Diarrhoea – Rabbit - Revision history

BaraStudent: /* Acute diarrhoea of the young, newly acquired rabbit */

2015-08-25T18:25:42Z

Acute diarrhoea of the young, newly acquired rabbit

Bara at 22:49, 23 September 2011

2011-09-23T22:49:42Z

Suzannah.stacey at 08:19, 14 October 2010

2010-10-14T08:19:56Z

Clamy at 15:54, 21 July 2010

2010-07-21T15:54:20Z

Clamy at 15:46, 21 July 2010

2010-07-21T15:46:37Z

Clamy at 15:31, 21 July 2010

2010-07-21T15:31:17Z

Clamy at 15:29, 21 July 2010

2010-07-21T15:29:53Z

Clamy at 15:15, 21 July 2010

2010-07-21T15:15:42Z

Clamy at 14:19, 21 July 2010

2010-07-21T14:19:36Z

Clamy at 14:14, 21 July 2010

2010-07-21T14:14:52Z

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 {{Learning
 |flashcards = [[Rabbit Medicine and Surgery Q&A 07]]
 }}

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:49, 23 September 2011
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	The prognosis for this syndrome must be very guarded especially if clostridial entertoxaemia or viral, enteric infections or protozoal infestations are involved. Microbiological examination of faeces will help to identify the secondary infections, but the urgency of the case, especially as it frequently presents in the newly acquired pet, often precludes such procedures. Spirochaetes have been incriminated in one outbreak of fatal enteritis in a colony of young rabbits (Tribe et al 1989). Readers will be aware that the growth of Clostridium species requires anaerobic conditions (Carman et al 1983).		The prognosis for this syndrome must be very guarded especially if clostridial entertoxaemia or viral, enteric infections or protozoal infestations are involved. Microbiological examination of faeces will help to identify the secondary infections, but the urgency of the case, especially as it frequently presents in the newly acquired pet, often precludes such procedures. Spirochaetes have been incriminated in one outbreak of fatal enteritis in a colony of young rabbits (Tribe et al 1989). Readers will be aware that the growth of Clostridium species requires anaerobic conditions (Carman et al 1983).

		+	{{Learning
		+	\|flashcards = [[Rabbit Medicine and Surgery Q&A 07]]
		+	}}

	==References==		==References==

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 ==“Diarrhoea syndromes”==
 It is important to assess the material being produced that gives rise to the above title! See assessment of faeces below. It is amazing how many veterinarians confuse polyuria in rabbits with diarrhoea. Owners often confuse the occurrence of uneaten caecotrophs with diarrhoea in their pets. It’s better to react to variation in the nature and production of faeces and consider such clinical entities as [[Clagged Vent – Rabbit|clagged vent]] – the passage of copious amounts of caecal material from the anus. This may be found adhered to the vent area. The caecotrophs may not been ingested because of non-gastro-intestinal causes (dental overgrowth, spinal deformities, etc).
@@ Line 62: / Line 60: @@
 *Carman et al (1983)  Laboratory diagnosis of Clostridium spiroforme-mediated diarrhoea (iota-enterotoxaemia) of rabbits. Veterinary Record, 113.
 *Tribe  G.W. et al (1989)  Fatal enteritis in rabbits associated with a spirochaete. Veterinary Record 124, 595.
-[[Category:Digestive_Disorders_-_Rabbit]]
+[[Category:Rabbit Digestion]]

@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 ==“Diarrhoea syndromes”==
-It is important to assess the material being produced that gives rise to the above title! See assessment of faeces below. It is amazing how many veterinarians confuse polyuria in rabbits with diarrhoea. Owners often confuse the occurrence of uneaten caecotrophs with diarrhoea in their pets. It’s better to react to variation in the nature and production of faeces and consider such clinical entities as clagged vent – the passage of copious amounts of caecal material from the anus. This may be found adhered to the vent area. The caecotrophs may not been ingested because of non-gastro-intestinal causes (dental overgrowth, spinal deformities, etc).
+It is important to assess the material being produced that gives rise to the above title! See assessment of faeces below. It is amazing how many veterinarians confuse polyuria in rabbits with diarrhoea. Owners often confuse the occurrence of uneaten caecotrophs with diarrhoea in their pets. It’s better to react to variation in the nature and production of faeces and consider such clinical entities as [[Clagged Vent – Rabbit|clagged vent]] – the passage of copious amounts of caecal material from the anus. This may be found adhered to the vent area. The caecotrophs may not been ingested because of non-gastro-intestinal causes (dental overgrowth, spinal deformities, etc).
 “Diarrhoea” is rare in pet rabbits, especially adult ones and may result from enteritis which occurs in decreased gastrointestinal motility (constipation). So the appearance of the fluid stool of the carnivore with diarrhoea may not be seen in the similarly afflicted rabbit. In fact, the production of large masses of solid faeces is a more usual presentation, adhered to the vent and not removed by the animal.

@@ Line 62: / Line 62: @@
 *Carman et al (1983)  Laboratory diagnosis of Clostridium spiroforme-mediated diarrhoea (iota-enterotoxaemia) of rabbits. Veterinary Record, 113.
 *Tribe  G.W. et al (1989)  Fatal enteritis in rabbits associated with a spirochaete. Veterinary Record 124, 595.
-[[Category:Diseases_and_Disorders_-_Rabbit]]
+[[Category:Digestive_Disorders_-_Rabbit]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:31, 21 July 2010
Line 43:		Line 43:
	\|-		\|-
	\|}		\|}
−
−	~~==Causes of Clagged Vent (Un-ingested caecotrophs)==~~
−	~~===Reduced appetite for caecotrophs===~~
−	*High protein diet
−	*Low fibre diet
−	*Ad libitum feeding
−	*Taints
−	**plants altering odour
−
−	~~===Illness===~~
−	*Physically unable to reach or groom perineum
−	**Musculoskeletal problems
−	**Neurological disease (eg. E cuniculi)
−	**Spondylitis/kyphosis/arthritis
−	**Abdominal masses
−	**Large dewlap
−
−	~~===Pain associated with ingestion of caecotrophs===~~
−	*Urine scalding
−	*Dermatitis
−	*Infected perineal skin folds
−	*Dental disease
−
−	~~===Husbandry===~~
−	*Small cage
−	*Obesity
−	*Elizabethan collar
−	*Fluffy coat
−	*Interruption of daily routine, eg:
−	**feeding times
−	**photoperiod
−	*Stress
−	*Change of diet
−
−	~~==Treatment of conditions involving uneaten caecotrophs==~~
−	Rabbits stop eating their caecotrophs (probably because of the excess of dietary protein but the animals may be unable or unwilling to groom because they have overgrown teeth with sore mouths or tongues). Harcourt Brown (2002) differentiates between conditions in which the caecotrophs are normal or soft and lists different causes of the two conditions. This is not diarrhoea (although owners often mistake it as such. As caecotrophs are so sticky there is quite an accumulation of matter at the vent on which the rabbit then sits, thereby impacting the matter onto the surrounding tissues. The presenting clinical signs may include blow-fly myiasis.
−
−	The treatment is to lower the energy and protein content of the diet and to feed higher amounts of fibre (hay and straw). Restrict pellets to 10-20 gram per kg (20 g in fat rabbits for fear they become acetonaemic). You often have to be very strict with owners, as in the treatment of canine obesity. Antibiotics may have very little use in the treatment of these animals but concomitant infections (eg respiratory diseases) may have to be addressed, in which case I recommend oxytetracycline S/C q 72hrs (Engemycin 5%; Intervet). To stimulate the resumption of gut motility the use of cisapride (Prepulsid;Janssen Cilag) 6-8hrs is recommended but may be difficult to obtain so metoclopramide may be used instead - PO q12h. Ranitidine (PO q12h) is mentioned as a substitute for cisapride.

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:29, 21 July 2010
Line 43:		Line 43:
	\|-		\|-
	\|}		\|}
		+
		+	==Causes of Clagged Vent (Un-ingested caecotrophs)==
		+	===Reduced appetite for caecotrophs===
		+	*High protein diet
		+	*Low fibre diet
		+	*Ad libitum feeding
		+	*Taints
		+	**plants altering odour
		+
		+	===Illness===
		+	*Physically unable to reach or groom perineum
		+	**Musculoskeletal problems
		+	**Neurological disease (eg. E cuniculi)
		+	**Spondylitis/kyphosis/arthritis
		+	**Abdominal masses
		+	**Large dewlap
		+
		+	===Pain associated with ingestion of caecotrophs===
		+	*Urine scalding
		+	*Dermatitis
		+	*Infected perineal skin folds
		+	*Dental disease
		+
		+	===Husbandry===
		+	*Small cage
		+	*Obesity
		+	*Elizabethan collar
		+	*Fluffy coat
		+	*Interruption of daily routine, eg:
		+	**feeding times
		+	**photoperiod
		+	*Stress
		+	*Change of diet
		+
		+	==Treatment of conditions involving uneaten caecotrophs==
		+	Rabbits stop eating their caecotrophs (probably because of the excess of dietary protein but the animals may be unable or unwilling to groom because they have overgrown teeth with sore mouths or tongues). Harcourt Brown (2002) differentiates between conditions in which the caecotrophs are normal or soft and lists different causes of the two conditions. This is not diarrhoea (although owners often mistake it as such. As caecotrophs are so sticky there is quite an accumulation of matter at the vent on which the rabbit then sits, thereby impacting the matter onto the surrounding tissues. The presenting clinical signs may include blow-fly myiasis.
		+
		+	The treatment is to lower the energy and protein content of the diet and to feed higher amounts of fibre (hay and straw). Restrict pellets to 10-20 gram per kg (20 g in fat rabbits for fear they become acetonaemic). You often have to be very strict with owners, as in the treatment of canine obesity. Antibiotics may have very little use in the treatment of these animals but concomitant infections (eg respiratory diseases) may have to be addressed, in which case I recommend oxytetracycline S/C q 72hrs (Engemycin 5%; Intervet). To stimulate the resumption of gut motility the use of cisapride (Prepulsid;Janssen Cilag) 6-8hrs is recommended but may be difficult to obtain so metoclopramide may be used instead - PO q12h. Ranitidine (PO q12h) is mentioned as a substitute for cisapride.

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:15, 21 July 2010
Line 62:		Line 62:
	*Carman et al (1983) Laboratory diagnosis of Clostridium spiroforme-mediated diarrhoea (iota-enterotoxaemia) of rabbits. Veterinary Record, 113.		*Carman et al (1983) Laboratory diagnosis of Clostridium spiroforme-mediated diarrhoea (iota-enterotoxaemia) of rabbits. Veterinary Record, 113.
	*Tribe G.W. et al (1989) Fatal enteritis in rabbits associated with a spirochaete. Veterinary Record 124, 595.		*Tribe G.W. et al (1989) Fatal enteritis in rabbits associated with a spirochaete. Veterinary Record 124, 595.
		+	[[Category:Diseases_and_Disorders_-_Rabbit]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:19, 21 July 2010
Line 57:		Line 57:

	The prognosis for this syndrome must be very guarded especially if clostridial entertoxaemia or viral, enteric infections or protozoal infestations are involved. Microbiological examination of faeces will help to identify the secondary infections, but the urgency of the case, especially as it frequently presents in the newly acquired pet, often precludes such procedures. Spirochaetes have been incriminated in one outbreak of fatal enteritis in a colony of young rabbits (Tribe et al 1989). Readers will be aware that the growth of Clostridium species requires anaerobic conditions (Carman et al 1983).		The prognosis for this syndrome must be very guarded especially if clostridial entertoxaemia or viral, enteric infections or protozoal infestations are involved. Microbiological examination of faeces will help to identify the secondary infections, but the urgency of the case, especially as it frequently presents in the newly acquired pet, often precludes such procedures. Spirochaetes have been incriminated in one outbreak of fatal enteritis in a colony of young rabbits (Tribe et al 1989). Readers will be aware that the growth of Clostridium species requires anaerobic conditions (Carman et al 1983).
		+
		+
		+	==References==
		+	*Carman et al (1983) Laboratory diagnosis of Clostridium spiroforme-mediated diarrhoea (iota-enterotoxaemia) of rabbits. Veterinary Record, 113.
		+	*Tribe G.W. et al (1989) Fatal enteritis in rabbits associated with a spirochaete. Veterinary Record 124, 595.

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 |bgcolor="#FFFFCC"| Maybe over-react, due to smell
 |bgcolor="#FFFFCC"| Probably slow, due to comparison with monogastric species.
-|-|}
+|-