Forebrain - Anatomy & Physiology - Revision history

Fiorecastro at 16:57, 3 January 2023

2023-01-03T16:57:15Z

Thepollycat: /* Olfactory Bulb */ Videos added

2012-08-21T13:25:41Z

Olfactory Bulb: Videos added

Bara at 11:43, 3 July 2012

2012-07-03T11:43:57Z

Bara at 18:04, 9 November 2011

2011-11-09T18:04:21Z

Ctrace at 16:40, 23 May 2011

2011-05-23T16:40:35Z

Ctrace: /* Olfactory Bulb */

2011-05-23T16:40:10Z

Olfactory Bulb

Bara at 12:01, 28 April 2011

2011-04-28T12:01:48Z

Eca02csb: /* Links */

2011-03-13T13:38:35Z

Links

Eca02csb: /* Species Differences */

2011-03-13T13:37:03Z

Species Differences

Eca02csb: /* Olfactory Bulb */

2011-03-13T13:11:07Z

Olfactory Bulb

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 {{review}}
-{{OpenPages}}
+==Webinars==
 [[Category:Nervous System - Anatomy & Physiology]]
 [[Category:A&P Done]]

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 The olfactory bulb is responsible for olfaction and the bulb itself is located within the rostral forebrain area, supported by the ''cribiform plate'' and the ''ethmoid bone''. The olfactory nerves are connected directly to the limbic system which is unique among mammalian sensory organs. As a result, olfaction plays a central role and is particularly important in regulating/stimulating sexual behaviour in many species.
-{{Learning
+{{Learning|videos = [[Video: Transverse Section of Cerebral Hemispheres|Transverse Section of Cerebral Hemispheres potcast]]<br>[[Video: Canine orbit and sagittal section of the canine head|Canine orbit and sagittal section of the canine head potcast]]<br>[[Video: Lateral surface of the head of the dog potcast 4|Lateral surface of the head of the dog potcast 4]]<br>[[Video: Ventral surface of the brain potcast|Ventral surface of the brain potcast]]}}
-|videos = [http://stream2.rvc.ac.uk/Anatomy/canine/head_neck/Pot0137.wmv Ventral Brain]<br>[http://stream2.rvc.ac.uk/Anatomy/canine/head_neck/Pot0083.wmv Transverse Section of Cerebral Hemispheres]<br>[http://stream2.rvc.ac.uk/Anatomy/canine/head_neck/Pot0352.wmv Sagittal section through the Brain]

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 Also known as: '''''Proencephalon'''''
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 {{review}}
 [[Category:Nervous System - Anatomy & Physiology]]
 [[Category:A&P Done]]

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-{{review}}
+Also known as: '''''Proencephalon'''''
 ==Introduction==
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 The olfactory bulb is responsible for olfaction and the bulb itself is located within the rostral forebrain area, supported by the ''cribiform plate'' and the ''ethmoid bone''. The olfactory nerves are connected directly to the limbic system which is unique among mammalian sensory organs. As a result, olfaction plays a central role and is particularly important in regulating/stimulating sexual behaviour in many species.
 {{Learning
 |videos = [http://stream2.rvc.ac.uk/Anatomy/canine/head_neck/Pot0137.wmv Ventral Brain]<br>[http://stream2.rvc.ac.uk/Anatomy/canine/head_neck/Pot0083.wmv Transverse Section of Cerebral Hemispheres]<br>[http://stream2.rvc.ac.uk/Anatomy/canine/head_neck/Pot0352.wmv Sagittal section through the Brain]
 }}
 [[Category:Nervous System - Anatomy & Physiology]]
 [[Category:A&P Done]]

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 ==Introduction==
 The ''forebrain (proencephalon)'' is the largest part of the brain, most of which is ''cerebrum''. Other important structures found in the forebrain include the ''thalamus'' , the ''hypothalamus'' and the ''limbic system''. The cerebrum is divided into two cerebral hemispheres connected by a mass of white matter  known as the ''corpus callosum''. Each hemisphere is split into four lobes; the ''frontal'', ''parietal'', ''occipital''  and ''temporal'' lobes. The surface of each hemisphere is made up of grey matter known as the ''cerebral cortex'' and is folded to increase the surface area available within the skull. The cortex has roles within perception, memory and all higher thought processes. Inside the cortex is the ''white matter'', within which are a number of nuclei (grey matter), known as the ''basal nuclei''. The basal nuclei receive information from the cortex to regulate skeletal movement and other higher motor functions.
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 The olfactory bulb is responsible for olfaction and the bulb itself is located within the rostral forebrain area, supported by the ''cribiform plate'' and the ''ethmoid bone''. The olfactory nerves are connected directly to the limbic system which is unique among mammalian sensory organs. As a result, olfaction plays a central role and is particularly important in regulating/stimulating sexual behaviour in many species.
 {{Template:Learning

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-{{unfinished}}
+==Introduction==
-==Introduction==
+The thalamus functions to relay sensory information to the cerebral cortex and the hypothalamus, regulating visceral functions including temperature, reproductive functions, eating, sleeping and the display of emotion. The limbic system describes a collection of structures within the forebrain, including the ''amygdala'' and ''  hippocampus'', also known as the 'emotional brain'. It is important in the formation of memories and in making decisions and learning.
 ==Forebrain Structure and Function==
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 |-
 | Diencephalon
-| [[Forebrain - Anatomy & Physiology#Thalamus|Thalamus]]
+| Thalamus
 | Organising sensory information
 |-
 | Diencephalon
-| [[Forebrain - Anatomy & Physiology#Hypothalamus|Hypothalamus]]
+| Hypothalamus
 | Endocrine System, Thermoregulation
 |-
 | Diencephalon
-| [[Forebrain - Anatomy & Physiology#Pituitary|Pituitary]]
+| Pituitary
 | Endocrine System
 |-
 | Telencephalon
-| [[Forebrain - Anatomy & Physiology#Cerebral Cortex|Cerebral Cortex]]
+| Cerebral Cortex
 | Conciousness, language etc
 |-
 | Telencephalon
-| [[Forebrain - Anatomy & Physiology#Limbic System|Limbic System]]
+| Limbic System
 | Memory, motivation, emotion
 |-
 | Telencephalon
-| [[Forebrain - Anatomy & Physiology#Olfactory Bulb|Olfactory bulb]]
+| Olfactory Bulb
 | Smell
 |-
 |}
 ===Thalamus===
-The thalamus has many functions including; processes and relaying sensory information selectively to various parts of the cerebral cortex, translating signals to the cerebral cortex from lower centres including auditory, somatic, visceral, gustatory and visual systems and also regulating states of sleep and wakefulness. The thalamus plays a major role in regulating arousal, levels of conciousness and levels of activity.
+The thalamus has many functions including processing and relaying sensory information selectively to various parts of the cerebral cortex, translating signals to the cerebral cortex from lower centres including auditory, somatic, visceral, gustatory and visual systems and also regulating states of sleep and wakefulness. The thalamus plays a major role in regulating arousal, levels of consciousness and levels of activity.
 ===Hypothalamus===
-The function of the hypothalamus is mainly related to the overall regulation of the Endocrine System. The hypothalamus is closely related to the pituitary gland, controlling a large proportion of the activity go the pituitary gland. For a more detailed analysis of the function of this part of the brain, please use the link: [[Hypothalamus - Anatomy & Physiology|Hypothalamus Anatomy and Physiology]].
+The function of the hypothalamus is mainly related to the overall regulation of the [[:Category:Endocrine System - Anatomy & Physiology|Endocrine System]]. The hypothalamus is closely related to the [[Pituitary Gland - Anatomy & Physiology|pituitary gland]], controlling a large proportion of the activity going to it. For a more detailed analysis of the function of this part of the brain, please use the link: [[Hypothalamus - Anatomy & Physiology|Hypothalamus Anatomy and Physiology]].
 ===Pituitary===
 The function of the pituitary is mainly related to the production of hormones as part of the Endocrine System. For further information on the pituitary gland please use this link: [[Pituitary Gland - Anatomy & Physiology|Pituitary Gland Anatomy and Physiology]].
 ===Cerebral Cortex===
-The cerebral cortex is essential for memory, attention, awareness, thought, language and consciousness. There outer layers of the cerebrum are made up of grey matter. Grey matter is formed by neurons and their unmyelinated fibres. The white matter below the grey matter of the cortex is formed predominantly by myelinated axons (myelin is white in appearance). The surface of the cerebral cortex is folded in mammals; more than two thirds of the surface is within the grooves or ''"sulci"''. The cerebral cortex is connected to structures such as the thalamus and the basal ganglia, sending information to them along ''efferent'' connections and receiving information from them via ''afferent'' connections. Most sensory information is routed to the cerebral cortex via the thalamus. The cortex is commonly described as comprising of three parts; sensory, motor and association areas.
+The cerebral cortex is essential for memory, attention, awareness, thought, language and consciousness. The outer layers of the cerebrum are made up of grey matter. Grey matter is formed by neurons and their unmyelinated fibres. The white matter below the grey matter of the cortex is formed predominantly by myelinated axons (myelin is white in appearance). The surface of the cerebral cortex is folded in mammals; more than two thirds of the surface is within the grooves or ''"sulci"''. The cerebral cortex is connected to structures such as the thalamus and the basal ganglia, sending information to them along ''efferent'' connections and receiving information from them via ''afferent'' connections. Most sensory information is routed to the cerebral cortex via the thalamus. The cortex is commonly described as comprising three parts; sensory, motor and association areas.
-====Sensory areas====
 [[Image:Homunculus.png|thumb|right|150px|''Homonculus'' (Human), btarski, 2006, WikiMedia Commons]]
 The sensory areas are the areas that receive and process information from the senses. Inputs from the thalamus are called ''primary sensory areas''. Vision, hearing, and touch are processed by the primary visual cortex, primary auditory cortex and primary somatosensory cortex. The two hemispheres of the cerebral cortex receive information from the opposite (contralateral) side of the body. Areas with lots of sensory innervation, such as the fingertips and the lips, require more cortical area to process finer sensation. The ''association areas'' of the brain function to produce a perception of the world enabling an animal to interact with their environment effectively.
-<br />
 There are a number of anatomical areas of the brain responsible for organising this sensory information. The ''parietal lobe'' is located within the dorsocaudal aspect of the cortex. The ''temporal lobes'' are located laterally and the ''occipital lobes'' are located in the caudal most aspect of the cortex. The ''frontal lobe'' or ''prefrontal association complex'' is involved in planning actions and movement.
-====Motor Cortex====
+===Motor Cortex===
 The ''motor cortex'' areas of the brain are located in both hemispheres of the cortex and are shaped like a pair of headphones stretching from ear to ear. The motor areas are related to controlling voluntary movements, especially fine movements. There are two main types of connection between the motor cortex and motor neurones found in the ventral horn of the spinal cord; the ''Pyramidal tracts'' and the ''Extrapyramidal tracts''.
-<br />
-<br />
+'''Pyramidal tract''' connections are direct with no synapses in the brain stem. Axons pass through the ventral aspect of the medulla oblongata. The '''extrapyramidal tracts''' pass through the medulla oblongata outside the ventral pyramidal tracts and have synapses within the brain stem nuclei. These synapses make it possible for signals travelling down the extrapyramidal horns to be influenced by other areas of the brain including the cerebrum.
 Pyramidal tract connections are direct with no synapses in the brain stem. Axons pass through the ventral aspect of the medulla oblongata. The extrapyramidal tracts pass through the medulla oblongata outside the ventral pyramidal tracts and have synapses within the brain stem nuclei. These synapses make it possible for signals travelling down the extrapyramidal horns to be influenced by other areas of the brain including the cerebrum.
 The pyramidal tracts are responsible for aspects of fine motor skills that require a degree of conscious thought and concentration. The extrapyramidal tracts are generally responsible for activation of larger muscle groups and often work in a coordinated manner to achieve smooth synchronous movements.
-====Limbic System====
+===Limbic System===
 The Limbic system is made up of parts of the brain bordering the corpus collosum. The Limbic system contains areas of ''cerebral cortex'', the ''cingulate gyrus'' (dorsally), the ''parahippocampus gyrus'' (ventrally), the ''amygdala'', parts of the ''hypothalamus'' (mamillary body) and the ''hippocampus''. The Limbic system is principally responsible for emotions and the various types of emotion can affect the activity of the ''[[Autonomic_Nervous_System_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|Autonomic Nervous System]]'', facilitated by the hypothalamus. For example, anger can lead to increased heart rate and blood pressure.
-====Olfactory Bulb====
+===Olfactory Bulb===
 [[Image:ventral_brain.png|thumb|right|150px|''Ventral Brain with Olfactory bulbs rostral'' (Human), Grays Anatomy, 1918]]
-The olfactory bulb is responsible for olfaction and the bulb itself is located within the rostral forebrain area, supported by the ''cribiform plate'' and the ''ethmoid bone''. The olfactory nerves are connected to directly to the limbic system which is unique amoing mammalian sensory organs. As a result, olfaction plays a central role and is particularly important in regulating/stimmulating sexual behaviour in many species.
+The olfactory bulb is responsible for olfaction and the bulb itself is located within the rostral forebrain area, supported by the ''cribiform plate'' and the ''ethmoid bone''. The olfactory nerves are connected directly to the limbic system which is unique among mammalian sensory organs. As a result, olfaction plays a central role and is particularly important in regulating/stimulating sexual behaviour in many species.
 [[Category:Nervous System - Anatomy & Physiology]]
-[[Category:To Do - Review]]
+[[Category:A&P Done]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:38, 13 March 2011
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−	[[Category:To Do - ~~A&P~~]]	+	[[Category:To Do - Review]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:11, 13 March 2011
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	====Olfactory Bulb====		====Olfactory Bulb====
		+	[[Image:ventral_brain.png\|thumb\|right\|150px\|''Ventral Brain with Olfactory bulbs rostral'' (Human), Grays Anatomy, 1918]]
	The olfactory bulb is responsible for olfaction and the bulb itself is located within the rostral forebrain area, supported by the ''cribiform plate'' and the ''ethmoid bone''. The olfactory nerves are connected to directly to the limbic system which is unique amoing mammalian sensory organs. As a result, olfaction plays a central role and is particularly important in regulating/stimmulating sexual behaviour in many species.		The olfactory bulb is responsible for olfaction and the bulb itself is located within the rostral forebrain area, supported by the ''cribiform plate'' and the ''ethmoid bone''. The olfactory nerves are connected to directly to the limbic system which is unique amoing mammalian sensory organs. As a result, olfaction plays a central role and is particularly important in regulating/stimmulating sexual behaviour in many species.