Endocarditis - Revision history

Fiorecastro at 15:56, 5 January 2023

2023-01-05T15:56:47Z

Bara: /* References */

2013-10-15T15:18:52Z

References

Bara at 16:19, 30 July 2012

2012-07-30T16:19:03Z

Bara: /* Prognosis */

2011-09-24T23:38:22Z

Prognosis

Bara at 23:37, 24 September 2011

2011-09-24T23:37:48Z

HelenD at 15:28, 30 August 2011

2011-08-30T15:28:36Z

Bara at 11:57, 13 May 2011

2011-05-13T11:57:45Z

Bara: /* References */

2011-01-17T19:23:38Z

References

Bara: /* References */

2011-01-17T13:33:19Z

References

Bara: /* References */

2011-01-16T18:14:25Z

References

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-{{OpenPagesTop}}
 ==Introduction==
 [[Image:Bacterial endocarditis.jpg|right|thumb|200px|<small><center>'''Bacterial endocarditis'''. Courtesy of A. Jefferies</center></small>]]
@@ Line 91: / Line 91: @@
 {{review}}
-{{OpenPages}}
+==Webinars==
 [[Category:Endocardial_Pathology]][[Category:Cardiovascular_System_-_Inflammatory_Pathology]][[Category:Cardiac Diseases - Cattle]][[Category:Cardiac Diseases - Pig]][[Category:Cardiovascular Diseases - Sheep]]
 [[Category:Expert_Review - Farm Animal]][[Category:Expert Review - Horse]][[Category:Cardiac Diseases - Dog]][[Category:Cardiac Diseases - Horse]]
 [[Category:Cardiology Section]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:18, 15 October 2013
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	[[Category:Endocardial_Pathology]][[Category:Cardiovascular_System_-_Inflammatory_Pathology]][[Category:Cardiac Diseases - Cattle]][[Category:Cardiac Diseases - Pig]][[Category:Cardiovascular Diseases - Sheep]]		[[Category:Endocardial_Pathology]][[Category:Cardiovascular_System_-_Inflammatory_Pathology]][[Category:Cardiac Diseases - Cattle]][[Category:Cardiac Diseases - Pig]][[Category:Cardiovascular Diseases - Sheep]]
	[[Category:Expert_Review - Farm Animal]][[Category:Expert Review - Horse]][[Category:Cardiac Diseases - Dog]][[Category:Cardiac Diseases - Horse]]		[[Category:Expert_Review - Farm Animal]][[Category:Expert Review - Horse]][[Category:Cardiac Diseases - Dog]][[Category:Cardiac Diseases - Horse]]
		+	[[Category:Cardiology Section]]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 ==Introduction==
 [[Image:Bacterial endocarditis.jpg|right|thumb|200px|<small><center>'''Bacterial endocarditis'''. Courtesy of A. Jefferies</center></small>]]
@@ Line 89: / Line 90: @@
 {{review}}
 [[Category:Endocardial_Pathology]][[Category:Cardiovascular_System_-_Inflammatory_Pathology]][[Category:Cardiac Diseases - Cattle]][[Category:Cardiac Diseases - Pig]][[Category:Cardiovascular Diseases - Sheep]]
 [[Category:Expert_Review - Farm Animal]][[Category:Expert Review - Horse]][[Category:Cardiac Diseases - Dog]][[Category:Cardiac Diseases - Horse]]

@@ Line 69: / Line 69: @@
 Long term prognosis is guarded to poor. Possible complications include septic shock, disseminated intravascular coagulation, congestive heart failure and embolisation to other organs.
-{{{{Learning
+{{Learning
-|literature review = [http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?q=title:(%22endocarditis%22)&fq=sc:%22ve%22 Endocarditis publications]
+|literature search = [http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?q=title:(%22endocarditis%22)&fq=sc:%22ve%22 Endocarditis publications]
 [http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?q=title:(%22endocarditis%22)+AND+od:(cattle)&fq=sc:%22ve%22 Endocarditis in cattle publications]

@@ Line 7: / Line 7: @@
 *Pigs: [[Erysipelothrix_rhusiopathiae|''Erysipelothrix spp.'']]
 *Sheep: [[:Category:Streptococcus species|''Streptococci'']]
-*Dogs: [[:Category:Streptococcus species|''Streptococci'']], ''Staphylococci'' and ''E. coli''
+*Dogs: [[:Category:Streptococcus species|''Streptococci'']], [[:Category:Staphylococcus species|''Staphylococci'']] and ''[[E. coli]]''
 ==Pathophysiology==
@@ Line 69: / Line 69: @@
 Long term prognosis is guarded to poor. Possible complications include septic shock, disseminated intravascular coagulation, congestive heart failure and embolisation to other organs.
-==Literature Search==
+{{{{Learning
-[[File:CABI logo.jpg|left|90px]]
+|literature review = [http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?q=title:(%22endocarditis%22)&fq=sc:%22ve%22 Endocarditis publications]
 [http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?q=title:(%22endocarditis%22)+AND+od:(cattle)&fq=sc:%22ve%22 Endocarditis in cattle publications]
 [http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?q=title:(%22endocarditis%22)+NOT+od:(cattle)&fq=sc:%22ve%22 Endocarditis in other veterinary species publications]
 |flashcards = [[Small Animal Emergency and Critical Care Medicine Q&A 01]]
 }}
 ==References==
-* Merck & Co (2008) '''The Merck Veterinary Manual (Eighth Edition)''' ''Merial''
+Merck & Co (2008) '''The Merck Veterinary Manual (Eighth Edition)''' ''Merial''
-* Nelson, R.W. and Couto, C.G. (2009) '''Small Animal Internal Medicine (Fourth Edition)''' ''Mosby Elsevier''.
-* Tilley,L.P., Smith, F.W.K, Oyama, M., Sleeper, M. (2007) '''Manual of Canine and Feline Cardiology''' ''Saunders''.
+Nelson, R.W. and Couto, C.G. (2009) '''Small Animal Internal Medicine (Fourth Edition)''' ''Mosby Elsevier''.
-* Elwood, C.M., Cobb, M.A., Stepien, R.L., (1993) Clinical and echocardiographic findings in 10 dogs with vegetative bacteria endcarditis. '''Journal of small animal practice'''. 34,  pp420-427.

@@ Line 7: / Line 7: @@
 *Pigs: [[Erysipelothrix_rhusiopathiae|''Erysipelothrix spp.'']]
 *Sheep: [[:Category:Streptococcus species|''Streptococci'']]
 ==Pathophysiology==
 ===Vegetative Endocarditis===
 [[Image:vegetative endocarditis.jpg|right|thumb|200px|<small><center>'''Vegetative endocarditis (dog)'''. Courtesy of T. Scase</center></small>]]
-It is predisposed by valvular damage as thrombi occur on the surface of the valves exposed to blood flow. Bacteremia is essential for the development of endocarditis.  Once bacteria colonize the valvular endocardium, vegetative lesions composed of platelets and fibrin are formed on the valves. Progression to rupture of the ''chordae tendinae'' is possible, along with spread of the infection to the adjacent mural endocardium. Valves may become stenotic, incompetent or both. Death usually results from either embolisation of the vegetative material or congestive heart failure due to significant valvular damage.
+It is predisposed by valvular damage as thrombi occur on the surface of the valves exposed to blood flow. Mechanical trauma can cause such damage, such as jet lesions from turbulent blood flow or endocardial injury from a catheter extending into the heart. Highly virulent bacteria or a heavy bacterial load increase the risk of cardiac infection, and normal valves can be invaded by virulent bacteria. Bacteremia is essential for the development of endocarditis. Diseases that impair immune responses or cause hypercoagulability or endothelial disruption are thought to increase the endocarditis risk. Once bacteria colonise the valvular endocardium, vegetative lesions composed of platelets and fibrin are formed on the valves. Progression to rupture of the ''chordae tendinae'' is possible, along with spread of the infection to the adjacent mural endocardium. Valves may become stenotic, incompetent or both. Congestive heart failure commonly results from valvular insufficiency and volume overload. Because the mitral and aortic valves are typically affected, pulmonary oedema is the usual manifestation. Death usually results from either embolisation of the vegetative material or congestive heart failure due to significant valvular damage. Metastatic infection of other body sites commonly occurs.
 ===Ulcerative Endocarditis===
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 ==Signalment==
-Endocarditis is rare in dogs but males and large breeds (e.g. German Shepherds) are most affected. It is very rare in cats.
+Endocarditis is rare in dogs but males and large breeds (e.g. German Shepherds) are most affected. Dogs with subaortic stenosis are more at risk of developing the disease. It is very rare in cats.
 The disease mainly affects adult cattle and young pigs. In horses, males are more commonly affected than females.
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 ==Diagnosis==
 ===Laboratory findings===
 '''Blood profiles''': Not all cases will have altered blood changes. Possible changes include:
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 Radiography is often unremarkable. There may be evidence of cardiomegaly or congestive heart failure if valvular damage is chronic or severe. Evidence of a focus of infection such as discospondylitis may be visible.
-===Electrogcardiogram (ECG)===
+===Electrocardiogram (ECG)===
 ECG may be normal. Arrhythmias detectected are often ventricular in origin (e.g. ventricular premature complexes) and represent extension of the inflammatory focus to involve the myocardium. 3rd degree heart block may be present if the AV node is affected.
 ==Treatment==
 Antibiotic treatment with either a broad spectrum antibiotic or an appropriate antibiotic based on culture and sensitivity results. Antibiotics should be administered intravenously for the first 5 days of therapy followed by a prolonged course (>4 weeks) of oral medication.
-<br>Common Protocols use [[Penicillins|Ampicillin]] in combination with a [[Fluoroquinolones|Fluoroquinolone]] such as Enrofloxacin.
+<br>Common Protocols use [[Penicillins|Ampicillin]] in combination with a [[Fluoroquinolones|Fluoroquinolone]] such as Enrofloxacin or an aminoglycoside.
-<br>Secondary problems such as septic shock, D.I.C., congestive heart failure and embolisation need to be managed.
+<br>Secondary problems such as septic shock, D.I.C., congestive heart failure and embolisation need to be managed. Treatments commonly include diuretics or vasodilators to control the oedema, reduce valvular regurgitation and improve cardiac output.
 ==Prognosis==
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 [http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?q=title:(%22endocarditis%22)+NOT+od:(cattle)&fq=sc:%22ve%22 Endocarditis in other veterinary species publications]
 ==References==
@@ Line 88: / Line 94: @@
 {{review}}
 [[Category:Endocardial_Pathology]][[Category:Cardiovascular_System_-_Inflammatory_Pathology]][[Category:Cardiac Diseases - Cattle]][[Category:Cardiac Diseases - Pig]][[Category:Cardiovascular Diseases - Sheep]]
-[[Category:Expert_Review - Farm Animal]][[Expert Review - Horse]][[Category:Cardiac Diseases - Dog]][[Category:Cardiac Diseases - Horse]]
+[[Category:Expert_Review - Farm Animal]][[Category:Expert Review - Horse]][[Category:Cardiac Diseases - Dog]][[Category:Cardiac Diseases - Horse]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:23, 17 January 2011
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−	[[Category:Endocardial_Pathology]][[Category:Cardiovascular_System_-_Inflammatory_Pathology]][[Category:Cardiac Diseases - Cattle]][[Category:~~Cardiovascular~~ Diseases - Pig]][[Category:Cardiovascular Diseases - Sheep]]	+	[[Category:Endocardial_Pathology]][[Category:Cardiovascular_System_-_Inflammatory_Pathology]][[Category:Cardiac Diseases - Cattle]][[Category:Cardiac Diseases - Pig]][[Category:Cardiovascular Diseases - Sheep]]
	[[Category:Expert_Review]][[Category:Cardiac Diseases - Dog]][[Category:Cardiac Diseases - Horse]]		[[Category:Expert_Review]][[Category:Cardiac Diseases - Dog]][[Category:Cardiac Diseases - Horse]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:33, 17 January 2011
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−	[[Category:Endocardial_Pathology]][[Category:Cardiovascular_System_-_Inflammatory_Pathology]][[Category:~~Cardiovascular~~ Diseases - Cattle]][[Category:Cardiovascular Diseases - Pig]][[Category:Cardiovascular Diseases - Sheep]]	+	[[Category:Endocardial_Pathology]][[Category:Cardiovascular_System_-_Inflammatory_Pathology]][[Category:Cardiac Diseases - Cattle]][[Category:Cardiovascular Diseases - Pig]][[Category:Cardiovascular Diseases - Sheep]]
	[[Category:Expert_Review]][[Category:Cardiac Diseases - Dog]][[Category:Cardiac Diseases - Horse]]		[[Category:Expert_Review]][[Category:Cardiac Diseases - Dog]][[Category:Cardiac Diseases - Horse]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:14, 16 January 2011
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−	[[Category:Endocardial_Pathology]][[Category:Cardiovascular_System_-_Inflammatory_Pathology]][[Category:Cattle]][[Category:Pig]][[Category:Sheep]]	+	[[Category:Endocardial_Pathology]][[Category:Cardiovascular_System_-_Inflammatory_Pathology]][[Category:Cardiovascular Diseases - Cattle]][[Category:Cardiovascular Diseases - Pig]][[Category:Cardiovascular Diseases - Sheep]]
	[[Category:Expert_Review]][[Category:Cardiac Diseases - Dog]][[Category:Cardiac Diseases - Horse]]		[[Category:Expert_Review]][[Category:Cardiac Diseases - Dog]][[Category:Cardiac Diseases - Horse]]