Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy - Revision history

Plykg2: /* Refereneces */

2013-05-10T12:48:16Z

Refereneces

Bara at 12:32, 17 August 2012

2012-08-17T12:32:13Z

Bara: Text replace - "Category:CABI Expert Review" to "Category:CABI Expert ReviewCategory:CABI AHPC Pages"

2012-04-13T15:06:22Z

Text replace - "Category:CABI Expert Review" to "Category:CABI Expert Review Category:CABI AHPC Pages"

Bara at 17:18, 23 November 2011

2011-11-23T17:18:37Z

Bara at 14:13, 12 August 2011

2011-08-12T14:13:06Z

Jai at 08:34, 10 June 2011

2011-06-10T08:34:12Z

Bara at 23:49, 8 June 2011

2011-06-08T23:49:03Z

Bara at 23:34, 8 June 2011

2011-06-08T23:34:40Z

Bara: /* Introduction */

2011-06-08T23:20:18Z

Introduction

Bara: /* Control */

2011-06-08T23:18:32Z

Control

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:48, 10 May 2013
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−	==~~Refereneces~~==	+	==References==
	<references/>		<references/>

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 Also known as: '''''BSE — Mad Cow Disease'''''
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 {{review}}
 [[Category:Transmissible_Spongiform_Encephalopathies]]
 [[Category:Neurological Diseases - Cattle]]

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 [[Category:Neurological Diseases - Cattle]]
 [[Category:Zoonoses]]
-[[Category:CABI Expert Review]]
+[[Category:CABI Expert Review]][[Category:CABI AHPC Pages]]
 [[Category:Nick L]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:18, 23 November 2011
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	[[Category:Zoonoses]]		[[Category:Zoonoses]]
	[[Category:CABI Expert Review]]		[[Category:CABI Expert Review]]
		+	[[Category:Nick L]]

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 ==Refereneces==
 <references/>
 ==Links==

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:34, 10 June 2011
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	In 1996, cattle over the age of 30 months were eliminated from the food chain within the UK under the '''‘over thirty months scheme’''' (OTMS). This ban has now been lifted and it is now compulsory to test all cattle over the age of 48months for BSE.		In 1996, cattle over the age of 30 months were eliminated from the food chain within the UK under the '''‘over thirty months scheme’''' (OTMS). This ban has now been lifted and it is now compulsory to test all cattle over the age of 48months for BSE.
		+
		+	{{Learning
		+	\|flashcards = [[BSE in Cattle Flashcards]]
		+	}}
		+

	==Refereneces==		==Refereneces==

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:49, 8 June 2011
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−	Also known as: '''''BSE ~~— Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy~~ — Mad Cow Disease'''''	+	Also known as: '''''BSE — Mad Cow Disease'''''

	==Introduction==		==Introduction==

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 ==Clinical Signs==
-[[File:BSE 2.jpg|thumb|200px|left|A cow suffering from BSE - recumbent, low body condition score and difficulty rising.]]
+[[File:BSE 2.jpg|thumb|200px|right|A cow suffering from BSE - recumbent, low body condition score and difficulty rising.]]
-The first sign is usually separation from the herd and reluctance to move into the milking parlour and the cows may respond by with vigorous kicking. BSE-affected cattle show '''progressive neurological and behavioural changes''', abnormalities of posture and movement, recumbency, '''changes in sensation and temperament''' and increased aggression.  Nervousness, tremors, falling, hyperaesthesia to sound and touch and '''progressive weakness and hind-limb ataxia''' and agalactia or '''decreased milk yield''' are the most prominent clinical signs. Other clinical signs include anorexia, weight loss, bruxism, ptyalism, trismus, pruritus, dull rough coat and ophthalmic signs including blindness, lacrimation, ptosis and prolapsed third eyelid.
+The first sign is usually '''separation from the herd''' and '''reluctance to move''' into the milking parlour and the cows may respond by with vigorous kicking.
-==Diagnosis==
+For countries that are BSE free, preventative measures are ruminant to ruminant feed ban, import controls and surveillance.
-'''Differential diagnosis''': hypomagnesemia, nervous acetonemia, lead poisoning, intracranial tumours, and infectious diseases such as rabies, listeriosis , Aujeszky’s disease and cerebro-cortical-necrosis (CCN).
+To reduce the risk to humans developing variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD) all visible nervous
+and lymphatic tissue that are classified as '''specified risk materials (SRM) are removed''' during the processing of cattle as well as the removal of any suspect animals from the human food chain.
-For countries that are BSE free, preventative measures are ruminant to ruminant feed ban, import controls and surveillance.
+Specified risk material of ''cattle'' includes: brain, eyes (retina), trigeminal ganglia, the spinal cord, the dorsal root ganglia, mesentery, intestines (duodenum to rectum) and tonsils.
- [http://www.oie.int/en/animal-health-in-the-world/official-disease-status/bse/ List of Member Countries' BSE risk status from the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE)]
+SRM in ''sheep and goats'' include: spleen, ileum, spinal cord, brain, eyes and tonsils.
-To reduce the risk to humans developing variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD) all visible nervous
+In 1996, cattle over the age of 30 months were eliminated from the food chain within the UK under the '''‘over thirty months scheme’''' (OTMS).  This ban has now been lifted and it is now compulsory to test all cattle over the age of 48months for BSE.
 ==Refereneces==
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 [http://www.oie.int/en/animal-health-in-the-world/official-disease-status/bse/ BSE disease distribution map and further information from the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE)]
+{{review}}
 [[Category:Transmissible_Spongiform_Encephalopathies]]
 [[Category:Neurological Diseases - Cattle]]
 [[Category:Zoonoses]]
-[[Category:To_Do_-_CABI review]]
+[[Category:CABI Expert Review]]

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 ==Introduction==
-[[File:Histology BSE.jpg|thumb|200px|right|This micrograph of brain tissue reveals the cytoarchitectural histopathologic changes found in bovine spongiform encephalopathy. The presence of vacuoles, i.e. microscopic “holes” in the grey matter, gives the brain of BSE-affected cows a sponge-like appearance when tissue sections are examined in the lab.]]
+[[File:Histology bse.jpg|thumb|200px|right|This micrograph of brain tissue reveals the cytoarchitectural histopathologic changes found in bovine spongiform encephalopathy. The presence of vacuoles, i.e. microscopic “holes” in the grey matter, gives the brain of BSE-affected cows a sponge-like appearance when tissue sections are examined in the lab.]]
 BSE was first recognised in the United Kingdom in 1986 after a huge epidemic in the UK involving over 100,000 diseased cattle. With the exception of France and Portugal, the number of infected animals in other countries has remained low. The disease is now worldwide and has occurred in Europe, Asia, Middle East and North America.

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 ==Control==
-BSE is extremely difficult to control due to its long incubation period and the fact that the altered prions are extremely resistant to heat and chemicals.  Stringent preventive measures are in place to stop the spread of the disease, prevent cattle and human exposure and to eradicate BSE from the animal population.  The most important of these measures has been the feed ban issued in 1988, prohibiting the feeding of ruminant derived meat and bone meal (MBM) to ruminants <ref name= Hoinville, 1994">. Decline in the incidence of BSE in cattle born after the introduction of the 'feed ban'. Veterinary Record, 134(11):274-275; 12 ref. .</ref> and the adoption of the ban by the EU in 1994.  Post mortem testing schemes and culling of infected cohort animals have also helped to reduce the spread of BSE.  So far they have resulted in a significant decrease in the number of BSE cases in the UK and other affected countries. Currently, the number of cases in the UK is decreasing.
+BSE is extremely difficult to control due to its long incubation period and the fact that the altered prions are extremely resistant to heat and chemicals.  Stringent preventive measures are in place to stop the spread of the disease, prevent cattle and human exposure and to eradicate BSE from the animal population.  The most important of these measures has been the feed ban issued in 1988, prohibiting the feeding of ruminant derived meat and bone meal (MBM) to ruminants <ref name= Hoinville, 1994">Hoinville, L.J. (1994) '''Decline in the incidence of BSE in cattle born after the introduction of the 'feed ban'.''''' Veterinary Record,'' 134(11):274-275; 12 ref.</ref> and the adoption of the ban by the EU in 1994.  Post mortem testing schemes and culling of infected cohort animals have also helped to reduce the spread of BSE.  So far they have resulted in a significant decrease in the number of BSE cases in the UK and other affected countries. Currently, the number of cases in the UK is decreasing.
 For countries that are BSE free, preventative measures are ruminant to ruminant feed ban, import controls and surveillance.
@@ Line 47: / Line 47: @@
 To reduce the risk to humans developing variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD) all visible nervous
 and lymphatic tissue that are classified as specified risk materials (SRM) are removed during the processing of cattle as well as the removal of any suspect animals from the human food chain.  Specified risk material of cattle includes: brain, eyes (retina), trigeminal ganglia, the spinal cord, the dorsal root ganglia, mesentery, intestines (duodenum to rectum) and tonsils.  SRM in sheep and goats include: spleen, ileum, spinal cord, brain, eyes and tonsils.  In 1996, cattle over the age of 30 months were eliminated from the food chain within the UK under the ‘over thirty months scheme’ (OTMS).  This ban has now been lifted and it is now compulsory to test all cattle over the age of 48months for BSE.
 ==Refereneces==