CNS Congenital Abnormalities - Pathology - Revision history

Bara: Redirected page to Category:Central Nervous System - Congenital Abnormalities

2011-03-08T13:13:06Z

Redirected page to Category:Central Nervous System - Congenital Abnormalities

Bara at 13:11, 8 March 2011

2011-03-08T13:11:33Z

Bara at 13:10, 8 March 2011

2011-03-08T13:10:47Z

Bara at 13:08, 8 March 2011

2011-03-08T13:08:51Z

Karag7: /* Meningoencephalocoele */

2009-08-28T09:41:03Z

Meningoencephalocoele

Jtulloch at 08:49, 29 September 2008

2008-09-29T08:49:45Z

A.allison at 11:09, 18 August 2008

2008-08-18T11:09:53Z

A.allison: New page: {{toplink |backcolour = E0EEEE |linkpage = Nervous System - Pathology |linktext =Nervous System |maplink = Nervous System (Content Map) - Pathology |pagetype =Pathology }}

2008-08-18T10:48:48Z

New page: {{toplink |backcolour = E0EEEE |linkpage = Nervous System - Pathology |linktext =Nervous System |maplink = Nervous System (Content Map) - Pathology |pagetype =Pathology }} <br>

New page

{{toplink
|backcolour = E0EEEE
|linkpage = Nervous System - Pathology
|linktext =Nervous System
|maplink = Nervous System (Content Map) - Pathology
|pagetype =Pathology
}}
<br>

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:13, 8 March 2011
Line 1:		Line 1:
−	~~==Introduction==~~	+	#redirect[[:Category:Central Nervous System - Congenital Abnormalities]]
−
−	* Congenital malformations may involve the spinal cord, brain, meninges, calvaria or vertebral column.
−	* Abnormalities typically result from defects in neural tube development.
−	* Congenital malformations are present at or before birth, and manifest as either:
−	** Morphological problems
−	** Functional problems
−	*** Tend to arise as biochemical abnormalities, such as the lysosomal diseases or leukodystrophies.
−	* Causes of congenital abnormalities include:
−	** Environmental causes
−	*** For example, these may be toxic, infectious, nutritional, or physical (e.g. radiation)
−	*** This is by far the most common cause.
−	** Inherited traits.
−
−	==[[~~Meningoencephalocoele]]==~~
−
−
−
−	~~==[[Hydrocephalus]]==~~
−
−
−
−	~~==Cerebellar Defects==~~
−
−	* Cerebellar defects include:
−	** [[Cerebellar Pathology - ~~Pathology#Cerebellar Hypoplasia\|Cerebellar hypoplasia]]~~
−	** [[Cerebellar Pathology - Pathology#Cerebellar Abiotrophy\|Cerebellar abiotrophy]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:11, 8 March 2011
Line 18:		Line 18:

	==[[Hydrocephalus]]==		==[[Hydrocephalus]]==
−	[[Image:hydrocephalus.jpg\|thumb\|right\|150px\|Hydrocephalus in situ]] [[Image:hydrocephalussection.jpg\|thumb\|right\|150px\|Hydrocephalus. Image courtesy of BioMed Archive.]] [[Image:aqueductstenosis.jpg\|thumb\|right\|150px\|Aqueduct stenosis. Image courtesy of BioMed Archive.]]
−	* Hydrocephalus is an increased accumulation of fluid in the cranial cavity.
−	* There are several different types of hydrocephalus relating to where the fluid is located within the cavity.
−	** '''Internal''' hydrocephalus - fluid is within the <u>ventricles</u>
−	*** The most common type.
−	*** There is unilateral or bilateral dilation of the ventricles.
−	** '''External''' hydrocephalus - fluid is within the <u>arachnoid space</u>
−	** '''Communicating''' hydrocephalus - fluid is within the <u>ventricles and arachnoid space</u>
−	** '''Hydrocephalus ex vacuo''' - the <u>ventricle is dilated secondary to loss of cerebral tissue</U>
−	*** Also known as compensatory hydrocephalus.

−	~~[http://w3.vet.cornell.edu/nst/nst.asp?Fun=F_KSsrch&kw=HYDROCEPHALUS View images courtesy of Cornell Veterinary Medicine]~~
−
−	~~===Causes===~~
−
−	* Hydrocephalus may be '''congenital'''.
−	** Congenital hydrocephalus is common in brachycephalic and small breed dogs.
−	*** It occurs sporadically in cattle.
−	** Obstructive lesions are often not found.
−	** Amalformed mesencephalic aqueduct may be involved.
−	** The cranium may be abnormal, for example, doming.
−	* '''Acquired''' hydrocephalus is the result of obstruction, usually due to inflammation or compression.
−	** Space-occupying lesions include :
−	*** Neoplasms
−	*** Abscesses
−	*** Cholesteatomas
−	** Inflammation of meninges and/or ependymal cells can lead to hydrocephalus.
−	*** For example, FIP causes ependymitis which can obstruct flow if it affects the mesencephalic aqueduct.
−	* Hydrocephalus may also arise with:
−	** Increased ventricle size due to loss of brain parenchyma.
−	** Overproduction of CSF
−	*** Rare
−	*** Associated with choroid plexus tumours.
−
−	~~===Breed predisposition===~~
−
−	* Some breeds are predisposed to hydrocephalus.
−	** Chihuahua, pomeranian, yorkshire terrier, english bulldog, lhasa apso, toy poodle, cairn terrier, boston terrier, pug, pekingese, maltese terrier.
−	** Hydrocephalus has also been described in
−	*** Bullmastiffs, in association with cerebellar ataxia.
−	*** Siamese cats, as an autosomal recessive trait.
−
−	~~===Clinical Signs===~~
−
−	* Clinical signs are the result of:
−	** Loss of neurons or neuronal function
−	** Alterations in intercranial pressure
−	** Pathophysiological effects of intracranial disease
−	* Signs reflect the anatomical level of disease involvement.
−	** Rostrotentorial, vestibular and cerebellar signs are most common.
−	* Signs are not related to the degree of ventricular dilation. They are more associated with other damage caused by the disease proces:
−	** Intracranial pressure changes
−	** Intraventricular haemorrhage
−	** Speed of ventricular obstruction
−	* Hydrocephalus may contribute to abnormalities of skull development, where it is a congenital disease.
−	** Thinning of the bone structure
−	** Dome-shape head
−	** Persistent fontanelles
−	* Ventral or lateral strabismus may occur, although the reason for this is unknown.
−	** May be related to distortion of the orbits, due to skill deformity.
−	** May be realted with pressue on the mesencephalic tegementum.
−
−	~~===Diagnosis===~~
−
−	* Diagnosis is by a variety of imaging and electrophysiologic methods.
−	** MRI allows examination of the ventricular system, and give better resolution of the brain parenchyma than CT.
−
−	~~===Treatment===~~
−
−	* Prognosis is generally poor.
−	* Medical treatment:
−	** General supportive care
−	** Medications to limit CSF production and reduce intracranial pressure.
−	* Surgical treatment:
−	** Aims to allow drainage of CSF from the brain to another site for absorption.
−
−
−	~~[[Category:Central Nervous System - Congenital Abnormalities]]~~

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:10, 8 March 2011
Line 15:		Line 15:
	==[[Meningoencephalocoele]]==		==[[Meningoencephalocoele]]==

−	* A defect in the cranium allows protrustion of the brain and meninges.
−	** There is always crania bifida (a split skull).
−	* Meningoencephalocoele may be inherited in pigs and cats.
−
−
−	~~[[Category:Central Nervous System - Congenital Abnormalities]]~~

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 ==Introduction==
@@ Line 23: / Line 13: @@
 ** Inherited traits.
-==Meningoencephalocoele==
+==[[Meningoencephalocoele]]==
 * A defect in the cranium allows protrustion of the brain and meninges.
@@ Line 29: / Line 19: @@
 * Meningoencephalocoele may be inherited in pigs and cats.
 ==Hydrocephalus==
 [[Image:hydrocephalus.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Hydrocephalus in situ]] [[Image:hydrocephalussection.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Hydrocephalus. Image courtesy of BioMed Archive.]] [[Image:aqueductstenosis.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Aqueduct stenosis. Image courtesy of BioMed Archive.]]
 * Hydrocephalus is an increased accumulation of fluid in the cranial cavity.
@@ Line 105: / Line 99: @@
 * Surgical treatment:
 ** Aims to allow drainage of CSF from the brain to another site for absorption.
 ==Cerebellar Defects==

@@ Line 26: / Line 26: @@
 * A defect in the cranium allows protrustion of the brain and meninges.
-** There is alwaus crania bifida (a split skull).
+** There is always crania bifida (a split skull).
 * Meningoencephalocoele may be inherited in pigs and cats.

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:49, 29 September 2008
Line 1:		Line 1:
		+	{{review}}
		+
	{{toplink		{{toplink
	\|backcolour = E0EEEE		\|backcolour = E0EEEE

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:09, 18 August 2008
Line 7:		Line 7:
	}}		}}
	<br>		<br>
		+	==Introduction==
		+
		+	* Congenital malformations may involve the spinal cord, brain, meninges, calvaria or vertebral column.
		+	* Abnormalities typically result from defects in neural tube development.
		+	* Congenital malformations are present at or before birth, and manifest as either:
		+	** Morphological problems
		+	** Functional problems
		+	*** Tend to arise as biochemical abnormalities, such as the lysosomal diseases or leukodystrophies.
		+	* Causes of congenital abnormalities include:
		+	** Environmental causes
		+	*** For example, these may be toxic, infectious, nutritional, or physical (e.g. radiation)
		+	*** This is by far the most common cause.
		+	** Inherited traits.
		+
		+	==Meningoencephalocoele==
		+
		+	* A defect in the cranium allows protrustion of the brain and meninges.
		+	** There is alwaus crania bifida (a split skull).
		+	* Meningoencephalocoele may be inherited in pigs and cats.
		+
		+	==Hydrocephalus==
		+	[[Image:hydrocephalus.jpg\|thumb\|right\|150px\|Hydrocephalus in situ]] [[Image:hydrocephalussection.jpg\|thumb\|right\|150px\|Hydrocephalus. Image courtesy of BioMed Archive.]] [[Image:aqueductstenosis.jpg\|thumb\|right\|150px\|Aqueduct stenosis. Image courtesy of BioMed Archive.]]
		+	* Hydrocephalus is an increased accumulation of fluid in the cranial cavity.
		+	* There are several different types of hydrocephalus relating to where the fluid is located within the cavity.
		+	** '''Internal''' hydrocephalus - fluid is within the <u>ventricles</u>
		+	*** The most common type.
		+	*** There is unilateral or bilateral dilation of the ventricles.
		+	** '''External''' hydrocephalus - fluid is within the <u>arachnoid space</u>
		+	** '''Communicating''' hydrocephalus - fluid is within the <u>ventricles and arachnoid space</u>
		+	** '''Hydrocephalus ex vacuo''' - the <u>ventricle is dilated secondary to loss of cerebral tissue</U>
		+	*** Also known as compensatory hydrocephalus.
		+
		+	[http://w3.vet.cornell.edu/nst/nst.asp?Fun=F_KSsrch&kw=HYDROCEPHALUS View images courtesy of Cornell Veterinary Medicine]
		+
		+	===Causes===
		+
		+	* Hydrocephalus may be '''congenital'''.
		+	** Congenital hydrocephalus is common in brachycephalic and small breed dogs.
		+	*** It occurs sporadically in cattle.
		+	** Obstructive lesions are often not found.
		+	** Amalformed mesencephalic aqueduct may be involved.
		+	** The cranium may be abnormal, for example, doming.
		+	* '''Acquired''' hydrocephalus is the result of obstruction, usually due to inflammation or compression.
		+	** Space-occupying lesions include :
		+	*** Neoplasms
		+	*** Abscesses
		+	*** Cholesteatomas
		+	** Inflammation of meninges and/or ependymal cells can lead to hydrocephalus.
		+	*** For example, FIP causes ependymitis which can obstruct flow if it affects the mesencephalic aqueduct.
		+	* Hydrocephalus may also arise with:
		+	** Increased ventricle size due to loss of brain parenchyma.
		+	** Overproduction of CSF
		+	*** Rare
		+	*** Associated with choroid plexus tumours.
		+
		+	===Breed predisposition===
		+
		+	* Some breeds are predisposed to hydrocephalus.
		+	** Chihuahua, pomeranian, yorkshire terrier, english bulldog, lhasa apso, toy poodle, cairn terrier, boston terrier, pug, pekingese, maltese terrier.
		+	** Hydrocephalus has also been described in
		+	*** Bullmastiffs, in association with cerebellar ataxia.
		+	*** Siamese cats, as an autosomal recessive trait.
		+
		+	===Clinical Signs===
		+
		+	* Clinical signs are the result of:
		+	** Loss of neurons or neuronal function
		+	** Alterations in intercranial pressure
		+	** Pathophysiological effects of intracranial disease
		+	* Signs reflect the anatomical level of disease involvement.
		+	** Rostrotentorial, vestibular and cerebellar signs are most common.
		+	* Signs are not related to the degree of ventricular dilation. They are more associated with other damage caused by the disease proces:
		+	** Intracranial pressure changes
		+	** Intraventricular haemorrhage
		+	** Speed of ventricular obstruction
		+	* Hydrocephalus may contribute to abnormalities of skull development, where it is a congenital disease.
		+	** Thinning of the bone structure
		+	** Dome-shape head
		+	** Persistent fontanelles
		+	* Ventral or lateral strabismus may occur, although the reason for this is unknown.
		+	** May be related to distortion of the orbits, due to skill deformity.
		+	** May be realted with pressue on the mesencephalic tegementum.
		+
		+	===Diagnosis===
		+
		+	* Diagnosis is by a variety of imaging and electrophysiologic methods.
		+	** MRI allows examination of the ventricular system, and give better resolution of the brain parenchyma than CT.
		+
		+	===Treatment===
		+
		+	* Prognosis is generally poor.
		+	* Medical treatment:
		+	** General supportive care
		+	** Medications to limit CSF production and reduce intracranial pressure.
		+	* Surgical treatment:
		+	** Aims to allow drainage of CSF from the brain to another site for absorption.
		+
		+	==Cerebellar Defects==
		+
		+	* Cerebellar defects include:
		+	** [[Cerebellar Pathology - Pathology#Cerebellar Hypoplasia\|Cerebellar hypoplasia]]
		+	** [[Cerebellar Pathology - Pathology#Cerebellar Abiotrophy\|Cerebellar abiotrophy]]