Bacillus species - Revision history

Bara: Redirected page to Category:Bacillus species

2010-05-10T20:41:37Z

Redirected page to Category:Bacillus species

A.allison: Text replace - 'neutrophils' to 'neutrophils'

2010-02-24T20:37:10Z

Text replace - 'neutrophils' to 'neutrophils'

Jocelyn86: /* Bacillus anthracis */

2009-08-15T10:17:43Z

Bacillus anthracis

Jocelyn86: /* Characteristics */

2009-08-15T10:02:16Z

Characteristics

A.allison at 20:38, 13 August 2009

2009-08-13T20:38:29Z

Jtulloch at 09:39, 25 September 2008

2008-09-25T09:39:40Z

A.allison at 16:02, 22 September 2008

2008-09-22T16:02:49Z

A.allison at 22:38, 25 August 2008

2008-08-25T22:38:49Z

A.allison at 12:35, 20 August 2008

2008-08-20T12:35:19Z

A.allison at 16:44, 31 July 2008

2008-07-31T16:44:35Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:41, 10 May 2010
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−	~~{{review}}~~	+	#REDIRECT[[:Category:Bacillus species]]
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−	~~{{toplink~~
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−	~~\|linkpage =Bacteria~~
−	~~\|linktext =BACTERIA~~
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−	~~<br>~~
−	~~===Overview===~~
−
−	*Mostly non-pathogenic environmental organisms
−	*''Bacillus anthracis'' causes anthrax
−	*Anthrax is a severe disease affecting all mammals worldwide
−	*Ruminants are highly susceptible to anthrax, dying of a septicaemic form
−	*Pigs and horses are moderately susceptible, but carnivores are fairly resistant
−	*''Bacillus licheniformis'' may cause shoradic abortions in cattle and sheep
−	*''Bacillus cereus'' causes food poisoning in humans and mastitis in cows
−
−
−	~~===Characteristics===~~
−
−	*Large, Gram positive rods
−	*Produce endospores
−	*Aerobes or facultative anaerobes
−	*Grow on non-enriched media
−	*Motile
−	*Catalase positive, oxidase negative
−	*''Bacillus anthracis'' colonies are up to 5mm diameter, flat, dry, grey, with a ground-glass appearance; curled outgrowths from the edge of the colony give a 'medusa head' appearance; non-haemolytic (differentiate from ''Bacillus cereus'')
−	*''Bacillus licheniformis'' forms dull, rough, wrinkled colonies, with hair-like outgrowths
−	*Biochemical tests for identification
−	*Can often tolerate adverse environmental conditions
−
−	~~===''Bacillus anthracis''===~~
−
−	*Epidemiology:
−	**Saprophyte in soil
−	**Endospore formation allows persistence and spread
−	**Endospores survive decades in the soil
−	**Outbreaks in herbivores grazing pastures contaminated by spores from buried carcases
−	**Infection usually by ingestion of spores and penetration through damaged mucosa
−	*Pathogenesis and pathogenicity:
−	**Spores germinate at site of entry and spread via lymphatics to bloodstream, where they multiply and produce toxin
−	**Capsule and toxin (encoded by separate plasmids) required for virulence
−	**Capsule composed of homopolymer of D-isomer of glutamic acid allows survival in the body by resisting phagocytosis
−	**Capsule stains mauve with polychrome methylene blue in the MacFadyean's reaction - identify anthrax in blood samples
−	**Bacilli appear as chains of dark blue, square-ended rods surounded with the capsule
−	**Extracellular toxin (holotoxin) composed of oedema factor, protective antigen and lethal factor
−	**Oedema factor is an adenylate cyclase which increases intracellular cAMP concetrations, causing fluid accumulation and damaging [[Neutrophils - WikiBlood\|neutrophils]]
−	**Lethal factor causes release of cytokines from macrophages
−	**Protective antigen binds to the cell receptor to allow action of the other factors
−	**The toxin kills phagocytes, increases capillary permeability and interferes with clotting cascade
−	**Capillary thrombosis; leakage of fluid through damaged capillary endothelium
−	**Systemic shock from circulatory collapse, [[Haemostasis - Pathology#Haemorrhagic Disease Due To Vascular Fragility\|haemorrhagic disease]] and oedema lead to death of the animal
−	**Severe systemic disease that can result in [[Intestines Fibrinous/Haemorrhagic Enteritis - Pathology#~~Bacterial septicaemia and enteritis\|enteritis]]~~
−	**Causes tissues to darken and swell due to oedema and necrosis
−	*Clinical signs:
−	**Cattle/sheep:
−	***Fatal peracute septicaemia
−	***Animals usually found dead
−	***Pyrexia, depression, congested mucous membranes and petechiae before death
−	***Abortion, subcutaneous oedema and dysentry in animals surviving more that one day
−	**Pigs:
−	***Subacute anthrax with oedematous swelling of throat, head and regional lymph nodes
−	***Intestinal form with high mortality - dysentry due to haemorrhagic enteric lesions
−	~~***~~[[~~Peritoneal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#In pigs\|Peritonitis]]~~
−	**Horses:
−	***Subacute anthrax with subcutaneous oedema of thorax, abdomen and legs following entrance of spores into abrasions
−	***Septicaemia with colic and dysentry due to haemorrhagic enteritis from ingestion of spores; ecchymoses and splenomegaly
−	**Dogs
−	***Rarely affected, but similar disease to that found in pigs
−	**Humans
−	***Cutaneous anthrax - localised lesion from entrance into abrasion which can cause septicaemia
−	***Pulmonary anthrax - inhalation of spores
−	***Intestinal anthrax - ingestion of infective material
−	*Diagnosis:
−	**Post mortem: bloat, incomplete rigor mortis, ecchymoses, oedema, dark unclotted blood from orifices, blooy fluid in body cavities, splenomegaly
−	**Blood smear from an ear or tail vein of ruminants, or peritoneal fluid from pigs stained with polychrome methylene blue
−	**Chains of square-ended blue rods surrounded by mauve capsules
−	**Culture on blood and MacConkey agar (no growth on MacConkey)
−	**Biochemical tests
−	*Treatment:
−	**High doses of penicillin G or oxytetracylcine
−	*Control:
−	**Report suspected cases - notifiable
−	**Spores destroyed by sterilisation
−	**Endemic regions:
−	***Live Sterne spore vaccine which produces toxin but has no capsule, therefore is non-pathogenic; stimulates protective antibody
−	***Chemoprophylaxis with long-acting penicillin
−	**Non-endemic regions after an outbreak:
−	***Movement restrictions
−	***Footbath with sporicidal disinfectant
−	***Fumigate buildings with formaldehyde
−	***Dispose carcases and contaminated material
−	***Isolate in-contact animals
−
−	~~===''Bacillus licheniformis''===~~
−
−	*Widespread in the environment
−	*Associated with food spoilage
−	*Abortion in cattle and sheep, possibly from spoiled silage or hay
−
−
−	~~===''~~Bacillus ~~cereus''===~~
−
−	*Mastitis in cattle
−	*Food poisoning and eye infections in humans
−
−
−	*''CAR bacillus'' in [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#CAR bacillus\|URT infection in cattle]] and [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#In Rabbits\|URT infection in rabbits]]

@@ Line 47: / Line 47: @@
 **Bacilli appear as chains of dark blue, square-ended rods surounded with the capsule
 **Extracellular toxin (holotoxin) composed of oedema factor, protective antigen and lethal factor
-**Oedema factor is an adenylate cyclase which increases intracellular cAMP concetrations, causing fluid accumulation and damaging neutrophils
+**Oedema factor is an adenylate cyclase which increases intracellular cAMP concetrations, causing fluid accumulation and damaging [[Neutrophils - WikiBlood|neutrophils]]
 **Lethal factor causes release of cytokines from macrophages
 **Protective antigen binds to the cell receptor to allow action of the other factors

@@ Line 69: / Line 69: @@
 ***Septicaemia with colic and dysentry due to haemorrhagic enteritis from ingestion of spores; ecchymoses and splenomegaly
 **Dogs
-***Rarely affected, but similar disease to that foung in pigs
+***Rarely affected, but similar disease to that found in pigs
 **Humans
 ***Cutaneous anthrax - localised lesion from entrance into abrasion which can cause septicaemia
@@ Line 94: / Line 94: @@
 ***Dispose carcases and contaminated material
 ***Isolate in-contact animals
 ===''Bacillus licheniformis''===

@@ Line 27: / Line 27: @@
 *Motile
 *Catalase positive, oxidase negative
-*''Bacillus anthracis'' colonies are up to 5mm diameter, flat, dry, grey, with a ground-glass appearance; curled outgrowth sfrom the edge of the colony give a 'medusa head' appearance; non-haemolytic (differentiate from ''Bacillus cereus'')
+*''Bacillus anthracis'' colonies are up to 5mm diameter, flat, dry, grey, with a ground-glass appearance; curled outgrowths from the edge of the colony give a 'medusa head' appearance; non-haemolytic (differentiate from ''Bacillus cereus'')
 *''Bacillus licheniformis'' forms dull, rough, wrinkled colonies, with hair-like outgrowths
 *Biochemical tests for identification
 *Can often tolerate adverse environmental conditions
 ===''Bacillus anthracis''===

@@ Line 53: / Line 53: @@
 **The toxin kills phagocytes, increases capillary permeability and interferes with clotting cascade
 **Capillary thrombosis; leakage of fluid through damaged capillary endothelium
-**Systemic shock from circulatory collapse, [[General Pathology - Haemostasis#Haemorrhagic Disease Due To Vascular Fragility|haemorrhagic disease]] and oedema lead to death of the animal
+**Systemic shock from circulatory collapse, [[Haemostasis - Pathology#Haemorrhagic Disease Due To Vascular Fragility|haemorrhagic disease]] and oedema lead to death of the animal
 **Severe systemic disease that can result in [[Intestines Fibrinous/Haemorrhagic Enteritis - Pathology#Bacterial septicaemia and enteritis|enteritis]]
 **Causes tissues to darken and swell due to oedema and necrosis

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:39, 25 September 2008
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-<big><center>[[Infectious agents and parasites|'''BACK TO INFECTIOUS AGENTS AND PARASITES''']]</center></big>
+{{toplink
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+|backcolour =
+|linkpage =Bacteria
+|linktext =BACTERIA
 ===Overview===

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 ***Subacute anthrax with oedematous swelling of throat, head and regional lymph nodes
 ***Intestinal form with high mortality - dysentry due to haemorrhagic enteric lesions
-***[[Peritoneal cavity - inflammatory#In pigs|Peritonitis]]
+***[[Peritoneal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#In pigs|Peritonitis]]
 **Horses:
 ***Subacute anthrax with subcutaneous oedema of thorax, abdomen and legs following entrance of spores into abrasions

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:44, 31 July 2008
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−	*''CAR bacillus'' in [[Bacterial ~~infections~~#CAR bacillus\|URT infection in cattle]] and [[Bacterial ~~infections~~#In Rabbits\|URT infection in rabbits]]	+	*''CAR bacillus'' in [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#CAR bacillus\|URT infection in cattle]] and [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#In Rabbits\|URT infection in rabbits]]