Cephalosporins - Revision history

Martythemonk: /* Spectrum of Activity */

2016-07-29T14:17:46Z

Spectrum of Activity

2016-05-23T02:40:03Z

2012-10-07T21:39:30Z

Spectrum of Activity

2011-02-21T18:57:22Z

Spectrum of Activity

2009-11-21T21:41:45Z

Pharmacokinetic Considerations

2008-10-23T15:10:48Z

2008-10-23T15:10:32Z

2008-10-23T15:10:05Z

Side Effects and Contraindications

2008-10-23T15:02:38Z

Spectrum of Activity

2008-10-23T15:02:30Z

Spectrum of Activity

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 '''Fourth Generation Cephalosporins''' - Cefquinome
-* Very broad spectrum, only the very hardiest of gram negatives aren't susceptible. It is still active againts ''Pseudomonas''.
+* Very broad spectrum, only the very hardiest of gram negatives aren't susceptible. It is still active against ''Pseudomonas''.
 ==Pharmacokinetic Considerations==

← Older revision		Revision as of 02:40, 23 May 2016
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	* Very high doses has been known to result in nephrotoxicity.		* Very high doses has been known to result in nephrotoxicity.
	* They can result in bleeding problems because of interference with the formation of vitamin K in the gut (esp Moxalactam).		* They can result in bleeding problems because of interference with the formation of vitamin K in the gut (esp Moxalactam).
		+
		+	{{Learning
		+	\|Vetstream = [https://www.vetstream.com/equis/Content/Freeform/fre00352.asp Beta-Lactam Antibacterials]}}

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-'''First Generation Cephalosporins''' - Cefalexin, Cefalonium
+'''First Generation Cephalosporins''' - Cefalexin, Cefalonium, Cephapirin
 * Active against gram positive organisms
 * Active aginst many gram negatives. ''Pseudomonas'' species are resistant.

@@ Line 25: / Line 25: @@
 * Active aginst many gram negatives. ''Pseudomonas'' species are resistant.
-'''Second Generation Cephalosporins''' - Ceftiofur
+'''Second Generation Cephalosporins''' - Cefuroxime
 * Very broad spectrum with very high activity against enterobacteriaeceae.
 * Struggle against the most difficult gram negative organisms
-'''Third Generation Cephalosporins''' - Cefoperazone
+'''Third Generation Cephalosporins''' - Cefoperazone, Ceftiofur
 * Very active against gram negatives, especially the hardier species, including ''Pseudomonas''
 * Less active against gram positives compared to other cephalosporins; Staphylococci and enterococci can be resistant.
@@ Line 35: / Line 35: @@
 '''Fourth Generation Cephalosporins''' - Cefquinome
 * Very broad spectrum, only the very hardiest of gram negatives aren't susceptible. It is still active againts ''Pseudomonas''.
 ==Pharmacokinetic Considerations==

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 ==Pharmacokinetic Considerations==
-They are organic acids, hydrophilic and will ionise at physiological pH. They generally have poor oral bioavailability as they unstable in acid environments. They have a limited volume of distribution (0.2-0.3l/kg), this means the drug is mainly confined to plasma and interstitial space. As the are lipophilic they can't enter cells and won't cross the blood brain barrier, unless it is damaged. They have short half-lives of about 0.5 - 1.2 hours. They are readily excreted by the kidneys, via tubular secretion in the proximal convoluted tubule. This results in high concentrations of the drug in urine.
+They are organic acids, hydrophilic and will ionise at physiological pH. They generally have poor oral bioavailability as they unstable in acid environments. They have a limited volume of distribution (0.2-0.3l/kg), this means the drug is mainly confined to plasma and interstitial space. As the are hydrophilic they can't enter cells and won't cross the blood brain barrier, unless it is damaged. They have short half-lives of about 0.5 - 1.2 hours. They are readily excreted by the kidneys, via tubular secretion in the proximal convoluted tubule. This results in high concentrations of the drug in urine.
 Exceptions are:
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 * Cefalexin which is stable in acid and so suitable for oral dosing.
 * Ceforperazone is excreted in bile rather than in urine.
 ==Side Effects and Contraindications==

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:10, 23 October 2008
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	Cephalosporins are '''beta-lactams''' just like [[penicillins]] and work by disrupting the peptidoglycan in the cell wall of bacteria. As such they are '''bacteriocidal''' and time dependent killers.		Cephalosporins are '''beta-lactams''' just like [[penicillins]] and work by disrupting the peptidoglycan in the cell wall of bacteria. As such they are '''bacteriocidal''' and time dependent killers.
		+

	==Spectrum of Activity==		==Spectrum of Activity==

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:10, 23 October 2008
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	==Side Effects and Contraindications==		==Side Effects and Contraindications==
		+
		+	* Like Penicillins they can cause '''fatal colitis''' in hamsters and guinea-pigs.
		+	* They are often painful when given intramuscularly.
		+	* Very high doses has been known to result in nephrotoxicity.
		+	* They can result in bleeding problems because of interference with the formation of vitamin K in the gut (esp Moxalactam).

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:02, 23 October 2008
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	Unlike penicillins it is hard to make broad generalisations about the spectrum of activity of the cephalosporin sub-groups. The two common points are that they are all stable to Staphylcococal beta lactamase and are effective against most obligate anaerobes.		Unlike penicillins it is hard to make broad generalisations about the spectrum of activity of the cephalosporin sub-groups. The two common points are that they are all stable to Staphylcococal beta lactamase and are effective against most obligate anaerobes.
		+

	'''First Generation Cephalosporins''' - Cefalexin, Cefalonium		'''First Generation Cephalosporins''' - Cefalexin, Cefalonium