renal papilla. The renal pelvis is large and irregular with recesses which are finger like processes.<br />
<br />
The kidney of the feline is relatively bigger than the other species and is quite distinctive because the sub-capsular veins which run towards the hilum are visible.<br />
<br />
===Bovine===<br />
<br />
The kidneys of the bovine do not lose their foetal lobulation. In fact the surface of each kidney is divided into approximately 12 lobules. The right kidney is flattened and ellipsoidal where as the left kidney is thicker at the caudal end than the cranial. Each kidney is surrounded by the capsula adiposa; a layer of fat. Despite what it’s externally lobulated appearance may suggest the cortex of the bovine kidney is continuous and the kidney is of multipyramidal type. The bovine kidney has no renal pelvis but rather the [[Ureters - Anatomy & Physiology | Ureters]] enters the kidney and divide into a cranial and caudal branch. These branches then subdivide and the papilla at the apex of the pyramids open and drain into these.<br />
<br />
The right ureter leaves the kidney and passes along the roof of the abdomen to the pelvis in a fairly standard pattern. The left ureter however moves across the dorsal surface of its kidney to return to the midline and follow a course as if the kidney was located on the left. (both kidneys in the bovine are located on the right see the anatomical landmarks section for further details)<br />
<br />
===Porcine===<br />
<br />
The kidneys are dorsoventrally flattened. The renal pelvis opens into quite a large space of two major calicyes from which bud about 10 minor calyces. These attach to one renal papillae each. The kidneys have a smooth surface.<br />
<br />
===Equine===<br />
<br />
The equine kidneys not only have very different shapes compared to the rest of the domestic species but they also each have a different shape. The right kidney is described as heart shaped whilst the left is described as being pyramidal. Each organ weighs approximately 700g and both are dorsoventrally flattened. The kidneys are basically unipyramidal and the only demarcation between what were the multiple pyramids of the foetus are the interlobar arteries. This is not always the case in the foal where it is common to be able to identify lobes and the external surface is not always smooth. The horse has a single renal papilla like the dog and its renal pelvis is large and irregular with 2 recesses (finger like processes). The cells of its pelvis secret mucin giving the urine its cloudy appearance.<br />
<br />
==Anatomical Landmarks==<br />
<br />
Each species has a slightly different orientation of the kidneys within the abdomen.<br />
<br />
===Carnivores===<br />
<br />
The kidneys in these species are very mobile. Especially the left one and especially in the feline. These anatomical landmarks describe the most common locations. The right kidney is more cranial than the left and tends to lie beneath L1 - L3 where as the left tends to lie under L2-L4. The reason the right kidney is less mobile than the left is that it tends to be almost entirely enclosed within the renal fossa of the caudate lobe of the [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]]. The kidneys are enclosed within a layer of fat and this increases with the obesity of the animal.<br />
<br />
Medially to the right kidney you will find the caudal vena cava and the right adrenal gland can be found dorsolateral to this structure but still medially to the kidney. Ventrally can be found the Descending [[Duodenum - Anatomy & Physiology|duodenum]] with the right pancreatic limb more towards the ventromedial aspect. In females the right ovary can be found caudoventrally.<br />
<br />
The '''Cranial pole''' of the left kidney contacts the [[Stomach and Abomasum - Anatomy & Physiology | Greater curvature of stomach]] it also contacts the [[Spleen - Anatomy & Physiology|spleen]] on its dorsomedial aspect as well as potentially contacting the left limb of the pancreas. The left adrenal gland can be found at the medial aspect of the cranial pole. The '''Caudal pole''' of the left kidney contacts the [[Small Intestine - Anatomy & Physiology|Small intestine]] and the Descending [[Colon - Anatomy & Physiology|colon]]. At its caudoventral aspect in females is found the left Ovary.<br />
<br />
===Ruminants===<br />
<br />
Due to the rumen taking up most of the left side of the abdomen it is normal in the bovine to find both of the kidneys on the right side. In the ovine the kidneys are surrounded by very thick masses of fat which reduce the impact of the rumen on their location. The kidneys in the living animal vary their position substantially with respiration and with the pressure of the other organs.<br />
<br />
The right kidney has a retroperitoneal attachment to the "sublumbar" musculature. Cranially it touches the liver. In the dead specimen the right kidney occupies the region between the last rib and somewhere between the 2nd and 3rd lumbar vertebrae’s transverse process. The right kidney usually contacts pancreas, duodenum, adrenal glands and colon as well as the afore mentioned liver.<br />
<br />
The left kidney in the bovine is to be found caudoventrally to the right one usually in the region between the 2nd and 4th lumbar vertebrae<br />
<br />
===Porcine===<br />
<br />
The left and right kidneys are more or less aligned in the pig unlike other species. The kidneys of the pig are embedded in lots of fat and lie against the psoas muscle. They span the distance between the last rib cranially and the 4th lumber vertebrae caudally. The '''right kidney''' does not touch the liver unlike other species and is related ventrally to the descending duodenum and jejunum. The '''left kidney''' is ventrally related to the ascending colon, the base of the caecum and the pancreas.<br />
<br />
===Equine===<br />
<br />
The kidneys of the horse are both enclosed in a fat capsule. Dorsally they rest against the psoas muscle and against the diaphragm.<br />
<br />
The right kidney is to be found ventrally to and between the last 2 ribs and first lumbar transverse process. Cranially it touches the liver and caudally it is attached to the pancreas and the base of caecum. The duodenum winds around its lateral and then ventral surfaces. Medially is the caudal vena cava and adrenal gland.<br />
<br />
The left kidney is between the last rib and 3rd transverse process. Its ventral surface is almost completely covered by the peritoneum and contacts the small intestine and and small colon. The spleen contacts it cranioventrally. Medially is the left adrenal gland and aorta.<br />
<br />
==Renal Blood Supply==<br />
<br />
* Supplied by renal arteries<br />
* Arise from aorta<br />
* 3-4mm diameter - dog<br />
* Often divide into dorsal and ventral branches before entering kidney<br />
* Common to find double the normal number - dog<br />
<br />
===Left Renal Vessels===<br />
<br />
* Left renal artery<br />
** Originates 2cm caudal to the right renal artery<br />
** ~3-4cm long - dog<br />
<br />
* Left renal vein<br />
** Immediately ventral to artery<br />
** ~3-4cm long - dog<br />
<br />
===Right Renal Vessels===<br />
<br />
* Right Renal Artery<br />
** 2cm cranial to left renal artery<br />
** 4 cm caudal to cranial mesenteric artery<br />
** Passes dorsal over the caudal vena cava<br />
** ~4-5cm long - dog<br />
<br />
* Right Renal Vein<br />
** Ventral to artery<br />
** ~4-5cm long - dog<br />
<br />
===Internal Vascularisation===<br />
<br />
Once the renal artery enters the kidney is divides into the interlobar arteries. These pass through the gaps between the renal pyramids as the reach the junctions between the cortex and medullar they branch into the arcuate arteries which move over the base of the pyramids. From these come the interlobular arteries which supply the individual lobules of the cortex. These arteries then branch many times to supply individual glomeruli. The capillaries of the glomerulus then rejoin to form one vessel which then forms the [[The Formation of the Filtrate by the Glomerular Apparatus- Anatomy & Physiology#Pressure in the Peritubular Capillaries|peritubular capillaries]] of that nephron. The interlobular arteries are examples of end arterioles and there are few anastomoses. Obstruction of one of these arterioles causes ischaemic damage in the kidneys. This is also potentially the case with the interlobar arteries.<br />
<br />
==Revision==<br />
<br />
Use the [[Macroscopic Renal Anatomy - Renal Flash Cards - Anatomy & Physiology|flash card revision resource]] for this section to test yourself.</div>
Lwyatri
https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Renal_Anatomy_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology&diff=38848
Renal Anatomy - Anatomy & Physiology
2008-10-05T17:57:22Z
<p>Lwyatri: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{toplink<br />
|backcolour = C1F0F6<br />
|linkpage =Urinary System - Anatomy & Physiology<br />
|linktext =URINARY SYSTEM<br />
|pagetype =Anatomy<br />
}}<br />
<br><br />
{|align="right"<br />
|__TOC__<br />
|}<br />
==Common Anatomy==<br />
[[Image:basicnormkidap.jpg|right|thumb|250px|<small><center>Histology section of a normal kidney (© RVC 2008)</center></small>]]<br />
[[Image:normkidcortap.jpg|right|thumb|250px|<small><center>Histology section of a normal renal cortex (© RVC 2008)</center></small>]]<br />
[[Image:promaledogab.jpg|right|thumb|250px|<small><center>A prosection of the abdomen of a male dog (© UoN 2008)</center></small>]]<br />
[[Image:profemaledogab.jpg|right|thumb|250px|<small><center>A prosection of the abdomen of a female dog(© UoN 2008)</center></small>]]<br />
[[Image:sagkidlabelled.jpg|right|thumb|250px|<small><center>A labelled saggital section of a lamb kidney(Courtesy of Donal McNally - University of Nottingham)</center></small>]]<br />
* The kidney is the part of the urinary tract where blood is filtered and urine is produced. <br />
* The kidneys are paired and lie in a retroperitoneal position. <br />
* They are positioned in the caudo-dorsal abdomen.<br />
* They lie within a splitting of the sublumbar fascia. This also often contains a large quantity of fat to cushion and protect the kidneys from the pressure of other organs <br />
* The right kidney is most cranial in all species except the pig.<br />
* In species where the right kidney is most cranial it lies in a small fossa of the caudate liver lobe.<br />
* However the left kidney is the most mobile.<br />
* During development all species begin with a multi-lobed structure but a varying degree of fusion occurs between the species giving rise to the various different characteristics seen.<br />
<br />
==The Basic Components of the Kidney==<br />
<br />
===Outer fibrous capsule===<br />
<br />
A tough outer capsule surrounds the parenchyma and this prevents the kidney expanding. It is easily stripped away from a healthy kidney but adheres where pathology has occured.<br />
<br />
===Renal Cortex===<br />
* 2 Parts<br />
* External zone<br />
* Internal zone (juxtamedullar)<br />
* Contains the following parts of the [[The Nephron - Anatomy & Physiology| nephron]]<br />
** [[Microscopic Anatomy of the Nephron - Anatomy & Physiology#The Renal Corpuscle| Renal corpuscle]]<br />
** [[Microscopic Anatomy of the Nephron - Anatomy & Physiology#Proximal Tubule| Proximal convoluted tubule]]<br />
** [[Microscopic Anatomy of the Nephron - Anatomy & Physiology#The Distal Tubule| Distal convoluted tubule]]<br />
** [[WikiWords#Urinary Section| Medullary Rays]]<br />
<br />
===Renal Medulla===<br />
* Contains medullary pyramids<br />
* The part nearest the cortex is the base of the pyramid which narrows to form the inner part - renal papilla<br />
* The medulla can be split into two parts, the outer and the inner<br />
* Different parts of the [[The Nephron - Anatomy & Physiology| nephron]] reside in these areas<br />
====Outer Medulla====<br />
The outer medulla can be further divided into the outer and inner stripe<br />
<br />
=====The Outer Stripe=====<br />
This section located just inside the cortex contains the following parts of the [[The Nephron - Anatomy & Physiology| nephron]]:<br />
* [[Microscopic Anatomy of the Nephron - Anatomy & Physiology#Proximal Tubule| Proximal straight tubules]]<br />
* [[Microscopic Anatomy of the Nephron - Anatomy & Physiology#The Distal Tubule| Distal straight tubules]]<br />
* [[Microscopic Anatomy of the Nephron - Anatomy & Physiology#The Loop of Henle| Thin descending and thick ascending limbs of the loop of henle]]<br />
* [[Microscopic Anatomy of the Nephron - Anatomy & Physiology#Collecting Duct| Outer medullary collecting ducts]]<br />
* [[Microscopic Anatomy of the Nephron - Anatomy & Physiology #The Vasa Recta| Vasa recta]]<br />
<br />
=====The Inner Stripe=====<br />
Located inside of the outer stripe this section contains the following parts:<br />
* [[Microscopic Anatomy of the Nephron - Anatomy & Physiology#The Loop of Henle| Thin ascending and thick ascending limbs of the loop of henle]]<br />
* [[Microscopic Anatomy of the Nephron - Anatomy & Physiology#Collecting Duct| Outer medullary collecting ducts]]<br />
<br />
=====The Difference=====<br />
<br />
The outer stripe contains the straight proximal tubules and the inner does not. However the inner contains thin ascending limbs and the outer does not. This difference makes up the anatomical demarcation between the two stripes<br />
<br />
====Inner Medulla====<br />
* The inner medulla however only contains the following parts:<br />
** [[Microscopic Anatomy of the Nephron - Anatomy & Physiology#The Loop of Henle| Loop of henle]]<br />
** [[Microscopic Anatomy of the Nephron - Anatomy & Physiology#Collecting Duct| Collecting ducts]]<br />
** [[Microscopic Anatomy of the Nephron - Anatomy & Physiology #The Vasa Recta| Vasa recta]]<br />
<br />
===Renal Pelvis===<br />
* The renal sinus is located within an indentation on the medial side of the kidney<br />
* The renal pelvis is located within the renal sinus<br />
* All papillary ducts open here<br />
* The renal pelvis then drains into the ureters<br />
* Varies between species<br />
* Absent in cow<br />
* Contains mucous glands in the horse<br />
<br />
===Divisions of the Kidney===<br />
<br />
* The kidney is divided into [[WikiWords#Urinary Section| renal lobes]] from a structural point of view.<br />
* These can then be divided into a renal pyramid and the piece of cortex above it<br />
* Renal Pyramids are important descriptor of part of the kidney.<br />
**These structures are visible grossly are the region of the medulla which appears triangular in cross section. They are actually cone shaped and the pointed part which faces towards the renal pelvis is termed the apex and the part against the cortex the base.<br />
* They can also be subdivided into [[WikiWords#Urinary Section| renal lobules]] comprising of [[The Nephron - Anatomy & Physiology| nephrons]], [[WikiWords#Urinary Section| a medullary ray]] and [[Microscopic Anatomy of the Nephron - Anatomy & Physiology#Collecting Duct| a collecting duct]].<br />
<br />
* In some species the kidneys are described as '''multipyramidal''' this means they have multiple lobes and pyramids. Others are described as '''unipyramidal''' meaning they only have one lobe and pyramid.<br />
<br />
===Innervation===<br />
<br />
* Sympathetic and parasympathetic fibres from solar plexus<br />
* Travel with renal arteries<br />
* Sympathetic fibres synapse in coeliac ganglion and cranial mesenteric ganglion<br />
<br />
===Lymphatic Drainage===<br />
<br />
Renal lymph nodes<br />
<br />
==Anatomical Species Differences==<br />
[[Image:lambpigkidcombDM.jpg|right|thumb|150px|<small><center>A picture showing a typical lamb and pig kidney. (Courtesy of Donal McNally - University of Nottingham</center></small>]]<br />
The various species have major and rather striking differences in the structure of their kidneys.<br />
<br />
===Canine, Feline, and Ovine===<br />
These species all have similar renal anatomy. Their kidneys are relatively short and thick and they are the traditional kidney bean shape. They have a smooth outer surface and have a single renal papilla. The renal pelvis is large and irregular with recesses which are finger like processes.<br />
<br />
The kidney of the feline is relatively bigger than the other species and is quite distinctive because the sub-capsular veins which run towards the hilum are visible.<br />
<br />
===Bovine===<br />
<br />
The kidneys of the bovine do not lose their foetal lobulation. In fact the surface of each kidney is divided into approximately 12 lobules. The right kidney is flattened and ellipsoidal where as the left kidney is thicker at the caudal end than the cranial. Each kidney is surrounded by the capsula adiposa; a layer of fat. Despite what it’s externally lobulated appearance may suggest the cortex of the bovine kidney is continuous and the kidney is of multipyramidal type. The bovine kidney has no renal pelvis but rather the [[Ureters - Anatomy & Physiology | Ureters]] enters the kidney and divide into a cranial and caudal branch. These branches then subdivide and the papilla at the apex of the pyramids open and drain into these.<br />
<br />
The right ureter leaves the kidney and passes along the roof of the abdomen to the pelvis in a fairly standard pattern. The left ureter however moves across the dorsal surface of its kidney to return to the midline and follow a course as if the kidney was located on the left. (both kidneys in the bovine are located on the right see the anatomical landmarks section for further details)<br />
<br />
===Porcine===<br />
<br />
The kidneys are dorsoventrally flattened. The renal pelvis opens into quite a large space of two major calicyes from which bud about 10 minor calyces. These attach to one renal papillae each. The kidneys have a smooth surface.<br />
<br />
===Equine===<br />
<br />
The equine kidneys not only have very different shapes compared to the rest of the domestic species but they also each have a different shape. The right kidney is described as heart shaped whilst the left is described as being pyramidal. Each organ weighs approximately 700g and both are dorsoventrally flattened. The kidneys are basically unipyramidal and the only demarcation between what were the multiple pyramids of the foetus are the interlobar arteries. This is not always the case in the foal where it is common to be able to identify lobes and the external surface is not always smooth. The horse has a single renal papilla like the dog and its renal pelvis is large and irregular with 2 recesses (finger like processes). The cells of its pelvis secret mucin giving the urine its cloudy appearance.<br />
<br />
==Anatomical Landmarks==<br />
<br />
Each species has a slightly different orientation of the kidneys within the abdomen.<br />
<br />
===Carnivores===<br />
<br />
The kidneys in these species are very mobile. Especially the left one and especially in the feline. These anatomical landmarks describe the most common locations. The right kidney is more cranial than the left and tends to lie beneath L1 - L3 where as the left tends to lie under L2-L4. The reason the right kidney is less mobile than the left is that it tends to be almost entirely enclosed within the renal fossa of the caudate lobe of the [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]]. The kidneys are enclosed within a layer of fat and this increases with the obesity of the animal.<br />
<br />
Medially to the right kidney you will find the caudal vena cava and the right adrenal gland can be found dorsolateral to this structure but still medially to the kidney. Ventrally can be found the Descending [[Duodenum - Anatomy & Physiology|duodenum]] with the right pancreatic limb more towards the ventromedial aspect. In females the right ovary can be found caudoventrally.<br />
<br />
The '''Cranial pole''' of the left kidney contacts the [[Stomach and Abomasum - Anatomy & Physiology | Greater curvature of stomach]] it also contacts the [[Spleen - Anatomy & Physiology|spleen]] on its dorsomedial aspect as well as potentially contacting the left limb of the pancreas. The left adrenal gland can be found at the medial aspect of the cranial pole. The '''Caudal pole''' of the left kidney contacts the [[Small Intestine - Anatomy & Physiology|Small intestine]] and the Descending [[Colon - Anatomy & Physiology|colon]]. At its caudoventral aspect in females is found the left Ovary.<br />
<br />
===Ruminants===<br />
<br />
Due to the rumen taking up most of the left side of the abdomen it is normal in the bovine to find both of the kidneys on the right side. In the ovine the kidneys are surrounded by very thick masses of fat which reduce the impact of the rumen on their location. The kidneys in the living animal vary their position substantially with respiration and with the pressure of the other organs.<br />
<br />
The right kidney has a retroperitoneal attachment to the "sublumbar" musculature. Cranially it touches the liver. In the dead specimen the right kidney occupies the region between the last rib and somewhere between the 2nd and 3rd lumbar vertebrae’s transverse process. The right kidney usually contacts pancreas, duodenum, adrenal glands and colon as well as the afore mentioned liver.<br />
<br />
The left kidney in the bovine is to be found caudoventrally to the right one usually in the region between the 2nd and 4th lumbar vertebrae<br />
<br />
===Porcine===<br />
<br />
The left and right kidneys are more or less aligned in the pig unlike other species. The kidneys of the pig are embedded in lots of fat and lie against the psoas muscle. They span the distance between the last rib cranially and the 4th lumber vertebrae caudally. The '''right kidney''' does not touch the liver unlike other species and is related ventrally to the descending duodenum and jejunum. The '''left kidney''' is ventrally related to the ascending colon, the base of the caecum and the pancreas.<br />
<br />
===Equine===<br />
<br />
The kidneys of the horse are both enclosed in a fat capsule. Dorsally they rest against the psoas muscle and against the diaphragm.<br />
<br />
The right kidney is to be found ventrally to and between the last 2 ribs and first lumbar transverse process. Cranially it touches the liver and caudally it is attached to the pancreas and the base of caecum. The duodenum winds around its lateral and then ventral surfaces. Medially is the caudal vena cava and adrenal gland.<br />
<br />
The left kidney is between the last rib and 3rd transverse process. Its ventral surface is almost completely covered by the peritoneum and contacts the small intestine and and small colon. The spleen contacts it cranioventrally. Medially is the left adrenal gland and aorta.<br />
<br />
==Renal Blood Supply==<br />
<br />
* Supplied by renal arteries<br />
* Arise from aorta<br />
* 3-4mm diameter - dog<br />
* Often divide into dorsal and ventral branches before entering kidney<br />
* Common to find double the normal number - dog<br />
<br />
===Left Renal Vessels===<br />
<br />
* Left renal artery<br />
** Originates 2cm caudal to the right renal artery<br />
** ~3-4cm long - dog<br />
<br />
* Left renal vein<br />
** Immediately ventral to artery<br />
** ~3-4cm long - dog<br />
<br />
===Right Renal Vessels===<br />
<br />
* Right Renal Artery<br />
** 2cm cranial to left renal artery<br />
** 4 cm caudal to cranial mesenteric artery<br />
** Passes dorsal over the caudal vena cava<br />
** ~4-5cm long - dog<br />
<br />
* Right Renal Vein<br />
** Ventral to artery<br />
** ~4-5cm long - dog<br />
<br />
===Internal Vascularisation===<br />
<br />
Once the renal artery enters the kidney is divides into the interlobar arteries. These pass through the gaps between the renal pyramids as the reach the junctions between the cortex and medullar they branch into the arcuate arteries which move over the base of the pyramids. From these come the interlobular arteries which supply the individual lobules of the cortex. These arteries then branch many times to supply individual glomeruli. The capillaries of the glomerulus then rejoin to form one vessel which then forms the [[The Formation of the Filtrate by the Glomerular Apparatus- Anatomy & Physiology#Pressure in the Peritubular Capillaries|peritubular capillaries]] of that nephron. The interlobular arteries are examples of end arterioles and there are few anastomoses. Obstruction of one of these arterioles causes ischaemic damage in the kidneys. This is also potentially the case with the interlobar arteries.<br />
<br />
==Revision==<br />
<br />
Use the [[Macroscopic Renal Anatomy - Renal Flash Cards - Anatomy & Physiology|flash card revision resource]] for this section to test yourself.</div>
Lwyatri
https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Urinary_Bladder_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology&diff=36968
Urinary Bladder - Anatomy & Physiology
2008-09-17T21:46:02Z
<p>Lwyatri: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{toplink<br />
|backcolour = C1F0F6<br />
|linkpage =Urinary System - Anatomy & Physiology<br />
|linktext =URINARY SYSTEM<br />
|pagetype =Anatomy<br />
}}<br />
<br><br />
<br />
==Introduction==<br />
* The bladder is where urine is stored before being expelled by the body through the [[Process of Micturition | micturition reflex]].<br />
* Without a bladder urinary continence would be impossible.<br />
<br />
==Anatomy==<br />
[[Image:bladhistoanat1.jpg|right|thumb|275px|<small><center>Histology cross section of a normal guinea pig bladder (© RVC 2008)</center></small>]]<br />
[[Image:bladhistoanat2.jpg|right|thumb|275px|<small><center>Histology cross section of a normal guinea pig bladder (© RVC 2008)</center></small>]]<br />
* It is a hollow, muscular organ<br />
* It is divided for descriptive purposes into three parts<br />
** Cranial Pole<br />
** Intermediate body<br />
** Caudal neck<br />
* Its wall comprises a muscle layer covered in a transitional epithelial layer.<br />
* Its size and posistion are determined by how full it is.<br />
** When empty the bladder wall is wrinkled and thicker<br />
*** It rests on the pubic bones<br />
*** It is entirely in the pelvis of the large species but partly enters the abdomen of the carnivores<br />
*** It is largely retroperitoneal in the larger species<br />
** When full and distended the folds dissapear and the wall appears thinner<br />
*** It then becomes intraperitoneal in the larger species<br />
* The '''trigone''' of the bladder gets its name as it looks like a triangle without a base.<br />
** It is of clinical importance and is formed by the paired uteric folds<br />
** These form by the orifice of the ureters<br />
** It is visible even when the bladder is full<br />
** The folds extend from the urethral opening to the neck of the bladder<br />
** Where they merge to form the urethral crest<br />
** It is believed to have increased sensitivty and is of differant embryological origin to the rest of tissue. More details can be found [[Developmental Anatomy of the Kidneys and Urinary Tract - Anatomy & Physiology#The Bladder|here]]<br />
<br />
==Muscles of the Bladder==<br />
[[Image:sumlutshcemtri.jpg|right|thumb|275px|<small><center>A schematic overview of the lower urinary tract showing the innervation and muscles of the bladder</center></small>]]<br />
The three muscular components of the bladder described below play a pivotal part in the [[Process of Micturition | micturition reflex.]] <br />
<br />
====Detrusor Muscle====<br />
This network of smooth muscle fibres lie in three sheets within the bladder wall and are supplied by both parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves. It is responsible for storage and expression of urine from the bladder.<br />
=====Parasympathetic Supply - Detrusor Muscle=====<br />
* S1-S3<br />
* Synapse in pelvic plexus or bladder wall<br />
* Pelvic nerves<br />
* Innvervate the detrusor muscle<br />
* Action - excitatory<br />
* Function - empty bladder<br />
<br />
=====Sympathetic Supply - Detrusor Muscle=====<br />
* L1-L4<br />
* Syanpse in caudal mesenteric ganglion - bladder wall<br />
* Hypogastric nerve<br />
* Receptor - beta 2<br />
* Inhibitory action<br />
* Allows bladder filling<br />
<br />
====Internal Urethral Sphincter====<br />
Its a thickening of the bladder musculature found at the neck of the bladder which is continous with the detrusor and is therefore smooth muscle. However unlike the detrusor its innervation is purely from sympathetic fibres.<br />
<br />
=====Sympathetic Supply - Internal Urethral Sphincter=====<br />
* L1-L4<br />
* Synapse in caudal mesenteric ganglion<br />
* Hypogastric nerve<br />
* Receptor - alpha 1<br />
* Excitatory action<br />
* Function - retain urine through increased urethral tone<br />
<br />
====External Urethral Sphincter====<br />
This third component is more appropriately included in the anatomy section of the [[Urethra - Anatomy & Physiology#Muscles of the Urethra|urethra]].<br />
<br />
==The Ligaments of the Bladder==<br />
<br />
* Two lateral ligaments<br />
** Insert in the dorsal abdominal wall<br />
** Within them are the residual umbilical vessels which still have some patency and convey small amounts of blood to the cranial bladder<br />
** They attach onto the bladder wall at the lateral vesical folds.<br />
<br />
* Median ligament<br />
** Connects the bladder to pelvic floor and linea alba<br />
** Attaches into the bladder at the median vesical fold<br />
** In the foetus this ligament supports the urachus.<br />
<br />
==Blood Supply, Innervation and Lymphatic Drainage==<br />
[[Image:sumbsbladurtri.jpg|right|thumb|275px|<small><center>A schematic overview of the blood supply to the bladder and urethra</center></small>]]<br />
===Blood Supply===<br />
The bladder is supplied by cranial and a caudal vesical arteries.<br />
<br />
=====Cranial Vesicular Artery=====<br />
* Branch of the umbilical artery which branches directly off the internal iliac a.<br />
* Often not present in the dog thanks to a great reduction of the umbilical artery after birth <br />
* In cattle it is weak<br />
* In pigs and horses it is relatively strong<br />
<br />
=====Caudal Vesicular Artery=====<br />
<br />
* Branch of the vaginal or prostatic artery<br />
** These in turn are branches of the internal pudendal artery which in turn is a branch of the internal iliac.<br />
* Main supply to the bladder<br />
<br />
=====Species Differences in the Origin of the Vaginal Artery=====<br />
<br />
The description above relates to the bitch. However the vaginal artery branches directly off the internal iliac in some species. This is because the level of the division of the internal iliac a. into the internal pudendal a. and caudal gluteal a. varies. The division is more cranial in the dog and the horse so you have a short internal iliac and a long internal pudendal and the vaginal artery branches off the latter in these species. In the cow and pig however the reverse is true and division is far more caudal resulting in the vaginal artery actually being a branch of the internal iliac.<br />
<br />
===Lymphatic Drainage=== <br />
<br />
*Iliosacral lymph nodes<br />
<br />
==Alternative Anatomical Thinking==<br />
<br />
Some people now think that rather than an internal sphincter which contracts to resist urine outflow there is an actual structure which is opened when its muscle bundles contract. This would mean in these species that urinary continence relies on the external sphincter. It is not certain as yet which structure is correct but this idea does concur with the recent demonstration that the proximal urethra plays a role in urine storage in the dog and goat.<br />
<br />
==Revision==<br />
<br />
Use the [[Bladder - Anatomy & Physiology - Renal Flash Cards - Anatomy & Physiology|flash card revision resource]] for this section to test yourself.</div>
Lwyatri
https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Ureters_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology&diff=36967
Ureters - Anatomy & Physiology
2008-09-17T21:45:43Z
<p>Lwyatri: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{toplink<br />
|backcolour = C1F0F6<br />
|linkpage =Urinary System - Anatomy & Physiology<br />
|linktext =URINARY SYSTEM<br />
|pagetype =Anatomy<br />
}}<br />
<br><br />
<br />
<br />
==Overview==<br />
[[Image:ureterhistoanat.jpg|right|thumb|300px|<small><center>Histology section of a normal ureter (© RVC 2008)</center></small>]]<br />
[[Image:ureterhistoanat2.jpg|right|thumb|300px|<small><center>Histology section of a normal ureter (© RVC 2008)</center></small>]]<br />
The ureters convey urine from the renal pelvis to the bladder. There are two of them, one for each kidney. The ureters run retroperitoneally along the roof of the abdominal cavity and then enters the pelvis. Once entering the pelvis it moves medially in the broad ligament of the female or the genital fold of the male. It ends at its junction on the dorsolateral surface of the bladder within the lateral ligament.<br />
<br />
==Wall==<br />
<br />
* It has an internal mucosa layer<br />
** It is formed from transitory epithelium<br />
** Protects against urine<br />
* Followed by a muscularis layer<br />
** This is well developed for peristalsis, though can enter into spasm on irritation<br />
* And finally an external adventitia<br />
<br />
==Junction with the Bladder==<br />
<br />
* The ureter enters the bladder obliquely near the neck of the bladder<br />
* Runs between the muscular layers and mucosa<br />
* This stops back flow when the bladder is full as increasing pressure in the [[Bladder - Anatomy & Physiology | bladder]] pushes the two layers together occluding the ends of the ureters.<br />
* They open through 2 slits on a raised "hillock"<br />
<br />
==Movement of Urine==<br />
<br />
The movement of urine along the ureters is achieved by peristalsis which is powered by locally regulated smooth muscle. This maintains a low pressure in the renal pelvis.<br />
<br />
==Vascular Supply==<br />
<br />
<DL><br />
<DT>Renal pelvis and proximal ureter<br />
<DD>Renal artery<br />
<br />
<DT>Distal ureter<br />
<DD>Cranial vesicular artery and the vaginal (female) / prostatic (male)<br />
</DL><br />
<br />
==Lymphatic Drainage==<br />
<br />
Lumbar lymph nodes<br />
<br />
==Revision==<br />
<br />
Use the [[Ureters - Renal Flash Cards - Anatomy & Physiology|flash card revision resource]] for this section to test yourself.</div>
Lwyatri
https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Renal_Anatomy_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology&diff=36964
Renal Anatomy - Anatomy & Physiology
2008-09-17T21:44:49Z
<p>Lwyatri: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{toplink<br />
|backcolour = C1F0F6<br />
|linkpage =Urinary System - Anatomy & Physiology<br />
|linktext =URINARY SYSTEM<br />
|pagetype =Anatomy<br />
}}<br />
<br><br />
{|align="right"<br />
|__TOC__<br />
|}<br />
==Common Anatomy==<br />
[[Image:basicnormkidap.jpg|right|thumb|250px|<small><center>Histology section of a normal kidney (© RVC 2008)</center></small>]]<br />
[[Image:normkidcortap.jpg|right|thumb|250px|<small><center>Histology section of a normal renal cortex (© RVC 2008)</center></small>]]<br />
[[Image:promaledogab.jpg|right|thumb|250px|<small><center>A prosection of the abdomen of a male dog (© UoN 2008)</center></small>]]<br />
[[Image:profemaledogab.jpg|right|thumb|250px|<small><center>A prosection of the abdomen of a female dog(© UoN 2008)</center></small>]]<br />
[[Image:sagkidlabelled.jpg|right|thumb|250px|<small><center>A labelled saggital section of a lamb kidney(Courtesy of Donal McNally - University of Nottingham)</center></small>]]<br />
* The kidney is the part of the urinary tract where blood is filtered and urine is produced. <br />
* The kidneys are paired and lie in a retroperitoneal position. <br />
* They are positioned in the caudo-dorsal abdomen.<br />
* They lie within a splitting of the sublumbar fascia. This also often contains a large quantity of fat to cushion and protect the kidneys from the pressure of other organs <br />
* The right kidney is most cranial in all species except the pig.<br />
* In species where the right kidney is most cranial it lies in a small fossa of the caudate liver lobe.<br />
* However the left kidney is the most mobile.<br />
* During development all species begin with a multi-lobed structure but a varying degree of fusion occurs between the species giving rise to the various different characteristics seen.<br />
<br />
==The Basic Components of the Kidney==<br />
<br />
===Outer fibrous capsule===<br />
<br />
A tough outer capsule surrounds the parenchyma and this prevents the kidney expanding. It is easily stripped away from a healthy kidney but adheres where pathology has occured.<br />
<br />
===Renal Cortex===<br />
* 2 Parts<br />
* External zone<br />
* Internal zone (juxtamedullar)<br />
* Contains the following parts of the [[The Nephron - Anatomy & Physiology| nephron]]<br />
** [[Microscopic Anatomy of the Nephron - Anatomy & Physiology#The Renal Corpuscle| Renal corpuscle]]<br />
** [[Microscopic Anatomy of the Nephron - Anatomy & Physiology#Proximal Tubule| Proximal convoluted tubule]]<br />
** [[Microscopic Anatomy of the Nephron - Anatomy & Physiology#The Distal Tubule| Distal convoluted tubule]]<br />
** [[Useful definitions - Renal Anatomy & Physiology#M| Medullary Rays]]<br />
<br />
===Renal Medulla===<br />
* Contains medullary pyramids<br />
* The part nearest the cortex is the base of the pyramid which narrows to form the inner part - renal papilla<br />
* The medulla can be split into two parts, the outer and the inner<br />
* Different parts of the [[The Nephron - Anatomy & Physiology| nephron]] reside in these areas<br />
====Outer Medulla====<br />
The outer medulla can be further divided into the outer and inner stripe<br />
<br />
=====The Outer Stripe=====<br />
This section located just inside the cortex contains the following parts of the [[The Nephron - Anatomy & Physiology| nephron]]:<br />
* [[Microscopic Anatomy of the Nephron - Anatomy & Physiology#Proximal Tubule| Proximal straight tubules]]<br />
* [[Microscopic Anatomy of the Nephron - Anatomy & Physiology#The Distal Tubule| Distal straight tubules]]<br />
* [[Microscopic Anatomy of the Nephron - Anatomy & Physiology#The Loop of Henle| Thin descending and thick ascending limbs of the loop of henle]]<br />
* [[Microscopic Anatomy of the Nephron - Anatomy & Physiology#Collecting Duct| Outer medullary collecting ducts]]<br />
* [[Microscopic Anatomy of the Nephron - Anatomy & Physiology #The Vasa Recta| Vasa recta]]<br />
<br />
=====The Inner Stripe=====<br />
Located inside of the outer stripe this section contains the following parts:<br />
* [[Microscopic Anatomy of the Nephron - Anatomy & Physiology#The Loop of Henle| Thin ascending and thick ascending limbs of the loop of henle]]<br />
* [[Microscopic Anatomy of the Nephron - Anatomy & Physiology#Collecting Duct| Outer medullary collecting ducts]]<br />
<br />
=====The Difference=====<br />
<br />
The outer stripe contains the straight proximal tubules and the inner does not. However the inner contains thin ascending limbs and the outer does not. This difference makes up the anatomical demarcation between the two stripes<br />
<br />
====Inner Medulla====<br />
* The inner medulla however only contains the following parts:<br />
** [[Microscopic Anatomy of the Nephron - Anatomy & Physiology#The Loop of Henle| Loop of henle]]<br />
** [[Microscopic Anatomy of the Nephron - Anatomy & Physiology#Collecting Duct| Collecting ducts]]<br />
** [[Microscopic Anatomy of the Nephron - Anatomy & Physiology #The Vasa Recta| Vasa recta]]<br />
<br />
===Renal Pelvis===<br />
* The renal sinus is located within an indentation on the medial side of the kidney<br />
* The renal pelvis is located within the renal sinus<br />
* All papillary ducts open here<br />
* The renal pelvis then drains into the ureters<br />
* Varies between species<br />
* Absent in cow<br />
* Contains mucous glands in the horse<br />
<br />
===Divisions of the Kidney===<br />
<br />
* The kidney is divided into [[Useful definitions - Renal Anatomy & Physiology#R| renal lobes]] from a structural point of view.<br />
* These can then be divided into a renal pyramid and the piece of cortex above it<br />
* Renal Pyramids are important descriptor of part of the kidney.<br />
**These structures are visible grossly are the region of the medulla which appears triangular in cross section. They are actually cone shaped and the pointed part which faces towards the renal pelvis is termed the apex and the part against the cortex the base.<br />
* They can also be subdivided into [[Useful definitions - Renal Anatomy & Physiology#R| renal lobules]] comprising of [[The Nephron - Anatomy & Physiology| nephrons]], [[Useful definitions - Renal Anatomy & Physiology | a medullary ray]] and [[Microscopic Anatomy of the Nephron - Anatomy & Physiology#Collecting Duct| a collecting duct]].<br />
<br />
* In some species the kidneys are described as '''multipyramidal''' this means they have multiple lobes and pyramids. Others are described as '''unipyramidal''' meaning they only have one lobe and pyramid.<br />
<br />
===Innervation===<br />
<br />
* Sympathetic and parasympathetic fibres from solar plexus<br />
* Travel with renal arteries<br />
* Sympathetic fibres synapse in coeliac ganglion and cranial mesenteric ganglion<br />
<br />
===Lymphatic Drainage===<br />
<br />
Renal lymph nodes<br />
<br />
==Anatomical Species Differences==<br />
[[Image:lambpigkidcombDM.jpg|right|thumb|250px|<small><center>A picture showing a typical lamb and pig kidney. (Courtesy of Donal McNally - University of Nottingham</center></small>]]<br />
The various species have major and rather striking differences in the structure of their kidneys.<br />
<br />
===Canine, Feline, and Ovine===<br />
These species all have similar renal anatomy. Their kidneys are relatively short and thick and they are the traditional kidney bean shape. They have a smooth outer surface and have a single renal papilla. The renal pelvis is large and irregular with recesses which are finger like processes.<br />
<br />
The kidney of the feline is relatively bigger than the other species and is quite distinctive because the sub-capsular veins which run towards the hilum are visible.<br />
<br />
===Bovine===<br />
The kidneys of the bovine do not lose their foetal lobulation. In fact the surface of each kidney is divided into approximately 12 lobules. The right kidney is flattened and ellipsoidal where as the left kidney is thicker at the caudal end than the cranial. Each kidney is surrounded by the capsula adiposa; a layer of fat. Despite what it’s externally lobulated appearance may suggest the cortex of the bovine kidney is continuous and the kidney is of multipyramidal type. The bovine kidney has no renal pelvis but rather the [[Ureters - Anatomy & Physiology | Ureters]] enters the kidney and divide into a cranial and caudal branch. These branches then subdivide and the papilla at the apex of the pyramids open and drain into these.<br />
<br />
The right ureter leaves the kidney and passes along the roof of the abdomen to the pelvis in a fairly standard pattern. The left ureter however moves across the dorsal surface of its kidney to return to the midline and follow a course as if the kidney was located on the left. (both kidneys in the bovine are located on the right see the anatomical landmarks section for further details)<br />
<br />
===Porcine===<br />
The kidneys are dorsoventrally flattened. The renal pelvis opens into quite a large space of two major calicyes from which bud about 10 minor calyces. These attach to one renal papillae each. The kidneys have a smooth surface.<br />
<br />
===Equine===<br />
<br />
The equine kidneys not only have very different shapes compared to the rest of the domestic species but they also each have a different shape. The right kidney is described as heart shaped whilst the left is described as being pyramidal. Each organ weighs approximately 700g and both are dorsoventrally flattened. The kidneys are basically unipyramidal and the only demarcation between what were the multiple pyramids of the foetus are the interlobar arteries. This is not always the case in the foal where it is common to be able to identify lobes and the external surface is not always smooth. The horse has a single renal papilla like the dog and its renal pelvis is large and irregular with 2 recesses (finger like processes). The cells of its pelvis secret mucin giving the urine its cloudy appearance.<br />
<br />
==Anatomical Landmarks==<br />
<br />
Each species has a slightly different orientation of the kidneys within the abdomen.<br />
<br />
===Carnivores===<br />
<br />
The kidneys in these species are very mobile. Especially the left one and especially in the feline. These anatomical landmarks describe the most common locations. The right kidney is more cranial than the left and tends to lie beneath L1 - L3 where as the left tends to lie under L2-L4. The reason the right kidney is less mobile than the left is that it tends to be almost entirely enclosed within the renal fossa of the caudate lobe of the [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]]. The kidneys are enclosed within a layer of fat and this increases with the obesity of the animal.<br />
<br />
Medially to the right kidney you will find the caudal vena cava and the right adrenal gland can be found dorsolateral to this structure but still medially to the kidney. Ventrally can be found the Descending [[Duodenum - Anatomy & Physiology|duodenum]] with the right pancreatic limb more towards the ventromedial aspect. In females the right ovary can be found caudoventrally.<br />
<br />
The '''Cranial pole''' of the left kidney contacts the [[Stomach and Abomasum - Anatomy & Physiology | Greater curvature of stomach]] it also contacts the [[Spleen - Anatomy & Physiology|spleen]] on its dorsomedial aspect as well as potentially contacting the left limb of the pancreas. The left adrenal gland can be found at the medial aspect of the cranial pole. The '''Caudal pole''' of the left kidney contacts the [[Small Intestine - Anatomy & Physiology|Small intestine]] and the Descending [[Colon - Anatomy & Physiology|colon]]. At its caudoventral aspect in females is found the left Ovary.<br />
<br />
===Ruminants===<br />
<br />
Due to the rumen taking up most of the left side of the abdomen it is normal in the bovine to find both of the kidneys on the right side. In the ovine the kidneys are surrounded by very thick masses of fat which reduce the impact of the rumen on their location. The kidneys in the living animal vary their position substantially with respiration and with the pressure of the other organs.<br />
<br />
The right kidney has a retroperitoneal attachment to the "sublumbar" musculature. Cranially it touches the liver. In the dead specimen the right kidney occupies the region between the last rib and somewhere between the 2nd and 3rd lumbar vertebrae’s transverse process. The right kidney usually contacts pancreas, duodenum, adrenal glands and colon as well as the afore mentioned liver.<br />
<br />
The left kidney in the bovine is to be found caudoventrally to the right one usually in the region between the 2nd and 4th lumbar vertebrae<br />
<br />
===Porcine===<br />
<br />
The left and right kidneys are more or less aligned in the pig unlike other species. The kidneys of the pig are embedded in lots of fat and lie against the psoas muscle. They span the distance between the last rib cranially and the 4th lumber vertebrae caudally. The '''right kidney''' does not touch the liver unlike other species and is related ventrally to the descending duodenum and jejunum. The '''left kidney''' is ventrally related to the ascending colon, the base of the caecum and the pancreas.<br />
<br />
===Equine===<br />
<br />
The kidneys of the horse are both enclosed in a fat capsule. Dorsally they rest against the psoas muscle and against the diaphragm.<br />
<br />
The right kidney is to be found ventrally to and between the last 2 ribs and first lumbar transverse process. Cranially it touches the liver and caudally it is attached to the pancreas and the base of caecum. The duodenum winds around its lateral and then ventral surfaces. Medially is the caudal vena cava and adrenal gland.<br />
<br />
The left kidney is between the last rib and 3rd transverse process. Its ventral surface is almost completely covered by the peritoneum and contacts the small intestine and and small colon. The spleen contacts it cranioventrally. Medially is the left adrenal gland and aorta.<br />
<br />
==Renal Blood Supply==<br />
<br />
* Supplied by renal arteries<br />
* Arise from aorta<br />
* 3-4mm diameter - dog<br />
* Often divide into dorsal and ventral branches before entering kidney<br />
* Common to find double the normal number - dog<br />
<br />
===Left Renal Vessels===<br />
<br />
* Left renal artery<br />
** Originates 2cm caudal to the right renal artery<br />
** ~3-4cm long - dog<br />
<br />
* Left renal vein<br />
** Immediately ventral to artery<br />
** ~3-4cm long - dog<br />
<br />
===Right Renal Vessels===<br />
<br />
* Right Renal Artery<br />
** 2cm cranial to left renal artery<br />
** 4 cm caudal to cranial mesenteric artery<br />
** Passes dorsal over the caudal vena cava<br />
** ~4-5cm long - dog<br />
<br />
* Right Renal Vein<br />
** Ventral to artery<br />
** ~4-5cm long - dog<br />
<br />
===Internal Vascularisation===<br />
<br />
Once the renal artery enters the kidney is divides into the interlobar arteries. These pass through the gaps between the renal pyramids as the reach the junctions between the cortex and medullar they branch into the arcuate arteries which move over the base of the pyramids. From these come the interlobular arteries which supply the individual lobules of the cortex. These arteries then branch many times to supply individual glomeruli. The capillaries of the glomerulus then rejoin to form one vessel which then forms the [[Peritubular Capillaries - Anatomy & Physiology|peritubular capillaries]] of that nephron. The interlobular arteries are examples of end arterioles and there are few anastomoses. Obstruction of one of these arterioles causes ischaemic damage in the kidneys. This is also potentially the case with the interlobar arteries.<br />
<br />
==Revision==<br />
<br />
Use the [[Macroscopic Renal Anatomy - Renal Flash Cards - Anatomy & Physiology|flash card revision resource]] for this section to test yourself.</div>
Lwyatri
https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Exotic_Urinary_System_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology&diff=36182
Exotic Urinary System - Anatomy & Physiology
2008-09-11T22:59:00Z
<p>Lwyatri: /* Avian Renal Portal System */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{toplink<br />
|backcolour = C1F0F6<br />
|linkpage =Urinary System - Anatomy & Physiology<br />
|linktext =URINARY SYSTEM<br />
|maplink = Urinary System (Content Map) - Anatomy & Physiology<br />
|pagetype =Anatomy<br />
}}<br />
<br><br />
{|align="right"<br />
|__TOC__<br />
|}<br />
==Introduction==<br />
This section is devoted specifically to the renal anatomy and physiology of fish, aquatic and terrestrial amphibians, birds and reptiles. These animals excrete nitrogenous waste differently to domestic mammals, this combined with the very different habitats where these animals exist results in a variety of different renal mechanisms and appearances. <br />
<br />
==Nitrogenous Waste==<br />
<br />
Different organisms excrete nitrogen in different forms<br />
<br />
====Ammonia====<br />
<br />
* Some organisms excrete nitrogen directly as ammonia<br />
* They are known as '''ammonotelic''' organisms<br />
* This is how fish and aquatic amphibians excrete nitrogenous waste<br />
* Relatively toxic but it is better tolerated by aquatic animals due to dilution<br />
* 400ml of water is also excreted per gram of ammonia making this an unrealistic option for terrestrial organisms<br />
<br />
<br />
====Urea====<br />
<br />
* Some animals process ammonia into urea <br />
* They are known as '''ureotelic''' organisms<br />
* Mammals and terrestrial amphibians<br />
* 40ml of water is excreted per gram of urea excreted<br />
* Urea is very soluble and non-toxic<br />
<br />
<br />
====Uric Acid====<br />
* Referred to as '''Uricotelism'''<br />
* Urea is further processed to uric acid<br />
* Carried out by birds and reptiles<br />
* Only 8ml of water is co-excreted per gram<br />
* Highly insoluble and less toxic than ammonia, though it can precipitate into body cavities<br />
<br />
==Fish==<br />
<br />
====Anatomy====<br />
Fish have a single kidney which is the same length as the coelom. It can be divided up into cranial and caudal parts; the cranial part has endocrine and haematopoietic functions and the caudal is where filtration occurs. It is not uncommon for some species to have no glomeruli however as a rule freshwater fish have larger glomeruli in greater numbers. Some species also have renal portal veins.<br />
<br />
====Osmoregulation====<br />
<br />
* Fish have no loop of henle and water movement is by osmosis<br />
* Ammonia is removed via the urine and the gills<br />
<br />
=====Freshwater=====<br />
<br />
As the environment is hypotonic compared to the body of the fish ions are lost and water is gained across the gills therefore the kidney excretes water and has a very high glomerular filtration rate. The gills also undertake active uptake of NaCl and excrete ammonia and the diet is also very important for maintaining NaCl levels<br />
<br />
=====Saltwater=====<br />
The environment is hypotonic compared to the body of the fish therefore water is lost across their gills so they drink sea water to replace this which results in a large intake of salt (activates Angiotensin 2). They excrete both ammonia and NaCl across their gills and further NaCl across their skin. Their kidneys have small or absent glomeruli and their main function is the elimination of excess divalent ions e.g. Mg<sup>2+</sup><br />
<br />
==Amphibian==<br />
<br />
====Anatomy====<br />
<br />
In amphibians urine moves from the kidney down the ducts into the cloaca and then onto a urinary bladder. Caudates and Anurans possess renal portal veins which carry blood from the hind limbs to the kidney before it goes back to the heart. They have paired posterior kidneys which lie retroperitoneally. Caecilians have no renal portal veins and have one kidney the full length of the coelom<br />
<br />
====Physiology====<br />
<br />
* Aquatic amphibians excrete ammonia whereas terrestrial species excrete uric acid<br />
* Their kidneys filter coelomic and or vascular fluid<br />
* They have a high GFR<br />
* Their urine is hypo-osmotic<br />
* They have a urinary bladder<br />
<br />
=====Aquatic Amphibians=====<br />
<br />
Aquatic amphibians have extremely water permeable skin and therefore lots of osmosis occurs across the skin. It falls to the kidney to excrete excess water and ammonia<br />
<br />
=====Terrestrial Amphibians=====<br />
<br />
Terrestrial amphibians have the totally opposite problem to their aquatic counterparts. To them water conservation is very important as water is lost via various routes including evaporation. They therefore have a urinary bladder which is permeable and water is reabsorbed across it this is controlled by arginine vasotocin (AVT). This chemical increases the number of aquaporins in the membrane. They excrete urea and are able to decrease their GFR if water is reduced.<br />
<br />
==Avian==<br />
[[Image:avrenalanattri.jpg|right|thumb|300px|<small><center>A schematic showing the vascularisation of the avian kidneys, specifically the renal portal structure. N.B. the renal arteries have been excluded</center></small>]]<br />
====Anatomy====<br />
<br />
Birds have paired kidneys which account for 1 – 2.5% of their body weight which is significant compared to 0.5% in mammals. They are located caudal to the caudal edge of the lungs near the abdominal air sac diverticulum. They are subdivided into cranial, middle and caudal parts and have lobules comprising a cortex and a medullar cone. Birds have a renal portal system similar to that of reptiles.<br />
<br />
====Types of Nephron====<br />
<br />
There are two possible types of nephrons found in birds<br />
<br />
* The first type is similar to that of reptiles<br />
** No loop of henle<br />
** Cortex only<br />
<br />
* The second type is more similar to that of mammals and is found in 10 – 30% of species<br />
** Loop of henle’s are present<br />
** Cortex and medulla<br />
<br />
* However both systems only allow for limited urine concentration<br />
<br />
====Physiology of the Elimination of Uric Acid====<br />
<br />
* Birds excrete uric acid as a white / light yellow colloidal suspension<br />
* Uric acid crystals precipitate (no osmotic pressure)<br />
* Small volume<br />
* Precipitate contains uric acid, sodium/potassium and protein<br />
* Urine enter cloaca and mixes with the faecal material<br />
<br />
====Salt glands====<br />
<br />
These glands are found in desert and aquatic birds as salt consumption exceeds renal clearance. These supraorbital glands drain into the nostrils and account for 20% of total NaCl excretion. They are not under the control of kidneys and they hypertrophy if the birds salt intake increases.<br />
<br />
====Avian Renal Portal System====<br />
<br />
In birds the blood from the hindlimbs is carried directly to the kidneys. The cranial and caudal renal portal veins deliver blood from the hindlimbs into the capillary beds of the interlobar arteries. Therefore blood which has already been through capillary beds in the hind limbs mixes with blood directly from the heart. It bypasses the glomeruli and waste products in the blood are secreted directly into the tubules. This is thought to be a more efficent way to excrete uric acid and urate. A portal valve regulates how much blood from the hindlimbs passes through the kidneys. When open very little blood enters the capillary beds as it follows the path of least resistance. If the valve narrows then blood is forced into the capillary beds. However some blood always escapes thanks to connections with both the caudal mesenteric veins and vertebral sinuses. It is of significance when injecting these animals if the injection is given in the caudal half of the body most of the drug will be potentially lost in the urine before it has time to act it may also be toxic to the kidney as it has not been metabolised by the liver<br />
<br />
====Other Roles of the Avian Kidney====<br />
<br />
* Activates vitamin D<br />
<br />
==Reptile==<br />
<br />
====Gross Renal Anatomy of Lizards====<br />
<br />
Two kidneys are present in lizards but the caudal aspect of them is fused in many species. Also the presence of a urinary bladder is species specific.<br />
<br />
====Gross Renal Anatomy of Snakes====<br />
<br />
* Snakes have paired kidneys with the right being most cranial. <br />
* The kidneys are comprised of 25-30 lobules<br />
* No bladder <br />
** Urine is stored in either the distal colon or flared ends on each urethra<br />
<br />
====Gross Renal Anatomy of Chelonians====<br />
<br />
Chelonians have an osmotically permeable bladder which can reabsorb water. This structure acts as a buoyancy aid in aquatic turtles and helps reabsorb sodium. Some species have paired accessory bladders off the main structure<br />
<br />
====Microscopic Renal Anatomy of Reptiles====<br />
<br />
Reptiles have no pelvis, pyramids, cortex or medulla and kidney is only made up of a few thousand nephrons with poorly developed glomeruli. Few capillaries supply the kidneys and the nephrons have no loop of henle. In squamate males a sexual segment between the distal tubule and collecting ducts is present.<br />
<br />
====Nitrogenous Waste====<br />
<br />
Reptiles excrete nitrogenous waste mainly in the form of uric acid. It is suspended in spheres complexed with protein and sodium (carnivorous diet) or potassium (herbivorous diet) along with mucoid substances (glycoprotein and mucopolysaccharides). As a result their urine contains large quantities of protein.<br />
<br />
====Uric Acid Secretion in Reptiles====<br />
<br />
Uric acid is secreted into the proximal tubules actively using potassium and into the bladder (where present) is response to H<sup>+</sup> secretion. The secretion of urate increases in response to a decrease in blood pH. <br />
<br />
<br />
In the urodeum urine moves via reverse peristalsis to the rectum where some protein is reabsorbed to be recycled<br />
<br />
====Post Renal Urine Modification in Reptiles====<br />
<br />
Voided urine is not reflective of kidney function due to the transport of ions and water across the colon wall and the reabsorption of sodium / excretion of potassium and urates in the bladder.<br />
<br />
====Reptilian Renal Adaptations for Water Conservation====<br />
<br />
* Very few nephrons therefore low GFR<br />
* They secrete uric acid <br />
* Able to decrease GFR in times of stress<br />
* Salt glands allow excretion of sodium and potassium without concurrent water loss<br />
* Water is reabsorbed from urine in the colon<br />
<br />
====Reptilian Response to Dehydration====<br />
<br />
* The afferent arteriole collapses in response to increased levels of arginine vasotocin<br />
* The glomeruli close and the tubules collapse<br />
* This results in a significantly decreased GFR and therefore decreased excretion<br />
* Renal portal blood perfuses the tubules<br />
<br />
====Reptilian Renal Portal System====<br />
* Similar to that of birds<br />
* The renal portal vein bypasses the glomeruli of the kidneys<br />
* In some species it has a valve<br />
** If closed<br />
*** Blood goes from the hindlimbs to the kidneys to the heart<br />
**Valves open<br />
*** Response to stress<br />
*** Blood bypasses kidney<br />
=====Significance=====<br />
*This means if the animal is stressed and is injected in the caudal half of the body the drug will have greater effects as it will not be filtered<br />
*If the animal is not stressed most of the drug will be potentially lost in the urine before it has time to act it may also be toxic to the kidney as it has not been metabolised by the liver<br />
*This is why it is best to inject them in the cranial half of the body<br />
<br />
====Reptilian Salt Glands====<br />
<br />
* Similar to birds<br />
* Actively secrete sodium and potassium <br />
* They are located near the eye or nasal passages<br />
* They are stimulated by a high plasma osmotic concentration<br />
* Allow reptiles to “sneeze” excess salt<br />
* Sea turtles have modified tear glands which allow them to secrete salt from their eyes<br />
<br />
====Other Roles of the Reptilian Kidney====<br />
<br />
* Activates vitamin D<br />
* Synthesises Vitamin C</div>
Lwyatri
https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Urine_Production_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology&diff=36022
Urine Production - Anatomy & Physiology
2008-09-10T19:19:26Z
<p>Lwyatri: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{toplink<br />
|backcolour = C1F0F6<br />
|linkpage =The Nephron - Anatomy & Physiology<br />
|linktext =THE NEPHRON<br />
|thispagenormal = Urine Production - Anatomy & Physiology<br />
|thispagetable = Urine Production (Table) - Anatomy & Physiology<br />
|pagetype =Anatomy<br />
}}<br />
<br><br />
<br />
<big>'''[[The Formation of the Filtrate by the Glomerular Apparatus- Anatomy & Physiology| The Formation of the Filtrate]]'''<br />
<br />
<br />
'''[[Reabsorption and Secretion Along the Nephron - Anatomy & Physiology| Reabsorption and Secretion Along the Nephron]]'''<br />
<br />
<br />
'''[[Important Hormonal Regulators of the Kidney - Anatomy & Physiology|Important Hormonal Regulators of the Kidney]]'''</big></div>
Lwyatri
https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Urine_Production_(Table)_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology&diff=36021
Urine Production (Table) - Anatomy & Physiology
2008-09-10T19:19:16Z
<p>Lwyatri: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{toplink<br />
|backcolour = C1F0F6<br />
|linkpage =The Nephron (Table) - Anatomy & Physiology<br />
|linktext =THE NEPHRON<br />
|thispagenormal = Urine Production - Anatomy & Physiology<br />
|thispagetable = Urine Production (Table) - Anatomy & Physiology<br />
|pagetype =Anatomy<br />
}}<br />
<br><br />
<!--Urine Production - Anatomy & Physiology--><br />
{{infotable<br />
|Maintitle = Urine Production<br />
|Maintitlebackcolour = 66CC33<br />
|subheading1colour = 66ff33<br />
|subheading1 = [[The Formation of the Filtrate by the Glomerular Apparatus- Anatomy & Physiology|Formation of the Filtrate]]<br />
|subheading1width =33.3<br />
|subheading1text = <center>[[The Formation of the Filtrate by the Glomerular Apparatus- Anatomy & Physiology#Glomerular Filtration|Glomerular Filtration]], [[The Formation of the Filtrate by the Glomerular Apparatus- Anatomy & Physiology#Glomerular Filtration Rate|Glomerular Filtration Rate]], [[The Formation of the Filtrate by the Glomerular Apparatus- Anatomy & Physiology#Pressure in the Peritubular Capillaries|Pressure in the Peritubular Capillaries]], [[The Formation of the Filtrate by the Glomerular Apparatus- Anatomy & Physiology#Renal Clearance|Renal Clearance]]</center> <br />
|subheading2colour = 66ff33<br />
|subheading2 = Reabsorption and Secretion Along the Nephron<br />
|subheading2width =33.3<br />
|subheading2text = <center>[[Reabsorption and Secretion Along the Proximal Tubule - Anatomy & Physiology|Proximal Tubule]], [[Reabsorption and Secretion Along the Loop of Henle - Anatomy & Physiology|Loop of Henle]], [[Reabsorption and Secretion Along the Distal Tubule and Collecting Duct - Anatomy & Physiology|Distal Tubule and Collecting Duct]], [[A Summary Table of Reabsorption and Secretion Along the Nephron - Anatomy & Physiology|Summary Table]]</center><br />
|subheading3colour = 66ff33<br />
|subheading3 = [[Important Hormonal Regulators of the Kidney - Anatomy & Physiology|Important Hormonal Regulators]]<br />
|subheading3width =33.3<br />
|subheading3text = <center>[[Important Hormonal Regulators of the Kidney - Anatomy & Physiology#The Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System (RAAS)|The Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System (RAAS)]], [[Important Hormonal Regulators of the Kidney - Anatomy & Physiology#Aldosterone|Aldosterone]], [[Important Hormonal Regulators of the Kidney - Anatomy & Physiology#Atrial Natriuretic Peptide|Atrial Natriuretic Peptide]]</Center><br />
}}</div>
Lwyatri
https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Nephron_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology&diff=36020
Nephron - Anatomy & Physiology
2008-09-10T19:18:59Z
<p>Lwyatri: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{toplink<br />
|backcolour = C1F0F6<br />
|linkpage =Urinary System (Table) - Anatomy & Physiology<br />
|linktext =URINARY SYSTEM<br />
|thispagenormal = The Nephron - Anatomy & Physiology<br />
|thispagetable = The Nephron (Table) - Anatomy & Physiology<br />
|pagetype =Anatomy<br />
}}<br />
<br><br />
<!--The Nephron - Anatomy & Physiology--><br />
{{infotable<br />
|Maintitle = The Nephron - Anatomy & Physiology<br />
|Maintitlebackcolour = 66CC33<br />
|Body =<P ALIGN="left"> The nephron of the kidney is made up of two major parts; the renal corpuscle and the tubules. These are then both sub-divided into various parts and overall it is this structure which allows the kidney to filter the blood and then alter the composition of this filtrate to ensure that waste products are excreted and useful compounds preserved.</P><br />
<br><br />
<P ALIGN="left">The renal corpuscle can be subdivided into the glomerulus and the bowmans capsule. The tubules are split into the proximal tubule, the loop of henle, the distal tubule and the collecting ducts.</P><br />
<br />
<center>[[Image:nephovertri.jpg|800px]]</center><br />
|subheading1colour = 66ff33<br />
|subheading1 = [[Microscopic Anatomy of the Nephron - Anatomy & Physiology|Microscopic Anatomy of the Nephron]]<br />
|subheading1width =25<br />
|subheading1text = <center>[[Microscopic Anatomy of the Nephron - Anatomy & Physiology#The Renal Corpuscle|The Renal Corpuscle]], [[Microscopic Anatomy of the Nephron - Anatomy & Physiology#Proximal Tubule|Proximal Tubule]], [[Microscopic Anatomy of the Nephron - Anatomy & Physiology#The Loop of Henle|The Loop of Henle]], [[Microscopic Anatomy of the Nephron - Anatomy & Physiology#The Distal Tubule|The Distal Tubule]], [[Microscopic Anatomy of the Nephron - Anatomy & Physiology#Collecting Duct|Collecting Duct]], [[Microscopic Anatomy of the Nephron - Anatomy & Physiology#Blood Supply to the Nephron|Blood Supply to the Nephron]]</center> <br />
|subheading2colour = 66ff33<br />
|subheading2 = [[Urine Production (Table) - Anatomy & Physiology|Urine Production]]<br />
|subheading2width =25<br />
|subheading2text = <center></center><br />
|subheading3colour = 66ff33<br />
|subheading3 = [[Water Balance and Homeostasis - Physiology|Water Balance and Homeostasis]]<br />
|subheading3width =25<br />
|subheading3text = <center></Center><br />
|subheading4colour = 66ff33<br />
|subheading4 = [[Essential Ion and Compound Balance and Homeostasis - Anatomy & Physiology|Essential Ion and Compound Balance and Homeostasis]]<br />
|subheading4width =25<br />
|subheading4text = <center></Center><br />
}}</div>
Lwyatri
https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Urinary_System_(Table)_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology&diff=36018
Urinary System (Table) - Anatomy & Physiology
2008-09-10T19:18:33Z
<p>Lwyatri: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{toplink<br />
|linkpage = Anatomy and Physiology<br />
|linktext = ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY<br />
|thispagenormal = Urinary System - Anatomy & Physiology<br />
|thispagetable = Urinary System (Table) - Anatomy & Physiology<br />
|pagetype =Anatomy<br />
}}<br />
<br><br />
<!--Background Section--><br />
{{infotable<br />
|Maintitle = Background Information<br />
|Maintitlebackcolour = C1F0F6<br />
|Body =<br />
|subheading1colour =E0FFFF<br />
|subheading1 = Definitions<br />
|subheading1width =33.3<br />
|subheading1text =<center>[[Useful definitions - Renal Anatomy & Physiology|Useful Definitions]]</center><br />
|subheading2colour =E0FFFF<br />
|subheading2 =<br />
[[Introduction to Fluid Movement - Physiology |Introduction to Fluid Movement]]<br />
|subheading2width =33.3<br />
|subheading3colour =E0FFFF<br />
|subheading3 =<Center>[[Transport Across Membranes - Physiology| Transport Across Membranes]]</center><br />
|subheading3width =33.3<br />
|subheading3text = <center>[[Introduction to the Phospholipid Bilayer - Anatomy & Physiology|Phospholipid Bilayer]], [[Diffusion - Physiology| Diffusion]], [[Transport Proteins - Physiology| Transport Proteins/Facilitated Diffusion]],</center><center> [[Osmosis - Physiology| Osmosis]], [[Active Transport - Physiology| Active Transport]]</center><br />
}}<br />
<!--Kidney - Anatomy & Physiology--><br />
{{infotable<br />
|Maintitle = Kidney - Anatomy & Physiology<br />
|Maintitlebackcolour = 66CC33<br />
|Body = <P ALIGN="left">The kidneys are paired organs which reside in the dorsal abdomen. One on the left and one on the right. Their role is to filter the blood through the glomerulus to form what is known as the filtrate. This filtrate is then on the whole reabsorbed along the nephron until what is left comprises compounds superfluous to the requirements of the organism. Some compounds, normally fully reabsorbed, are on occasion present in the body in excess. The kidney tubules are able to respond to this excess and excrete such compounds in greater amounts. This is how the kidneys play a major role in the homeostasis of the organism. The kidneys also plays a vital role in the total water balance of the organism. Varying their excretion of water in relation to the hydration status of the animal.</p><br />
<br><br />
<P ALIGN="left">The kidneys receive 25% of the '''cardiac output'''. From this they filter 20% of the plasma forming a filtrate of which all but 1% is reabsorbed. This equates to all the circulatory volume being filtered and reabsorbed every 30 minutes. The functions of the kidneys are to maintain the volume and composition of plasma, regulate water, ion and pH levels, retain nutrients and excrete waste, toxins and excess electrolytes. The kidneys achieve these functions via; glomerular filtration, solute reabsorption, tubular secretion, water balance and acid-base regulation.</P><br />
|subheading1colour = 66ff33<br />
|subheading1 = [[Macroscopic Renal Anatomy - Anatomy & Physiology|Macroscopic Renal Anatomy]]<br />
|subheading1width =25<br />
|subheading1text = <center>[[Macroscopic Renal Anatomy - Anatomy & Physiology#Common Anatomy|Common Anatomy]], [[Macroscopic Renal Anatomy - Anatomy & Physiology#Anatomical Species Differences|Anatomical Species Differences]], [[Macroscopic Renal Anatomy - Anatomy & Physiology#Anatomical Landmarks|Anatomical Landmarks]]</center> <br />
|subheading2colour = 66ff33<br />
|subheading2 = [[The Nephron (Table) - Anatomy & Physiology|The Nephron]]<br />
|subheading2width =25<br />
|subheading2text = <center></center><br />
|subheading3colour = 66ff33<br />
|subheading3 = [[Kidney - Blood Pressure - Physiology|Blood Pressure]]<br />
|subheading3width =25<br />
|subheading3text = <center></Center><br />
|subheading4colour = 66ff33<br />
|subheading4 = [[The Endocrine Function of the Kidney - Anatomy & Physiology|The Endocrine Function of the Kidney]]<br />
|subheading4width =25<br />
|subheading4text = <center></Center><br />
}}<br />
<!--Lower Urinary Tract--><br />
{{infotable<br />
|Maintitle = Lower Urinary Tract Anatomy & Physiology<br />
|Maintitlebackcolour = FF99FF<br />
|Body = <P ALIGN="left">The lower urinary tract is the collection of organs which convey the formed urine from the kidneys to the exterior of the body. The urine is not altered in this part of the system in species other than the horse (where mucous is added) but instead its function is to collect and store the urine until enough of it is collected for release to become necessary. This gives the animal urinary continence. Three major structures make up this tract. The ureters, the bladder and the urethra.</p><br />
|subheading1colour = FFCCFF<br />
|subheading1 = [[Ureters - Anatomy & Physiology| Ureters]]<br />
|subheading1width =25<br />
|subheading1text = <br />
|subheading2colour = FFCCFF<br />
|subheading2 = [[Urinary Bladder - Anatomy & Physiology| Bladder]]<br />
|subheading2width =25<br />
|subheading2text = <br />
|subheading3colour = FfCCFF<br />
|subheading3 = [[Urethra - Anatomy & Physiology | Urethra]]<br />
|subheading3width =25<br />
|subheading3text = <br />
|subheading4colour = FFCCFF<br />
|subheading4 = [[Process of Micturition - Anatomy & Physiology|Process of Micturition]]<br />
|subheading4width =25<br />
|subheading4text = <br />
}}<br />
<!--Other Section--><br />
{{infotable<br />
|Maintitle = Other<br />
|Maintitlebackcolour = ffcc33<br />
|Body = <br />
|subheading1colour = ffff99<br />
|subheading1 = [[Normal Composition of Urine - Anatomy & Physiology|Normal Composition of Urine]]<br />
|subheading1width =25<br />
|subheading1text = <br />
|subheading2colour = ffff99<br />
|subheading2 = [[Developmental Anatomy of the Kidneys and Urinary Tract - Anatomy & Physiology| Developmental Anatomy]]<br />
|subheading2width =25<br />
|subheading2text = <br />
|subheading3colour = ffff99<br />
|subheading3 = [[Urinary Anatomy and Physiology of Exotics - Anatomy & Physiology| Exotics Anatomy & Physiology]]<br />
|subheading3width =25<br />
|subheading3text = <br />
|subheading4colour = ffff99<br />
|subheading4 = [[Kidney Function and Age - Physiology| Kidney Function and Age]]<br />
|subheading4width =25<br />
|subheading4text = <br />
}}<br />
<!--References Section--><br />
{{infotable<br />
|Maintitle = [[Acknowledgements Urinary Anatomy & Physiology|Acknowledgements]] and [[Reference Material Urinary Anatomy & Physiology| References]]<br />
|Maintitlebackcolour = FFFFFF}}</div>
Lwyatri
https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Urinary_System_Overview_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology&diff=36017
Urinary System Overview - Anatomy & Physiology
2008-09-10T19:18:19Z
<p>Lwyatri: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{toplink<br />
|linkpage = Anatomy and Physiology<br />
|linktext = ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY<br />
|thispagenormal = Urinary System - Anatomy & Physiology<br />
|thispagetable = Urinary System (Table) - Anatomy & Physiology<br />
|pagetype =Anatomy<br />
}}<br />
<br><br />
<br />
==Background Information==<br />
<br />
[[WikiWords#Urinary Section| Useful Definitions]]<br />
<br />
[[Transport Across Membranes - Physiology| Transport Across Membranes]]<br />
<br />
[[Introduction to Fluid Movement - Physiology |Introduction to Fluid Movement]]<br />
<br />
==The Kidney==<br />
<br />
The kidneys are paired organs which reside in the dorsal abdomen. One on the left and one on the right. Their role is to filter the blood through the glomerulus to form what is known as the filtrate. This filtrate is then on the whole reabsorbed along the nephron until what is left comprises compounds superfluous to the requirements of the organism. Some compounds, normally fully reabsorbed, are on occasion present in the body in excess. The kidney tubules are able to respond to this excess and excrete such compounds in greater amounts. This is how the kidneys play a major role in the homeostasis of the organism. The kidneys also plays a vital role in the total water balance of the organism. Varying their excretion of water in relation to the hydration status of the animal.<br />
<br />
The kidneys receive 25% of the '''cardiac output'''. From this they filter 20% of the plasma forming a filtrate of which all but 1% is reabsorbed. This equates to all the circulatory volume being filtered and reabsorbed every 30 minutes. The functions of the kidneys are to maintain the volume and composition of plasma, regulate water, ion and pH levels, retain nutrients and excrete waste, toxins and excess electrolytes. The kidneys achieve these functions via; glomerular filtration, solute reabsorption, tubular secretion, water balance and acid-base regulation.<br />
<br />
[[Macroscopic Renal Anatomy - Anatomy & Physiology|Macroscopic Renal Anatomy]]<br />
<br />
[[The Nephron - Anatomy & Physiology|The Nephron]]<br />
<br />
[[Kidney - Blood Pressure - Physiology| The Renal Influence on Blood Pressure]]<br />
<br />
[[The Endocrine Function of the Kidney - Anatomy & Physiology|The Endocrine Function of the Kidney]]<br />
<br />
==Lower Urinary Tract==<br />
[[Image:sumlutshcemtri.jpg|right|thumb|200px|<small><center>A schematic summarising the structure of the lower urinary tract and it's innvervations</center></small>]]<br />
The lower urinary tract is the collection of organs which convey the formed urine from the kidneys to the exterior of the body. The urine is not altered in this part of the system in species other than the horse (where mucous is added) but instead its function is to collect and store the urine until enough of it is collected for release to become necessary. This gives the animal urinary continence. Three major structures make up this tract. The ureters, the bladder and the urethra.<br />
<br />
[[Ureters - Anatomy & Physiology]]<br />
<br />
[[Urinary Bladder - Anatomy & Physiology | Bladder - Anatomy & Physiology]]<br />
<br />
[[Urethra - Anatomy & Physiology | Urethra - Anatomy & Physiology]]<br />
<br />
[[Process of Micturition - Anatomy & Physiology| Process of Micturition]]<br />
<br />
==Other==<br />
<br />
[[Normal Composition of Urine - Anatomy & Physiology|Normal Composition of Urine]]<br />
<br />
[[Developmental Anatomy of the Kidneys and Urinary Tract - Anatomy & Physiology|Developmental Anatomy of the Kidneys and Urinary Tract]]<br />
<br />
[[Urinary Anatomy and Physiology of Exotics - Anatomy & Physiology| Exotics Anatomy & Physiology]]<br />
<br />
[[Kidney Function and Age - Physiology| Kidney Function and Age]]<br />
<br />
[[The Effects of Diuretics on the Kidneys - Anatomy & Physiology|The Effects of Diuretics on the Kidneys]]<br />
<br />
[[Urinary System - Pathology| Link to Pathology of the Urinary System]]<br />
<br />
==Learning Resources==<br />
<br />
[[Renal Flash Cards - Anatomy & Physiology| Flash Cards]]<br />
<br />
==Acknowledgements and Reference Material==<br />
<br />
[[Acknowledgements Urinary Anatomy & Physiology|Acknowledgements]]<br />
<br />
[[Reference Material Urinary Anatomy & Physiology|Reference Material]]</div>
Lwyatri
https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=The_Process_of_Micturition_-_Renal_Flash_Cards_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology&diff=36009
The Process of Micturition - Renal Flash Cards - Anatomy & Physiology
2008-09-10T19:03:16Z
<p>Lwyatri: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{toplink<br />
|backcolour = C1F0F6<br />
|linkpage =Renal Flash Cards - Anatomy & Physiology<br />
|linktext =RENAL FLASH CARDS<br />
|maplink = Urinary System (Content Map) - Anatomy & Physiology<br />
|pagetype =Anatomy<br />
}}<br />
<br><br />
'''Use the mouse to highlight the answers. They are written in white'''<br />
<br />
<TABLE BORDER="2" BORDERCOLOR="#6600FF" CELLPADDING="2" CELLSPACING="2" WIDTH="80%"><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>'''Question'''</TD><br />
<TD>'''Answer'''</TD><br />
<TD>'''Link'''</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>What is micturition?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
Micturition is the normal process of the passive storage and active voiding of urine.</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Process of Micturition - Anatomy & Physiology#Introduction|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>What kind of receptors to stretch are found in the trigone?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
Alpha</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Process of Micturition - Anatomy & Physiology#Sensory Innervation|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>Where in the brain does the coordination of the reflex occur?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
The pons</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Process of Micturition - Anatomy & Physiology#Central Intregration|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>In the storage phase which structures are contracted and which are relaxed?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
*The detrusor muscle is relaxed<br />
*The internal and external sphincters are contracted</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Process of Micturition - Anatomy & Physiology#Storage phase - Sympathetic system dominant|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>At what point does the micturition end?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
When the bladder is empty</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Process of Micturition - Anatomy & Physiology#Emptying phase - Parasympathetic system dominant|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
</table></div>
Lwyatri
https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=The_Process_of_Micturition_-_Renal_Flash_Cards_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology&diff=36008
The Process of Micturition - Renal Flash Cards - Anatomy & Physiology
2008-09-10T19:02:53Z
<p>Lwyatri: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{toplink<br />
|backcolour = C1F0F6<br />
|linkpage =Renal Flash Cards - Anatomy & Physiology<br />
|linktext =RENAL FLASH CARDS<br />
|maplink = Urinary System (Content Map) - Anatomy & Physiology<br />
|pagetype =Anatomy<br />
}}<br />
<br><br />
'''Use the mouse to highlight the answers. They are written in white'''<br />
<br />
<TABLE BORDER="2" BORDERCOLOR="#6600FF" CELLPADDING="2" CELLSPACING="2" WIDTH="80%"><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>'''Question'''</TD><br />
<TD>'''Answer'''</TD><br />
<TD>'''Link'''</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>What is micturition?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
Micturition is the normal process of the passive storage and active voiding of urine.</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Process of Micturition - Anatomy & Physiology#Introduction|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>What kind of receptors to stretch are found in the trigone?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
Apha</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Process of Micturition - Anatomy & Physiology#Sensory Innervation|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>Where in the brain does the coordination of the reflex occur?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
The pons</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Process of Micturition - Anatomy & Physiology#Central Intregration|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>In the storage phase which structures are contracted and which are relaxed?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
*The detrusor muscle is relaxed<br />
*The internal and external sphincters are contracted</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Process of Micturition - Anatomy & Physiology#Storage phase - Sympathetic system dominant|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>At what point does the micturition end?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
When the bladder is empty</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Process of Micturition - Anatomy & Physiology#Emptying phase - Parasympathetic system dominant|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
</table></div>
Lwyatri
https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=The_Process_of_Micturition_-_Renal_Flash_Cards_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology&diff=36007
The Process of Micturition - Renal Flash Cards - Anatomy & Physiology
2008-09-10T18:54:20Z
<p>Lwyatri: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{toplink<br />
|backcolour = C1F0F6<br />
|linkpage =Renal Flash Cards - Anatomy & Physiology<br />
|linktext =RENAL FLASH CARDS<br />
|maplink = Urinary System (Content Map) - Anatomy & Physiology<br />
|pagetype =Anatomy<br />
}}<br />
<br><br />
'''Use the mouse to highlight the answers. They are written in white'''<br />
<br />
<TABLE BORDER="2" BORDERCOLOR="#6600FF" CELLPADDING="2" CELLSPACING="2" WIDTH="80%"><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>'''Question'''</TD><br />
<TD>'''Answer'''</TD><br />
<TD>'''Link'''</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Process of Micturition - Anatomy & Physiology#|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Process of Micturition - Anatomy & Physiology#|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Process of Micturition - Anatomy & Physiology#|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Process of Micturition - Anatomy & Physiology#|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Process of Micturition - Anatomy & Physiology#|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
</table></div>
Lwyatri
https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Urethra_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology_-_Renal_Flash_Cards_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology&diff=36006
Urethra - Anatomy & Physiology - Renal Flash Cards - Anatomy & Physiology
2008-09-10T18:51:39Z
<p>Lwyatri: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{toplink<br />
|backcolour = C1F0F6<br />
|linkpage =Renal Flash Cards - Anatomy & Physiology<br />
|linktext =RENAL FLASH CARDS<br />
|maplink = Urinary System (Content Map) - Anatomy & Physiology<br />
|pagetype =Anatomy<br />
}}<br />
<br><br />
'''Use the mouse to highlight the answers. They are written in white'''<br />
<br />
<TABLE BORDER="2" BORDERCOLOR="#6600FF" CELLPADDING="2" CELLSPACING="2" WIDTH="80%"><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>'''Question'''</TD><br />
<TD>'''Answer'''</TD><br />
<TD>'''Link'''</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>How many fossa does the bitch urethra have?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
2</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Urethra - Anatomy & Physiology#Female|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>Name the three parts of the male urethra?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
* Pre-prostatic - bladder neck to seminal hillock<br />
* Prostatic portion - openings of deferant, vesicular and prostatic ducts<br />
* Penile portion - ischial arch to penile tip</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Urethra - Anatomy & Physiology#Male|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>What type of fibres innervate the external urethral sphincter and what nerve are they carried in?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
Somatic motor fibres of the pudendal nerve</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Urethra - Anatomy & Physiology#Somatic Motor Supply - External Urethral Sphincter|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>What is the function of the external urethral sphincter?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
Provide concious urinary continence by contracting and retaining urine </FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Urethra - Anatomy & Physiology#Somatic Motor Supply - External Urethral Sphincter|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>Which blood vessel supplys the urethra?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
Urethral Artery</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Urethra - Anatomy & Physiology#Blood Supply|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
</table></div>
Lwyatri
https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Urethra_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology_-_Renal_Flash_Cards_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology&diff=36005
Urethra - Anatomy & Physiology - Renal Flash Cards - Anatomy & Physiology
2008-09-10T18:51:30Z
<p>Lwyatri: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{toplink<br />
|backcolour = C1F0F6<br />
|linkpage =Renal Flash Cards - Anatomy & Physiology<br />
|linktext =RENAL FLASH CARDS<br />
|maplink = Urinary System (Content Map) - Anatomy & Physiology<br />
|pagetype =Anatomy<br />
}}<br />
<br><br />
'''Use the mouse to highlight the answers. They are written in white'''<br />
<br />
<TABLE BORDER="2" BORDERCOLOR="#6600FF" CELLPADDING="2" CELLSPACING="2" WIDTH="80%"><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>'''Question'''</TD><br />
<TD>'''Answer'''</TD><br />
<TD>'''Link'''</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>How many fossa does the bitch urethra have?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
2</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Urethra - Anatomy & Physiology#Female|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>Name the three parts of the male urethra?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
** Pre-prostatic - bladder neck to seminal hillock<br />
** Prostatic portion - openings of deferant, vesicular and prostatic ducts<br />
** Penile portion - ischial arch to penile tip</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Urethra - Anatomy & Physiology#Male|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>What type of fibres innervate the external urethral sphincter and what nerve are they carried in?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
Somatic motor fibres of the pudendal nerve</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Urethra - Anatomy & Physiology#Somatic Motor Supply - External Urethral Sphincter|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>What is the function of the external urethral sphincter?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
Provide concious urinary continence by contracting and retaining urine </FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Urethra - Anatomy & Physiology#Somatic Motor Supply - External Urethral Sphincter|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>Which blood vessel supplys the urethra?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
Urethral Artery</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Urethra - Anatomy & Physiology#Blood Supply|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
</table></div>
Lwyatri
https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Bladder_Anatomy_%26_Physiology_Flashcards&diff=36004
Bladder Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards
2008-09-10T18:45:59Z
<p>Lwyatri: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{toplink<br />
|backcolour = C1F0F6<br />
|linkpage =Renal Flash Cards - Anatomy & Physiology<br />
|linktext =RENAL FLASH CARDS<br />
|maplink = Urinary System (Content Map) - Anatomy & Physiology<br />
|pagetype =Anatomy<br />
}}<br />
<br><br />
'''Use the mouse to highlight the answers. They are written in white'''<br />
<br />
<TABLE BORDER="2" BORDERCOLOR="#6600FF" CELLPADDING="2" CELLSPACING="2" WIDTH="80%"><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>'''Question'''</TD><br />
<TD>'''Answer'''</TD><br />
<TD>'''Link'''</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>List the three parts of the bladder?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
*Cranial pole<br />
*Intermediate body<br />
*Caudal neck</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Urinary Bladder - Anatomy & Physiology#Anatomy|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>Which structure is formed by the uteric folds and is visible even when the bladder is full as distended?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF">The trigone</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Urinary Bladder - Anatomy & Physiology#Anatomy|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>What is the major muscle of the bladder wall?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF">Detrusor</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Urinary Bladder - Anatomy & Physiology#Detrusor Muscle|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>Which nerves provide the autonomic innervation to the bladder?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
*Sympathetic - Hypogastric<br />
*Parasympathetic - Pelvice nerves</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Urinary Bladder - Anatomy & Physiology#Detrusor Muscle|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>Which artery provides the major blood supply to the bladder and from which artery does it branch?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF">Caudal vesicular a branch of the prostatic/vaginal artery</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Urinary Bladder - Anatomy & Physiology#Caudal Vesicular Artery|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
</table></div>
Lwyatri
https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Bladder_Anatomy_%26_Physiology_Flashcards&diff=36003
Bladder Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards
2008-09-10T18:29:55Z
<p>Lwyatri: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{toplink<br />
|backcolour = C1F0F6<br />
|linkpage =Renal Flash Cards - Anatomy & Physiology<br />
|linktext =RENAL FLASH CARDS<br />
|maplink = Urinary System (Content Map) - Anatomy & Physiology<br />
|pagetype =Anatomy<br />
}}<br />
<br><br />
'''Use the mouse to highlight the answers. They are written in white'''<br />
<br />
<TABLE BORDER="2" BORDERCOLOR="#6600FF" CELLPADDING="2" CELLSPACING="2" WIDTH="80%"><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>'''Question'''</TD><br />
<TD>'''Answer'''</TD><br />
<TD>'''Link'''</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"></FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Urinary Bladder - Anatomy & Physiology#|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"></FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Urinary Bladder - Anatomy & Physiology#|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"></FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Urinary Bladder - Anatomy & Physiology#|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"></FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Urinary Bladder - Anatomy & Physiology#|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"></FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Urinary Bladder - Anatomy & Physiology#|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
</table></div>
Lwyatri
https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Renal_Blood_Pressure_-_Renal_Flash_Cards_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology&diff=36001
Renal Blood Pressure - Renal Flash Cards - Anatomy & Physiology
2008-09-10T18:27:59Z
<p>Lwyatri: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{toplink<br />
|backcolour = C1F0F6<br />
|linkpage =Renal Flash Cards - Anatomy & Physiology<br />
|linktext =RENAL FLASH CARDS<br />
|maplink = Urinary System (Content Map) - Anatomy & Physiology<br />
|pagetype =Anatomy<br />
}}<br />
<br><br />
'''Use the mouse to highlight the answers. They are written in white'''<br />
<br />
<TABLE BORDER="2" BORDERCOLOR="#6600FF" CELLPADDING="2" CELLSPACING="2" WIDTH="80%"><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>'''Question'''</TD><br />
<TD>'''Answer'''</TD><br />
<TD>'''Link'''</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>In which part of the response to changes in blood pressure do the kidneys figure?<br />
*The acute<br />
*The chronic</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF">The chronic</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Kidney - Blood Pressure - Physiology#Control of Blood Pressure|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>Which system thought to be due to increased pressure on the renal intersitium causes an increased excretion of sodium when blood pressure is high?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF">Pressure Natriuresis</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Kidney - Blood Pressure - Physiology#Pressure Natriuresis|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>When blood pressure increases the reduced stimulation of which system causes decreased aldosterone?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF">Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Kidney - Blood Pressure - Physiology#Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>What is the effect of an increased concentration of salt/sodium in the ECF?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF">The volume of the ECF increases</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Kidney - Blood Pressure - Physiology#The Role of Salt|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>What effect would an increase in sodium concentration have on blood pressure?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF">Increase it</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Kidney - Blood Pressure - Physiology#The Role of Salt|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
</table></div>
Lwyatri
https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Urine_Normal_Composition&diff=36000
Urine Normal Composition
2008-09-10T18:00:41Z
<p>Lwyatri: /* Revision */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{toplink<br />
|backcolour = C1F0F6<br />
|linkpage =Urinary System - Anatomy & Physiology<br />
|linktext =URINARY SYSTEM<br />
|maplink = Urinary System (Content Map) - Anatomy & Physiology<br />
|pagetype =Anatomy<br />
}}<br />
<br><br />
<br />
==Introduction==<br />
<br />
The testing and evaluation of urine composition is an essential diagnostic indicator for many diseases. It is therefore essential to have an understanding of what is the normal composition of urine.<br />
<br />
More informtion can be found at [[Urine Analysis - Pathology|urine analysis]] on the WikiPath section of the website.<br />
<br />
==Normal Urine Volume==<br />
<br />
Below are the normal urine volumes for the common domestic species. The units are '''ml/kg/day'''<br />
<TABLE CELLPADDING="2" CELLSPACING="2" WIDTH="20%"><br />
<TR><br />
<TD BGCOLOR="#C1f0f6"><center>'''Species'''</center></TD><br />
<TD BGCOLOR="#C1f0f6"><center>'''Urine Volume'''</center></TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD><center>Dog</center></TD><br />
<TD><center>20-100</center></TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD BGCOLOR="#C1f0f6"><center>Cat</center></TD><br />
<TD BGCOLOR="#C1f0f6"><center>10-20</center></TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD><center>Cow</center></TD><br />
<TD><center>17-45</center></TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD BGCOLOR="#C1f0f6"><center>Sheep</center></TD><br />
<TD BGCOLOR="#C1f0f6"><center>10-40</center></TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD><center>Horse</center></TD><br />
<TD><center>3-18</center></TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD BGCOLOR="#C1f0f6"><center>Pig</center></TD><br />
<TD BGCOLOR="#C1f0f6"><center>5-30</center></TD><br />
</TR><br />
</TABLE><br />
<br />
==The Normal Appearance of Urine==<br />
<br />
Several pathological conditions can cause macroscopic changes to the urine. It is therefore essential to appreciate the normal appearance of urine. In many of the exotic species the urine has a very differant appearance and therefore use care when applying this to those species. <br />
<br />
===Colour===<br />
<br />
In the majority of the domestic species the urine should be yellow in colour. The colour of the urine is very dependant on the '''urine specific gravity''' so it is important to account for this. If the urine is more concentrated it will be darker in colour and visa versa as a general rule . Equine urine can become brown if left standing. Discoloured urine should be taken into consideration when carrying out tests which involve a colour change such as dipsticks. The abnormal urine colour could affect the result.<br />
<br />
===Turbidity===<br />
<br />
If the urine is not clear then this could indicate a variety of pathological states. In the horse it is normal for it to be turbid due the mucous secreted in the renal pelvis and proximal ureters. <br />
<br />
===Odour===<br />
<br />
It is normal for urine to have a slight odour from the ammonia. The odour increases with concentration and in some species such as the cat a pungent urine is normal. However a strong smelling urine could indicate a pathological state<br />
<br />
==Urine Specific Gravity==<br />
<br />
Urine specific gravity is measured using a refractometer calibrated for veterinary use. <br />
<br />
Specific gravity relates to the concentration. It is basically a measure of the density of particles in the urine.<br />
<br />
Below are the normal urine specific gravities for the common domestic species. <br />
<TABLE CELLPADDING="2" CELLSPACING="2" WIDTH="20%"><br />
<TR><br />
<TD BGCOLOR="#C1f0f6"><center>'''Species'''</center></TD><br />
<TD BGCOLOR="#C1f0f6"><center>'''Urine Volume'''</center></TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD><center>Dog</center></TD><br />
<TD><center>1.016-1.060</center></TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD BGCOLOR="#C1f0f6"><center>Cat</center></TD><br />
<TD BGCOLOR="#C1f0f6"><center>1.020-1.040</center></TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD><center>Cow</center></TD><br />
<TD><center>1.030-1.045</center></TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD BGCOLOR="#C1f0f6"><center>Sheep</center></TD><br />
<TD BGCOLOR="#C1f0f6"><center>1.015-1.045</center></TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD><center>Horse</center></TD><br />
<TD><center>1.025-1.060</center></TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD BGCOLOR="#C1f0f6"><center>Pig</center></TD><br />
<TD BGCOLOR="#C1f0f6"><center>1.010-1.050</center></TD><br />
</TR><br />
</TABLE><br />
<br />
==Urine Chemistry==<br />
<br />
The following are common chemicals or parameters whose levels in urine change in pathological vs normal conditions. It is therefore important to appreciate their normal levels<br />
<br />
====pH====<br />
<br />
In dogs and cats an acidc pH is normal. In the ruminants and horses the opposite is true and the urine is alkali. The pH does however vary with diet and medications as well as in pathological states so this needs to be accounted for. The normal range is 5-9<br />
<br />
====Protein====<br />
<br />
It is not common to find protein in the urine of normal animals. However it can be normal for small amounts to be found in the urine of dogs with a high specific gravity. Therefore this needs to be taken into account.<br />
<br />
====Glucose====<br />
<br />
The presence of glucose in the urine is termed glucosuria and occurs when the level of glucose reaches the [[Renal Glucose Homeostasis - Anatomy & Physiology#Filtration and Reabsorption|renal threshold]] for glucose reabsorption. It is not normal to find glucose in the urine.<br />
<br />
====Ketones====<br />
<br />
It is not normal for ketones to be present in the urine and they are indicative of pathological states<br />
<br />
====Bilirubin and Urobilinogen====<br />
<br />
Small amounts of bilirubin can be found in dogs with concentrated urine therefore this needs to be interpreted in light of the urine specific gravity. However as a rule it is not normal to find bilirubin in urine.<br />
<br />
Urobilinogen is formed from bilirubin in the intestine and small quantities are normally found in the urine.<br />
<br />
====Blood====<br />
<br />
The presence of blood in the urine is not normal and is usually related to a pathological state.<br />
<br />
==Microscopic Examination of Urine==<br />
<br />
[[LUT Obstruction - Pathology#Types of uroliths|Uroliths]] and [[General Pathology - Degenerations and Infiltrations #Hyaline Degeneration|casts]] can be seem on microscopic examination. Neither of these are a normal finding.<br />
The levels of bacteria that seen are very dependent on how sterile the procedure of urine collection has been, which part of the urinary tract the urine has been collected from and if an infection is present.</div>
Lwyatri
https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=The_Formation_of_the_Filtrate_by_the_Glomerular_Apparatus_-_Renal_Flash_Cards_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology&diff=35999
The Formation of the Filtrate by the Glomerular Apparatus - Renal Flash Cards - Anatomy & Physiology
2008-09-10T18:00:11Z
<p>Lwyatri: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{toplink<br />
|backcolour = C1F0F6<br />
|linkpage =Urine Production - Renal Flash Cards - Anatomy & Physiology<br />
|linktext =URINE PRODUCTION - RENAL FLASH CARDS<br />
|maplink = Urinary System (Content Map) - Anatomy & Physiology<br />
|pagetype =Anatomy<br />
}}<br />
<br><br />
'''Use the mouse to highlight the answers. They are written in white'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<TABLE BORDER="2" BORDERCOLOR="#6600FF" CELLPADDING="2" CELLSPACING="2" WIDTH="80%"><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>'''Question'''</TD><br />
<TD>'''Answer'''</TD><br />
<TD>'''Link'''</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>What are the three layers of glomerular filtration barrier?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
* Fenestrated Capillary Endothelium<br />
* Glomerular Basement Membrane<br />
* Podocytes</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[The Formation of the Filtrate by the Glomerular Apparatus- Anatomy & Physiology#Glomerular Filtration| Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>Which of the three layers is the major barrier to protein?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
Glomerular Basement Membrane<br />
</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[The Formation of the Filtrate by the Glomerular Apparatus- Anatomy & Physiology#Glomerular Basement Membrane|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>Which Factors Determine Selective Filtration?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
* Hydrostatic pressure <br />
* Molecular size<br />
* Electrical charge<br />
* Protein binding<br />
* Molecular configuration<br />
* Rigidity</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[The Formation of the Filtrate by the Glomerular Apparatus- Anatomy & Physiology#Factors Which Determine Selective Filtration|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>Substances which are filtered at the same levels as plasma are described at being filtered at what level?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
Isotonic</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[The Formation of the Filtrate by the Glomerular Apparatus- Anatomy & Physiology#Composition of Filtrate|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>Define Glomerular Filtration Rate.</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF">The glomerular filtration or GFR is the amount of fluid filtered from the capillaries into the Bowmans capsule per unit time.</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[The Formation of the Filtrate by the Glomerular Apparatus- Anatomy & Physiology#Glomerular Filtration Rate|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>By which formula can GFR be expressed?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF">GFR = K<sub>f</sub> x net filtration pressure</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[The Formation of the Filtrate by the Glomerular Apparatus- Anatomy & Physiology#Glomerular Filtration Rate|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>What determines renal blood flow and capillary hydrostatic pressure?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF">Arterial blood pressure coupled with the contraction of both the afferent and efferent arterioles</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[The Formation of the Filtrate by the Glomerular Apparatus- Anatomy & Physiology#Regulation of Renal Blood Flow and Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>Why is it important that the constriction of the afferent and efferant arterioles changes with blood pressure?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF">To maintain renal blood flow</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[The Formation of the Filtrate by the Glomerular Apparatus- Anatomy & Physiology#Regulation of Renal Blood Flow and Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>What effect does contracting the afferant arteriole have on filtration pressure?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF">Reduces filtration pressure</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[The Formation of the Filtrate by the Glomerular Apparatus- Anatomy & Physiology#Constriction of the Afferent and Efferent Arterioles|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>What are the two mechanisms for pressure autoregulation</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
* The Myogenic Response<br />
* Tubuloglomerular Feedback</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Autoregulation of GFR - Anatomy and Physiology#Pressure Autoregulation|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>Which mechanism works by responding to increased stretch in the arterioles by constricting them to a smaller diameter?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF">The Myogenic Response</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Autoregulation of GFR - Anatomy and Physiology#Myogenic Response|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>Which structure in the wall of the distal tubule detects an increase in NaCl when blood pressure increases?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF">The Macula Densa</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Reabsorption and Secretion Along the Distal Tubule and Collecting Duct - Anatomy & Physiology#Juxtaglomerular Apparatus|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>What is the effect of increased sympathetic activity on the kidneys?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
* Reduced renal blood flow<br />
* Small decrease in excreted waste<br />
* Increased conservation of water and sodium</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[The Role of the Sympathetic Nervous System on GFR - Anatomy & Physiology|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>What is Renal CLearance?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
Renal clearance is the ability of the kidney to remove a compound from the blood</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[The Formation of the Filtrate by the Glomerular Apparatus- Anatomy & Physiology#Renal Clearance|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>What other methods of clearance apart from the body apart from renal are there?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
* Biliary<br />
* Pulmonary <br />
* Salivary </FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[The Formation of the Filtrate by the Glomerular Apparatus- Anatomy & Physiology#Renal Clearance|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>For the renal clearance of a substance to represent the GFR which two things must not happen to it as it moves along the nephron?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
It must not be reabsorbed or further secreted </FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[The Formation of the Filtrate by the Glomerular Apparatus- Anatomy & Physiology#Renal Clearance and GFR|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>Name three compounds which can be used to measure GFR from Renal clearance.</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
* Inulin<br />
* Creatinine<br />
* Urea</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[The Formation of the Filtrate by the Glomerular Apparatus- Anatomy & Physiology#Determination of GFR from Renal Clearance|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
</table></div>
Lwyatri
https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=The_Formation_of_the_Filtrate_by_the_Glomerular_Apparatus_-_Renal_Flash_Cards_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology&diff=35998
The Formation of the Filtrate by the Glomerular Apparatus - Renal Flash Cards - Anatomy & Physiology
2008-09-10T17:59:01Z
<p>Lwyatri: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{toplink<br />
|backcolour = C1F0F6<br />
|linkpage =Urine Production - Renal Flash Cards - Anatomy & Physiology<br />
|linktext =URINE PRODUCTION - RENAL FLASH CARDS<br />
|maplink = Urinary System (Content Map) - Anatomy & Physiology<br />
|pagetype =Anatomy<br />
}}<br />
<br><br />
'''Use the mouse to highlight the answers. They are written in white'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<TABLE BORDER="2" BORDERCOLOR="#6600FF" CELLPADDING="2" CELLSPACING="2" WIDTH="80%"><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>'''Question'''</TD><br />
<TD>'''Answer'''</TD><br />
<TD>'''Link'''</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>What are the three layers of glomerular filtration barrier?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
* Fenestrated Capillary Endothelium<br />
* Glomerular Basement Membrane<br />
* Podocytes</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[The Formation of the Filtrate by the Glomerular Apparatus- Anatomy & Physiology#Glomerular Filtration| Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>Which of the three layers is the major barrier to protein?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
Glomerular Basement Membrane<br />
</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[The Formation of the Filtrate by the Glomerular Apparatus- Anatomy & Physiology#Glomerular Basement Membrane|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>Which Factors Determine Selective Filtration?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
* Hydrostatic pressure <br />
* Molecular size<br />
* Electrical charge<br />
* Protein binding<br />
* Molecular configuration<br />
* Rigidity</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[The Formation of the Filtrate by the Glomerular Apparatus- Anatomy & Physiology#Factors Which Determine Selective Filtration|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>Substances which are filtered at the same levels as plasma are described at being filtered at what level?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
Isotonic</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[The Formation of the Filtrate by the Glomerular Apparatus- Anatomy & Physiology#Composition of Filtrate|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>Define Glomerular Filtration Rate.</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF">The glomerular filtration or GFR is the amount of fluid filtered from the capillaries into the Bowmans capsule per unit time.</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[The Formation of the Filtrate by the Glomerular Apparatus- Anatomy & Physiology#Glomerular Filtration Rate|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>By which formula can GFR be expressed?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF">GFR = K<sub>f</sub> x net filtration pressure</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[The Formation of the Filtrate by the Glomerular Apparatus- Anatomy & Physiology#Glomerular Filtration Rate|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>What determine renal blood flow and capillary hydrostatic pressure?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF">Arterial blood pressure coupled with the contraction of both the afferent and efferent arterioles</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[The Formation of the Filtrate by the Glomerular Apparatus- Anatomy & Physiology#Regulation of Renal Blood Flow and Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>Why is it important that the constriction of the afferent and efferant arterioles changes with blood pressure?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF">To maintain renal blood flow</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[The Formation of the Filtrate by the Glomerular Apparatus- Anatomy & Physiology#Regulation of Renal Blood Flow and Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>What effect does contracting the afferant arteriole have on filtration pressure?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF">Reduces filtration pressure</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[The Formation of the Filtrate by the Glomerular Apparatus- Anatomy & Physiology#Constriction of the Afferent and Efferent Arterioles|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>What are the two mechanisms for pressure autoregulation</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
* The Myogenic Response<br />
* Tubuloglomerular Feedback</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Autoregulation of GFR - Anatomy and Physiology#Pressure Autoregulation|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>Which mechanism works by responding to increased stretch in the arterioles by constricting them to a smaller diameter?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF">The Myogenic Response</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Autoregulation of GFR - Anatomy and Physiology#Myogenic Response|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>Which structure in the wall of the distal tubule detects an increase in NaCl when blood pressure increases?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF">The Macula Densa</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Reabsorption and Secretion Along the Distal Tubule and Collecting Duct - Anatomy & Physiology#Juxtaglomerular Apparatus|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>What is the effect of increased sympathetic activity on the kidneys?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
* Reduced renal blood flow<br />
* Small decrease in excreted waste<br />
* Increased conservation of water and sodium</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[The Role of the Sympathetic Nervous System on GFR - Anatomy & Physiology|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>What is Renal CLearance?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
Renal clearance is the ability of the kidney to remove a compound from the blood</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[The Formation of the Filtrate by the Glomerular Apparatus- Anatomy & Physiology#Renal Clearance|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>What other methods of clearance apart from the body apart from renal are there?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
* Biliary<br />
* Pulmonary <br />
* Salivary </FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[The Formation of the Filtrate by the Glomerular Apparatus- Anatomy & Physiology#Renal Clearance|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>For the renal clearance of a substance to represent the GFR which two things must not happen to it as it moves along the nephron?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
It must not be reabsorbed or further secreted </FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[The Formation of the Filtrate by the Glomerular Apparatus- Anatomy & Physiology#Renal Clearance and GFR|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>Name three compounds which can be used to measure GFR from Renal clearance.</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
* Inulin<br />
* Creatinine<br />
* Urea</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[The Formation of the Filtrate by the Glomerular Apparatus- Anatomy & Physiology#Determination of GFR from Renal Clearance|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
</table></div>
Lwyatri
https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=The_Formation_of_the_Filtrate_by_the_Glomerular_Apparatus_-_Renal_Flash_Cards_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology&diff=35997
The Formation of the Filtrate by the Glomerular Apparatus - Renal Flash Cards - Anatomy & Physiology
2008-09-10T17:58:44Z
<p>Lwyatri: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{toplink<br />
|backcolour = C1F0F6<br />
|linkpage =Urine Production - Renal Flash Cards - Anatomy & Physiology<br />
|linktext =URINE PRODUCTION - RENAL FLASH CARDS<br />
|maplink = Urinary System (Content Map) - Anatomy & Physiology<br />
|pagetype =Anatomy<br />
}}<br />
<br><br />
'''Use the mouse to highlight the answers. They are written in white'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<TABLE BORDER="2" BORDERCOLOR="#6600FF" CELLPADDING="2" CELLSPACING="2" WIDTH="80%"><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>'''Question'''</TD><br />
<TD>'''Answer'''</TD><br />
<TD>'''Link'''</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>What are the three layers of glomerular filtration barrier?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
* Fenestrated Capillary Endothelium<br />
* Glomerular Basement Membrane<br />
* Podocytes</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[The Formation of the Filtrate by the Glomerular Apparatus- Anatomy & Physiology#Glomerular Filtration| Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>Which of the three layers is the major barrier to protein?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
Glomerular Basement Membrane<br />
</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[The Formation of the Filtrate by the Glomerular Apparatus- Anatomy & Physiology#Glomerular Basement Membrane|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>Which Factors Determine Selective Filtration?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
* Hydrostatic pressure <br />
* Molecular size<br />
* Electrical charge<br />
* Protein binding<br />
* Molecular configuration<br />
* Rigidity</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[The Formation of the Filtrate by the Glomerular Apparatus- Anatomy & Physiology#Factors Which Determine Selective Filtration|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>Substances which are filtered at the same levels as plasma are described at being filtered at what level?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
Isotonic</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[The Formation of the Filtrate by the Glomerular Apparatus- Anatomy & Physiology#Composition of Filtrate|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>Define Glomerular Filtration Rate.</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF">The glomerular filtration or GFR is the amount of fluid filtered from the capillaries into the Bowmans capsule per unit time.</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[The Formation of the Filtrate by the Glomerular Apparatus- Anatomy & Physiology#Glomerular Filtration Rate|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>By which formula can GFR be expressed?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF">GFR = K<sub>f</sub> x net filtration pressure</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[The Formation of the Filtrate by the Glomerular Apparatus- Anatomy & Physiology#Introduction|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>What determine renal blood flow and capillary hydrostatic pressure?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF">Arterial blood pressure coupled with the contraction of both the afferent and efferent arterioles</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[The Formation of the Filtrate by the Glomerular Apparatus- Anatomy & Physiology#Regulation of Renal Blood Flow and Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>Why is it important that the constriction of the afferent and efferant arterioles changes with blood pressure?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF">To maintain renal blood flow</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[The Formation of the Filtrate by the Glomerular Apparatus- Anatomy & Physiology#Regulation of Renal Blood Flow and Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>What effect does contracting the afferant arteriole have on filtration pressure?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF">Reduces filtration pressure</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[The Formation of the Filtrate by the Glomerular Apparatus- Anatomy & Physiology#Constriction of the Afferent and Efferent Arterioles|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>What are the two mechanisms for pressure autoregulation</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
* The Myogenic Response<br />
* Tubuloglomerular Feedback</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Autoregulation of GFR - Anatomy and Physiology#Pressure Autoregulation|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>Which mechanism works by responding to increased stretch in the arterioles by constricting them to a smaller diameter?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF">The Myogenic Response</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Autoregulation of GFR - Anatomy and Physiology#Myogenic Response|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>Which structure in the wall of the distal tubule detects an increase in NaCl when blood pressure increases?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF">The Macula Densa</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Reabsorption and Secretion Along the Distal Tubule and Collecting Duct - Anatomy & Physiology#Juxtaglomerular Apparatus|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>What is the effect of increased sympathetic activity on the kidneys?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
* Reduced renal blood flow<br />
* Small decrease in excreted waste<br />
* Increased conservation of water and sodium</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[The Role of the Sympathetic Nervous System on GFR - Anatomy & Physiology|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>What is Renal CLearance?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
Renal clearance is the ability of the kidney to remove a compound from the blood</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[The Formation of the Filtrate by the Glomerular Apparatus- Anatomy & Physiology#Renal Clearance|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>What other methods of clearance apart from the body apart from renal are there?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
* Biliary<br />
* Pulmonary <br />
* Salivary </FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[The Formation of the Filtrate by the Glomerular Apparatus- Anatomy & Physiology#Renal Clearance|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>For the renal clearance of a substance to represent the GFR which two things must not happen to it as it moves along the nephron?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
It must not be reabsorbed or further secreted </FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[The Formation of the Filtrate by the Glomerular Apparatus- Anatomy & Physiology#Renal Clearance and GFR|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>Name three compounds which can be used to measure GFR from Renal clearance.</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
* Inulin<br />
* Creatinine<br />
* Urea</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[The Formation of the Filtrate by the Glomerular Apparatus- Anatomy & Physiology#Determination of GFR from Renal Clearance|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
</table></div>
Lwyatri
https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=The_Formation_of_the_Filtrate_by_the_Glomerular_Apparatus_-_Renal_Flash_Cards_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology&diff=35996
The Formation of the Filtrate by the Glomerular Apparatus - Renal Flash Cards - Anatomy & Physiology
2008-09-10T17:57:57Z
<p>Lwyatri: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{toplink<br />
|backcolour = C1F0F6<br />
|linkpage =Urine Production - Renal Flash Cards - Anatomy & Physiology<br />
|linktext =URINE PRODUCTION - RENAL FLASH CARDS<br />
|maplink = Urinary System (Content Map) - Anatomy & Physiology<br />
|pagetype =Anatomy<br />
}}<br />
<br><br />
'''Use the mouse to highlight the answers. They are written in white'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<TABLE BORDER="2" BORDERCOLOR="#6600FF" CELLPADDING="2" CELLSPACING="2" WIDTH="80%"><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>'''Question'''</TD><br />
<TD>'''Answer'''</TD><br />
<TD>'''Link'''</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>What are the three layers of glomerular filtration barrier?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
* Fenestrated Capillary Endothelium<br />
* Glomerular Basement Membrane<br />
* Podocytes</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[The Formation of the Filtrate by the Glomerular Apparatus- Anatomy & Physiology#Glomerular Filtration| Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>Which of the three layers is the major barrier to protein?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
Glomerular Basement Membrane<br />
</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[The Formation of the Filtrate by the Glomerular Apparatus- Anatomy & Physiology#Glomerular Basement Membrane|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>Which Factors Determine Selective Filtration?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
* Hydrostatic pressure <br />
* Molecular size<br />
* Electrical charge<br />
* Protein binding<br />
* Molecular configuration<br />
* Rigidity</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[The Formation of the Filtrate by the Glomerular Apparatus- Anatomy & Physiology#Factors Which Determine Selective Filtration|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>Substances which are filtered at the same levels as plasma are described at being filtered at what level?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
Isotonic</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[The Formation of the Filtrate by the Glomerular Apparatus- Anatomy & Physiology#Composition of Filtrate|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>Define Glomerular Filtration Rate.</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF">The glomerular filtration or GFR is the amount of fluid filtered from the capillaries into the Bowmans capsule per unit time.</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[The Formation of the Filtrate by the Glomerular Apparatus- Anatomy & Physiology#Introduction|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>By which formula can GFR be expressed?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF">GFR = K<sub>f</sub> x net filtration pressure</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[The Formation of the Filtrate by the Glomerular Apparatus- Anatomy & Physiology#Introduction|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>What determine renal blood flow and capillary hydrostatic pressure?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF">Arterial blood pressure coupled with the contraction of both the afferent and efferent arterioles</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[The Formation of the Filtrate by the Glomerular Apparatus- Anatomy & Physiology#Regulation of Renal Blood Flow and Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>Why is it important that the constriction of the afferent and efferant arterioles changes with blood pressure?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF">To maintain renal blood flow</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[The Formation of the Filtrate by the Glomerular Apparatus- Anatomy & Physiology#Regulation of Renal Blood Flow and Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>What effect does contracting the afferant arteriole have on filtration pressure?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF">Reduces filtration pressure</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[The Formation of the Filtrate by the Glomerular Apparatus- Anatomy & Physiology#Constriction of the Afferent and Efferent Arterioles|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>What are the two mechanisms for pressure autoregulation</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
* The Myogenic Response<br />
* Tubuloglomerular Feedback</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Autoregulation of GFR - Anatomy and Physiology#Pressure Autoregulation|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>Which mechanism works by responding to increased stretch in the arterioles by constricting them to a smaller diameter?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF">The Myogenic Response</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Autoregulation of GFR - Anatomy and Physiology#Myogenic Response|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>Which structure in the wall of the distal tubule detects an increase in NaCl when blood pressure increases?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF">The Macula Densa</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Reabsorption and Secretion Along the Distal Tubule and Collecting Duct - Anatomy & Physiology#Juxtaglomerular Apparatus|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>What is the effect of increased sympathetic activity on the kidneys?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
* Reduced renal blood flow<br />
* Small decrease in excreted waste<br />
* Increased conservation of water and sodium</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[The Role of the Sympathetic Nervous System on GFR - Anatomy & Physiology|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>What is Renal CLearance?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
Renal clearance is the ability of the kidney to remove a compound from the blood</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[The Formation of the Filtrate by the Glomerular Apparatus- Anatomy & Physiology#Renal Clearance|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>What other methods of clearance apart from the body apart from renal are there?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
* Biliary<br />
* Pulmonary <br />
* Salivary </FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[The Formation of the Filtrate by the Glomerular Apparatus- Anatomy & Physiology#Renal Clearance|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>For the renal clearance of a substance to represent the GFR which two things must not happen to it as it moves along the nephron?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
It must not be reabsorbed or further secreted </FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[The Formation of the Filtrate by the Glomerular Apparatus- Anatomy & Physiology#Renal Clearance and GFR|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>Name three compounds which can be used to measure GFR from Renal clearance.</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
* Inulin<br />
* Creatinine<br />
* Urea</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[The Formation of the Filtrate by the Glomerular Apparatus- Anatomy & Physiology#Determination of GFR from Renal Clearance|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
</table></div>
Lwyatri
https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=The_Formation_of_the_Filtrate_by_the_Glomerular_Apparatus_-_Renal_Flash_Cards_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology&diff=35995
The Formation of the Filtrate by the Glomerular Apparatus - Renal Flash Cards - Anatomy & Physiology
2008-09-10T17:54:01Z
<p>Lwyatri: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{toplink<br />
|backcolour = C1F0F6<br />
|linkpage =Urine Production - Renal Flash Cards - Anatomy & Physiology<br />
|linktext =URINE PRODUCTION - RENAL FLASH CARDS<br />
|maplink = Urinary System (Content Map) - Anatomy & Physiology<br />
|pagetype =Anatomy<br />
}}<br />
<br><br />
'''Use the mouse to highlight the answers. They are written in white'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<TABLE BORDER="2" BORDERCOLOR="#6600FF" CELLPADDING="2" CELLSPACING="2" WIDTH="80%"><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>'''Question'''</TD><br />
<TD>'''Answer'''</TD><br />
<TD>'''Link'''</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>Which of the arterioles of the glomerulus is narrower?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF">The Efferent Arteriole is Narrower</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Glomerulus and Bowmans Capsule - Anatomy & Physiology #Glomerulus|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>What are the three layers of glomerular filtration barrier?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
* Fenestrated Capillary Endothelium<br />
* Glomerular Basement Membrane<br />
* Podocytes</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Glomerulus and Bowmans Capsule - Anatomy & Physiology #Function of the Renal Corpuscle| Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>Which of the three layers is the major barrier to protein?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
Glomerular Basement Membrane<br />
</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Glomerulus and Bowmans Capsule - Anatomy & Physiology #Glomerular Basement Membrane|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>Which Factors Determine Selective Filtration?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
* Hydrostatic pressure <br />
* Molecular size<br />
* Electrical charge<br />
* Protein binding<br />
* Molecular configuration<br />
* Rigidity</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Glomerulus and Bowmans Capsule - Anatomy & Physiology #Factors Which Determine Selective Filtration|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>Substances which are filtered at the same levels as plasma are described at being filtered at what level?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
Isotonic</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Glomerulus and Bowmans Capsule - Anatomy & Physiology #Composition of Filtrate|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>Define Glomerular Filtration Rate.</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF">The glomerular filtration or GFR is the amount of fluid filtered from the capillaries into the Bowmans capsule per unit time.</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) - Physiology#Introduction|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>By which formula can GFR be expressed?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF">GFR = K<sub>f</sub> x net filtration pressure</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) - Physiology#Introduction|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>What determine renal blood flow and capillary hydrostatic pressure?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF">Arterial blood pressure coupled with the contraction of both the afferent and efferent arterioles</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) - Physiology#Regulation of Renal Blood Flow and Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>Why is it important that the constriction of the afferent and efferant arterioles changes with blood pressure?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF">To maintain renal blood flow</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) - Physiology#Regulation of Renal Blood Flow and Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>What effect does contracting the afferant arteriole have on filtration pressure?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF">Reduces filtration pressure</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) - Physiology#Constriction of the Afferent and Efferent Arterioles|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>What are the two mechanisms for pressure autoregulation</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
* The Myogenic Response<br />
* Tubuloglomerular Feedback</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Autoregulation of GFR - Anatomy and Physiology#Pressure Autoregulation|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>Which mechanism works by responding to increased stretch in the arterioles by constricting them to a smaller diameter?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF">The Myogenic Response</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Autoregulation of GFR - Anatomy and Physiology#Myogenic Response|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>Which structure in the wall of the distal tubule detects an increase in NaCl when blood pressure increases?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF">The Macula Densa</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Distal Tubule - Anatomy & Physiology#Juxtaglomerular Apparatus|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>What is the effect of increased sympathetic activity on the kidneys?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
* Reduced renal blood flow<br />
* Small decrease in excreted waste<br />
* Increased conservation of water and sodium</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[The Role of the Sympathetic Nervous System on GFR - Anatomy & Physiology|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>What is Renal CLearance?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
Renal clearance is the ability of the kidney to remove a compound from the blood</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) - Physiology#Renal Clearance|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>What other methods of clearance apart from the body apart from renal are there?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
* Biliary<br />
* Pulmonary <br />
* Salivary </FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) - Physiology#Renal Clearance|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>For the renal clearance of a substance to represent the GFR which two things must not happen to it as it moves along the nephron?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
It must not be reabsorbed or further secreted </FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) - Physiology#Renal Clearance and GFR|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>Name three compounds which can be used to measure GFR from Renal clearance.</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
* Inulin<br />
* Creatinine<br />
* Urea</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) - Physiology#Determination of GFR from Renal Clearance|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
</table></div>
Lwyatri
https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Macroscopic_Renal_Anatomy_-_Renal_Flash_Cards_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology&diff=35994
Macroscopic Renal Anatomy - Renal Flash Cards - Anatomy & Physiology
2008-09-10T17:52:49Z
<p>Lwyatri: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{toplink<br />
|backcolour = C1F0F6<br />
|linkpage =Renal Flash Cards - Anatomy & Physiology<br />
|linktext =RENAL FLASH CARDS<br />
|maplink = Urinary System (Content Map) - Anatomy & Physiology<br />
|pagetype =Anatomy<br />
}}<br />
<br><br />
<br />
'''Use the mouse to highlight the answers. They are written in white'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<TABLE BORDER="2" BORDERCOLOR="#6600FF" CELLPADDING="2" CELLSPACING="2" WIDTH="80%"><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>'''Question'''</TD><br />
<TD>'''Answer'''</TD><br />
<TD>'''Link'''</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>What are the 5 aspects of renal function?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
* <FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF">Glomerular filtration <br />
* Tubular reabsorption <br />
* Tubular secretion <br />
* Concentrating and diluting mechanisms <br />
* Control mechanisms</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Urinary System - Anatomy & Physiology#The Kidney| Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>In which layer of the kidney are the renal corpuscles? </TD><br />
<TD><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
*Cortex</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Macroscopic Renal Anatomy - Anatomy & Physiology #The basic components of the kidney| Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>Which two structures are found in the outer medulla but do not pass into the inner medulla?</TD><br />
<TD><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
* Proximal straight tubules<br />
* Distal straight tubules</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Macroscopic Renal Anatomy - Anatomy & Physiology #Outer Medulla| Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>Which three structures are found in the outer medulla and the inner medulla?</TD><br />
<TD><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
* Loop of Henle<br />
* Collecting Ducts<br />
* Vasa Recta</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Macroscopic Renal Anatomy - Anatomy & Physiology#Outer Medulla| Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>From which plexus does the autonomic supply to the kidney come from?</TD><br />
<TD><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
* Solar Plexus</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Macroscopic Renal Anatomy - Anatomy & Physiology#Innervation| Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>In all domestic species barring the pig which kidney is most cranial?</TD><br />
<TD><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
* The Right</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Macroscopic Renal Anatomy - Anatomy & Physiology #Common Anatomy| Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>In which of the domestic are mucous glands found within the renal pelvis?</TD><br />
<TD><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
* The Horse</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Macroscopic Renal Anatomy - Anatomy & Physiology#Renal Pelvis| Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>Which species has a kidney with a smooth exterior, multiple renal papilla and 2 major calicyes?</TD><br />
<TD><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
* Pig</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Macroscopic Renal Anatomy - Anatomy & Physiology#Porcine| Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>What three things could be said about the kidneys of the cow?</TD><br />
<TD><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
* Lobulated outer surface<br />
* Multiple renal papilla<br />
* Absent renal pelvis</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Macroscopic Renal Anatomy - Anatomy & Physiology#Bovine| Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>In which species are sub capsular veins which run towards the hilum obvious macroscopically?</TD><br />
<TD><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
* The Cat</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Macroscopic Renal Anatomy - Anatomy & Physiology#Canine, Feline, and Ovine| Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>The fat layer which surrounds the bovine kidney is called?</TD><br />
<TD><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
* The Capsula Adiposa</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Macroscopic Renal Anatomy - Anatomy & Physiology#Bovine| Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>Which of the equine kidneys is described as being heart shaped?</TD><br />
<TD><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
* The Right</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Macroscopic Renal Anatomy - Anatomy & Physiology#Equine| Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>In the ruminant both kidneys are found on the right of the abdomen. Why?</TD><br />
<TD><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
* The rumen occupies most of the left forcing the left kidney over</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Macroscopic Renal Anatomy - Anatomy & Physiology#Ruminants| Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>From where do the renal arteries arise in the dog?</TD><br />
<TD><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
* The Aorta</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Macroscopic Renal Anatomy - Anatomy & Physiology#Renal Blood Supply| Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>How long are the left renal artery and vein in the dog (approximately)?</TD><br />
<TD><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
* 3-4cm</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Macroscopic Renal Anatomy - Anatomy & Physiology#Left Renal Vessels| Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>Put the following blood vessels in order based on how they divide from the renal arteries to the glomerular capillaries:<br />
* Renal Artery<br />
* Arcuate Artery<br />
* Interlobar Artery<br />
* Interlobular Artery<br />
* Glomerular Capillary.</TD><br />
<TD><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
*Renal Artery<br />
*Interlobar Artery<br />
*Arcuate Artery<br />
*Interlobular Artery<br />
*Glomerular Capillary</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Macroscopic Renal Anatomy - Anatomy & Physiology#Internal Vascularisation| Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
</TABLE></div>
Lwyatri
https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Reabsorption_and_Secretion_Along_the_Distal_Tubule_and_Collecting_Duct_-_Renal_Flash_Cards_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology&diff=35993
Reabsorption and Secretion Along the Distal Tubule and Collecting Duct - Renal Flash Cards - Anatomy & Physiology
2008-09-10T16:57:44Z
<p>Lwyatri: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{toplink<br />
|backcolour = C1F0F6<br />
|linkpage =Reabsorption and Secretion Along the Nephron - Renal Flash Cards - Anatomy & Physiology<br />
|linktext =REABSORPTION AND SECRETION - RENAL FLASH CARDS<br />
|maplink = Urinary System (Content Map) - Anatomy & Physiology<br />
|pagetype =Anatomy<br />
}}<br />
<br><br />
'''Use the mouse to highlight the answers. They are written in white'''<br />
<br />
<TABLE BORDER="2" BORDERCOLOR="#6600FF" CELLPADDING="2" CELLSPACING="2" WIDTH="80%"><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>'''Question'''</TD><br />
<TD>'''Answer'''</TD><br />
<TD>'''Link'''</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>What are the two cells types of the distal tubule and what are their functions?</TD><br />
<TD><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
* Principal cells<br />
** Absorb sodium<br />
** Excrete potassium and hydrogen<br />
** Site of action of Aldosterone<br />
* Intercalated cells<br />
** ATP driven proton secretion</font></TD><br />
<TD>[[Reabsorption and Secretion Along the Distal Tubule and Collecting Duct - Anatomy & Physiology#Distal Tubule|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>Where does the collecting duct develop from?</TD><br />
<TD><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
The branched ureteric bud</font></TD><br />
<TD>[[Reabsorption and Secretion Along the Distal Tubule and Collecting Duct - Anatomy & Physiology#Developmental|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>How is potassium excreted in the distal tubule?</TD><br />
<TD><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
Using the potassium/chloride symporter</font></TD><br />
<TD>[[Reabsorption and Secretion Along the Distal Tubule and Collecting Duct - Anatomy & Physiology#Potassium|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>By which two methods is H<sup>+</sup> secreted?</TD><br />
<TD><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
*H<sup>+</sup> ATPase<br />
*H<sup>+</sup>/K<sup>+</sup> ATPase antiporter<br />
</font></TD><br />
<TD>[[Reabsorption and Secretion Along the Distal Tubule and Collecting Duct - Anatomy & Physiology#H+ and HCO3-|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>Despite urea passively diffusing out of the collecting its concentration actually increases. Why?</TD><br />
<TD><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
Water follows the urea as it is absorbed</font></TD><br />
<TD>[[Reabsorption and Secretion Along the Distal Tubule and Collecting Duct - Anatomy & Physiology#Urea and Water Reabsorption|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
</table></div>
Lwyatri
https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Reabsorption_and_Secretion_Along_the_Distal_Tubule_and_Collecting_Duct_-_Renal_Flash_Cards_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology&diff=35992
Reabsorption and Secretion Along the Distal Tubule and Collecting Duct - Renal Flash Cards - Anatomy & Physiology
2008-09-10T16:52:15Z
<p>Lwyatri: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{toplink<br />
|backcolour = C1F0F6<br />
|linkpage =Reabsorption and Secretion Along the Nephron - Renal Flash Cards - Anatomy & Physiology<br />
|linktext =REABSORPTION AND SECRETION - RENAL FLASH CARDS<br />
|maplink = Urinary System (Content Map) - Anatomy & Physiology<br />
|pagetype =Anatomy<br />
}}<br />
<br><br />
'''Use the mouse to highlight the answers. They are written in white'''<br />
<br />
<TABLE BORDER="2" BORDERCOLOR="#6600FF" CELLPADDING="2" CELLSPACING="2" WIDTH="80%"><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>'''Question'''</TD><br />
<TD>'''Answer'''</TD><br />
<TD>'''Link'''</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>What are the two cells types of the distal tubule and what are their functions?</TD><br />
<TD><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
* Principal cells<br />
** Absorb sodium<br />
** Excrete potassium and hydrogen<br />
** Site of action of Aldosterone<br />
* Intercalated cells<br />
** ATP driven proton secretion</font></TD><br />
<TD>[[Reabsorption and Secretion Along the Distal Tubule and Collecting Duct - Anatomy & Physiology#Distal Tubule|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>?</TD><br />
<TD><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
</font></TD><br />
<TD>[[Reabsorption and Secretion Along the Distal Tubule and Collecting Duct - Anatomy & Physiology#|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>?</TD><br />
<TD><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
</font></TD><br />
<TD>[[Reabsorption and Secretion Along the Distal Tubule and Collecting Duct - Anatomy & Physiology#|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>?</TD><br />
<TD><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
</font></TD><br />
<TD>[[Reabsorption and Secretion Along the Distal Tubule and Collecting Duct - Anatomy & Physiology#|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>?</TD><br />
<TD><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
</font></TD><br />
<TD>[[Reabsorption and Secretion Along the Distal Tubule and Collecting Duct - Anatomy & Physiology#|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
</table></div>
Lwyatri
https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Reabsorption_and_Secretion_Along_the_Loop_of_Henle_-_Renal_Flash_Cards_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology&diff=35991
Reabsorption and Secretion Along the Loop of Henle - Renal Flash Cards - Anatomy & Physiology
2008-09-10T16:49:02Z
<p>Lwyatri: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{toplink<br />
|backcolour = C1F0F6<br />
|linkpage =Reabsorption and Secretion Along the Nephron - Renal Flash Cards - Anatomy & Physiology<br />
|linktext =REABSORPTION AND SECRETION - RENAL FLASH CARDS<br />
|maplink = Urinary System (Content Map) - Anatomy & Physiology<br />
|pagetype =Anatomy<br />
}}<br />
<br><br />
'''Use the mouse to highlight the answers. They are written in white'''<br />
<br />
<TABLE BORDER="2" BORDERCOLOR="#6600FF" CELLPADDING="2" CELLSPACING="2" WIDTH="80%"><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>'''Question'''</TD><br />
<TD>'''Answer'''</TD><br />
<TD>'''Link'''</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>Which of the three limbs has active transport?</TD><br />
<TD><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
The thick ascending limb</font></TD><br />
<TD>[[Reabsorption and Secretion Along the Loop of Henle - Anatomy & Physiology#Thick ascending limb|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>What system of reabsorption is used in the loop of henle?</TD><br />
<TD><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
Countercurrent multiplier</font></TD><br />
<TD>[[Reabsorption and Secretion Along the Loop of Henle - Anatomy & Physiology#Countercurrent System|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>Explain how the countercurrent multiplier works?</TD><br />
<TD><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
* "Descending limb is permeable to water but not solutes"<br />
* "The thick ascending loop is not permeable to water but solutes are pumped out"<br />
* "Therefore, osmolarity of peritubular space is elevated, which draws water out of the descending limb"<br />
* "Therefore, solute concentration of the fluid in the ascending limb is higher... causing more pumping"<br />
* "Therefore, osmolarity of peritubular space is elevated, which draws more water out of descending limb"<br />
'''''Courtesy of Dr Ali Mobasheri <small>(University of Nottingham School of Veterinary Medicine and Science)</small>'''''</font></TD><br />
<TD>[[Reabsorption and Secretion Along the Loop of Henle - Anatomy & Physiology#Countercurrent System|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>What happens to the concentration of the tubular fluid as it passes around the loop?</TD><br />
<TD><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
The concentration increases as it descends as water leaves the tubule. However as the fluid ascends the other side ions are transported out causing the concentration to decrease. By the end of the loop the concentration is the same as at the start but the volume is greatly reduced. </font></TD><br />
<TD>[[Reabsorption and Secretion Along the Loop of Henle - Anatomy & Physiology#Countercurrent System|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>Why is the gradient within the medulla not removed by the vasa recta?</TD><br />
<TD><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
It is also set up as a countercurrent system. Lots of ions enter as it passes down into the medulla as the interstitium become more concentrated but these all leave as it rises back out of the medulla as the interstitium becomes less so.</font></TD><br />
<TD>[[Reabsorption and Secretion Along the Loop of Henle - Anatomy & Physiology#Vasa Recta Physiology|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
</table></div>
Lwyatri
https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Reabsorption_and_Secretion_Along_the_Loop_of_Henle_-_Renal_Flash_Cards_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology&diff=35990
Reabsorption and Secretion Along the Loop of Henle - Renal Flash Cards - Anatomy & Physiology
2008-09-10T16:48:06Z
<p>Lwyatri: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{toplink<br />
|backcolour = C1F0F6<br />
|linkpage =Reabsorption and Secretion Along the Nephron - Renal Flash Cards - Anatomy & Physiology<br />
|linktext =REABSORPTION AND SECRETION - RENAL FLASH CARDS<br />
|maplink = Urinary System (Content Map) - Anatomy & Physiology<br />
|pagetype =Anatomy<br />
}}<br />
<br><br />
'''Use the mouse to highlight the answers. They are written in white'''<br />
<br />
<TABLE BORDER="2" BORDERCOLOR="#6600FF" CELLPADDING="2" CELLSPACING="2" WIDTH="80%"><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>'''Question'''</TD><br />
<TD>'''Answer'''</TD><br />
<TD>'''Link'''</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>Which of the three limbs has active transport?</TD><br />
<TD><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
The thick ascending limb</font></TD><br />
<TD>[[Reabsorption and Secretion Along the Loop of Henle - Anatomy & Physiology#Thick ascending limb|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>What system of reabsorption is used in the loop of henle?</TD><br />
<TD><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
Countercurrent multiplier</font></TD><br />
<TD>[[Reabsorption and Secretion Along the Loop of Henle - Anatomy & Physiology#Countercurrent System|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>Explain how the countercurrent multiplier works?</TD><br />
<TD><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
* "Descending limb is permeable to water but not solutes"<br />
* "The thick ascending loop is not permeable to water but solutes are pumped out"<br />
* "Therefore, osmolarity of peritubular space is elevated, which draws water out of the descending limb"<br />
* "Therefore, solute concentration of the fluid in the ascending limb is higher... causing more pumping"<br />
* "Therefore, osmolarity of peritubular space is elevated, which draws more water out of descending limb"<br />
'''''Courtesy of Dr Ali Mobasheri <small>(University of Nottingham School of Veterinary Medicine and Science)</small>'''''</font></TD><br />
<TD>[[Reabsorption and Secretion Along the Loop of Henle - Anatomy & Physiology#Countercurrent System|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>What happens to the concentration of the tubular fluid as it passes around the loop?</TD><br />
<TD><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
The concentration increases as it descends as water leaves the tubule. However as the fluid ascends the other side ions are transported out causing the concentration to decrease. By the end of the loop the concentration is the same as at the start but the volume is greatly reduced. </font></TD><br />
<TD>[[Reabsorption and Secretion Along the Loop of Henle - Anatomy & Physiology#Countercurrent System|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TD>Why is the gradient within the medulla not removed by the vasa recta?</TD><br />
<TD><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
It is also set up as a countercurrent system. Lots of ions enter as it passes down into the medulla as the interstitium become more concentrated but these all leave as it rises back out of the medulla as the interstitium becomes less so.</font></TD><br />
<TD>[[Reabsorption and Secretion Along the Loop of Henle - Anatomy & Physiology#Vasa Recta Physiology|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
</table></div>
Lwyatri
https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Reabsorption_and_Secretion_Along_the_Loop_of_Henle_-_Renal_Flash_Cards_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology&diff=35989
Reabsorption and Secretion Along the Loop of Henle - Renal Flash Cards - Anatomy & Physiology
2008-09-10T16:47:22Z
<p>Lwyatri: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{toplink<br />
|backcolour = C1F0F6<br />
|linkpage =Reabsorption and Secretion Along the Nephron - Renal Flash Cards - Anatomy & Physiology<br />
|linktext =REABSORPTION AND SECRETION - RENAL FLASH CARDS<br />
|maplink = Urinary System (Content Map) - Anatomy & Physiology<br />
|pagetype =Anatomy<br />
}}<br />
<br><br />
'''Use the mouse to highlight the answers. They are written in white'''<br />
<br />
<TABLE BORDER="2" BORDERCOLOR="#6600FF" CELLPADDING="2" CELLSPACING="2" WIDTH="80%"><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>'''Question'''</TD><br />
<TD>'''Answer'''</TD><br />
<TD>'''Link'''</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>Which of the three limbs has active transport?</TD><br />
<TD><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
The thick ascending limb</font></TD><br />
<TD>[[Reabsorption and Secretion Along the Loop of Henle - Anatomy & Physiology#Thick ascending limb|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>What system of reabsorption is used in the loop of henle?</TD><br />
<TD><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
Countercurrent multiplier</font></TD><br />
<TD>[[Reabsorption and Secretion Along the Loop of Henle - Anatomy & Physiology#Countercurrent System|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>Explain how the countercurrent multiplier works?</TD><br />
<TD><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
* "Descending limb is permeable to water but not solutes"<br />
* "The thick ascending loop is not permeable to water but solutes are pumped out"<br />
* "Therefore, osmolarity of peritubular space is elevated, which draws water out of the descending limb"<br />
* "Therefore, solute concentration of the fluid in the ascending limb is higher... causing more pumping"<br />
* "Therefore, osmolarity of peritubular space is elevated, which draws more water out of descending limb"<br />
'''''Courtesy of Dr Ali Mobasheri <small>(University of Nottingham School of Veterinary Medicine and Science)</small>'''''</font></TD><br />
<TD>[[Reabsorption and Secretion Along the Loop of Henle - Anatomy & Physiology#Countercurrent System|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>What happens to the concentration of the tubular fluid as it passes around the loop?</TD><br />
<TD><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
The concentration increases as it descends as water leaves the tubule. However as the fluid ascends the other side ions are transported out causing the concentration to decrease. By the end of the loop the concentration is the same as at the start but the volume is greatly reduced. </font></TD><br />
<TD>[[Reabsorption and Secretion Along the Loop of Henle - Anatomy & Physiology#Countercurrent System|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TD>Why is the gradient within the medulla not removed by the vasa recta?</TD><br />
<TD><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
It is also set up as a countercurrent system. Lots of ions enter as it passes down the medulla and the interstitium become more concentrated but these all leave as it rises back out of the medulla and the interstitium becomes less so.</font></TD><br />
<TD>[[Reabsorption and Secretion Along the Loop of Henle - Anatomy & Physiology#Vasa Recta Physiology|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
</table></div>
Lwyatri
https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Reabsorption_and_Secretion_Along_the_Proximal_Tubule_-_Renal_Flash_Cards_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology&diff=35988
Reabsorption and Secretion Along the Proximal Tubule - Renal Flash Cards - Anatomy & Physiology
2008-09-10T16:38:46Z
<p>Lwyatri: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{toplink<br />
|backcolour = C1F0F6<br />
|linkpage =Reabsorption and Secretion Along the Nephron - Renal Flash Cards - Anatomy & Physiology<br />
|linktext =REABSORPTION AND SECRETION - RENAL FLASH CARDS<br />
|maplink = Urinary System (Content Map) - Anatomy & Physiology<br />
|pagetype =Anatomy<br />
}}<br />
<br><br />
'''Use the mouse to highlight the answers. They are written in white'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<TABLE BORDER="2" BORDERCOLOR="#6600FF" CELLPADDING="2" CELLSPACING="2" WIDTH="80%"><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>'''Question'''</TD><br />
<TD>'''Answer'''</TD><br />
<TD>'''Link'''</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>To which ion is most transport in the proximal tubule linked?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
Sodium</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Reabsorption and Secretion Along the Proximal Tubule - Anatomy & Physiology#Epithelial Transport|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>Which transporter found in the basolateral membrane is essential to maintain low intracellular sodium levels?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
Sodium/potassium ATPase</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Reabsorption and Secretion Along the Proximal Tubule - Anatomy & Physiology#Introduction to Reabsorption|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>Why does the concentration of the tubular fluid remain constant along the tubule despite the reabsorption of ions such as sodium?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
Water passively follows the reabsorbed sodium so the concentration remains fairly similar but the volume is reduced</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Reabsorption and Secretion Along the Proximal Tubule - Anatomy & Physiology#Epithelial Transport|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>When being reabsorbed alone how does sodium enter the epithelial cells?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
Via ion channels</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Reabsorption and Secretion Along the Proximal Tubule - Anatomy & Physiology#Sodium|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>Sodium is able to leave the intersitium and enter the blood because...?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
The blood has a low hydrostatic and high protein osmotic pressure</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Reabsorption and Secretion Along the Proximal Tubule - Anatomy & Physiology#Sodium|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>What is the main route of potassium reabsorption from the proximal tubule?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
paracellular</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Reabsorption and Secretion Along the Proximal Tubule - Anatomy & Physiology#Potassium|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>Potassium is cleared from the cell using a co-transporter with which other ion?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
Chlorine</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Reabsorption and Secretion Along the Proximal Tubule - Anatomy & Physiology#Potassium|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>How is glucose reabsorbed?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
Co-transported with sodium</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Reabsorption and Secretion Along the Proximal Tubule - Anatomy & Physiology#Glucose|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>The plasma concentration at which glucose can first be detected in the urine is called?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
The renal threshold for glucose</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Reabsorption and Secretion Along the Proximal Tubule - Anatomy & Physiology#Glucose|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>Define Splay?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
Between the renal threshold and T-Max the amount of glucose filtered and the amount of glucose in the urine is not linearly related. This is becuase some nephrons have a greater capacity for reabsorbtion than others and are not overcome as easily.</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Reabsorption and Secretion Along the Proximal Tubule - Anatomy & Physiology#T Max and Splay|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>Define T Max?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
Is the point at which every nephron is running at full capacity of reabsorping glucose. After this point the glucose cocentration filtered and excreted increase linearly.</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Reabsorption and Secretion Along the Proximal Tubule - Anatomy & Physiology#T Max and Splay|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>How is hydrogen excreted?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
Sodium/hydrogen antiporter</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Reabsorption and Secretion Along the Proximal Tubule - Anatomy & Physiology#Secretion of H+|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>Which enzyme is pivotal in the reuptake of bicarbonate?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
Carbonic anhydrase</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Reabsorption and Secretion Along the Proximal Tubule - Anatomy & Physiology#Reabsorption of HCO3-|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>How is protein reabsorbed?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
Endocytosis</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Reabsorption and Secretion Along the Proximal Tubule - Anatomy & Physiology#Protein|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>What is the name of the process by which many drugs are excreted into the proximal tubule?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
Primary Active Secretion</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Reabsorption and Secretion Along the Proximal Tubule - Anatomy & Physiology#Primary Active Secretion - Organic Acids and Bases|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
</table></div>
Lwyatri
https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Reabsorption_and_Secretion_Along_the_Proximal_Tubule_-_Renal_Flash_Cards_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology&diff=35987
Reabsorption and Secretion Along the Proximal Tubule - Renal Flash Cards - Anatomy & Physiology
2008-09-10T16:37:38Z
<p>Lwyatri: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{toplink<br />
|backcolour = C1F0F6<br />
|linkpage =Reabsorption and Secretion Along the Nephron - Renal Flash Cards - Anatomy & Physiology<br />
|linktext =REABSORPTION AND SECRETION - RENAL FLASH CARDS<br />
|maplink = Urinary System (Content Map) - Anatomy & Physiology<br />
|pagetype =Anatomy<br />
}}<br />
<br><br />
'''Use the mouse to highlight the answers. They are written in white'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<TABLE BORDER="2" BORDERCOLOR="#6600FF" CELLPADDING="2" CELLSPACING="2" WIDTH="80%"><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>'''Question'''</TD><br />
<TD>'''Answer'''</TD><br />
<TD>'''Link'''</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>To which ion is most transport in the proximal tubule linked?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
Sodium</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Reabsorption and Secretion Along the Proximal Tubule - Anatomy & Physiology#Epithelial Transport|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>Which transporter found in the basolateral membrane is essential to maintain low intracellular sodium levels?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
Sodium/potassium ATPase</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Reabsorption and Secretion Along the Proximal Tubule - Anatomy & Physiology#Introduction to Reabsorption|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>Why does the concentration of the tubular fluid remain constant along the tubule despite the reabsorption of ions such as sodium?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
Water passively follows the reabsorbed sodium so the concentration remains fairly similar but the volume is reduced</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Reabsorption and Secretion Along the Proximal Tubule - Anatomy & Physiology#Epithelial Transport|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>When being reabsorbed alone how does sodium enter the epithelial cells?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
Via ion channels</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Reabsorption and Secretion Along the Proximal Tubule - Anatomy & Physiology#Sodium|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>Sodium is able to leave the intersitium and enter the blood because...?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
The blood has a low hydrostatic and high protein osmotic pressure</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Reabsorption and Secretion Along the Proximal Tubule - Anatomy & Physiology#Sodium|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>What is the main route of potassium reabsorption from the proximal tubule?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
paracellular</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Reabsorption and Secretion Along the Proximal Tubule - Anatomy & Physiology#Potassium|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>Potassium is cleared from the cell using a co-transporter with which other ion?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
Chlorine</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Reabsorption and Secretion Along the Proximal Tubule - Anatomy & Physiology#Potassium|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>How is glucose reabsorbed?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
Co-transported with sodium</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Reabsorption and Secretion Along the Proximal Tubule - Anatomy & Physiology#Glucose|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>The point at which glucose can first be detected in the urine is called?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
The renal threshold for glucose</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Reabsorption and Secretion Along the Proximal Tubule - Anatomy & Physiology#Glucose|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>Define Splay?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
Between the renal threshold and T-Max the amount of glucose filtered and the amount of glucose in the urine is not linearly related. This is becuase some nephrons have a greater capacity for reabsorbtion than others and are not overcome as easily.</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Reabsorption and Secretion Along the Proximal Tubule - Anatomy & Physiology#T Max and Splay|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>Define T Max?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
Is the point at which every nephron is running at full capacity of reabsorping glucose. After this point the glucose cocentration filtered and excreted increase linearly.</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Reabsorption and Secretion Along the Proximal Tubule - Anatomy & Physiology#T Max and Splay|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>How is hydrogen excreted?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
Sodium/hydrogen antiporter</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Reabsorption and Secretion Along the Proximal Tubule - Anatomy & Physiology#Secretion of H+|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>Which enzyme is pivotal in the reuptake of bicarbonate?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
Carbonic anhydrase</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Reabsorption and Secretion Along the Proximal Tubule - Anatomy & Physiology#Reabsorption of HCO3-|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>How is protein reabsorbed?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
Endocytosis</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Reabsorption and Secretion Along the Proximal Tubule - Anatomy & Physiology#Protein|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>What is the name of the process by which many drugs are excreted into the proximal tubule?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
Primary Active Secretion</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Reabsorption and Secretion Along the Proximal Tubule - Anatomy & Physiology#Primary Active Secretion - Organic Acids and Bases|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
</table></div>
Lwyatri
https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Reabsorption_and_Secretion_Along_the_Proximal_Tubule_-_Renal_Flash_Cards_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology&diff=35984
Reabsorption and Secretion Along the Proximal Tubule - Renal Flash Cards - Anatomy & Physiology
2008-09-10T16:34:46Z
<p>Lwyatri: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{toplink<br />
|backcolour = C1F0F6<br />
|linkpage =Reabsorption and Secretion Along the Nephron - Renal Flash Cards - Anatomy & Physiology<br />
|linktext =REABSORPTION AND SECRETION - RENAL FLASH CARDS<br />
|maplink = Urinary System (Content Map) - Anatomy & Physiology<br />
|pagetype =Anatomy<br />
}}<br />
<br><br />
'''Use the mouse to highlight the answers. They are written in white'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<TABLE BORDER="2" BORDERCOLOR="#6600FF" CELLPADDING="2" CELLSPACING="2" WIDTH="80%"><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>'''Question'''</TD><br />
<TD>'''Answer'''</TD><br />
<TD>'''Link'''</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>To which ion is most transport in the proximal tubule linked?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
Sodium</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Proximal Tubule - Anatomy & Physiology#Epithelial Transport|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>Which transporter found in the basolateral membrane is essential to maintain low intracellular sodium levels?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
Sodium/potassium ATPase</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Proximal Tubule - Anatomy & Physiology#Introduction to Reabsorption|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>Why does the concentration of the tubular fluid remain constant along the tubule despite the reabsorption of ions such as sodium?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
Water passively follows the reabsorbed sodium so the concentration remains fairly similar but the volume is reduced</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Proximal Tubule - Anatomy & Physiology#Epithelial Transport|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>When being reabsorbed alone how does sodium enter the epithelial cells?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
Via ion channels</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Proximal Tubule - Anatomy & Physiology#Sodium|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>Sodium is able to leave the intersitium and enter the blood because...?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
The blood has a low hydrostatic and high protein osmotic pressure</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Proximal Tubule - Anatomy & Physiology#Sodium|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>What is the main route of potassium reabsorption from the proximal tubule?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
paracellular</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Proximal Tubule - Anatomy & Physiology#Potassium|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>Potassium is cleared from the cell using a co-transporter with which other ion?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
Chlorine</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Proximal Tubule - Anatomy & Physiology#Potassium|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>How is glucose reabsorbed?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
Co-transported with sodium</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Proximal Tubule - Anatomy & Physiology#Glucose|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>The point at which glucose can first be detected in the urine is called?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
The renal threshold for glucose</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Proximal Tubule - Anatomy & Physiology#Glucose|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>Define Splay?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
Between the renal threshold and T-Max the amount of glucose filtered and the amount of glucose in the urine is not linearly related. This is becuase some nephrons have a greater capacity for reabsorbtion than others and are not overcome as easily.</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Proximal Tubule - Anatomy & Physiology#T Max and Splay|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>Define T Max?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
Is the point at which every nephron is running at full capacity of reabsorping glucose. After this point the glucose cocentration filtered and excreted increase linearly.</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Proximal Tubule - Anatomy & Physiology#T Max and Splay|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>How is hydrogen excreted?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
Sodium/hydrogen antiporter</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Proximal Tubule - Anatomy & Physiology#Secretion of H+|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>Which enzyme is pivotal in the reuptake of bicarbonate?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
Carbonic anhydrase</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Proximal Tubule - Anatomy & Physiology#Reabsorption of HCO3-|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>How is protein reabsorbed?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
Endocytosis</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Proximal Tubule - Anatomy & Physiology#Protein|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>What is the name of the process by which many drugs are excreted into the proximal tubule?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
Primary Active Secretion</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Proximal Tubule - Anatomy & Physiology#Primary Active Secretion - Organic Acids and Bases|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
</table></div>
Lwyatri
https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Reabsorption_and_Secretion_Along_the_Proximal_Tubule_-_Renal_Flash_Cards_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology&diff=35983
Reabsorption and Secretion Along the Proximal Tubule - Renal Flash Cards - Anatomy & Physiology
2008-09-10T16:30:43Z
<p>Lwyatri: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{toplink<br />
|backcolour = C1F0F6<br />
|linkpage =Reabsorption and Secretion Along the Nephron - Renal Flash Cards - Anatomy & Physiology<br />
|linktext =REABSORPTION AND SECRETION - RENAL FLASH CARDS<br />
|maplink = Urinary System (Content Map) - Anatomy & Physiology<br />
|pagetype =Anatomy<br />
}}<br />
<br><br />
'''Use the mouse to highlight the answers. They are written in white'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<TABLE BORDER="2" BORDERCOLOR="#6600FF" CELLPADDING="2" CELLSPACING="2" WIDTH="80%"><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>'''Question'''</TD><br />
<TD>'''Answer'''</TD><br />
<TD>'''Link'''</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>To which ion is most transport in the proximal tubule linked?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
Sodium</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Proximal Tubule - Anatomy & Physiology#Epithelial Transport|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>Which transporter found in the basolateral membrane is essential to maintain low intracellular sodium levels?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
Sodium/potassium ATPase</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Proximal Tubule - Anatomy & Physiology#Introduction to Reabsorption|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>Why does the concentration of the tubular fluid remain constant along the tubule despite the reabsorption of ions such as sodium?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
Water passively follows the reabsorbed sodium so the concentration remains fairly similar but the volume is reduced</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Proximal Tubule - Anatomy & Physiology#Epithelial Transport|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>When being reabsorbed alone how does sodium enter the epithelial cells?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
Via ion channels</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Proximal Tubule - Anatomy & Physiology#Sodium|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>Sodium is able to leave the intersitium and enter the blood because...?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
The blood has a low hydrostatic and high protein osmotic pressure</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Proximal Tubule - Anatomy & Physiology#Sodium|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>What is the main route of potassium reabsorption from the proximal tubule?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
paracellular</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Proximal Tubule - Anatomy & Physiology#Potassium|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>Potassium is cleared from the cell using a co-transporter with which other ion?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
Chlorine</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Proximal Tubule - Anatomy & Physiology#Potassium|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>How is glucose reabsorbed?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
Co-transported with sodium</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Proximal Tubule - Anatomy & Physiology#Glucose|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>The point at which glucose can first be detected in the urine is called?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
The renal threshold for glucose</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Proximal Tubule - Anatomy & Physiology#Glucose|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>Define Splay?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
Between the renal threshold and T-Max the amount of glucose filtered and the amount of glucose in the urine is not linearly related. This is becuase some nephrons have a greater capacity for reabsorbtion than others and are not overcome as easily.</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Proximal Tubule - Anatomy & Physiology#T Max and Splay|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>Define T Max?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
Is the point at which every nephron is running at full capacity of reabsorping glucose. After this point the glucose cocentration filtered and excreted increase linearly.</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Proximal Tubule - Anatomy & Physiology#T Max and Splay|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Proximal Tubule - Anatomy & Physiology#|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Proximal Tubule - Anatomy & Physiology#|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Proximal Tubule - Anatomy & Physiology#|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Proximal Tubule - Anatomy & Physiology#|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
</table></div>
Lwyatri
https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Reabsorption_and_Secretion_Along_the_Proximal_Tubule_-_Renal_Flash_Cards_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology&diff=35982
Reabsorption and Secretion Along the Proximal Tubule - Renal Flash Cards - Anatomy & Physiology
2008-09-10T16:17:50Z
<p>Lwyatri: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{toplink<br />
|backcolour = C1F0F6<br />
|linkpage =Reabsorption and Secretion Along the Nephron - Renal Flash Cards - Anatomy & Physiology<br />
|linktext =REABSORPTION AND SECRETION - RENAL FLASH CARDS<br />
|maplink = Urinary System (Content Map) - Anatomy & Physiology<br />
|pagetype =Anatomy<br />
}}<br />
<br><br />
'''Use the mouse to highlight the answers. They are written in white'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<TABLE BORDER="2" BORDERCOLOR="#6600FF" CELLPADDING="2" CELLSPACING="2" WIDTH="80%"><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>'''Question'''</TD><br />
<TD>'''Answer'''</TD><br />
<TD>'''Link'''</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>To which ion is most transport in the proximal tubule linked?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
Sodium</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Proximal Tubule - Anatomy & Physiology#Introduction to Reabsorption|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>Which transporter found in the basolateral membrane is essential to maintain low intracellular sodium levels?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
Sodium/potassium ATPase</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Proximal Tubule - Anatomy & Physiology#Introduction to Reabsorption|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>Why does the concentration of the tubular fluid remain constant along the tubule despite the reabsorption of ions such as sodium?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
Water passively follows the reabsorbed sodium so the concentration remains fairly similar but the volume is reduced</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Proximal Tubule - Anatomy & Physiology#Epithelial Transport|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Proximal Tubule - Anatomy & Physiology#|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Proximal Tubule - Anatomy & Physiology#|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Proximal Tubule - Anatomy & Physiology#|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Proximal Tubule - Anatomy & Physiology#|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Proximal Tubule - Anatomy & Physiology#|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Proximal Tubule - Anatomy & Physiology#|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Proximal Tubule - Anatomy & Physiology#|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
</table></div>
Lwyatri
https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Reabsorption_and_Secretion_Along_the_Distal_Tubule_and_Collecting_Duct_-_Renal_Flash_Cards_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology&diff=35981
Reabsorption and Secretion Along the Distal Tubule and Collecting Duct - Renal Flash Cards - Anatomy & Physiology
2008-09-10T15:53:12Z
<p>Lwyatri: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{toplink<br />
|backcolour = C1F0F6<br />
|linkpage =Reabsorption and Secretion Along the Nephron - Renal Flash Cards - Anatomy & Physiology<br />
|linktext =REABSORPTION AND SECRETION - RENAL FLASH CARDS<br />
|maplink = Urinary System (Content Map) - Anatomy & Physiology<br />
|pagetype =Anatomy<br />
}}<br />
<br><br />
'''Use the mouse to highlight the answers. They are written in white'''<br />
<br />
<TABLE BORDER="2" BORDERCOLOR="#6600FF" CELLPADDING="2" CELLSPACING="2" WIDTH="80%"><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>'''Question'''</TD><br />
<TD>'''Answer'''</TD><br />
<TD>'''Link'''</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>?</TD><br />
<TD><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
</font></TD><br />
<TD>[[Reabsorption and Secretion Along the Loop of Henle - Anatomy & Physiology#|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
</table></div>
Lwyatri
https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Reabsorption_and_Secretion_Along_the_Loop_of_Henle_-_Renal_Flash_Cards_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology&diff=35980
Reabsorption and Secretion Along the Loop of Henle - Renal Flash Cards - Anatomy & Physiology
2008-09-10T15:53:01Z
<p>Lwyatri: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{toplink<br />
|backcolour = C1F0F6<br />
|linkpage =Reabsorption and Secretion Along the Nephron - Renal Flash Cards - Anatomy & Physiology<br />
|linktext =REABSORPTION AND SECRETION - RENAL FLASH CARDS<br />
|maplink = Urinary System (Content Map) - Anatomy & Physiology<br />
|pagetype =Anatomy<br />
}}<br />
<br><br />
'''Use the mouse to highlight the answers. They are written in white'''<br />
<br />
<TABLE BORDER="2" BORDERCOLOR="#6600FF" CELLPADDING="2" CELLSPACING="2" WIDTH="80%"><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>'''Question'''</TD><br />
<TD>'''Answer'''</TD><br />
<TD>'''Link'''</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>?</TD><br />
<TD><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
</font></TD><br />
<TD>[[Reabsorption and Secretion Along the Loop of Henle - Anatomy & Physiology#|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
</table></div>
Lwyatri
https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Important_Hormonal_Regulators_of_the_Kidney_-_Renal_Flash_Cards_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology&diff=35979
Important Hormonal Regulators of the Kidney - Renal Flash Cards - Anatomy & Physiology
2008-09-10T15:45:45Z
<p>Lwyatri: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{toplink<br />
|backcolour = C1F0F6<br />
|linkpage =Urine Production - Renal Flash Cards - Anatomy & Physiology<br />
|linktext =URINE PRODUCTION - RENAL FLASH CARDS<br />
|maplink = Urinary System (Content Map) - Anatomy & Physiology<br />
|pagetype =Anatomy<br />
}}<br />
<br><br />
'''Use the mouse to highlight the answers. They are written in white'''<br />
<br />
<TABLE BORDER="2" BORDERCOLOR="#6600FF" CELLPADDING="2" CELLSPACING="2" WIDTH="80%"><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>'''Question'''</TD><br />
<TD>'''Answer'''</TD><br />
<TD>'''Link'''</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>Which hormone is excreted by the juxtaglomerular cells in response to a fall in blood pressure?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF">Renin</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Important Hormonal Regulators of the Kidney - Anatomy & Physiology#The System|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>What does ACE do?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF">Converts angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Important Hormonal Regulators of the Kidney - Anatomy & Physiology#|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>Which receptors does angiotensin 2 act on to cause the release of aldosterone?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
AT1</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Important Hormonal Regulators of the Kidney - Anatomy & Physiology#Effects of Angiotensin 2 on Blood Pressure|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>How does angiotensin 2 effect GFR?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
Contracts the efferent arteriole to increase GFR when blood pressure drops</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Important Hormonal Regulators of the Kidney - Anatomy & Physiology#Effects of Angiotensin 2 on GFR|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>What three things stimulate the release of aldosterone?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
* Corticotropin (ACTH)<br />
* Angiotensin 2<br />
* K<sup>+</sup></FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Important Hormonal Regulators of the Kidney - Anatomy & Physiology#Release|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>What are its effects on sodium?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF">Increases the reabsorption of sodium from the distal tubule and collecting duct</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Important Hormonal Regulators of the Kidney - Anatomy & Physiology#Action|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>How does it achieve these effects?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF">Increases the synthesis of sodium transporters and increases the supply of ATP to them by altering gene transcription</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Important Hormonal Regulators of the Kidney - Anatomy & Physiology#Action|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>Where is atrial natriutretic peptide secreted from?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF">Atrial walls</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Important Hormonal Regulators of the Kidney - Anatomy & Physiology#|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>Whats it's effect?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF">Increases the excretion of water by reducing the reuptake of sodium.</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Important Hormonal Regulators of the Kidney - Anatomy & Physiology#Atrial Natriuretic Peptide|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
</table></div>
Lwyatri
https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Important_Hormonal_Regulators_of_the_Kidney_-_Renal_Flash_Cards_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology&diff=35978
Important Hormonal Regulators of the Kidney - Renal Flash Cards - Anatomy & Physiology
2008-09-10T15:28:53Z
<p>Lwyatri: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{toplink<br />
|backcolour = C1F0F6<br />
|linkpage =Urine Production - Renal Flash Cards - Anatomy & Physiology<br />
|linktext =URINE PRODUCTION - RENAL FLASH CARDS<br />
|maplink = Urinary System (Content Map) - Anatomy & Physiology<br />
|pagetype =Anatomy<br />
}}<br />
<br><br />
'''Use the mouse to highlight the answers. They are written in white'''<br />
<br />
<TABLE BORDER="2" BORDERCOLOR="#6600FF" CELLPADDING="2" CELLSPACING="2" WIDTH="80%"><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>'''Question'''</TD><br />
<TD>'''Answer'''</TD><br />
<TD>'''Link'''</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>Which hormone is excreted by the juxtaglomerular cells in response to a fall in blood pressure?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF">Renin</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Important Hormonal Regulators of the Kidney - Anatomy & Physiology#The System|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>What does ACE do?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF">Converts angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Important Hormonal Regulators of the Kidney - Anatomy & Physiology#|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>Which receptors does angiotensin 2 act on to cause the release of aldosterone?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
*AT1</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Important Hormonal Regulators of the Kidney - Anatomy & Physiology#Effects of Angiotensin 2 on Blood Pressure|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>How does angiotensin 2 effect GFR?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
Contracts the efferent arteriole to increase GFR when blood pressure drops</FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Important Hormonal Regulators of the Kidney - Anatomy & Physiology#Effects of Angiotensin 2 on GFR|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"></FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Important Hormonal Regulators of the Kidney - Anatomy & Physiology#|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"></FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Important Hormonal Regulators of the Kidney - Anatomy & Physiology#|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"></FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Important Hormonal Regulators of the Kidney - Anatomy & Physiology#|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"></FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Important Hormonal Regulators of the Kidney - Anatomy & Physiology#|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"></FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Important Hormonal Regulators of the Kidney - Anatomy & Physiology#|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>?</TD><br />
<TD><br />
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"></FONT></TD><br />
<TD>[[Important Hormonal Regulators of the Kidney - Anatomy & Physiology#|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
</table></div>
Lwyatri
https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Essential_Ion_and_Compound_Balance_and_Homeostasis_-_Renal_Flash_Cards_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology&diff=35977
Essential Ion and Compound Balance and Homeostasis - Renal Flash Cards - Anatomy & Physiology
2008-09-10T15:15:07Z
<p>Lwyatri: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{toplink<br />
|backcolour = C1F0F6<br />
|linkpage =The Nephron - Renal Flash Cards - Anatomy & Physiology<br />
|linktext =RENAL FLASH CARDS - THE NEPHRON<br />
|maplink = Urinary System (Content Map) - Anatomy & Physiology<br />
|pagetype =Anatomy<br />
}}<br />
<br><br />
'''Use the mouse to highlight the answers. They are written in white'''<br />
<br />
<TABLE BORDER="2" BORDERCOLOR="#6600FF" CELLPADDING="2" CELLSPACING="2" WIDTH="80%"><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>'''Question'''</TD><br />
<TD>'''Answer'''</TD><br />
<TD>'''Link'''</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>What the effects of varying sodium concentration within the body?</TD><br />
<TD><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
*Too low <br />
**Water and ECF volumes fall <br />
**Sodium dependant transporters are disturbed<br />
*Too High<br />
**Water and ECF volume increases<br />
**Sodium dependant transporters are disturbed </font></TD><br />
<TD>[[Essential Ion and Compound Balance and Homeostasis - Anatomy & Physiology#Sodium|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>Why is sodium not regulated on the basis of plasma concentration?</TD><br />
<TD><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
*Water follows sodium. Therefore volume notconcentration alter<br />
*The hormonal controllers affect sodium concentration and ECF concentration<br />
*ADH and the thirst response dilute any increase in sodium by increasing ECF volume</font></TD><br />
<TD>[[Essential Ion and Compound Balance and Homeostasis - Anatomy & Physiology#Regulation|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>What is "salt hunger"?</TD><br />
<TD><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
It's where an animal with low body salt concentrations actually craves salt</font></TD><br />
<TD>[[Essential Ion and Compound Balance and Homeostasis - Anatomy & Physiology#Salt Hunger|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>What are the three major sources of potassium?</TD><br />
<TD><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
* Diffusion from the small intestine<br />
* Active transport from the colon<br />
* Recovered from cellular breakdown</font></TD><br />
<TD>[[Essential Ion and Compound Balance and Homeostasis - Anatomy & Physiology#Sources|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>By which three methods is potassium homeostasis managed? Which of these make up the chronic and which the acute response</TD><br />
<TD><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
*Cellular translocation - Acute<br />
*Renal excretion - 90% of chronic<br />
*GI excretion - 10% of chronic</font></TD><br />
<TD>[[Essential Ion and Compound Balance and Homeostasis - Anatomy & Physiology#Methods of Control|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>Which two things control the acute response and how do they do it?</TD><br />
<TD><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
*Insulin<br />
*Activation of beta2 adrenoreceptors<br />
*Work by increasing the activity of Na+ / K+ ATPases causing sodium efflux and potassium influx</font></TD><br />
<TD>[[Essential Ion and Compound Balance and Homeostasis - Anatomy & Physiology#|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>Which hormone is the main regulator of potassium??</TD><br />
<TD><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
Aldosterone</font></TD><br />
<TD>[[Essential Ion and Compound Balance and Homeostasis - Anatomy & Physiology#Potassium and Aldosterone|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>In which two regions of the nephron is H<sup>+</sup> secreted?</TD><br />
<TD><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
*Proximal tubule<br />
*Collecting duct</font></TD><br />
<TD>[[Essential Ion and Compound Balance and Homeostasis - Anatomy & Physiology#Acid / Base|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>What role do buffers play with regard to excreting hydrogen ions?</TD><br />
<TD><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
Once all bicarbonate has been reabsorbed they combine with residual excess hydrogen allowing it to be excreted without the loss of bicarbonate and without making the urine very acidic.</font></TD><br />
<TD>[[Essential Ion and Compound Balance and Homeostasis - Anatomy & Physiology#Buffers of H+ in Urine|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>In ruminants fed low nitrogen diets more urea is reabsorbed. Why?</TD><br />
<TD><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
It is transported to the rumen and converted to microbial protein</font></TD><br />
<TD>[[Essential Ion and Compound Balance and Homeostasis - Anatomy & Physiology#Urea and Foregut Fermenters|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
</table></div>
Lwyatri
https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Essential_Ion_and_Compound_Balance_and_Homeostasis_-_Renal_Flash_Cards_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology&diff=35966
Essential Ion and Compound Balance and Homeostasis - Renal Flash Cards - Anatomy & Physiology
2008-09-10T14:28:23Z
<p>Lwyatri: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{toplink<br />
|backcolour = C1F0F6<br />
|linkpage =The Nephron - Renal Flash Cards - Anatomy & Physiology<br />
|linktext =RENAL FLASH CARDS - THE NEPHRON<br />
|maplink = Urinary System (Content Map) - Anatomy & Physiology<br />
|pagetype =Anatomy<br />
}}<br />
<br><br />
'''Use the mouse to highlight the answers. They are written in white'''<br />
<br />
<TABLE BORDER="2" BORDERCOLOR="#6600FF" CELLPADDING="2" CELLSPACING="2" WIDTH="80%"><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>'''Question'''</TD><br />
<TD>'''Answer'''</TD><br />
<TD>'''Link'''</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>What the effects of varying sodium concentration within the body?</TD><br />
<TD><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
*Too low <br />
**Water and ECF volumes fall <br />
**Sodium dependant transporters are disturbed<br />
*Too High<br />
**Water and ECF volume increases<br />
**Sodium dependant transporters are disturbed </font></TD><br />
<TD>[[Essential Ion and Compound Balance and Homeostasis - Anatomy & Physiology#Sodium|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>Why is sodium not regulated on the basis of plasma concentration?</TD><br />
<TD><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
*Water follows sodium. Therefore volume notconcentration alter<br />
*The hormonal controllers affect sodium concentration and ECF concentration<br />
*ADH and the thirst response dilute any increase in sodium by increasing ECF volume</font></TD><br />
<TD>[[Essential Ion and Compound Balance and Homeostasis - Anatomy & Physiology#Regulation|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>What is "salt hunger"?</TD><br />
<TD><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
It's where an animal with low body salt concentrations actually craves salt</font></TD><br />
<TD>[[Essential Ion and Compound Balance and Homeostasis - Anatomy & Physiology#Salt Hunger|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>What are the three major sources of potassium?</TD><br />
<TD><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
* Diffusion from the small intestine<br />
* Active transport from the colon<br />
* Recovered from cellular breakdown</font></TD><br />
<TD>[[Essential Ion and Compound Balance and Homeostasis - Anatomy & Physiology#Sources|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>By which three methods is potassium homeostasis managed? Which of these make up the chronic and which the acute response</TD><br />
<TD><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
*Cellular translocation - Acute<br />
*Renal excretion - 90% of chronic<br />
*GI excretion - 10% of chronic</font></TD><br />
<TD>[[Essential Ion and Compound Balance and Homeostasis - Anatomy & Physiology#Methods of Control|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>Which two things control the acute response and how do they do it?</TD><br />
<TD><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
*Insulin<br />
*Activation of beta2 adrenoreceptors<br />
*Work by increasing the activity of Na+ / K+ ATPases causing sodium efflux and potassium influx</font></TD><br />
<TD>[[Essential Ion and Compound Balance and Homeostasis - Anatomy & Physiology#|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>?</TD><br />
<TD><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
</font></TD><br />
<TD>[[Essential Ion and Compound Balance and Homeostasis - Anatomy & Physiology#|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>?</TD><br />
<TD><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
</font></TD><br />
<TD>[[Essential Ion and Compound Balance and Homeostasis - Anatomy & Physiology#|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>?</TD><br />
<TD><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
</font></TD><br />
<TD>[[Essential Ion and Compound Balance and Homeostasis - Anatomy & Physiology#|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>?</TD><br />
<TD><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
</font></TD><br />
<TD>[[Essential Ion and Compound Balance and Homeostasis - Anatomy & Physiology#|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
</table></div>
Lwyatri
https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Essential_Ion_and_Compound_Balance_and_Homeostasis_-_Renal_Flash_Cards_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology&diff=35961
Essential Ion and Compound Balance and Homeostasis - Renal Flash Cards - Anatomy & Physiology
2008-09-10T14:12:46Z
<p>Lwyatri: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{toplink<br />
|backcolour = C1F0F6<br />
|linkpage =The Nephron - Renal Flash Cards - Anatomy & Physiology<br />
|linktext =RENAL FLASH CARDS - THE NEPHRON<br />
|maplink = Urinary System (Content Map) - Anatomy & Physiology<br />
|pagetype =Anatomy<br />
}}<br />
<br><br />
<br />
<TABLE BORDER="2" BORDERCOLOR="#6600FF" CELLPADDING="2" CELLSPACING="2" WIDTH="80%"><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>'''Question'''</TD><br />
<TD>'''Answer'''</TD><br />
<TD>'''Link'''</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>What are the problems if body water levels drop too low?</TD><br />
<TD><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
* Inadequate perfusion due to low blood volume<br />
* A build up of waste products due to insufficient urine volume<br />
* Increased solute concentrations affect cell function<br />
* Inability to sweat and control body temperature<br />
* Death</font></TD><br />
<TD>[[Water Balance and Homeostasis - Physiology#Too Little Water|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR></div>
Lwyatri
https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Water_Balance_and_Homeostasis_-_Renal_Flash_Cards_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology&diff=35960
Water Balance and Homeostasis - Renal Flash Cards - Anatomy & Physiology
2008-09-10T14:09:49Z
<p>Lwyatri: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{toplink<br />
|backcolour = C1F0F6<br />
|linkpage =The Nephron - Renal Flash Cards - Anatomy & Physiology<br />
|linktext =RENAL FLASH CARDS - THE NEPHRON<br />
|maplink = Urinary System (Content Map) - Anatomy & Physiology<br />
|pagetype =Anatomy<br />
}}<br />
<br><br />
'''Use the mouse to highlight the answers. They are written in white'''<br />
<br />
<TABLE BORDER="2" BORDERCOLOR="#6600FF" CELLPADDING="2" CELLSPACING="2" WIDTH="80%"><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>'''Question'''</TD><br />
<TD>'''Answer'''</TD><br />
<TD>'''Link'''</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>What are the problems if body water levels drop too low?</TD><br />
<TD><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
* Inadequate perfusion due to low blood volume<br />
* A build up of waste products due to insufficient urine volume<br />
* Increased solute concentrations affect cell function<br />
* Inability to sweat and control body temperature<br />
* Death</font></TD><br />
<TD>[[Water Balance and Homeostasis - Physiology#Too Little Water|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>What are the problems if body water levels get too great?</TD><br />
<TD><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
* Oedema<br />
* Increased blood volume and therefore pressure could damage the CVS<br />
* A decrease in solute concentrations disrupt normal cell function</font></TD><br />
<TD>[[Water Balance and Homeostasis - Physiology#Too Much Water|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>If you take a fat and a thin cow, which will have the most body water and why?</TD><br />
<TD><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
The thin cow as adipose tissue contains little water</font></TD><br />
<TD>[[Total Water Balance - Physiology#Inter-Animal Differences|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>Metabolic water is derived from which reaction?</TD><br />
<TD><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF">The oxidation of hydrogen</font></TD><br />
<TD>[[Total Water Balance - Physiology#Water Gain and Loss|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>What is "insensible water loss"?</TD><br />
<TD><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF">Insensible water loss is water loss which cannot be sensed by the individual and tends to be a response to thermoregulation rather than being a regulated process of water homeostasis</font></TD><br />
<TD>[[Total Water Balance - Physiology#Insensible Water Loss|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>As milk yield increases how does this effect water intake?<br />
*A - Water intake increases more than milk yield<br />
*B - Increases in water intake match milk production litre for litre<br />
*C - Water intake increases but not as much as milk yield</TD><br />
<TD><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
*A</font></TD><br />
<TD>[[Total Water Balance - Physiology#Water Intake and Lactation|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>What are aquaporins?</TD><br />
<TD><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
* Family of membrane channel proteins<br />
* Over a dozen homologous water transporting proteins make up this family in mammals<br />
* Allow rapid transport of substances across membranes</font></TD><br />
<TD>[[Aquaporins of the Kidney and Water Homeostasis - Anatomy & Physiology#What are Aquaporins|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>AQP2 is inserted into the membrane of which cells to increase water reabsorption?</TD><br />
<TD><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF">Principal cells of the collecting duct</font></TD><br />
<TD>[[Aquaporins of the Kidney and Water Homeostasis - Anatomy & Physiology#ADH and the Collecting Duct|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>Which hormone influences this insertion?</TD><br />
<TD><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF">ADH</font></TD><br />
<TD>[[Aquaporins of the Kidney and Water Homeostasis - Anatomy & Physiology#ADH and the Collecting Duct|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>What are the two differant types of nephron called?</TD><br />
<TD><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
*Juxtamedullary<br />
*Cortical</font></TD><br />
<TD>[[Species Differences in Water Conservation and Economy - Physiology#Nephron Species Differences|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
</table></div>
Lwyatri
https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Water_Balance_and_Homeostasis_-_Renal_Flash_Cards_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology&diff=35958
Water Balance and Homeostasis - Renal Flash Cards - Anatomy & Physiology
2008-09-10T13:59:31Z
<p>Lwyatri: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{toplink<br />
|backcolour = C1F0F6<br />
|linkpage =The Nephron - Renal Flash Cards - Anatomy & Physiology<br />
|linktext =RENAL FLASH CARDS - THE NEPHRON<br />
|maplink = Urinary System (Content Map) - Anatomy & Physiology<br />
|pagetype =Anatomy<br />
}}<br />
<br><br />
'''Use the mouse to highlight the answers. They are written in white'''<br />
<br />
<TABLE BORDER="2" BORDERCOLOR="#6600FF" CELLPADDING="2" CELLSPACING="2" WIDTH="80%"><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>'''Question'''</TD><br />
<TD>'''Answer'''</TD><br />
<TD>'''Link'''</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>What are the problems if body water levels drop too low?</TD><br />
<TD><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
* Inadequate perfusion due to low blood volume<br />
* A build up of waste products due to insufficient urine volume<br />
* Increased solute concentrations affect cell function<br />
* Inability to sweat and control body temperature<br />
* Death</font></TD><br />
<TD>[[Water Balance and Homeostasis - Physiology#Too Little Water|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>What are the problems if body water levels get too great?</TD><br />
<TD><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
* Oedema<br />
* Increased blood volume and therefore pressure could damage the CVS<br />
* A decrease in solute concentrations disrupt normal cell function</font></TD><br />
<TD>[[Water Balance and Homeostasis - Physiology#Too Much Water|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>If you take a fat and a thin cow, which will have the most body water and why?</TD><br />
<TD><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
The thin cow as adipose tissue contains little water</font></TD><br />
<TD>[[Total Water Balance - Physiology#Inter-Animal Differences|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>Metabolic water is derived from which reaction?</TD><br />
<TD><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF">The oxidation of hydrogen</font></TD><br />
<TD>[[Total Water Balance - Physiology#Water Gain and Loss|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>What is "insensible water loss"?</TD><br />
<TD><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF">Insensible water loss is water loss which cannot be sensed by the individual and tends to be a response to thermoregulation rather than being a regulated process of water homeostasis</font></TD><br />
<TD>[[Total Water Balance - Physiology#Insensible Water Loss|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>As milk yield increases how does this effect water intake?<br />
*A - Water intake increases more than milk yield<br />
*B - Increases in water intake match milk production litre for litre<br />
*C - Water intake increases but not as much as milk yield</TD><br />
<TD><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
*A</font></TD><br />
<TD>[[Total Water Balance - Physiology#Water Intake and Lactation|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>?</TD><br />
<TD><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"></font></TD><br />
<TD>[[#|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>?</TD><br />
<TD><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"></font></TD><br />
<TD>[[#|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>?</TD><br />
<TD><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"></font></TD><br />
<TD>[[#|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>?</TD><br />
<TD><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"></font></TD><br />
<TD>[[#|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
</table></div>
Lwyatri
https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Water_Balance_and_Homeostasis_-_Renal_Flash_Cards_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology&diff=35955
Water Balance and Homeostasis - Renal Flash Cards - Anatomy & Physiology
2008-09-10T13:58:50Z
<p>Lwyatri: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{toplink<br />
|backcolour = C1F0F6<br />
|linkpage =The Nephron - Renal Flash Cards - Anatomy & Physiology<br />
|linktext =RENAL FLASH CARDS - THE NEPHRON<br />
|maplink = Urinary System (Content Map) - Anatomy & Physiology<br />
|pagetype =Anatomy<br />
}}<br />
<br><br />
'''Use the mouse to highlight the answers. They are written in white'''<br />
<br />
<TABLE BORDER="2" BORDERCOLOR="#6600FF" CELLPADDING="2" CELLSPACING="2" WIDTH="80%"><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>'''Question'''</TD><br />
<TD>'''Answer'''</TD><br />
<TD>'''Link'''</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>What are the problems if body water levels drop too low?</TD><br />
<TD><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
* Inadequate perfusion due to low blood volume<br />
* A build up of waste products due to insufficient urine volume<br />
* Increased solute concentrations affect cell function<br />
* Inability to sweat and control body temperature<br />
* Death</font></TD><br />
<TD>[[Water Balance and Homeostasis - Physiology#Too Little Water|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>What are the problems if body water levels get too great?</TD><br />
<TD><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
* Oedema<br />
* Increased blood volume and therefore pressure could damage the CVS<br />
* A decrease in solute concentrations disrupt normal cell function</font></TD><br />
<TD>[[Water Balance and Homeostasis - Physiology#Too Much Water|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>If you take a fat and a thin cow, which will have the most body water and why?</TD><br />
<TD><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
The thin cow as adipose tissue contains little water</font></TD><br />
<TD>[[Total Water Balance - Physiology#Inter-Animal Differences|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>Metabolic water is derived from which reaction?</TD><br />
<TD><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF">The oxidation of hydrogen</font></TD><br />
<TD>[[Total Water Balance - Physiology#Water Gain and Loss|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>What is "insensible water loss"?</TD><br />
<TD><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF">Insensible water loss is water loss which cannot be sensed by the individual and tends to be a response to thermoregulation rather than being a regulated process of water homeostasis</font></TD><br />
<TD>[[Total Water Balance - Physiology#Insensible Water Loss|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>As milk yield increases how does this effect water intake?<br />
A - Water intake increases more than milk yield<br />
B - Increases in water intake match milk production litre for litre<br />
C - Water intake increases but not as much as milk yield</TD><br />
<TD><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF">A</font></TD><br />
<TD>[[Total Water Balance - Physiology#Water Intake and Lactation|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>?</TD><br />
<TD><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"></font></TD><br />
<TD>[[#|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>?</TD><br />
<TD><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"></font></TD><br />
<TD>[[#|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>?</TD><br />
<TD><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"></font></TD><br />
<TD>[[#|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>?</TD><br />
<TD><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"></font></TD><br />
<TD>[[#|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
</table></div>
Lwyatri
https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Water_Balance_and_Homeostasis_-_Renal_Flash_Cards_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology&diff=35950
Water Balance and Homeostasis - Renal Flash Cards - Anatomy & Physiology
2008-09-10T13:51:45Z
<p>Lwyatri: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{toplink<br />
|backcolour = C1F0F6<br />
|linkpage =The Nephron - Renal Flash Cards - Anatomy & Physiology<br />
|linktext =RENAL FLASH CARDS - THE NEPHRON<br />
|maplink = Urinary System (Content Map) - Anatomy & Physiology<br />
|pagetype =Anatomy<br />
}}<br />
<br><br />
'''Use the mouse to highlight the answers. They are written in white'''<br />
<br />
<TABLE BORDER="2" BORDERCOLOR="#6600FF" CELLPADDING="2" CELLSPACING="2" WIDTH="80%"><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>'''Question'''</TD><br />
<TD>'''Answer'''</TD><br />
<TD>'''Link'''</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>What are the problems if body water levels drop too low?</TD><br />
<TD><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
* Inadequate perfusion due to low blood volume<br />
* A build up of waste products due to insufficient urine volume<br />
* Increased solute concentrations affect cell function<br />
* Inability to sweat and control body temperature<br />
* Death</font></TD><br />
<TD>[[Water Balance and Homeostasis - Physiology#Too Little Water|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>What are the problems if body water levels get too great?</TD><br />
<TD><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
* Oedema<br />
* Increased blood volume and therefore pressure could damage the CVS<br />
* A decrease in solute concentrations disrupt normal cell function</font></TD><br />
<TD>[[Water Balance and Homeostasis - Physiology#Too Much Water|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>?</TD><br />
<TD><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"></font></TD><br />
<TD>[[#|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>?</TD><br />
<TD><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"></font></TD><br />
<TD>[[#|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>?</TD><br />
<TD><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"></font></TD><br />
<TD>[[#|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>?</TD><br />
<TD><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"></font></TD><br />
<TD>[[#|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>?</TD><br />
<TD><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"></font></TD><br />
<TD>[[#|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>?</TD><br />
<TD><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"></font></TD><br />
<TD>[[#|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>?</TD><br />
<TD><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"></font></TD><br />
<TD>[[#|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>?</TD><br />
<TD><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"></font></TD><br />
<TD>[[#|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
</table></div>
Lwyatri
https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Microscopic_Anatomy_of_the_Nephron_-_Renal_Flash_Cards_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology&diff=35948
Microscopic Anatomy of the Nephron - Renal Flash Cards - Anatomy & Physiology
2008-09-10T13:46:05Z
<p>Lwyatri: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{toplink<br />
|backcolour = C1F0F6<br />
|linkpage =The Nephron - Renal Flash Cards - Anatomy & Physiology<br />
|linktext =RENAL FLASH CARDS - THE NEPHRON<br />
|maplink = Urinary System (Content Map) - Anatomy & Physiology<br />
|pagetype =Anatomy<br />
}}<br />
<br><br />
'''Use the mouse to highlight the answers. They are written in white'''<br />
<br />
<TABLE BORDER="2" BORDERCOLOR="#6600FF" CELLPADDING="2" CELLSPACING="2" WIDTH="80%"><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>'''Question'''</TD><br />
<TD>'''Answer'''</TD><br />
<TD>'''Link'''</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>Which two structures make up the renal corpuscle?</TD><br />
<TD><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF">The glomerulus and bowmans capsule</font></TD><br />
<TD>[[Microscopic Anatomy of the Nephron - Anatomy & Physiology#The Renal Corpuscle|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>What are the layers of the bowmans capsule?</TD><br />
<TD><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
* Inner visceral layer / podocytes<br />
* Outer parietal layer</font></TD><br />
<TD>[[Microscopic Anatomy of the Nephron - Anatomy & Physiology#The Bowmans Capsule|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>What are the two parts of the proximal tubule?</TD><br />
<TD><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
*Pars convoluta<br />
*Pars recta</font></TD><br />
<TD>[[Microscopic Anatomy of the Nephron - Anatomy & Physiology#Proximal Tubule|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>True/False - The proximal tubule has a brush border of microvilli?</TD><br />
<TD><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF">True</font></TD><br />
<TD>[[Microscopic Anatomy of the Nephron - Anatomy & Physiology#Proximal Tubule|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>What is significant about the basal lamina of cells in the proximal tubule?</TD><br />
<TD><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF">It is striated. This increases the surface area for reabsorption</font></TD><br />
<TD>[[Microscopic Anatomy of the Nephron - Anatomy & Physiology#Proximal Tubule|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>What are the three parts of the loop of henle?</TD><br />
<TD><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
*Thin descending limb<br />
*Thin ascending limb<br />
*Thick ascending limb</font></TD><br />
<TD>[[Microscopic Anatomy of the Nephron - Anatomy & Physiology#The Loop of Henle|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>The collecting duct forms the link between which two structures?</TD><br />
<TD><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
*The distal tubule<br />
*The area cribosa of the papilla</font></TD><br />
<TD>[[Microscopic Anatomy of the Nephron - Anatomy & Physiology#Collecting Duct|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>What are the two cell types found in the collecting duct?</TD><br />
<TD><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
*Intercalated cells<br />
*Principal cells</font></TD><br />
<TD>[[Microscopic Anatomy of the Nephron - Anatomy & Physiology#Collecting Duct|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>What is the vasa recta?</TD><br />
<TD><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF">The name given to the blood vessels supplying the renal medulla</font></TD><br />
<TD>[[Microscopic Anatomy of the Nephron - Anatomy & Physiology#The Vasa Recta|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
</table></div>
Lwyatri
https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Microscopic_Anatomy_of_the_Nephron_-_Renal_Flash_Cards_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology&diff=35947
Microscopic Anatomy of the Nephron - Renal Flash Cards - Anatomy & Physiology
2008-09-10T13:45:10Z
<p>Lwyatri: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{toplink<br />
|backcolour = C1F0F6<br />
|linkpage =The Nephron - Renal Flash Cards - Anatomy & Physiology<br />
|linktext =RENAL FLASH CARDS - THE NEPHRON<br />
|maplink = Urinary System (Content Map) - Anatomy & Physiology<br />
|pagetype =Anatomy<br />
}}<br />
<br><br />
'''Use the mouse to highlight the answers. They are written in white'''<br />
<br />
<TABLE BORDER="2" BORDERCOLOR="#6600FF" CELLPADDING="2" CELLSPACING="2" WIDTH="80%"><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>'''Question'''</TD><br />
<TD>'''Answer'''</TD><br />
<TD>'''Link'''</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>Which two structures make up the renal corpuscle?</TD><br />
<TD><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF">The glomerulus and bowmans capsule</font></TD><br />
<TD>[[Microscopic Anatomy of the Nephron - Anatomy & Physiology#The Renal Corpuscle|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>What are the layers of the bowmans capsule?</TD><br />
<TD><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
* Inner visceral layer / podocytes<br />
* Outer parietal layer</font></TD><br />
<TD>[[Microscopic Anatomy of the Nephron - Anatomy & Physiology#The Bowmans Capsule|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>What are the two parts of the proximal tubule?</TD><br />
<TD><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
*Pars convoluta<br />
*Pars recta</font></TD><br />
<TD>[[Microscopic Anatomy of the Nephron - Anatomy & Physiology#Proximal Tubule|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>True/False - The proximal tubule has a brush border of microvilli?</TD><br />
<TD><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF">True</font></TD><br />
<TD>[[Microscopic Anatomy of the Nephron - Anatomy & Physiology#Proximal Tubule|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>What is significant about the basal lamina of cells in the proximal tubule?</TD><br />
<TD><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF">It is striated. This increases the surface are for reabsorption</font></TD><br />
<TD>[[Microscopic Anatomy of the Nephron - Anatomy & Physiology#Proximal Tubule|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>What are the three parts of the loop of henle?</TD><br />
<TD><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
*Thin descending limb<br />
*Thin ascending limb<br />
*Thick ascending limb</font></TD><br />
<TD>[[Microscopic Anatomy of the Nephron - Anatomy & Physiology#The Loop of Henle|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>The collecting duct forms the link between which two structures?</TD><br />
<TD><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
*The distal tubule<br />
*The area cribosa of the papilla</font></TD><br />
<TD>[[Microscopic Anatomy of the Nephron - Anatomy & Physiology#Collecting Duct|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>What are the two cell types found in the collecting duct?</TD><br />
<TD><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
*Intercalated cells<br />
*Principal cells</font></TD><br />
<TD>[[Microscopic Anatomy of the Nephron - Anatomy & Physiology#Collecting Duct|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>What is the vasa recta?</TD><br />
<TD><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF">The name given to the blood vessels supplying the renal medulla</font></TD><br />
<TD>[[Microscopic Anatomy of the Nephron - Anatomy & Physiology#The Vasa Recta|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
</table></div>
Lwyatri
https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Microscopic_Anatomy_of_the_Nephron_-_Renal_Flash_Cards_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology&diff=35946
Microscopic Anatomy of the Nephron - Renal Flash Cards - Anatomy & Physiology
2008-09-10T13:43:15Z
<p>Lwyatri: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{toplink<br />
|backcolour = C1F0F6<br />
|linkpage =The Nephron - Renal Flash Cards - Anatomy & Physiology<br />
|linktext =RENAL FLASH CARDS - THE NEPHRON<br />
|maplink = Urinary System (Content Map) - Anatomy & Physiology<br />
|pagetype =Anatomy<br />
}}<br />
<br><br />
'''Use the mouse to highlight the answers. They are written in white'''<br />
<br />
<TABLE BORDER="2" BORDERCOLOR="#6600FF" CELLPADDING="2" CELLSPACING="2" WIDTH="80%"><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>'''Question'''</TD><br />
<TD>'''Answer'''</TD><br />
<TD>'''Link'''</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>Which two structures make up the renal corpuscle?<br />
</TD><br />
<TD><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF">The glomerulus and bowmans capsule<br />
</TD><br />
<TD>[[Microscopic Anatomy of the Nephron - Anatomy & Physiology#The Renal Corpuscle|Link]]<br />
</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>What are the layers of the bowmans capsule?<br />
</TD><br />
<TD><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
* Inner visceral layer / podocytes<br />
* Outer parietal layer<br />
</TD><br />
<TD>[[Microscopic Anatomy of the Nephron - Anatomy & Physiology#The Bowmans Capsule|Link]]<br />
</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>What are the two parts of the proximal tubule?<br />
</TD><br />
<TD><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
*Pars convoluta<br />
*Pars recta</TD><br />
<TD>[[Microscopic Anatomy of the Nephron - Anatomy & Physiology#Proximal Tubule|Link]]<br />
</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>True/False - The proximal tubule has a brush border of microvilli?<br />
</TD><br />
<TD><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF">True</TD><br />
<TD>[[Microscopic Anatomy of the Nephron - Anatomy & Physiology#Proximal Tubule|Link]]<br />
</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>What is significant about the basal lamina of cells in the proximal tubule?<br />
</TD><br />
<TD><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF">It is striated. This increases the surface are for reabsorption<br />
</TD><br />
<TD>[[Microscopic Anatomy of the Nephron - Anatomy & Physiology#Proximal Tubule|Link]]<br />
</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>What are the three parts of the loop of henle?<br />
</TD><br />
<TD><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
*Thin descending limb<br />
*Thin ascending limb<br />
*Thick ascending limb<br />
</TD><br />
<TD>[[Microscopic Anatomy of the Nephron - Anatomy & Physiology#The Loop of Henle|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>The collecting duct forms the link between which two structures?</TD><br />
<TD><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
*The distal tubule<br />
*The area cribosa of the papilla</TD><br />
<TD>[[Microscopic Anatomy of the Nephron - Anatomy & Physiology#Collecting Duct|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>What are the two cell types found in the collecting duct?</TD><br />
<TD><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><br />
*Intercalated cells<br />
*Principal cells</TD><br />
<TD>[[Microscopic Anatomy of the Nephron - Anatomy & Physiology#Collecting Duct|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD>What is the vasa recta?</TD><br />
<TD><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF">The name given to the blood vessels supplying the renal medulla</TD><br />
<TD>[[Microscopic Anatomy of the Nephron - Anatomy & Physiology#The Vasa Recta|Link]]</TD><br />
</TR><br />
</table></div>
Lwyatri