Autoimmune Diseases - Revision history

Bara: moved Autoimmune diseases - WikiClinical to Autoimmune Diseases

2010-08-11T14:40:16Z

moved Autoimmune diseases - WikiClinical to Autoimmune Diseases

Bara: Redirected page to Category:Autoimmune Diseases

2010-08-11T14:37:46Z

Redirected page to Category:Autoimmune Diseases

Eca02csb: /* Antibody mediated autoimmune diseases */

2010-07-19T16:24:06Z

Antibody mediated autoimmune diseases

A.allison: Text replace - 'Immunology - WikiBlood' to 'Immunology'

2010-06-12T16:08:18Z

Text replace - 'Immunology - WikiBlood' to 'Immunology'

Kwhittle: /* Cell mediated autoimmune diseases */

2009-08-15T11:04:22Z

Cell mediated autoimmune diseases

Kwhittle: /* Environmental factors */

2009-08-15T11:01:17Z

Environmental factors

Kwhittle: /* Genetic factors */

2009-08-15T10:59:25Z

Genetic factors

Kwhittle: /* Introduction */

2009-08-15T10:57:26Z

Introduction

Jtulloch at 10:48, 19 September 2008

2008-09-19T10:48:06Z

A.allison at 10:23, 5 September 2008

2008-09-05T10:23:38Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:37, 11 August 2010
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−	~~{{review}}~~	+	#REDIRECT[[:Category:Autoimmune Diseases]]
−
−	~~{{toplink~~
−	~~\|linkpage =WikiClinical~~
−	~~\|linktext =WikiClinical~~
−	~~\|maplink = WikiClinical Content Map~~
−	~~\|pagetype = Clinical~~
−	~~\|sublink1 = Immunology~~
−	~~\|subtext1 = IMMUNOLOGY~~
−	}}
−	~~<br>~~
−	~~==Introduction==~~
−
−	~~'''Autoimmune disease''' is defined as ''a disease state characterised by a specific antibody or cell mediated response against the body's own tissues ('self' antigens).~~
−
−	~~The breakdown of~~ [[Immune Tolerance - WikiBlood\|tolerance]] to self antigens and the failure to regulate pathological immune responses are both responsible for autoimmune diseases. It has been shown in mice that thymectomy causes autoimmune disease, and plays a very important role in the recognition of 'self'.
−
−	~~Particular individuals may be more susceptible to autoimmune diseases due to~~:
−
−	~~===Genetic factors===~~
−
−	Many autoimmune diseases have a familiar component and the Human Leucocyte Antigen (HLA) haplotype is the predominant genetic factor, however having a particular HLA haplotype does not automatically result in the development of an autoimmune disease.
−
−	* HLA-DR3/DR4 (MHC Class II):
−	~~1. Diabetes Mellitus~~
−
−	~~2. Rheumatoid Arthritis~~
−
−	* HLA-B27 (MHC Class I):
−	~~1. Ankylosing spondylitis~~
−
−	* TNF alpha
−
−	* CTLA-4
−
−	~~===Hormonal factors===~~
−
−	~~Testosterone is protective against Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) and thus it is not seen in males.~~
−
−	~~===Environmental factors===~~
−
−	~~'''''Infection'''''~~
−
−	~~1. Molecular mimicry~~
−
−	* Some bacteria and viruses have antigens that resemble host-cell components and the body can then also initiate an immune response against itself.
−
−	~~2. Polyclonal activation~~
−
−	* T and B cells activation can occur as a result of an infection resulting in polyclonal activation. This can then cause autoreactive autoantibodies or mediate autoimmunity.
−
−	~~3. Inappropriate MHC expression~~
−
−	* Autoreactive T cells are activated because infection stimulates APC and upregulates MHC class II.
−
−	~~'''''Diet'''''~~
−
−	~~'''''Stress'''''~~
−
−
−
−	~~{\| border="1" cellpadding="2"~~
−	~~!width="150"\|~~
−	~~!width="150"\|Antibody mediated~~
−	~~!width="50"\|Antibody mediated~~
−	~~!width="200"\|Cell mediated~~
−	\|-
−	~~\| '''Type of hypersensitivity''' \|\| [[Type II Hypersensitivity - WikiBlood\|Type II]] \|\| [[Type III Hypersensitivity - WikiBlood\|Type III]] \|\| [[Type IV Hypersensitivity - WikiBlood\|Type IV]]~~
−	\|-
−	~~\| '''Pathogenesis''' \|\| Antibody to cell surface or matrix antigens \|\| Antibody to soluble self antigens \|\| T cell and macrophage activation to self antigens~~
−	\|-
−	~~\| '''Examples of diseases''' \|\| Immune mediated haemolytic anaemia (IMHA) \|\| Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) \|\| Rheumatoid arthritis~~
−	\|-
−	~~\| \|\| Immune mediated thrombocytopaenia (IMTP)\|\| \|\| Diabetes Mellitus type 1~~
−	\|-
−	~~\| \|\| Myasthenia gravis \|\| \|\| Hypothyroidism (lymphocytic throiditis)~~
−	\|-
−	~~\| \|\| Pemphigus Vulgaris \|\| \|\| Hypoadrenocorticism (Addisons disease)~~
−	\|-
−	~~\| \|\| Bullous pemphigoid \|\| \|\|~~
−	\|}
−
−	~~==Antibody mediated autoimmune diseases==~~
−	~~[[Image:ImageNeeded.png\|right\|thumb\|150px\|Myasthenia gravis]]~~
−
−	~~===1. Immune Mediated Haemolytic Anaemia (IMHA)===~~
−
−	~~'''Pathogenesis:''' [[Type II Hypersensitivity - WikiBlood\|Type II hypersensitivity]]~~
−
−	* Autoantibody attack on the red blood cells causing extravascular and intravascular lysis which causes anaemia.
−	* The in saline autoagglutination test and the coombes test is used to diagnose the disorder.
−
−	~~===2. Immune Mediated Thrombocytopaenia (IMTP) ===~~
−
−	~~'''Pathogenesis:''' [[Type II Hypersensitivity - WikiBlood\|Type II hypersensitivity]]~~
−
−	* There is an immunological attack on the platelets which reduces the ability for clotting.
−	* A reduced platelet count and detection of anti-platelet antibodies in the serum are used for diagnosis of this disorder.
−
−	~~===3. Myasthenia gravis===~~
−
−	~~'''Pathogenesis:''' [[Type II Hypersensitivity - WikiBlood\|Type II hypersensitivity]]~~
−
−	~~===4. Bullous Pemphigoid===~~
−
−	~~'''Pathogenesis:''' [[Type II Hypersensitivity - WikiBlood\|Type II hypersensitivity]]~~
−
−	~~===5. Pemphigus Vulgaris===~~
−
−	~~'''Pathogenesis:''' [[Type II Hypersensitivity - WikiBlood\|Type II hypersensitivity]]~~
−
−	~~===6. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)/Multi-systemic immune mediated disease===~~
−
−	~~'''Pathogenesis:''' [[Type III Hypersensitivity - WikiBlood\|Type III hypersensitivity]]~~
−
−	~~==Cell mediated autoimmune diseases==~~
−	~~[[Image:Rheumatoid Arthritis Type IV hypersensitivity.jpg\|right\|thumb\|150px\|Rheumatoid Arthritis-Brian Catchpole RVC 2008]]~~
−	~~[[Image:Diabetes Mellitus Type IV hypersensitivity.jpg\|right\|thumb\|150px\|Diabetes Mellitus-Brian Catchpole RVC 2008]]~~
−
−	~~===1. Rheumatoid arthritis===~~
−
−	~~'''Pathogenesis:'''~~
−
−	* [[Type IV Hypersensitivity - WikiBlood\|Type IV hypersensitivity]]: CD4 Th-1 cell mediated.
−	* Macrophages phagocytose self antigens and can present peptides on their MHC Class II molecules. The autoreactive TH-1 cells release IFN-gamma which activates macrophages to release prostaglandins, MMP enzymes and TNF-alpha (pro-inflammatory mediator), see diagram. These cytokines cause inflammation and tissue destruction.
−
−	~~===2. Diabetes Mellitus type I===~~
−	~~'''Pathogenesis:'''~~
−
−	* [[Type IV Hypersensitivity - WikiBlood\|Type IV hypersensitivity]]
−	* The CTLs think that all the beta cells in the pancreas are infected by a virus, as it wrongly detects a self antigen presented by the MHC class I on the surface of the cell as foreign.
−	* Autoreactive CD8+ CTLs are inadvertently activated, destroying the beta cells, thus preventing the secretion of insulin and causing diabetes type 1 (see diagram).
−
−	~~===3. Hypothyroidism (lymphocytic throiditis)===~~
−
−	~~'''Pathogenesis:''' [[Type IV Hypersensitivity - WikiBlood\|Type IV hypersensitivity]]~~
−
−	* T cell mediated
−
−	~~===4. Hypoadrenocorticism (Addisons disease)===~~
−
−	~~'''Pathogenesis:''' [[Type IV Hypersensitivity - WikiBlood\|Type IV hypersensitivity~~]]
−
−	~~==References==~~

@@ Line 82: / Line 82: @@
 ==Antibody mediated autoimmune diseases==
-[[Image:Large.jpg|right|thumb|150px|Myasthenia gravis - From Immunity: The Immune Response in Infectious and Inflammatory Disease DeFranco, Locksley and Robertson New Science Press 1999-2007]]
+[[Image:ImageNeeded.png|right|thumb|150px|Myasthenia gravis]]
 ===1. Immune Mediated Haemolytic Anaemia (IMHA)===

@@ Line 6: / Line 6: @@
 |maplink = WikiClinical Content Map
 |pagetype = Clinical
-|sublink1 = Immunology - WikiBlood
+|sublink1 = Immunology
 |subtext1 = IMMUNOLOGY
 }}

@@ Line 130: / Line 130: @@
 * [[Type IV Hypersensitivity - WikiBlood|Type IV hypersensitivity]]
 * The CTLs think that all the beta cells in the pancreas are infected by a virus, as it wrongly detects a self antigen presented by the MHC class I on the surface of the cell as foreign.
-* Autoreactive CD8+ CTLs are inadvertently activated destroying the beta cells thus preventing the secretion of insulin and causing diabetes type 1 (see diagram).
+* Autoreactive CD8+ CTLs are inadvertently activated, destroying the beta cells, thus preventing the secretion of insulin and causing diabetes type 1 (see diagram).
 ===3. Hypothyroidism (lymphocytic throiditis)===

@@ Line 44: / Line 44: @@
 . Molecular mimicry
-* Some bacteria and viruses  have antigens that resemble host-cell components and the body then also can initiate an immune response against itself.
+* Some bacteria and viruses  have antigens that resemble host-cell components and the body can then also initiate an immune response against itself.
 . Polyclonal activation
-* T and B cells activation can occur as a result of an infection resulting in polyclonal activation. This can then cause autoreactive autoantibodys or mediate autoimmunity.
+* T and B cells activation can occur as a result of an infection resulting in polyclonal activation. This can then cause autoreactive autoantibodies or mediate autoimmunity.
-. Inappropriatee MHC expression
+. Inappropriate MHC expression
 * Autoreactive T cells are activated because infection stimulates APC and upregulates MHC class II.

← Older revision	Revision as of 14:40, 11 August 2010
(No difference)

@@ Line 20: / Line 20: @@
 ===Genetic factors===
-Many autoimmune diseases have a familiar component and the Human Leucocyte Antigen (HLA) haplotype is the prodomient genetic factor, however having a particular HLA haplotype does not automatically result in the development of an autoimmune disease.
+Many autoimmune diseases have a familiar component and the Human Leucocyte Antigen (HLA) haplotype is the predominant genetic factor, however having a particular HLA haplotype does not automatically result in the development of an autoimmune disease.
 * HLA-DR3/DR4 (MHC Class II):

@@ Line 12: / Line 12: @@
 ==Introduction==
-'''Autoimmune disease''' is defined as ''a disease state characterized by a specific antibody or cell mediated response against the body's own tissues ('self' antigens).
+'''Autoimmune disease''' is defined as ''a disease state characterised by a specific antibody or cell mediated response against the body's own tissues ('self' antigens).
 The breakdown of [[Immune Tolerance - WikiBlood|tolerance]] to self antigens and the failure to regulate pathological immune responses are both responsible for autoimmune diseases. It has been shown in mice that thymectomy causes autoimmune disease, and plays a very important role in the recognition of 'self'.

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:48, 19 September 2008
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		+	{{review}}
		+
	{{toplink		{{toplink
	\|linkpage =WikiClinical		\|linkpage =WikiClinical

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{toplink
 |linkpage =WikiClinical
-|linktext =WIKICLINICAL
+|linktext =WikiClinical
 |sublink1 = Immunology - WikiBlood
 |subtext1 = IMMUNOLOGY
 }}
 <br>
 ==Introduction==