Bovine Herpesvirus 1 - Revision history

Bara at 12:30, 17 August 2012

2012-08-17T12:30:50Z

Bara: Text replace - "Category:CABI Expert Review Completed" to "Category:CABI Expert Review CompletedCategory:CABI AHPC Pages"

2012-04-13T15:09:02Z

Text replace - "Category:CABI Expert Review Completed" to "Category:CABI Expert Review Completed Category:CABI AHPC Pages"

Bara at 17:51, 22 December 2011

2011-12-22T17:51:36Z

Bara at 14:13, 2 September 2011

2011-09-02T14:13:03Z

Nlyons at 16:05, 31 August 2011

2011-08-31T16:05:22Z

Nlyons: /* Control */

2011-08-31T16:04:04Z

Control

Nlyons: /* Diagnosis */

2011-08-31T15:59:27Z

Diagnosis

Nlyons: /* Clinical Signs */

2011-08-31T15:55:43Z

Clinical Signs

Nlyons: /* Clinical Signs */

2011-08-31T15:54:38Z

Clinical Signs

Nlyons: /* Clinical Signs */

2011-08-31T15:53:59Z

Clinical Signs

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{Podcasts
 |link = http://media.bloomsburymediacloud.org/podcasts/wikivet-english/bovine-herpesvirus-1
@@ Line 92: / Line 93: @@
 {{Nick Lyons
 |date = 31 August 2011}}
 [[Category:Herpesviridae]][[Category:Cattle Viruses]][[Category:Hepatitis, Viral]]
 [[Category:CABI Expert Review Completed]][[Category:CABI AHPC Pages]]
 [[Category:Nick Lyons reviewed]]

@@ Line 94: / Line 94: @@
 [[Category:Herpesviridae]][[Category:Cattle Viruses]][[Category:Hepatitis, Viral]]
-[[Category:CABI Expert Review Completed]]
+[[Category:CABI Expert Review Completed]][[Category:CABI AHPC Pages]]
 [[Category:Nick Lyons reviewed]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:51, 22 December 2011
Line 1:		Line 1:
		+	{{Podcasts
		+	\|link = http://media.bloomsburymediacloud.org/podcasts/wikivet-english/bovine-herpesvirus-1
		+	}}
	Also know as: '''''BHV-1 — Encephalitic Bovine Herpesvirus Type 5 or Type 1 infection in cattle — [[Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis]] — [[Infectious Pustular Vulvovaginitis]] — Infectious Pustular Balanoposthitis — IPB'''''		Also know as: '''''BHV-1 — Encephalitic Bovine Herpesvirus Type 5 or Type 1 infection in cattle — [[Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis]] — [[Infectious Pustular Vulvovaginitis]] — Infectious Pustular Balanoposthitis — IPB'''''

@@ Line 87: / Line 87: @@
 <br><br><br>
-{{review}}
+{{Nick Lyons
 [[Category:Herpesviridae]][[Category:Cattle Viruses]][[Category:Hepatitis, Viral]]
-[[Category:CABI Expert Review]]
+[[Category:CABI Expert Review Completed]]
-[[Category:Nick L reviewed]]
+[[Category:Nick Lyons reviewed]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:05, 31 August 2011
Line 91:		Line 91:

	[[Category:CABI Expert Review]]		[[Category:CABI Expert Review]]
−	[[Category:Nick L]]	+	[[Category:Nick L reviewed]]

@@ Line 54: / Line 54: @@
 == Control ==
-A '''[[Vaccines|vaccination]]''' is available for control and is widely used. Both '''inactivated and live attenuated''' vaccines are available. The vaccination schedule consists of two vaccinations at a 3-week interval for inactivated vaccines, starting from the age of 3-4 months to avoid interference with colostral antibodies. Live attenuated vaccines are administered either once or twice depending on the type of vaccine. Duration of immunity usually lasts from '''six months to one year'''. Vaccination is recommended for young calves to prevent clinical signs. Vaccination of calves less than 3 months of age can be achieved by intranasal administration of attenuated vaccine. This route is better for overcoming interference due to maternal immunity. Vaccinations should '''protect cattle clinically''' in case of infection and significantly '''reduce the shedding''' of field virus. '''Marker vaccines''' are also available and recommended.
+A '''[[Vaccines|vaccination]]''' is available for control and is widely used. Both '''inactivated and live attenuated''' vaccines are available. The vaccination schedule consists of two vaccinations at a 3-week interval for inactivated vaccines, starting from the age of 3-4 months to avoid interference with colostral antibodies. Live attenuated vaccines are administered either once or twice depending on the type of vaccine. Duration of immunity usually lasts from '''six months to one year'''. Vaccination is recommended for young calves to prevent clinical signs. Vaccination of calves less than 3 months of age can be achieved by intranasal administration of attenuated vaccine. This route is better for overcoming interference due to maternal immunity. Vaccinations should '''protect cattle clinically''' in case of infection and significantly '''reduce the shedding''' of field virus. Vaccinating latently infected animals may reduce the level of shedding from this group. '''Marker vaccines''' are also available and recommended. These are based on glycoprotein E (gE) deleted mutants, with detectable antibodies present to the gE antigen in marker vaccinated individuals indicating wild-type viral infection.
 {{Learning

@@ Line 42: / Line 42: @@
 An outbreak of acute respiratory disease with profuse nasal discharge, fever and depression suggests IBR. In a naive herd, the epidemic progresses quickly and respiratory signs are associated with neonatal deaths and abortions at 4 to 8 months of pregnancy. Hypovirulent strains can circulate without obvious clinical signs. The IPV form is suspected if animals have vesicular and pustular lesions of the genital mucosa and there is evidence of venereal transmission.
-In a laboratory, the '''virus can be isolated from nasal or vaginal swabs''', or from triturated tissue. BHV-1 DNA can also be detected by '''polymerase chain reaction (PCR).'''
+In a laboratory, the '''virus can be isolated from nasal or vaginal swabs''', or from triturated tissue. BHV-1 DNA can also be detected by '''polymerase chain reaction (PCR).''' In an individual animal, '''paired serology''' is useful with a raised antibody response seen two weeks after clinical signs.
 '''[[ELISA testing|ELISAs]]''' have also been developed to detect BHV-1 antibodies in '''bulk milk''', or in milk samples from individual cows. Milk ELISAs have been found to perform well when compared with standard serum ELISAs.

@@ Line 25: / Line 25: @@
 == Clinical Signs ==
-Signs of IBR are variable but classically include '''coughing, serous nasal discharge, tachypnoea and dyspnoea'''. There may also be signs of increased '''lacrimation''' and a '''marked conjunctivitis'''. Coughing and sneezing are observed. The virus is excreted in the nasal secretions as early as 24 hours after infection. After an incubation period of 2 to 4 days, nasal secretions are more profuse and evolve from '''sero-mucous to mucopurulent discharge'''. The animal will usually be '''pyrexic''' and be weak, dull and depressed. It will usually have a reduced appetite and may show signs of weight loss. If in milk, the yield will be decreased. Young animals show ptyalism. In endemic dairy herds, it is not uncommon for animals to present with '''milk drop''' with or without pyrexia.
+Signs of IBR vary with each particular strain but classically include '''coughing, serous nasal discharge, tachypnoea and dyspnoea'''. There may also be signs of increased '''lacrimation''' and a '''marked conjunctivitis'''. Coughing and sneezing are observed. The virus is excreted in the nasal secretions as early as 24 hours after infection. After an incubation period of 2 to 4 days, nasal secretions are more profuse and evolve from '''sero-mucous to mucopurulent discharge'''. The animal will usually be '''pyrexic''' and be weak, dull and depressed. It will usually have a reduced appetite and may show signs of weight loss. If in milk, the yield will be decreased. Young animals show ptyalism. In endemic dairy herds, it is not uncommon for animals to present with '''milk drop''' with or without pyrexia.
 IBR may cause '''abortion''' if susceptible cows or heifers are infected during pregnancy.  Abortion is usually observed between '''4 and 8 months of gestation'''. Early embryonic death can also occur. Abortion is a consequence of '''respiratory infection of pregnant cows'''. Viraemia allows the virus to enter the uterine artery and cross the placenta. Abortion is due to a '''lytic infection''' of the fetus. All internal organs of the fetus, especially the '''liver and renal cortex''', show foci of necrosis. A generalized multifocal necrosis is diagnosed.<ref> Smith, K. C (1997) '''Herpesviral abortion in domestic animals'''. ''Vet Journal'', 153(3):253-268</ref> Infection of cows during the last trimester of gestation can lead to '''neonatal death''', and death of weak calves can occur during the first 2 weeks of life.<ref> Thiry, E., Detilleux, P., Vriese, A., Pirak, M., Pastoret, P-P (1984) '''Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis in the neonatal period: a review and a case report.''' ''Annales de Médecine Vétérinaire'', 128(1):33-40; 25</ref>

@@ Line 29: / Line 29: @@
 IBR may cause '''abortion''' if susceptible cows or heifers are infected during pregnancy.  Abortion is usually observed between '''4 and 8 months of gestation'''. Early embryonic death can also occur. Abortion is a consequence of '''respiratory infection of pregnant cows'''. Viraemia allows the virus to enter the uterine artery and cross the placenta. Abortion is due to a '''lytic infection''' of the fetus. All internal organs of the fetus, especially the '''liver and renal cortex''', show foci of necrosis. A generalized multifocal necrosis is diagnosed.<ref> Smith, K. C (1997) '''Herpesviral abortion in domestic animals'''. ''Vet Journal'', 153(3):253-268</ref> Infection of cows during the last trimester of gestation can lead to '''neonatal death''', and death of weak calves can occur during the first 2 weeks of life.<ref> Thiry, E., Detilleux, P., Vriese, A., Pirak, M., Pastoret, P-P (1984) '''Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis in the neonatal period: a review and a case report.''' ''Annales de Médecine Vétérinaire'', 128(1):33-40; 25</ref>
-'''Latent infection can occur''', the viral cells residing in the '''trigeminal nerve''', and infected cattle can then shed the virus intermittently.
+'''Latent infection can occur''', the viral cells residing in the '''trigeminal nerve''', and infected cattle can then shed the virus intermittently particularly after stressful episodes.
 Other animals recover within 14 days, due to the rise of the specific immune response. Becoming latent is a common sequelae to infection and in terms of control, all animals on an endemic farm should be considered as potential latent carriers irrespective of their antibody status. Some highly virulent BHV-1 strains induce a high mortality rate.