Fat Overview - Nutrition - Revision history

Bara: /* References */

2016-05-11T08:32:13Z

References

Bara at 13:47, 1 June 2015

2015-06-01T13:47:12Z

Bara at 11:36, 22 May 2015

2015-05-22T11:36:19Z

Bara: /* References */

2015-05-22T11:34:59Z

References

Bara: /* Roles in the Body */

2015-05-22T11:33:29Z

Roles in the Body

Bara: /* Roles in the Body */

2015-05-22T11:31:26Z

Roles in the Body

Bara: /* Why is it Important? */

2015-05-22T11:30:25Z

Why is it Important?

Bara: /* Why is it Important? */

2015-05-22T11:28:50Z

Why is it Important?

Bara: /* Why is it Important? */

2015-05-22T11:27:41Z

Why is it Important?

Bara: /* What is Fat? */

2015-05-22T11:26:48Z

What is Fat?

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:32, 11 May 2016
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 ==References==
 <references />
 [[Category:Fats]]
 [[Category:To Do - Nutrition]]
 [[Category:To Do - Batch 3]]

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 ==Roles in the Body==
 Fat is an important substrate for the production of energy; in dogs it is the preferred energy substrate during endurance activities.<ref name="Downey"/>,<ref name="Hill"/>
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 #'''Inflammatory Mediators:''' '''Arachidonic acid (AA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)'''  are concentrated in cellular membranes and are used as precursors for inflammatory mediators and cell signaling pathways.<ref name="NRC"/> Both AA and EPA can be used by cyclooxygenase (COX) or lipoxygenase (LOX) to form the [[Nutrition Glossary#Eicosanoids|eicosanoids]]: prostaglandins, prostocyclins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. Eicosanoids formed from EPA are less pro-inflammatory than those produced from AA.
 #'''Brain and Retinal Development:''' '''Docosapentaenoic acid (DPA)'''  is synthesized in the [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]] from EPA and is transported to the [[Eye - Anatomy & Physiology|retina]] and other nervous tissues where it is converted to docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). During growth, synthesis of these long-chain omega-3 FAs is inadequate to support normal retinal and brain development and a dietary source of EPA or DHA is considered [[Nutrition Glossary#Conditionally Essential Nutrients|conditionally essential]].<ref name="Kirby">Kirby NA, ''et al''. (2009) '''Skin surface lipids and skin and hair coat condition in dogs fed increased total fat diets containing polyunsaturated fatty acids'''. ''JAPAN (Ber)'';93:505-511.</ref>
 ==Consequences of Fat Deficiency==

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 [[Category:Fats]]
 [[Category:To Do - Nutrition]]
-[[Category:To Do - Nutrition GGP]]
+[[Category:To Do - Batch 3]]

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 #'''Inflammatory Mediators:''' '''Arachidonic acid (AA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)'''  are concentrated in cellular membranes and are used as precursors for inflammatory mediators and cell signaling pathways.<ref name="NRC"/> Both AA and EPA can be used by cyclooxygenase (COX) or lipoxygenase (LOX) to form the [[Nutrition Glossary#Eicosanoids|eicosanoids]]: prostaglandins, prostocyclins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. Eicosanoids formed from EPA are less pro-inflammatory than those produced from AA.
 #'''Brain and Retinal Development:''' '''Docosapentaenoic acid (DPA)'''  is synthesized in the [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]] from EPA and is transported to the [[Eye - Anatomy & Physiology|retina]] and other nervous tissues where it is converted to docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). During growth, synthesis of these long-chain omega-3 FAs is inadequate to support normal retinal and brain development and a dietary source of EPA or DHA is considered [[Nutrition Glossary#Conditionally Essential Nutrients|conditionally essential]].<ref name="Kirby">Kirby NA, ''et al''. (2009) '''Skin surface lipids and skin and hair coat condition in dogs fed increased total fat diets containing polyunsaturated fatty acids'''. ''JAPAN (Ber)'';93:505-511.</ref>
 ==Consequences of Fat Deficiency==

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 ==Why is it Important?==
-Dietary fat is a rich and important source of [[Energy - Nutrition|energy]] for companion animals, providing more than twice as much energy per gram than [[Protein - Nutrition|protein]] and [[Carbohydrates - Nutrition|carbohydrate]]. Dietary fat is a source of the [[Omega-6 Fatty Acids - Nutrition|omega 6]] and [[Omega-3 Fatty Acids - Nutrition|omega  3]] essential fatty acids;<ref name="NRC">National Research Council (NRC). (2006) '''Fat and Fatty Acids.''' ''In Nutrient Requirements for Dogs and Cats.'' Washington, DC: National Academies Press p.90-104.</ref>  dietary fat is a carrier for the fat soluble vitamins [[Vitamin A (Retinol) - Nutrition|A]], [[Vitamin D (Cholecalciferol) - Nutrition|D]], [[Vitamin E (Alpha Tocopherol) - Nutrition|E]] and [[Vitamin K (Menaquinone-7, MK-7) - Nutrition|K]]; and dietary fats are used to enhance and improve the palatability of pet foods. Fat and fatty acid oxidation is also the preferred energy substrate during endurance activities (such as racing sled dogs).<ref name="Downey">Downey RL, ''et al.'' (1980) '''Diet of beagle affects stamina. '''''JAAHA'';16:273-277.</ref>,<ref name="Hill">Hill RC. (1998) '''The nutritional requirements of exercising dogs.''' ''J Nutr'';128:2686S-2690S.</ref>
+Dietary fat is a rich and important source of [[Energy - Nutrition|energy]] for companion animals, providing more than twice as much energy per gram than [[Protein - Nutrition|protein]] and [[Carbohydrates - Nutrition|carbohydrate]]. Dietary fat is a source of the [[Omega-6 Fatty Acids - Nutrition|omega 6]] and [[Omega-3 Fatty Acids - Nutrition|omega  3]] [[Nutrition Glossary#Essential Nutrients|essential]] fatty acids;<ref name="NRC">National Research Council (NRC). (2006) '''Fat and Fatty Acids.''' ''In Nutrient Requirements for Dogs and Cats.'' Washington, DC: National Academies Press p.90-104.</ref>  dietary fat is a carrier for the fat soluble vitamins [[Vitamin A (Retinol) - Nutrition|A]], [[Vitamin D (Cholecalciferol) - Nutrition|D]], [[Vitamin E (Alpha Tocopherol) - Nutrition|E]] and [[Vitamin K (Menaquinone-7, MK-7) - Nutrition|K]]; and dietary fats are used to enhance and improve the [[Nutrition Glossary#Palatability|palatability]] of pet foods. Fat and fatty acid oxidation is also the preferred energy substrate during endurance activities (such as racing sled dogs).<ref name="Downey">Downey RL, ''et al.'' (1980) '''Diet of beagle affects stamina. '''''JAAHA'';16:273-277.</ref>,<ref name="Hill">Hill RC. (1998) '''The nutritional requirements of exercising dogs.''' ''J Nutr'';128:2686S-2690S.</ref>
 ==Roles in the Body==

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 ==What is Fat?==
-Fat is a [[Nutrition Glossary#Macronutrient|macronutrient]] that is comprised of '''straight chain hydrocarbons''' found as either '''glycerol''' (e.g. triglycerides and phospholipids) or '''non-glycerol substances''' (e.g. waxes and cholesterol). Glycerol is a chain of three hydroxylated carbons that form the backbone of lipid structures. Dietary fats are predominantly found as the glycerol molecule '''triglyceride'''. Fat storage within the body is referred to as adipose tissue and the terms “fatty acid” and “lipid” are used interchangeably with the term fat.
+Fat is a [[Nutrition Glossary#Macronutrient|macronutrient]] that is comprised of '''straight chain hydrocarbons''' found as either '''glycerol''' (e.g. triglycerides and phospholipids) or '''non-glycerol substances''' (e.g. waxes and cholesterol). Glycerol is a chain of three hydroxylated carbons that form the backbone of lipid structures. Dietary fats are predominantly found as the glycerol molecule '''triglyceride'''. Fat storage within the body is referred to as adipose tissue and the terms “[[Fatty Acids Overview - Nutrition|fatty acid]]” and “lipid” are used interchangeably with the term fat.
 Fats can be found as solids or liquids at room temperature depending on the degree of saturation and unsaturation present. '''Saturated fats''' are those with '''single bonds''' between each carbon atom causing the molecules to pack together in a linear fashion preventing fluidity. If a '''single double bond''' is present the fat is referred to as a '''monounsaturated fatty acid'''; if '''multiple double bonds''' are present it is referred to as a '''polyunsaturated fatty acid'''. Most naturally occurring double bonds are in the cis configuration imparting a kink in the molecule and preventing orderly array of fats resulting in a pliable fat or liquid oil. Processing of unsaturated fats, such as partial-hydrogenation used in preparation of foodstuffs for people, can result in formation of trans fatty acids, which chemically align like saturated fats. Partial-hydrogenation of fats and fatty acids is not used in pet food production.