Cobalt Deficiency - Sheep - Revision history

Fiorecastro at 14:10, 9 January 2023

2023-01-09T14:10:57Z

Bara at 16:08, 30 July 2012

2012-07-30T16:08:46Z

Bara at 14:51, 28 October 2011

2011-10-28T14:51:39Z

Bara at 23:00, 5 August 2011

2011-08-05T23:00:47Z

Bara: /* Control */

2011-08-05T22:59:37Z

Control

Lwyasm1: /* References */

2011-07-25T14:52:14Z

References

Lwyasm1 at 14:50, 25 July 2011

2011-07-25T14:50:49Z

Lwyasm1: /* References */

2011-07-24T17:24:50Z

References

Lwyasm1: /* References */

2011-07-24T15:39:50Z

References

Lwyasm1: /* References */

2011-07-24T15:39:11Z

References

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{OpenPagesTop}}
 Also Known As – '''''Cobalamin Deficiency — Vitamin B12 Deficiency — Secondary Vitamin B12 Deficiency — Ill Thrift — Cobalt deficiency anaemia — Wasting Disease — Coastal Disease — Ovine White Liver Disease — Fatty Liver Disease'''''
@@ Line 66: / Line 66: @@
 {{review}}
-{{OpenPages}}
+==Webinars==
 [[Category: Lymphoreticular and Haematopoietic Diseases - Cattle]] [[Category: Lymphoreticular and Haematopoietic Diseases - Sheep]] [[Category:Liver_-_Degenerative_Pathology]] [[Category:Liver Diseases - Sheep]] [[Category:Expert Review - Farm Animal]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:08, 30 July 2012
Line 1:		Line 1:
		+	{{OpenPagesTop}}
	Also Known As – '''''Cobalamin Deficiency — Vitamin B12 Deficiency — Secondary Vitamin B12 Deficiency — Ill Thrift — Cobalt deficiency anaemia — Wasting Disease — Coastal Disease — Ovine White Liver Disease — Fatty Liver Disease'''''		Also Known As – '''''Cobalamin Deficiency — Vitamin B12 Deficiency — Secondary Vitamin B12 Deficiency — Ill Thrift — Cobalt deficiency anaemia — Wasting Disease — Coastal Disease — Ovine White Liver Disease — Fatty Liver Disease'''''

Line 63:		Line 64:


		+	{{review}}
		+
		+	{{OpenPages}}
	[[Category: Lymphoreticular and Haematopoietic Diseases - Cattle]] [[Category: Lymphoreticular and Haematopoietic Diseases - Sheep]] [[Category:Liver_-_Degenerative_Pathology]] [[Category:Liver Diseases - Sheep]] [[Category:Expert Review - Farm Animal]]		[[Category: Lymphoreticular and Haematopoietic Diseases - Cattle]] [[Category: Lymphoreticular and Haematopoietic Diseases - Sheep]] [[Category:Liver_-_Degenerative_Pathology]] [[Category:Liver Diseases - Sheep]] [[Category:Expert Review - Farm Animal]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:51, 28 October 2011
Line 63:		Line 63:


−	~~[[Category:To Do - Manson review]]~~ [[Category: Lymphoreticular and Haematopoietic Diseases - Cattle]] [[Category: Lymphoreticular and Haematopoietic Diseases - Sheep]] [[Category:Liver_-_Degenerative_Pathology]] [[Category:Liver Diseases - Sheep]] [[Category:Expert Review - Farm Animal]]	+	[[Category: Lymphoreticular and Haematopoietic Diseases - Cattle]] [[Category: Lymphoreticular and Haematopoietic Diseases - Sheep]] [[Category:Liver_-_Degenerative_Pathology]] [[Category:Liver Diseases - Sheep]] [[Category:Expert Review - Farm Animal]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:00, 5 August 2011
Line 1:		Line 1:
−	Also Known As – '''''Cobalamin Deficiency – Vitamin B12 Deficiency – Secondary Vitamin B12 Deficiency - Ill Thrift – Cobalt deficiency anaemia - Wasting Disease – Coastal Disease – Ovine White Liver Disease - Fatty Liver Disease'''''	+	Also Known As – '''''Cobalamin Deficiency — Vitamin B12 Deficiency — Secondary Vitamin B12 Deficiency — Ill Thrift — Cobalt deficiency anaemia — Wasting Disease — Coastal Disease — Ovine White Liver Disease — Fatty Liver Disease'''''

	==Introduction==		==Introduction==

@@ Line 44: / Line 44: @@
 {{Learning
 |flashcards = [[Cobalt Deficiency Flashcards]]
 }}

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:52, 25 July 2011
Line 61:		Line 61:


−	[[Category:To Do - Manson review]] [[Category: Lymphoreticular and Haematopoietic Diseases - Cattle]]	+	[[Category:To Do - Manson review]] [[Category: Lymphoreticular and Haematopoietic Diseases - Cattle]] [[Category: Lymphoreticular and Haematopoietic Diseases - Sheep]] [[Category:Liver_-_Degenerative_Pathology]] [[Category:Liver Diseases - Sheep]] [[Category:Expert Review - Farm Animal]]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-Also Known As – '''''Cobalamin Deficiency – Vitamin B12 Deficiency – Secondary Vitamin B12 Deficiency - Ill Thrift – Cobalt deficiency anaemia - Wasting Disease – Coastal Disease – Ovine White Liver Disease'''''
+Also Known As – '''''Cobalamin Deficiency – Vitamin B12 Deficiency – Secondary Vitamin B12 Deficiency - Ill Thrift – Cobalt deficiency anaemia - Wasting Disease – Coastal Disease – Ovine White Liver Disease - Fatty Liver Disease'''''
 ==Introduction==
-Cobalt is required by the ruminant for the '''synthesis of Vitamin B12 – Cobalamin – by the rumenal microflora'''. Thus a diet deficient in cobalt causes a '''secondary deficiency in B12''' which is required for the '''metabolism of propionic acid by the liver for energy production'''. Poor utilisation of propionate then leads to '''reduced appetite and subsequent '''"ill thrift"''' - the generic condition in which '''production and growth are impaired''' in affected animals. B12 is also used for the metabolism of some sulphur containing amino acids which are then used for '''wool growth'''. <ref name="Sargison"> Sargison, N (2008) '''Sheep Flock Health: A Planned Approach''', ''Blackwell Publishing, Oxford'', pp207-213</ref> Thus, cobalt deficient animals often also have poor fleece quality.
+Cobalt is required by the ruminant for the '''synthesis of Vitamin B12 – Cobalamin – by the rumenal microflora'''. Thus a diet deficient in cobalt causes a '''secondary deficiency in B12''' which is required for the '''metabolism of propionic acid by the liver for energy production''' via the enzyme '''Methylmalonyl CoA mutase'''. Poor utilisation of propionate then leads to '''reduced appetite and subsequent '''"ill thrift"''' - the generic condition in which '''production and growth are impaired''' in affected animals. B12 is also used for the metabolism of some sulphur containing amino acids which are then used for '''wool growth'''. <ref name="Sargison"> Sargison, N (2008) '''Sheep Flock Health: A Planned Approach''', ''Blackwell Publishing, Oxford'', pp207-213</ref> Thus, cobalt deficient animals often also have poor fleece quality. B12 also has roles in the [[Erythropoiesis#Nutritional factors|production of new erythrocytes]].
 The concentration of cobalt in '''crops and forages is highly variable''' and depends on a variety of factors including '''soil concentration, plant species rate of growth, soil pH and drainage'''. Soils are generally considered deficient in cobalt if they contain '''less than 2 parts per million'''.<ref> Haskell, S (2008) '''Blackwell’s Five-Minute Veterinary Consult:Ruminant'''. ''Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford'', p89</ref>
@@ Line 19: / Line 19: @@
 Deficiency in pregnant sheep has been associated with '''poor milk production and high lamb mortality'''.<ref name="Sargison" />
-There is also a syndrome known as '''Ovine White Liver Disease''' which causes '''fatty liver degeneration''' which then leads to subsequent liver failure, '''[[Hepatic Encephalopathy|hepatic encephalopathy]] and [[Photosensitisation|photosensitisation]]'''.
+There is also a syndrome known as '''Ovine White Liver Disease''' which causes '''fatty liver degeneration''' which then leads to subsequent liver failure, '''[[Hepatic Encephalopathy|hepatic encephalopathy]] and [[Photosensitisation|photosensitisation]]'''. This is caused by the accumulation of methylmalonic acid in the absence of adequate cobalt, which is then converted into branch chain fatty acids.
 ==Diagnosis==
@@ Line 26: / Line 26: @@
 Cobalt and Vitamin B12 can both be measured in serum but this is not without difficulty. Because of this, other tests such as '''methylmalonic acid (MMA) in plasma and urine and formimoglutamic acid (FIGLU)''' were developed and are now often used.<ref name="Radostits"> Radostits, O. M., Gay, C. C., Blood, D. C., Hinchcliff, K. W (2000) '''Veterinary Medicine: A Textbook of the Diseases of Cattle, Sheep and Pigs 9th ed'''. ''Elsevier, Edinburgh''</ref>  Fresh or formalin fixed liver and serum can also be sent for '''toxicological analysis''' of cobalt concentrations.
-Affected animals are often '''anaemic''' but this may not be evident due to the effects of haemoconcentration on haematology values.
+Affected animals are often '''anaemic''' but this may not be evident due to the effects of haemoconcentration on haematology values. Liver enzymes (GGT and AST) are also often raised.
 Signs of '''fatty liver degeneration''' on pathological examination and histopathology may support clinical signs but this is also non-specific and has many other pathogeneses. Carcasses are generally '''emaciated''' and the '''spleen is often dark due to haemosiderin accumulation'''.<ref name="Radostits" />
@@ Line 48: / Line 48: @@
 ==References==
 <references/>
 Merck Veterinary Manual, '''Beef Cattle:Nutritional Requirements''', accessed online 24/07/2011 at http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm/bc/182303.htm&word=cobalt
 [[Category:To Do - Manson review]] [[Category: Lymphoreticular and Haematopoietic Diseases - Cattle]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:39, 24 July 2011
Line 50:		Line 50:
	Merck Veterinary Manual, '''Beef Cattle:Nutritional Requirements''', accessed online 24/07/2011 at http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm/bc/101600.htm		Merck Veterinary Manual, '''Beef Cattle:Nutritional Requirements''', accessed online 24/07/2011 at http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm/bc/101600.htm

−	[[Category:To Do - Manson review]] [[Category: Lymphoreticular and ~~Haematopoieitic~~ Diseases - Cattle]]	+	[[Category:To Do - Manson review]] [[Category: Lymphoreticular and Haematopoietic Diseases - Cattle]]