Equine Adenovirus - Revision history

Bara at 17:08, 31 July 2012

2012-07-31T17:08:07Z

Bara at 17:02, 3 September 2011

2011-09-03T17:02:56Z

HelenD at 08:28, 23 August 2011

2011-08-23T08:28:39Z

Bara at 17:34, 19 February 2011

2011-02-19T17:34:25Z

Bara at 16:20, 19 February 2011

2011-02-19T16:20:48Z

Bara: Text replace - "Category:To_Do_-_Viruses" to "Category:To_Do_-_Clinical/Viruses"

2010-07-30T12:20:00Z

Text replace - "Category:To_Do_-_Viruses" to "Category:To_Do_-_Clinical/Viruses"

Bara at 11:43, 29 July 2010

2010-07-29T11:43:02Z

Bara at 13:11, 20 July 2010

2010-07-20T13:11:08Z

Bara at 10:40, 20 July 2010

2010-07-20T10:40:57Z

Bara at 12:01, 30 June 2010

2010-06-30T12:01:57Z

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 ==Introduction==
 [[Image:Adenovirus in equine lung.jpg|right|thumb|200px|<small><center>Adenovirus in equine lung (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]
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 {{review}}
 [[Category:Respiratory Diseases - Horse]]
 [[Category:Expert Review - Horse]]
 [[Category:Adenoviridae]][[Category:Horse Viruses]]
 [[Category:Respiratory_Viral_Infections]]

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 ==Introduction==
 Equine Adenovirus is a '''DNA virus''' from the [[Adenoviridae]] family which is '''widely distributed''' in the horse population worldwide.
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 The typical isolates are referred to as '''equine adenovirus type 1''' and an equine adenovirus type 2 has been isolated in some cases.
-Adenovirus is an important cause of '''morbidity and mortality''', causing necrotising [[Bronchitis#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|bronchiolitis]] in '''Arabian foals suffering from [[Equine Severe Combined Immune Deficiency]]''', which is characterised by the absence of functional B and T lymphocytes.
+Adenovirus is an important cause of '''morbidity and mortality''', causing necrotising [[Bronchitis|bronchiolitis]] in '''Arabian foals suffering from [[Equine Severe Combined Immune Deficiency]]''', which is characterised by the absence of functional B and T lymphocytes.
 The virus is acquired as a '''droplet or close-contact respiratory or ocular infection'''. The virus then replicates in epithelial cells throughout the respiratory tract, producing lysis and sloughing of these cells and a hyperplastic response in the remaining cells. Immunocompetent horses '''recover within 10 days''', but '''mixed infections''' with other viruses and bacteria may cause more severe and prolonged disease. The virus can also infect cells in the gastrointestinal tract and can be '''shed in the faeces'''.
 ==Clinical Signs==
-In '''adults''', infection can cause: '''acute upper respiratory disease''' with nasal discharge and conjunctivitis, bronchopneumonia, GI tract infection leading to '''loose faeces'''.
+In '''adults''', infection can cause: '''acute upper respiratory disease''' with nasal discharge and conjunctivitis, [[bronchopneumonia]], GI tract infection leading to '''loose faeces'''.
 There may also be '''coughing after exercise''' and enlarged submandibular lymph nodes.
-In '''foals with immunodeficiency''', infection is characterised by: '''intermittent fever''', rhinitis, conjunctivitis, '''pneumonia''' and diarrhoea. Foals appear normal at birth, develop clinical signs between 2 and 6 weeks, and '''die within 2 weeks'''.
+In '''foals with immunodeficiency''', infection is characterised by: '''intermittent fever''', [[rhinitis]], conjunctivitis, [[:Category:Pneumonia|'''pneumonia''']] and [[diarrhoea]]. Foals appear normal at birth, develop clinical signs between 2 and 6 weeks, and '''die within 2 weeks'''.
 '''Immunocompetent foals''' exposed to adenovirus may develop conjunctivitis, dyspnoea, fever, coughing and diarrhoea. It is rarely fatal, but deaths have been documented when several different pathogens have been involved.
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 Virus isolation from '''nasopharyngeal and conjunctival swabs''' during the acute phase of infection is possible but not frequently reported.
-Adenovirus can also be detected in foecal samples by '''electron microscopy'''.
+Adenovirus can also be detected in fecal samples by '''electron microscopy'''.
-'''Seroconversion''' can be detected by serum neutralisation of '''haemagglutination inhibition (HI) of paired samples collected 10-14 days apart'''.
+'''Seroconversion''' can be detected by serum neutralisation of '''[[haemagglutination]] inhibition (HI) of paired samples collected 10-14 days apart'''.
 In Arab foals, diagnosis is usually made at '''necropsy''':
-'''Gross findings''' include: necrotizing bronchiolitis, interstitial pneumonia, fibrin and hyalin membranes within the alveoli. There is [[Atelectasis|atelectasis]] and consolidation of lobules in cranioventral region. A mucopurulent exudate can be found in the airways. The lymph nodes, spleen and thymus are small with virtually no germinal centres. Foci of abscess formation due to bacterial infection are frequently present.
+'''Gross findings''' include: necrotizing bronchiolitis, [[Interstitial Pneumonia|interstitial pneumonia]], fibrin and hyalin membranes within the alveoli. There is [[Atelectasis|atelectasis]] and consolidation of lobules in cranioventral region. A mucopurulent exudate can be found in the airways. The lymph nodes, spleen and thymus are small with virtually no germinal centres. Foci of abscess formation due to bacterial infection are frequently present.
 '''Histologically''': Bronchiolar obstruction by sloughed debris is evident. Large basophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies occur in respiratory epithelial cells and sometimes in the epithelial cells of the salivary glands and ducts, the conjunctiva, the pancreas, the bladder and the small intestine.
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 ==Treatment==
-'''No treatment''' recommendations exist for foals with SCID. The prognosis is grave and foals usually die within 2 weeks of infection.
+'''No treatment''' recommendations exist for foals with [[[[Equine Severe Combined Immune Deficiency|SCID]]. The prognosis is grave and foals usually die within 2 weeks of infection.
 Adult horses rarely show significant disease, but '''supportive care''' such as antibiotic cover to prevent secondary infections, mucolytics and anti-inflammatories can be given if necessary. Horses usually recover within 10 days.
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-[[Category:To Do - Helen]]
+{{review}}
-[[Category:To Do - Review]]
+[[Category:Respiratory Diseases - Horse]]
+[[Category:Expert Review - Horse]]
 [[Category:Adenoviridae]][[Category:Horse Viruses]]
 [[Category:Respiratory_Viral_Infections]]

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-*Rarely causes primary disease
+[[Image:Adenovirus in equine lung.jpg|right|thumb|100px|<small><center>Adenovirus in equine lung (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]
-*Exception: immune-compromised Arab foals (showing both B/T cell deficiencies), causing necrotising bronchiolitis
-[[Image:Adenovirus in equine lung.jpg|right|thumb|100px|<small><center>Adenovirus in equine lung (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]
+'''Histologically''': Bronchiolar obstruction by sloughed debris is evident. Large basophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies occur in respiratory epithelial cells and sometimes in the epithelial cells of the salivary glands and ducts, the conjunctiva, the pancreas, the bladder and the small intestine.
-*[[Adenoviridae|Adenoviridae]]
+Robinson, N. (2009) '''Current therapy in equine medicine''' ''Elsevier Health Sciences''
 [[Category:Adenoviridae]][[Category:Horse Viruses]]
 [[Category:To_Do_-_Clinical/Viruses]]
 [[Category:Respiratory_Viral_Infections]]

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 *May cause necrotising [[Bronchitis#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|bronchiolitis]] in immune-deficient foals (Arabian foals)
 *Grossly:
-**[[Lungs Ventilation - Pathology#Atelectasis (Collapse)|Atelectasis]] and consolidation of lobules in cranioventral region
+**[[Atelectasis|Atelectasis]] and consolidation of lobules in cranioventral region
 **Mucopurulent exudate in airways
 *Histologically:

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 *[[Adenoviridae|Adenoviridae]]
-*May cause necrotising [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|bronchiolitis]] in immune-deficient foals (Arabian foals)
+*May cause necrotising [[Bronchitis#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|bronchiolitis]] in immune-deficient foals (Arabian foals)
 *Grossly:
 **[[Lungs Ventilation - Pathology#Atelectasis (Collapse)|Atelectasis]] and consolidation of lobules in cranioventral region

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-[[Category:Adenoviridae]][[Category:Horse]]
+[[Category:Adenoviridae]][[Category:Horse Viruses]]
 [[Category:To_Do_-_Viruses]]
 [[Category:Respiratory_Viral_Infections]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:40, 20 July 2010
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	[[Category:Adenoviridae]][[Category:Horse]]		[[Category:Adenoviridae]][[Category:Horse]]
	[[Category:To_Do_-_Viruses]]		[[Category:To_Do_-_Viruses]]
		+	[[Category:Respiratory_Viral_Infections]]