Clostridium botulinum - Revision history

Bara at 17:51, 5 July 2012

2012-07-05T17:51:28Z

Bara at 13:43, 1 August 2011

2011-08-01T13:43:32Z

Bara at 13:41, 1 August 2011

2011-08-01T13:41:23Z

HelenD at 08:02, 1 August 2011

2011-08-01T08:02:05Z

Lwyasm1: /* References */

2011-06-29T13:33:34Z

References

Bara at 22:05, 2 May 2011

2011-05-02T22:05:12Z

Bara: /* References */

2011-05-02T22:03:10Z

References

Bara at 22:01, 2 May 2011

2011-05-02T22:01:33Z

Bara at 13:00, 27 April 2011

2011-04-27T13:00:57Z

Bara at 18:09, 3 March 2011

2011-03-03T18:09:04Z

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 Causes: '''''Botulism'''''
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 {{review}}
 [[Category:Neurotoxic_Clostridia]] [[Category:Cattle_Bacteria]] [[Category:Sheep_Bacteria]] [[Category:Avian Bacteria]]
 [[Category:Muscles - Degenerative Pathology]][[Category:Peripheral Nervous System - Pathology]]

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 Causes: '''''Botulism'''''
-In birds, also known as: '''''Limber neck — Alkali poisoning — Western duck sickness'''''
+In birds, also known as: '''''Limber Neck — Alkali Poisoning — Western Duck Sickness'''''
 == Introduction ==

@@ Line 51: / Line 51: @@
 In '''birds''', nursing and supportive care may be effective if the bird can still walk. Antitoxins are not practical, and vaccination with type-C toxoid has been used in commercial settings but is not cost-effective for wild species. Control involves the removal of dead birds from the water or poultry house. Poultry houses should be cleaned and disinfected. In waterfowl outbreaks, birds should be dispersed from affected areas and shallow water areas should be eliminated to prevent conditions favourable to the decay of vegetation and invertebrates.
 == References ==
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 [[Category:Zoonoses]]
 [[Category:Expert Review]]

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 Causes: '''''Botulism'''''
 == Introduction ==
-''Clostridium botulinum'' is a spore-forming, gram positive bacterium. It is oval with subterminal endospores. ''C. botulinim'' spores survive boiling for hours. '''Botulism''' is caused by the ingestion of the neurotoxin produced by the pathogen.
+''Clostridium botulinum'' is a spore-forming, gram positive bacterium.
 ''Clostridium botulinum'' is found ubiquitously in the soil worldwide. It is one of the most lethal substances known on earth as only 1.0 micrograms is the lethal dose for humans. Therefore the disease is zoonotic and a public health issue.
@@ Line 13: / Line 19: @@
 There are three ways that botulism can arise, firstly and most commonly (only one of the three that does occur in the UK) is via '''ingestion of the preformed toxin'''. Secondly, the '''spores can be ingested''' and germinate in the intestine releasing the toxin that is then absorbed, but this tends only to occur in neonates or young stock. Thirdly, the bacteria can enter the body '''through a wound''' and then proliferate again, once inside the body. The last two types of infection are rare and neither occurs in the UK. In the UK, infection usually arises when animals e.g. cattle or horses have ingested big bale silage, that has been contaminated with soil or carcasses. Carnivores can get infected by consuming rotting carcasses.
 == Signalment ==
-Any animal of any age, sex or breed can contract this disease. In the UK, access to big bale silage is the main cause of the disease, hence cattle and horses are most likely to develop the disease in this country.
+Any animal of any age, sex or breed can contract this disease. In the UK, access to big bale silage is the main cause of the disease, hence cattle and horses are most likely to develop the disease in this country. However the incidence is quite low in these species.
 == Clinical Signs ==
@@ Line 24: / Line 34: @@
 Another presentation is with incoordination and knuckling followed by flacid paralysis and recumbency. Paralysis of respiratory muscles leads to death.
-Birds present with flacid paralysis of legs and wings.
+Birds present with flaccid paralysis of legs, wings and neck. In waterfowl, neck paralysis can lead to drowning.
 == Diagnosis ==
@@ Line 39: / Line 49: @@
 Management of the recumbent animal, plus fluid therapy and nutrition can be undertaken if considered economically viable. Most livestock and horses that contract the disease are destroyed on humane grounds.
 == References ==
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 Rycroft, A (2007) '''Principles of Microbiology Part I; Fundamentals of Veterinary Microbiology, '''''Royal Veterinary College.'''''
 {{review}}
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 [[Category:Expert Review]]
 [[Category:To Do - Manson]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:33, 29 June 2011
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	[[Category:Zoonoses]]		[[Category:Zoonoses]]
	[[Category:Expert Review]]		[[Category:Expert Review]]
		+	[[Category:To Do - Manson]]

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-== Introduction ==
+Causes: '''''Botulism'''''
-Botulism is caused by the ingestion of the neurotoxin of the pathogen ''[[Clostridium botulinum]]'', which is a spore-forming, gram positive bacteria. Clostridium botulinum is found ubiquitously in the soil worldwide. It is one of the most lethal substances known on earth as only 1.0 micrograms is the lethal dose for humans. Therefore the disease is zoonotic and a public health issue.
-<br>
+== Introduction ==
-The toxin works by binding to gangliosides at the neuromuscular junction and irreversibly inhibiting acetyl choline release, following absorption into the bloodstream. This inhibition of Ach, causes flaccid paralysis and death.
-<br>
+''Clostridium botulinum'' is a spore-forming, gram positive bacterium. It is oval with subterminal endospores. ''C. botulinim'' spores survive boiling for hours. '''Botulism''' is caused by the ingestion of the neurotoxin produced by the pathogen.
-There are three ways that botulism can arise, firstly and most commonly (only one of the three that does occur in the UK) is ingested of the preformed toxin. Secondly, the spores can be ingested and the toxin can proliferation in the intestine, but this tends only to occur in neonates or young stock. Thirdly, the bacteria can enter the body through a wound and then prilferate again, once inside the body. The previous two types of infection are rare and neither occur in the UK. In the UK, infection usually arises when animals e.g. cattle or horses have ingested contamination big bale silage, that has been contaminated with soil or carcasses.
-<br>
+There are three ways that botulism can arise, firstly and most commonly (only one of the three that does occur in the UK) is via '''ingestion of the preformed toxin'''. Secondly, the '''spores can be ingested''' and germinate in the intestine releasing the toxin that is then absorbed, but this tends only to occur in neonates or young stock. Thirdly, the bacteria can enter the body '''through a wound''' and then proliferate again, once inside the body. The last two types of infection are rare and neither occurs in the UK. In the UK, infection usually arises when animals e.g. cattle or horses have ingested big bale silage, that has been contaminated with soil or carcasses. Carnivores can get infected by consuming rotting carcasses.
 == Signalment ==
-Any animal of any age, sex or breed can contract this disease. In the UK access to big bale silage is the main cause of the disease, so therefore cattle and horses are most likely to develop the disease in this country.
+Any animal of any age, sex or breed can contract this disease. In the UK, access to big bale silage is the main cause of the disease, hence cattle and horses are most likely to develop the disease in this country.
-<br>
+One may also notice dilated pupils, dry mucus membranes, decreased salivation and dysphagia in farm animals.
-== Clinical Signs ==
+Another presentation is with incoordination and knuckling followed by flacid paralysis and recumbency. Paralysis of respiratory muscles leads to death.
-<br>
+Birds present with flacid paralysis of legs and wings.
 == Diagnosis ==
-History of big bale silage or knowledge of previous clostridium botulinum on farm, plus characteristic clinical signs are indicative of the disease.
+History of big bale silage or knowledge of previous ''Clostridium botulinum'' on farm, plus characteristic clinical signs are indicative of the disease.
-<br>
 Any differentials should be ruled out. Faecal samples can be taken for detection of the toxin.
-<br>
+The bacterium may be identified via mouse inoculation with infected serum, toxin detection by PCR or [[ELISA testing|ELISA]]. Toxin neutralisation tests in mice are also available.
 == Treatment and Control ==
-Antiserum to Clostridium botulinum can be given, but this will only work very early on, when the toxin is free. When the toxin has fixed to the gangliosides, antiserum is not effective.
+Polyvalent '''antiserum''' to ''Clostridium botulinum'' can be given, but this will only work very early on, when the toxin is free (unbound). When the toxin has fixed to the gangliosides, antiserum is not effective.
-<br>
-In countries where botulism is endemic, a toxoid vaccine is avaliable for livestock. This is not the cases in the UK.
+In countries where botulism is endemic, a toxoid vaccine is available for livestock. This is not the case in the UK.
-<br>
 Management of the recumbent animal, plus fluid therapy and nutrition can be undertaken if considered economically viable. Most livestock and horses that contract the disease are destroyed on humane grounds.
 == References ==
-Blood, D.C. and Studdert, V. P. (1999) Saunders Comprehensive Veterinary Dictionary (2nd Edition), Elsevier Science.
+Blood, D.C. and Studdert, V. P. (1999) '''Saunders Comprehensive Veterinary Dictionary '''(2nd Edition), ''Elsevier Science.''
 <br>
-Knottenbelt, D.C. A Handbook of Equine Medicine for Final Year Students, University of Liverpool.
+Knottenbelt, D.C. '''A Handbook of Equine Medicine for Final Year Students, '''''University of Liverpool.''
 <br>
-Merck & Co (2008) The Merck Veterinary Manual (Eighth Edition), Merial.
+Merck & Co (2008)''' The Merck Veterinary Manual '''(Eighth Edition),'' Merial.''
 <br>
-Piercy, R (2008) The Nervous System and Special Senses Study Guide, Royal Veterinary College.
+Piercy, R (2008) '''The Nervous System and Special Senses Study Guide,''''' Royal Veterinary College.''
 <br>
-Quinn, P.J., Markey, B.K., Carter, M.E., Donnelly, W.J., Leonard, F.C. (2007) Veterinary Microbiology and Microbial Disease, Blackwell Publishing.
+Quinn, P.J., Markey, B.K., Carter, M.E., Donnelly, W.J., Leonard, F.C. (2007) '''Veterinary Microbiology and Microbial Disease,''''' Blackwell Publishing.''
 <br>
-Radostits, O.M, Arundel, J.H, and Gay, C.C. (2000) Veterinary Medicine: a textbook of the diseases of cattle, sheep, pigs, goats and horses, Elsevier Health Sciences.
+Radostits, O.M, Arundel, J.H, and Gay, C.C. (2000) '''Veterinary Medicine: a textbook of the diseases of cattle, sheep, pigs, goats and horses,''''' Elsevier Health Sciences.''
 <br>
-Rycroft, A (2007) Principles of Microbiology Part I; Fundamentals of Veterinary Microbiology, Royal Veterainry College.
+Rycroft, A (2007) '''Principles of Microbiology Part I; Fundamentals of Veterinary Microbiology, '''''Royal Veterinary College.'''''
-[[Category:Neurotoxic_Clostridia]] [[Category:Cattle_Bacteria]] [[Category:Sheep_Bacteria]] [[Category:Avian Bacteria]] [[Category:To_Do_-_Bacteria]]
+[[Category:Neurotoxic_Clostridia]] [[Category:Cattle_Bacteria]] [[Category:Sheep_Bacteria]] [[Category:Avian Bacteria]]
-[[Category:Muscles - Degenerative Pathology]]
+[[Category:Muscles - Degenerative Pathology]][[Category:Peripheral Nervous System - Pathology]]
 [[Category:Zoonoses]]
-[[Category:To Do - Review]]
+[[Category:Expert Review]]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-*Ubiquitous organism
+== Introduction ==
-*Oval, subterminal endospores; spores survive boiling for hours
+Botulism is caused by the ingestion of the neurotoxin of the pathogen ''[[Clostridium botulinum]]'', which is a spore-forming, gram positive bacteria. Clostridium botulinum is found ubiquitously in the soil worldwide. It is one of the most lethal substances known on earth as only 1.0 micrograms is the lethal dose for humans. Therefore the disease is zoonotic and a public health issue.
-*Causes [[Botulism|botulism]], a potentially fatal intoxication
+<br>
-*Germination of endospores, growth of bacterial cells and toxin production in anaerobic conditions e.g. decaying carcasses and vegetation
+The toxin works by binding to gangliosides at the neuromuscular junction and irreversibly inhibiting acetyl choline release, following absorption into the bloodstream. This inhibition of Ach, causes flaccid paralysis and death.
-*Disease in animals consuming rotting carcasses and in herbivores through contamination of feed
+<br>
-*Pathogenesis:
+There are three ways that botulism can arise, firstly and most commonly (only one of the three that does occur in the UK) is ingested of the preformed toxin. Secondly, the spores can be ingested and the toxin can proliferation in the intestine, but this tends only to occur in neonates or young stock. Thirdly, the bacteria can enter the body through a wound and then prilferate again, once inside the body. The previous two types of infection are rare and neither occur in the UK. In the UK, infection usually arises when animals e.g. cattle or horses have ingested contamination big bale silage, that has been contaminated with soil or carcasses.
 **Intoxication on ingestion and absorbtion of toxin from GIT into the blood
-**Occasionally germination of spores in wounds or GIT
+<br>
 **Neurotoxin carried to peripheral nervous system
-**Toxin binds gangliosides irreversibly at the neuromuscular junction
+== Signalment ==
-**Blocks release of acetylcholine
+Any animal of any age, sex or breed can contract this disease. In the UK access to big bale silage is the main cause of the disease, so therefore cattle and horses are most likely to develop the disease in this country.
 *Clinical signs:
-**Dilated pupils, dry mucus membranes, decreased salivation, tongue flacidity, dysphagia in farm animals
+<br>
 **Incoordination and knuckling followed by flacid paralysis and recumbency
-**Paralysis of respiratory muscles leads to death
+== Clinical Signs ==
-**Flacid paralysis of legs and wings in birds
+The characteristic clinical sign is '''generalised flaccid paralysis'''. Most clinicians consider the reduction in tongue tone to be the most characteristic sign (pull tongue out of side of mouth and let go; the animal will not pull it back in cases of botulism. Sudden death may be the only clinical sign in some cases, especially farm animals.
 *Diagnosis:
-**Mouse inoculation with infected serum
+<br>
 **Toxin detection by PCR, ELISA
-**Toxin neutralisation tests in mice
+== Diagnosis ==
-*Treatment: polyvalent antiserum neutralises unbound toxin
+History of big bale silage or knowledge of previous clostridium botulinum on farm, plus characteristic clinical signs are indicative of the disease.
-*Toxoid vaccine used in endemic regions
+<br>
 *Implicated in [[Grass Sickness|equine grass sickness]]
 [[Category:Neurotoxic_Clostridia]] [[Category:Cattle_Bacteria]] [[Category:Sheep_Bacteria]] [[Category:Avian Bacteria]] [[Category:To_Do_-_Bacteria]]