Calf Diphtheria - Revision history

Bara at 16:02, 30 July 2012

2012-07-30T16:02:58Z

Bara at 22:05, 5 May 2011

2011-05-05T22:05:45Z

Bara at 19:03, 4 March 2011

2011-03-04T19:03:42Z

Bara at 19:03, 4 March 2011

2011-03-04T19:03:26Z

Bara at 19:02, 4 March 2011

2011-03-04T19:02:07Z

Kthompson at 15:11, 4 March 2011

2011-03-04T15:11:53Z

Kthompson at 09:59, 4 March 2011

2011-03-04T09:59:27Z

Bara at 18:41, 19 February 2011

2011-02-19T18:41:17Z

Bara at 16:22, 19 February 2011

2011-02-19T16:22:11Z

Bara at 14:13, 19 February 2011

2011-02-19T14:13:27Z

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 Also known as: '''''Necrobacillosis'''''
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 {{review}}
 [[Category:Tongue_-_Pathology]] [[Category:Oral_Diseases_-_Cattle]] [[Category:Respiratory_Diseases_-_Cattle]] [[Category:Expert_Review - Farm Animal]] [[Category:Oral_Diseases_-_Pig]] [[Category:Oral_Diseases_-_Sheep]] [[Category:Respiratory_Bacterial_Infections]]

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 Also known as: '''''Necrobacillosis'''''
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+{{review}}
 [[Category:Tongue_-_Pathology]] [[Category:Oral_Diseases_-_Cattle]] [[Category:Respiratory_Diseases_-_Cattle]] [[Category:Expert_Review - Farm Animal]] [[Category:Oral_Diseases_-_Pig]] [[Category:Oral_Diseases_-_Sheep]] [[Category:Respiratory_Bacterial_Infections]]

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 == Introduction ==
-This is a disease associated with ''Fusobacterium necrophorum'', which is a strict anaerobic bacteria found everywhere in the environment. The disease is usually trasmitted by oral ingestion of the bacteria. It is often a secondary invader, meaning prior tissue damage must have to occur for the bacteria to gain entry, however it can be a primary pathogen in some cases. There are two forms of calf diptheria; oral and laryngeal.
+This is a disease associated with ''[[Fusobacterium necrophorum]]'', which is a strict anaerobic bacteria found everywhere in the environment. The disease is usually trasmitted by oral ingestion of the bacteria. It is often a secondary invader, meaning prior tissue damage must have to occur for the bacteria to gain entry, however it can be a primary pathogen in some cases. There are two forms of calf diptheria; oral and laryngeal.
 '''Oral form''' - common yet sporadic in occurrence and is often associated with poor hygiene especially in housed calves that are bucket fed, although it can occur in calves at pasture. Calves are usually less than three months old and the disease is often predisposed to by teeth eruption, rough feed, poor use of dosing gun or presence of a concurrent disease.

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 {{review}}
-Also known as: '''''Necrobacilosis'''''
+Also known as: '''''Necrobacillosis'''''
 == Introduction ==

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-== Synonyms ==
+{{review}}
+Also known as: '''''Necrobacilosis'''''
 == Introduction ==
-This is a disease&nbsp;associated with&nbsp;Fusobacterium necrophorum, which is a strict anaerobic bacteria found everywhere in the environment. The disease is usually&nbsp;trasmitted by oral ingestion of the bacteria.&nbsp;It is&nbsp;often a secondary invader, meaning prior tissue damage must have to occur for the bacteria to gain entry, however it can be&nbsp;a primary pathogen in some cases.&nbsp;There are two forms of calf diptheria; oral and laryngeal.
+This is a disease associated with ''Fusobacterium necrophorum'', which is a strict anaerobic bacteria found everywhere in the environment. The disease is usually trasmitted by oral ingestion of the bacteria. It is often a secondary invader, meaning prior tissue damage must have to occur for the bacteria to gain entry, however it can be a primary pathogen in some cases. There are two forms of calf diptheria; oral and laryngeal.
-'''Laryngeal form '''- is less common can be seen in animals of all ages, but particularly calves up to the age of one.
+'''Oral form''' - common yet sporadic in occurrence and is often associated with poor hygiene especially in housed calves that are bucket fed, although it can occur in calves at pasture. Calves are usually less than three months old and the disease is often predisposed to by teeth eruption, rough feed, poor use of dosing gun or presence of a concurrent disease.
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 Swelling of the rostral cheek and salivation are the main clinical signs.
-Upon physical examination, there may be a foul smell emitting from the mouth and&nbsp;deep necrotic lesions may be found on the cheek or tongue. These irregular shpaed ulcers&nbsp;will be covered by a thick, diptheritic membrane.&nbsp;In severe cases, sloughing of the tongue may occur.
+Upon physical examination, there may be a foul smell emitting from the mouth and deep necrotic lesions may be found on the cheek or tongue. These irregular shaped ulcers will be covered by a thick, diphtheritic membrane. In severe cases, sloughing of the tongue may occur.
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 Unhygienic housing conditions, poor general health, along with clinical signs and signalment of the animal are indicative of the disease.
-Thorough oral examination with a gag is required for a definative diagnosis. Differential diagnoses may include Foot and Mouth Disease Virus, foreign bodies, Papular Stomatitis and BVD mucosal disease. Appearance of the lesions&nbsp;should exclude all of the above differentials.
+Thorough oral examination with a gag is required for a definitive diagnosis. Differential diagnoses may include [[Foot and Mouth Disease|Foot and Mouth Disease Virus]], foreign bodies, [[Bovine Papular Stomatitis|Papular Stomatitis]] and [[BVDV|BVD mucosal disease]]. Appearance of the lesions should exclude all of the above differentials.
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 The animal should be isolated from the herd and cross contamination between its and others' feed buckets and equipment should be prevented.
-Treatment with anaerobic specific anitbiotics should commence immediately, either parenterally or orally for three to five days. In the laryngeal form, treatment should continue for longer.
+Treatment with anaerobic specific [[antibiotics]] should commence immediately, either parenterally or orally for three to five days. In the laryngeal form, treatment should continue for longer.
-Control focuses on hygiene with recommendation to disinfect all feed buckets regularly adn improve the quality of feed.
+Control focuses on hygiene with recommendation to disinfect all feed buckets regularly and improve the quality of feed.
-[[Category:Tongue_-_Pathology]] [[Category:Oral_Diseases_-_Cattle]] [[Category:Respiratory_Diseases_-_Cattle]] [[Category:To_Do_-_Review]] [[Category:Oral_Diseases_-_Pig]] [[Category:Oral_Diseases_-_Sheep]] [[Category:Respiratory_Bacterial_Infections]]
+[[Category:Tongue_-_Pathology]] [[Category:Oral_Diseases_-_Cattle]] [[Category:Respiratory_Diseases_-_Cattle]] [[Category:Expert_Review - Farm Animal]] [[Category:Oral_Diseases_-_Pig]] [[Category:Oral_Diseases_-_Sheep]] [[Category:Respiratory_Bacterial_Infections]]

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-*Caused by Fusiformis.
+== Synonyms ==
-*May occur in young lambs secondary to [[orf]] (parapox) virus infection that can spread from [[Lips|lips]] to the inside of the mouth.
+Necrobaciliosis
-[[Image:Necrotising laryngitis.jpg|right|thumb|100px|<small><center>Necrotising laryngitis (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]
+This is a disease&nbsp;associated with&nbsp;Fusobacterium necrophorum, which is a strict anaerobic bacteria found everywhere in the environment. The disease is usually&nbsp;trasmitted by oral ingestion of the bacteria.&nbsp;It is&nbsp;often a secondary invader, meaning prior tissue damage must have to occur for the bacteria to gain entry, however it can be&nbsp;a primary pathogen in some cases.&nbsp;There are two forms of calf diptheria; oral and laryngeal.
-*Synonyms: '''laryngeal diphtheria, calf diphtheria'''
+'''Oral form'''- common yet sporadic in occurence and is often associated with poor hygiene especially in housed calves that are bucket fed, although it can occur in calves at pasture. Calves are usually less than three months old and the disease is often predisposed to by teeth eruption, rough feed, poor use of dosing gun&nbsp;or presence of a concurrent disease.
-[[Category:Tongue_-_Pathology]][[Category:Oral Diseases - Cattle]][[Category:Respiratory Diseases - Cattle]][[Category:To_Do_-_Kate]]
-[[Category:Oral Diseases - Pig]][[Category:Oral Diseases - Sheep]]
-[[Category:Respiratory_Bacterial_Infections]]
+== Clinical Signs ==

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 *Extensive accumulation of fibrin and necrotic cellular debris on the ulcerated mucosal surface
 *Lesions appear as dry plaques of fibrinonecrotic exudate and ulceration on the laryngeal mucosa
-*Inhalation of exudate and bacterial organisms may cause [[Bronchitis#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|broncho]][[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of pneumonia|pneumonia]]
+*Inhalation of exudate and bacterial organisms may cause [[Bronchitis#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|broncho]][[Pneumonia Overview#Infectious causes of pneumonia|pneumonia]]
 *Death may result from toxaemia or asphyxiation
 *Also may occur in pigs

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 *Lesions may also be found in other parts of the [[Pharyngitis|oropharynx]]
 *The bacterium usually gains entry through damaged mucosal surfaces e.g. after viral infections or injury following (poor!) use of dosing guns, coarse poor quality roughage
-*Results in severe acute neutrophilic [[Larynx Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of laryngitis|laryngitis]]
+*Results in severe acute neutrophilic [[Laryngitis|laryngitis]]
 *Extensive accumulation of fibrin and necrotic cellular debris on the ulcerated mucosal surface
 *Lesions appear as dry plaques of fibrinonecrotic exudate and ulceration on the laryngeal mucosa