Avian Sinusitis - Revision history

Bara at 14:19, 20 July 2012

2012-07-20T14:19:26Z

Bara: /* References */

2011-09-01T14:31:41Z

References

Bara at 14:31, 1 September 2011

2011-09-01T14:31:22Z

Siobhanbrade at 06:42, 19 August 2011

2011-08-19T06:42:52Z

Bara: /* References */

2011-08-02T14:44:13Z

References

Bara at 14:39, 2 August 2011

2011-08-02T14:39:36Z

Siobhanbrade at 12:22, 29 July 2011

2011-07-29T12:22:43Z

Siobhanbrade: Created page with "==Introduction== This infection can occur in any '''psittacine''' with a diet deficient in '''Vitamin A''' but is particularly common in imported grey parrots. ==Signalment== Th..."

2011-07-28T09:56:32Z

Created page with "==Introduction== This infection can occur in any '''psittacine''' with a diet deficient in '''Vitamin A''' but is particularly common in imported grey parrots. ==Signalment== Th..."

New page

==Introduction==
This infection can occur in any '''psittacine''' with a diet deficient in '''Vitamin A''' but is particularly common in imported grey parrots.

==Signalment==
The specific nutrient deficiency that contributes to a sinus infection in birds is '''hypovitaminosis A'''. This can occur if the bird is fed and '''all seed diet''', which is '''deficient''' in '''vitamin A''', '''iodine''' and '''calcium''', therefore it is essential that a full dietary history is taken. Vitamin A deficiency results in the failure of some cells to differentiate normally. In the sinus, the epithelial lining degenerates into '''squamous metaplasia''' resulting in a '''thickening of the mucus''' that washes the debris from the sinus. This thickening '''reduces flow rates''' and allows '''bacteria''' and '''debris''' to persist on the sinus lining until infection occurs. This deficiency can also contribute to the development of and '''rhinoliths''', '''abscesses''' and '''conjunctivitis'''.

==Clinical Signs==
Early clinical signs include '''sneezing''', '''proptosis''' and '''clicking'''. Later, '''swelling''' may develop around the '''eyes''' or between the eyes and beak over the frontal signs. Excessive secretion of serous or mucous material from the respiratory mucous membranes is often reported. It is common for the bird to be suffering from concurrent disease such as pneumonia and air sacculitis. Respiratory distress may be evident, however this should be observed in a quiet stress-free environment for reliable interpretation. Clinical exam is often better performed under general anaesthesia as the cloana should be examined for any spread of infection.

==Diagnosis==
Clinical signs coupled with the history of a vitamin A deficient diet should should be suggestive of sinusitis, however '''needle biopsy''' of the swellings is required to make a '''definitive diagnosis''', as it allows for the differentiation from abscesses. '''Cytology''', '''culture and sensitivity''' should be performed on the aspirated material to determine the presence and nature of infection. The most common infectious organisms are ''Pseudomonas'' and ''Mycoplasma'' species. '''Radiography''' of the skull can also be performed to confirm the presence of sinusitis.

==Treatment==
Proper treatment consists of '''antibiotic therapy''' for the infection, ideally with Baytril and a '''single dose of 20 000 IU vitamin A per kg body weight i.m'''., followed by '''supplementation of the diet with vitamin A'''. Treatment of the infection without this supplementation renders the bird likely to have a recurrence of the infection. Drainage and flushing of the sinus with antibiotics can be attempted in severe cases but due to the anatomy of the sinuses and the nature of the inspissated pus produced, it is normally unsuccessful. If rhinoliths or choanal abcesses are present they should be removed using a needle or dental instruments.

==Prognosis==
If the dietary deficiencies are addressed by feeding '''orange''' and '''dark green vegetables''' long term then infection is unlikely to recurr. Therefore, if the bird recovers well from the original episode of sinusitis the prognosis is '''good'''.

==References==
Lawton, M (1999) '''Management of respiratory disease in psittacine birds''' ''In Practice 1999 21: 76-8''

Forbes NA & Altman RB (1998) '''Self-Assessment Colour Review Avian Medicine''' ''Manson Publishing Ltd''

Stanford, M (2009) '''Respiratory Disease in Birds''' Royal Veterinary College Integrated Course ''RVC''

[[Category: To Do - Siobhan Brade]]
[[Category:To Do - Manson review]]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 ==Introduction==
 Sinus infection can occur in any '''psittacine''' but is particularly common in imported grey parrots. It was largely thought to be associated with a diet deficient in '''Vitamin A''' however there is now some controversy surrounding its contribution to the disease<ref name="one">Lawton, M (1999) '''Management of respiratory disease in psittacine birds''' ''In Practice 1999 21: 76-8''</ref> <ref name="three">Stanford, M (2009) '''Respiratory Disease in Birds''' Royal Veterinary College Integrated Course ''RVC''</ref>.
@@ Line 12: / Line 13: @@
 ==Treatment==
-Ideally the bird should be treated with the '''antibiotic 'Baytril'''' (enrofloxacin) as it covers the above-mentioned bacteria. Additionally the bird should receive a dose of '''Vitamin A''' by '''intramuscular''' injection. Subsequent dietary supplementation of Vitamin A by feeding '''orange''' and '''dark green vegetables''' is necessary to prevent recurrence of infection<ref name="two">Forbes NA & Altman RB (1998) '''Self-Assessment Colour Review Avian Medicine''' ''Manson Publishing Ltd''<ref> <ref name="one">Lawton, M (1999) '''Management of respiratory disease in psittacine birds''' ''In Practice 1999 21: 76-8''</ref>. Drainage and flushing of the sinus with antibiotics in severe cases is recommended  by some <ref name="three">Stanford, M (2009) '''Respiratory Disease in Birds''' Royal Veterinary College Integrated Course ''RVC''</ref> but due to the anatomy of the sinuses and the nature of the inspissated pus produced, others report that it is normally unsuccessful<ref name="one">Lawton, M (1999) '''Management of respiratory disease in psittacine birds''' ''In Practice 1999 21: 76-8''</ref>. If rhinoliths or choanal abcesses are present they should be removed using a needle or dental instruments.
+Ideally the bird should be treated with the '''antibiotic 'Baytril'''' (enrofloxacin) as it covers the above-mentioned bacteria. Additionally the bird should receive a dose of '''Vitamin A''' by '''intramuscular''' injection. Subsequent dietary supplementation of Vitamin A by feeding '''orange''' and '''dark green vegetables''' is necessary to prevent recurrence of infection<ref name="two">Forbes NA & Altman RB (1998) '''Self-Assessment Colour Review Avian Medicine''' ''Manson Publishing Ltd''</ref> <ref name="one">Lawton, M (1999) '''Management of respiratory disease in psittacine birds''' ''In Practice 1999 21: 76-8''</ref>. Drainage and flushing of the sinus with antibiotics in severe cases is recommended  by some <ref name="three">Stanford, M (2009) '''Respiratory Disease in Birds''' Royal Veterinary College Integrated Course ''RVC''</ref> but due to the anatomy of the sinuses and the nature of the inspissated pus produced, others report that it is normally unsuccessful<ref name="one">Lawton, M (1999) '''Management of respiratory disease in psittacine birds''' ''In Practice 1999 21: 76-8''</ref>. If rhinoliths or choanal abcesses are present they should be removed using a needle or dental instruments.
 ==Prognosis==
@@ Line 19: / Line 20: @@
 ==References==
 <references />
 [[Category:Respiratory Diseases - Birds]]
 [[Category:Expert Review - Bird]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:31, 1 September 2011
Line 21:		Line 21:

	[[Category:Respiratory Diseases - Birds]]		[[Category:Respiratory Diseases - Birds]]
−	[[Category:Expert Review - ~~Birds~~]]	+	[[Category:Expert Review - Bird]]

@@ Line 6: / Line 6: @@
 ==Clinical Signs==
-Early clinical signs include '''sneezing''', '''proptosis''' and '''clicking'''. Later, '''swelling''' may develop around the '''eyes''' or between the eyes and beak over the frontal signs. Excessive secretion of serous or mucous material from the respiratory mucous membranes is often reported. It is common for the bird to be suffering from concurrent disease such as pneumonia and air sacculitis. Respiratory distress may be evident, however this should be observed in a quiet stress-free environment for reliable interpretation. Clinical exam is often better performed under general anaesthesia as the cloana should be examined for any spread of infection.
+Early clinical signs include '''sneezing''', '''proptosis''' and '''clicking'''. Later, '''swelling''' may develop around the '''eyes''' or between the eyes and beak over the frontal signs. Excessive secretion of serous or mucous material from the respiratory mucous membranes is often reported. It is common for the bird to be suffering from concurrent disease such as pneumonia and [[Air Sacculitis|air sacculitis]]. Respiratory distress may be evident, however this should be observed in a quiet stress-free environment for reliable interpretation. Clinical exam is often better performed under general anaesthesia as the choana should be examined for any spread of infection.
 ==Diagnosis==
-Clinical signs coupled with the history of a vitamin A deficient diet should should be suggestive of sinusitis, however '''needle biopsy''' of the swellings is required to make a '''definitive diagnosis''', as it allows for the differentiation from abscesses. '''Cytology''', '''culture and sensitivity''' should be performed on the aspirated material to determine the presence and nature of infection. The most common infectious organisms are ''Pseudomonas'' and ''Mycoplasma'' species. '''Radiography''' of the skull can also be performed to confirm the presence of sinusitis.
+Clinical signs coupled with the history of a vitamin A deficient diet should be suggestive of sinusitis, however '''needle biopsy''' of the swellings is required to make a '''definitive diagnosis''', as it allows for the differentiation from abscesses. '''Cytology''', '''culture and sensitivity''' should be performed on the aspirated material to determine the presence and nature of infection. The most common infectious organisms are [[:Category:Pseudomonas and Burkholderia species|''Pseudomonas'']] and [[:Category:Mycoplasmas|''Mycoplasma'' species]]. '''Radiography''' of the skull can also be performed to confirm the presence of sinusitis.
 ==Treatment==
-Ideally the bird should be treated with the '''antibiotic 'Baytril'''' as it covers the above-mentioned bacteria. Additionally the bird should receive a dose of '''Vitamin A''' by '''intramuscular''' injection. Subsequent dietary supplementation of Vitamin A by feeding '''orange''' and '''dark green vegetables''' is necessary to prevent recurrence of infection<ref name="two">Forbes NA & Altman RB (1998) '''Self-Assessment Colour Review Avian Medicine''' ''Manson Publishing Ltd''<ref> <ref name="one">Lawton, M (1999) '''Management of respiratory disease in psittacine birds''' ''In Practice 1999 21: 76-8''</ref>. Drainage and flushing of the sinus with antibiotics in severe cases is recommended  by some <ref name="three">Stanford, M (2009) '''Respiratory Disease in Birds''' Royal Veterinary College Integrated Course ''RVC''</ref> but due to the anatomy of the sinuses and the nature of the inspissated pus produced, others report that it is normally unsuccessful<ref name="one">Lawton, M (1999) '''Management of respiratory disease in psittacine birds''' ''In Practice 1999 21: 76-8''</ref>. If rhinoliths or choanal abcesses are present they should be removed using a needle or dental instruments.
+Ideally the bird should be treated with the '''antibiotic 'Baytril'''' (enrofloxacin) as it covers the above-mentioned bacteria. Additionally the bird should receive a dose of '''Vitamin A''' by '''intramuscular''' injection. Subsequent dietary supplementation of Vitamin A by feeding '''orange''' and '''dark green vegetables''' is necessary to prevent recurrence of infection<ref name="two">Forbes NA & Altman RB (1998) '''Self-Assessment Colour Review Avian Medicine''' ''Manson Publishing Ltd''<ref> <ref name="one">Lawton, M (1999) '''Management of respiratory disease in psittacine birds''' ''In Practice 1999 21: 76-8''</ref>. Drainage and flushing of the sinus with antibiotics in severe cases is recommended  by some <ref name="three">Stanford, M (2009) '''Respiratory Disease in Birds''' Royal Veterinary College Integrated Course ''RVC''</ref> but due to the anatomy of the sinuses and the nature of the inspissated pus produced, others report that it is normally unsuccessful<ref name="one">Lawton, M (1999) '''Management of respiratory disease in psittacine birds''' ''In Practice 1999 21: 76-8''</ref>. If rhinoliths or choanal abcesses are present they should be removed using a needle or dental instruments.
 ==Prognosis==
-If the dietary deficiencies are addressed long term then infection is unlikely to recurr. Therefore, if the bird recovers well from the original episode of sinusitis the prognosis is '''good'''.
+If the dietary deficiencies are addressed long term then infection is unlikely to recur. Therefore, if the bird recovers well from the original episode of sinusitis the prognosis is '''good'''.
 ==References==
 <references />
-[[Category: To Do - Siobhan Brade]]
+[[Category:Respiratory Diseases - Birds]]
-[[Category:To Do - Manson review]]
+[[Category:Expert Review - Birds]]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 ==Introduction==
-Sinus infection can occur in any '''psittacine''' with a diet deficient in '''Vitamin A''' but is particularly common in imported grey parrots.
+Sinus infection can occur in any '''psittacine''' but is particularly common in imported grey parrots. It was largely thought to be associated with a diet deficient in '''Vitamin A''' however there is now some controversy surrounding its contribution to the disease<ref name="one">Lawton, M (1999) '''Management of respiratory disease in psittacine birds''' ''In Practice 1999 21: 76-8''</ref> <ref name="three">Stanford, M (2009) '''Respiratory Disease in Birds''' Royal Veterinary College Integrated Course ''RVC''</ref>.
 ==Signalment==
-'''Hypovitaminosis A''' is a nutritional deficiency thought to predispose birds to sinusitis. This can occur if the bird is fed and '''all seed diet''', which is '''deficient''' in '''vitamin A''', '''iodine''' and '''calcium''', therefore it is essential that a full dietary history is taken. Vitamin A deficiency causes some cells to differentiate abnormally. This occurs in the sinus, where the epithelial lining degenerates into '''squamous metaplasia'''. This causes the '''mucus to thicken''', thus preventing debris from being flushed out of the sinus. This results in a '''build-up of debris and bacteria''', eventually resulting in infection. This deficiency can also contribute to the development of and '''rhinoliths''', '''abscesses''' and '''conjunctivitis'''.
+'''Hypovitaminosis A''' is a nutritional deficiency thought to predispose birds to sinusitis <ref name="one">Lawton, M (1999) '''Management of respiratory disease in psittacine birds''' ''In Practice 1999 21: 76-8''</ref>. This can occur if the bird is fed and '''all seed diet''', which is '''deficient''' in '''vitamin A''', '''iodine''' and '''calcium''', therefore it is essential that a full dietary history is taken. Vitamin A deficiency causes some cells to differentiate abnormally. This occurs in the sinus, where the epithelial lining degenerates into '''squamous metaplasia'''. This causes the '''mucus to thicken''', thus preventing debris from being flushed out of the sinus. This results in a '''build-up of debris and bacteria''', eventually resulting in infection<ref name="two">Forbes NA & Altman RB (1998) '''Self-Assessment Colour Review Avian Medicine''' ''Manson Publishing Ltd''</ref>. This deficiency can also contribute to the development of and '''rhinoliths''', '''abscesses''' and '''conjunctivitis'''. Currently it is thought that sinusitis may not occur as a result of vitamin A deficiency as many parrot diets now have an excess of Vitamin A<ref name="three">Stanford, M (2009) '''Respiratory Disease in Birds''' Royal Veterinary College Integrated Course ''RVC''</ref>.
 ==Clinical Signs==
@@ Line 12: / Line 12: @@
 ==Treatment==
-Ideally the bird should be treated with the '''antibiotic 'Baytril'''' as it covers the above-mentioned bacteria. Additionally the bird should receive a dose of '''Vitamin A''' by '''intramuscular''' injection. Subsequent dietary supplementation of Vitamin A by feeding '''orange''' and '''dark green vegetables''' is necessary to prevent recurrence of infection. Drainage and flushing of the sinus with antibiotics can be attempted in severe cases but due to the anatomy of the sinuses and the nature of the inspissated  pus produced, it is normally unsuccessful. If rhinoliths or choanal abcesses are present they should be removed using a needle or dental instruments.
+Ideally the bird should be treated with the '''antibiotic 'Baytril'''' as it covers the above-mentioned bacteria. Additionally the bird should receive a dose of '''Vitamin A''' by '''intramuscular''' injection. Subsequent dietary supplementation of Vitamin A by feeding '''orange''' and '''dark green vegetables''' is necessary to prevent recurrence of infection<ref name="two">Forbes NA & Altman RB (1998) '''Self-Assessment Colour Review Avian Medicine''' ''Manson Publishing Ltd''<ref> <ref name="one">Lawton, M (1999) '''Management of respiratory disease in psittacine birds''' ''In Practice 1999 21: 76-8''</ref>. Drainage and flushing of the sinus with antibiotics in severe cases is recommended  by some <ref name="three">Stanford, M (2009) '''Respiratory Disease in Birds''' Royal Veterinary College Integrated Course ''RVC''</ref> but due to the anatomy of the sinuses and the nature of the inspissated pus produced, others report that it is normally unsuccessful<ref name="one">Lawton, M (1999) '''Management of respiratory disease in psittacine birds''' ''In Practice 1999 21: 76-8''</ref>. If rhinoliths or choanal abcesses are present they should be removed using a needle or dental instruments.
 ==Prognosis==
@@ Line 18: / Line 18: @@
 ==References==
-Lawton, M (1999) '''Management of respiratory disease in psittacine birds''' ''In Practice 1999 21: 76-8''
+<references />
 [[Category: To Do - Siobhan Brade]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:44, 2 August 2011
Line 25:		Line 25:

	[[Category: To Do - Siobhan Brade]]		[[Category: To Do - Siobhan Brade]]
−	~~[[Category:To Do - Manson attention]]~~