Dystocia - Dog & Cat - Revision history

Bara at 10:29, 9 November 2015

2015-11-09T10:29:51Z

Bara at 18:56, 5 July 2012

2012-07-05T18:56:28Z

Bara at 16:22, 18 October 2011

2011-10-18T16:22:07Z

Siobhanbrade at 13:59, 7 September 2011

2011-09-07T13:59:20Z

Bara at 16:45, 9 August 2011

2011-08-09T16:45:30Z

HelenD at 10:30, 6 August 2011

2011-08-06T10:30:59Z

HelenD: Created page with "==Clinical approach to dystocia in small animals== A thorough '''history''' regarding breeding dates and previous whelping history is desirable. '''Physical examination''' shoul..."

2011-08-06T10:24:17Z

Created page with "==Clinical approach to dystocia in small animals== A thorough '''history''' regarding breeding dates and previous whelping history is desirable. '''Physical examination''' shoul..."

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==Clinical approach to dystocia in small animals==
A thorough '''history''' regarding breeding dates and previous whelping history is desirable.

'''Physical examination''' should look for signs of systemic illness that, if present, may necessitate immediate cesarean section. The normal vaginal discharge at parturition is a '''dark green colour'''; abnormal colour or character warrants immediate attention. A dark green/black vaginal discharge associated with a lack of signs of parturition may indicate premature placental separation.

A '''digital vaginal examination''' should be performed to evaluate patency of the birth canal and the position and presentation of the fetus(es). Radiography or ultrasonography can determine the presence and number of fetuses, as well as their size, position, and viability.

'''Manipulation''' can be attempted in the case of reducible malpresentations or a dead foetus. This involves using digital manipulation sometimes combined with transabdominal manipulation to stabilise the foetus.

'''Medical management''' may be considered when the condition of the dam and fetuses is stable, when there is proper fetal position and presentation, and when there is no obstruction. '''Oxytocin''' given IM up to 3 times at 30-min intervals, with or without 10%
'''calcium gluconate''' given slowly IV in an attempt to promote uterine contractions. If no response follows, a cesarean section should be performed.

'''Caesarean section''' is indicated for obstructive dystocia, dystocia accompanied by shock or systemic illness, primary uterine inertia, prolonged active labor, or if medical management has failed.

==References==

Kahn, C. (2005) '''The Merck Veterinary Manual 9th Edition''' ''Merck and Co''

von Heimendahl, A. Cariou, M. (2009) '''Normal parturition and management of dystocia in dogs and cats''' ''In Practice'' 31:254-261

@@ Line 42: / Line 42: @@
 '''Medical management''' may be considered when the condition of the dam and fetuses is stable, when there is proper fetal position and presentation, and when there is no obstruction. '''[[Ovaries Endocrine Function - Anatomy & Physiology|Oxytocin]]''' given IM up to 3 times at 30-min intervals, with or without 10% '''calcium gluconate''' given slowly IV in an attempt to promote uterine contractions. If no response follows, a cesarean section should be performed.
-'''Caesarean section''' is indicated for '''obstructive dystocia, dystocia accompanied by shock or systemic illness, primary uterine inertia, prolonged active labor if medical management has failed'''. Cases with '''foetal oversize, foetal malformation, non-reducible malpresentation, foetal distress, and uterine damage''' should also be managed surgically. [[Category:Fluid Therapy|Fluid therapy]] should be administered throughout surgery and low doses or short acting, reversible drugs should be used in combination with local anaesthetics to minimise the effects on the fetuses. Recommendations are an '''opiod''' for sedation (if required), '''propofol''' for induction and '''isofluorane''' for maintenance of anaesthesia.
+'''Caesarean section''' is indicated for '''obstructive dystocia, dystocia accompanied by shock or systemic illness, primary uterine inertia, prolonged active labor if medical management has failed'''. Cases with '''foetal oversize, foetal malformation, non-reducible malpresentation, foetal distress, and uterine damage''' should also be managed surgically. [[:Category:Fluid Therapy|Fluid therapy]] should be administered throughout surgery and low doses or short acting, reversible drugs should be used in combination with local anaesthetics to minimise the effects on the fetuses. Recommendations are an '''opiod''' for sedation (if required), '''propofol''' for induction and '''isofluorane''' for maintenance of anaesthesia.
 ==Neonatal Care==

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 ==Introduction==
 '''Dystocia is the inability to expel fetuses through the birth canal during [[Parturition|parturition]]'''.
@@ Line 74: / Line 75: @@
 {{review}}
 [[Category:Reproductive Diseases - Cat]]
 [[Category:Reproductive Diseases - Dog]]
 [[Category:Expert Review]]

@@ Line 3: / Line 3: @@
 ==Signalment==
-Certain breeds are predisposed to dystocia such as '''brachycephalic''' and certain '''terrier breeds''' in the dog. These breeds have both a '''narrow [[Pelvis - Anatomy & Physiology|pelvis]]''' and offspring with '''large skulls''', making dystocia far more common. Many Bulldog breeders now request an elective Caesarean section - however this raises complex ethical issues and it is up to the individual veterinarian to decide whether they are willing to perform the procedure. '''Siamese''' and '''Persian''' breeds are more likely to suffer from dystocia than other breeds of cat.
+Certain breeds are predisposed to dystocia such as '''brachycephalic''' and certain '''terrier breeds''' of dog. These breeds have both a '''narrow [[Pelvis - Anatomy & Physiology|pelvis]]''' and offspring with '''large skulls''', making dystocia far more common. Many Bulldog breeders now request an elective Caesarean section - however this raises complex ethical issues and it is up to the individual veterinarian to decide whether they are willing to perform the procedure. '''Siamese''' and '''Persian''' breeds are more likely to suffer from dystocia than other breeds of cat.
 ==Causes==
@@ Line 41: / Line 41: @@
 '''Medical management''' may be considered when the condition of the dam and fetuses is stable, when there is proper fetal position and presentation, and when there is no obstruction. '''[[Ovaries Endocrine Function - Anatomy & Physiology|Oxytocin]]''' given IM up to 3 times at 30-min intervals, with or without 10% '''calcium gluconate''' given slowly IV in an attempt to promote uterine contractions. If no response follows, a cesarean section should be performed.
-'''Caesarean section''' is indicated for '''obstructive dystocia, dystocia accompanied by shock or systemic illness, primary uterine inertia, prolonged active labor if medical management has failed'''. Cases with '''fetal oversize, fetal malformation, non-reducible malpresentation, foetal distress, and uterine damage''' should also be managed surgically. Fluid therapy should be administered throughout surgery and low doses or short acting, reversible drugs should be used in combination with local anaesthetics to minimise the effects on the fetuses. Recommendations are an '''opiod''' for sedation (if required), '''propofol''' for induction and '''isofluorane''' for maintenance of anaesthesia.
+'''Caesarean section''' is indicated for '''obstructive dystocia, dystocia accompanied by shock or systemic illness, primary uterine inertia, prolonged active labor if medical management has failed'''. Cases with '''foetal oversize, foetal malformation, non-reducible malpresentation, foetal distress, and uterine damage''' should also be managed surgically. [[Category:Fluid Therapy|Fluid therapy]] should be administered throughout surgery and low doses or short acting, reversible drugs should be used in combination with local anaesthetics to minimise the effects on the fetuses. Recommendations are an '''opiod''' for sedation (if required), '''propofol''' for induction and '''isofluorane''' for maintenance of anaesthesia.
 ==Neonatal Care==
 Dystocia cases run a higher risk of fetal distress and mortality, therefore it is essential to be prepared for the immediate care of neonates after birth.
-Once to fetal has been expelled/removed from the uterus by C-section, the following steps should be performed:
+Once a foetus has been expelled/removed from the uterus by C-section, the following steps should be performed:
 * Removal of the '''amniotic sac'''
@@ Line 60: / Line 60: @@
 If opiods have been administered in the dam then Naloxone can be given to the neonate to reverse the effects of the drug.
-Th puppies should be kept '''warm''' and '''dry''' (normally by placing them in a box with towel-covered hot water bottles or heatpads) until the dam had recovered. With dogs, the dam should be observed closely when first placed with her offspring as bitches have be known to cannibalise their young. They should be discharged from the hospital '''promptly''' to prevent '''stress and disease exposure'''.
+The puppies should be kept '''warm''' and '''dry''' (normally by placing them in a box with towel-covered hot water bottles or heatpads) until the dam had recovered. With dogs, the dam should be observed closely when first placed with her offspring as bitches have be known to cannibalise their young. They should be discharged from the hospital '''promptly''' to prevent '''stress and disease exposure'''.
 {{Learning
 |flashcards = [[Small Animal Soft Tissue Surgery Q&A 12]]}}
 ==References==
 Gilson, SD (1998) '''Self-Assessment Colour Review Small Animal Soft Tissue Surgery''' '' Manson''
@@ Line 71: / Line 72: @@
 von Heimendahl, A. Cariou, M. (2009) '''Normal parturition and management of dystocia in dogs and cats''' ''In Practice'' 31:254-261
 [[Category:Reproductive Diseases - Cat]]
 [[Category:Reproductive Diseases - Dog]]
-[[Category: To Do - Siobhan Brade]]
+[[Category:Expert Review]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:45, 9 August 2011
Line 19:		Line 19:
	von Heimendahl, A. Cariou, M. (2009) '''Normal parturition and management of dystocia in dogs and cats''' ''In Practice'' 31:254-261		von Heimendahl, A. Cariou, M. (2009) '''Normal parturition and management of dystocia in dogs and cats''' ''In Practice'' 31:254-261

−	[[Category:~~To Do~~ - ~~Review~~]]	+	[[Category:Reproductive Diseases - Cat]]
		+	[[Category:Reproductive Diseases - Dog]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:30, 6 August 2011
Line 18:		Line 18:

	von Heimendahl, A. Cariou, M. (2009) '''Normal parturition and management of dystocia in dogs and cats''' ''In Practice'' 31:254-261		von Heimendahl, A. Cariou, M. (2009) '''Normal parturition and management of dystocia in dogs and cats''' ''In Practice'' 31:254-261
		+
		+	[[Category:To Do - Review]]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 ==Clinical approach to dystocia in small animals==
 A thorough '''history''' regarding breeding dates and previous whelping history is desirable.
 '''Physical examination''' should look for signs of systemic illness that, if present, may necessitate immediate cesarean section. The normal vaginal discharge at parturition is a '''dark green colour'''; abnormal colour or character warrants immediate attention. A dark green/black vaginal discharge associated with a lack of signs of parturition may indicate premature placental separation.
 A '''digital vaginal examination''' should be performed to evaluate patency of the birth canal and the position and presentation of the fetus(es). Radiography or ultrasonography can determine the presence and number of fetuses, as well as their size, position, and viability.
@@ Line 8: / Line 39: @@
 '''Manipulation''' can be attempted in the case of reducible malpresentations or a dead foetus. This involves using digital manipulation sometimes combined with transabdominal manipulation to stabilise the foetus.
-'''Medical management''' may be considered when the condition of the dam and fetuses is stable, when there is proper fetal position and presentation, and when there is no obstruction. '''Oxytocin''' given IM up to 3 times at 30-min intervals, with or without 10%
+'''Medical management''' may be considered when the condition of the dam and fetuses is stable, when there is proper fetal position and presentation, and when there is no obstruction. '''[[Ovaries Endocrine Function - Anatomy & Physiology|Oxytocin]]''' given IM up to 3 times at 30-min intervals, with or without 10% '''calcium gluconate''' given slowly IV in an attempt to promote uterine contractions. If no response follows, a cesarean section should be performed.
 '''calcium gluconate''' given slowly IV in an attempt to promote uterine contractions. If no response follows, a cesarean section should be performed.
-'''Caesarean section''' is indicated for obstructive dystocia, dystocia accompanied by shock or systemic illness, primary uterine inertia, prolonged active labor, or if medical management has failed.
+Th puppies should be kept '''warm''' and '''dry''' (normally by placing them in a box with towel-covered hot water bottles or heatpads) until the dam had recovered. With dogs, the dam should be observed closely when first placed with her offspring as bitches have be known to cannibalise their young. They should be discharged from the hospital '''promptly''' to prevent '''stress and disease exposure'''.
 ==References==
 Kahn, C. (2005) '''The Merck Veterinary Manual 9th Edition''' ''Merck and Co''
@@ Line 21: / Line 73: @@
 [[Category:Reproductive Diseases - Cat]]
 [[Category:Reproductive Diseases - Dog]]