Gastroenteritis, Haemorrhagic - Revision history

Bara: Redirected page to Haemorrhagic Gastroenteritis

2011-05-04T11:33:56Z

Redirected page to Haemorrhagic Gastroenteritis

Bara: /* References */

2011-05-04T11:30:33Z

References

Bara at 11:30, 4 May 2011

2011-05-04T11:30:13Z

Bara: Text replace - "Category:Intestinal Pathology - Dog" to "Category:Intestinal Diseases - Dog"

2010-12-16T15:23:46Z

Text replace - "Category:Intestinal Pathology - Dog" to "Category:Intestinal Diseases - Dog"

Bara: Text replace - "Category:Gastric Pathology - Dog" to "Category:Gastric Diseases - Dog"

2010-12-16T15:21:13Z

Text replace - "Category:Gastric Pathology - Dog" to "Category:Gastric Diseases - Dog"

Bara: /* References */

2010-12-15T15:30:06Z

References

Bara at 17:36, 14 December 2010

2010-12-14T17:36:41Z

Bara: Text replace - "[[Category:To_Do_-_Caz" to ""

2010-10-09T22:22:17Z

Text replace - "[[Category:To_Do_-_Caz" to ""

Bara at 22:08, 9 October 2010

2010-10-09T22:08:05Z

Suzannah.stacey: /* Treatment */

2010-09-07T19:10:41Z

Treatment

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:33, 4 May 2011
Line 1:		Line 1:
−	~~Also known as: '''''HGE~~	+	#redirect[[Haemorrhagic Gastroenteritis]]
−
−	~~==Introduction==~~
−	'''Haemorrhagic gastroenteritis''' is characterised by acute [[Vomiting\|vomiting]] and [[Diarrhoea\|diarrhoea]]. Gastrointestinal integrity is lost, resulting in a rapid movement of blood, fluid and electrolytes into the intestinal lumen. The aetiology is unknown but it may relate to ''[[:Category:Enteropathogenic and Enterotoxaemic Clostridia\|Clostridium perfringens]]'' enterotoxicosis or an immune-mediated reaction. There is usually no history of rubbish, chemical or foreign body ingestion.
−
−	~~==Signalment==~~
−	~~Middle-aged, small-breed dogs such as: Miniature Poodle, Toy Poodle, Miniature Schnauzer, Yorkshire Terrier, Dachshund.~~
−
−	~~==Clinical Signs==~~
−	~~Include acute and progressive haematoemesis and/or haematochezia, with vomiting preceding diarrhoea.~~
−	~~Other signs include depression, anorexia, abdominal pain, dehydration and [[Shock~~#~~Hypovolaemic shock\|hypovolaemic shock]] occurs over a period of 8 - 12 hours. Pyrexia can occur but is rare.~~
−	~~In severe cases, patients may be critically ill or moribund.~~
−
−	~~==Laboratory Tests==~~
−	~~===Haematology and Biochemistry===~~
−	Reveals haemoconcentration with PCV > 60%. Normal or increased total protein concentrations will be present, but proportionately lower than would be expected from the corresponding increase in PCV due to loss of protein through the intestines.
−	~~In severe cases a thrombocytopaenia and a pre-renal or renal [[Azotaemia\|azotaemia]] may occur.~~
−
−	~~===Other Tests===~~
−	Faecal cytology may reveal red blood cells, occasional white blood cells, ''Clostridium perfringens'' spores or enterotoxin. ''Clostridium perfringens'' spores or enterotoxin can be found in a normal dog, therefore care has to be taken not to over-interpret this.
−
−	~~==Diagnostic Imaging==~~
−	~~===Radiography===~~
−	~~Abdominal radiograph may reveal fluid and gas filled small and large intestines.~~
−
−	~~==Treatment==~~
−	~~Start treatment prior to a full diagnostic investigations.~~
−	~~Aggressive intravenous [[Principles of Fluid Therapy\|fluid therapy]] is important for the treatment and prevention of shock.~~
−	~~[[Colloids\|Colloids]] or plasma are recommended to replace the intravascular deficit due to loss of protein, followed by [[Crystalloids\|crystalloids]] to complete rehydration.~~
−
−	~~Clinical improvements should be noted within a few hours but resolution of clinical signs may take a few days.~~
−	~~Broad spectrum antimicrobials such as [[Penicillins\|ampicillin]] combined with [[Fluoroquinolones\|fluoroquinolone]] are appropriate against ''Clostridium perfringens''.~~
−
−	~~Initially, food should be withheld. Once vomiting has stopped a bland and highly digestible diet such as chicken and rice can be introduced.~~
−
−	~~==Prognosis==~~
−	~~Complete recovery in most cases provided there is no complication such as hypoproteinaemia or sepsis. However, recurrence is possible.~~
−
−	~~==Literature Search==~~
−	[[~~File:CABI logo.jpg\|left\|90px]]~~
−
−
−	~~Use these links to find recent scientific publications via CAB Abstracts (log in required unless accessing from a subscribing organisation).~~
−	~~<br><br><br>~~
−	[~~http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?start=10&q=title%3A%28Gastroenteritis%29+AND+%28title%3A%28haemorrhagic%29+OR+%28hemorrhagic%29%29&fq=sc%3A%22ve%22~~ Haemorrhagic ~~gastroenteritis publications]~~
−
−	~~==References==~~
−	~~Ettinger, S.J. and Feldman, E. C. (2000) '''Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine Diseases of the Dog and Cat Volume 2''' (Fifth Edition) ''W.B. Saunders Company''.~~
−
−	~~Hall, E.J, Simpson, J.W. and Williams, D.A. (2005) '''BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Gastroenterology (2nd Edition)''' ''BSAVA''.~~
−
−	~~Nelson, R.W. and Couto, C.G. (2009) '''Small Animal Internal Medicine (Fourth Edition)''' ''Mosby Elsevier''.~~
−
−
−	~~{{review}}~~
−	~~[[Category:Stomach_and_Abomasum_-_Inflammatory_Pathology]]~~
−	~~[[Category:Intestine_-_Inflammatory_Pathology_by_Type]]~~
−	~~[[Category:Gastric Diseases - Dog]]~~
−	~~[[Category:Expert_Review - Small Animal]][[Category:Intestinal Diseases - Dog~~]]

@@ Line 55: / Line 55: @@
 {{review}}
 [[Category:Stomach_and_Abomasum_-_Inflammatory_Pathology]]
-[[Category:Intestine_-_Inflammatory_Pathology_by_Type]]]]
+[[Category:Intestine_-_Inflammatory_Pathology_by_Type]]
 [[Category:Gastric Diseases - Dog]]
 [[Category:Expert_Review - Small Animal]][[Category:Intestinal Diseases - Dog]]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 Also known as: '''''HGE
@@ Line 53: / Line 51: @@
 Nelson, R.W. and Couto, C.G. (2009) '''Small Animal Internal Medicine (Fourth Edition)''' ''Mosby Elsevier''.
 [[Category:Stomach_and_Abomasum_-_Inflammatory_Pathology]][[Category:Intestine_-_Inflammatory_Pathology_by_Type]]]][[Category:Gastric Diseases - Dog]]
 [[Category:Expert_Review]][[Category:Intestinal Diseases - Dog]]

@@ Line 54: / Line 54: @@
 Nelson, R.W. and Couto, C.G. (2009) '''Small Animal Internal Medicine (Fourth Edition)''' ''Mosby Elsevier''.
 [[Category:Stomach_and_Abomasum_-_Inflammatory_Pathology]][[Category:Intestine_-_Inflammatory_Pathology_by_Type]]]][[Category:Gastric Diseases - Dog]]
-[[Category:Expert_Review]][[Category:Intestinal Pathology - Dog]]
+[[Category:Expert_Review]][[Category:Intestinal Diseases - Dog]]

@@ Line 53: / Line 53: @@
 Nelson, R.W. and Couto, C.G. (2009) '''Small Animal Internal Medicine (Fourth Edition)''' ''Mosby Elsevier''.
-[[Category:Stomach_and_Abomasum_-_Inflammatory_Pathology]][[Category:Intestine_-_Inflammatory_Pathology_by_Type]]]][[Category:Gastric Pathology - Dog]]
+[[Category:Stomach_and_Abomasum_-_Inflammatory_Pathology]][[Category:Intestine_-_Inflammatory_Pathology_by_Type]]]][[Category:Gastric Diseases - Dog]]
 [[Category:Expert_Review]][[Category:Intestinal Pathology - Dog]]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{unfinished}}
+{{review}}
-{| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" border="1"
+Also known as: '''''HGE
-==Description==
+==Introduction==
-'''Haemorrhagic gastroenteritis''' is characterised by acute [[Vomiting|vomiting]] and [[Diarrhoea|diarrhoea]].  Gastrointestinal integrity is lost, resulting in a rapid movement of blood, fluid and electrolytes into the intestinal lumen.  The aetiology is unknown but it may relate to ''[[:Category:Enteropathogenic and Enterotoxaemic Clostridia|Clostridium perfringens]]'' enterotoxicosis or an immune-mediated reaction.  There is usually no history of rubbish, chemical or foreign body ingestion.
+'''Haemorrhagic gastroenteritis''' is characterised by acute [[Vomiting|vomiting]] and [[Diarrhoea|diarrhoea]]. Gastrointestinal integrity is lost, resulting in a rapid movement of blood, fluid and electrolytes into the intestinal lumen. The aetiology is unknown but it may relate to ''[[:Category:Enteropathogenic and Enterotoxaemic Clostridia|Clostridium perfringens]]'' enterotoxicosis or an immune-mediated reaction. There is usually no history of rubbish, chemical or foreign body ingestion.
 ==Signalment==
-Middle-aged, small-breed dogs such as:
+Middle-aged, small-breed dogs such as: Miniature Poodle, Toy Poodle, Miniature Schnauzer, Yorkshire Terrier, Dachshund.
-<gallery>
+==Clinical Signs==
 Include acute and progressive haematoemesis and/or haematochezia, with vomiting preceding diarrhoea.
 Other signs include depression, anorexia, abdominal pain, dehydration and  [[Shock#Hypovolaemic shock|hypovolaemic shock]] occurs over a period of 8 - 12 hours. Pyrexia can occur but is rare.
-In severe cases patients may  be critically ill or moribund.
+In severe cases, patients may be critically ill or moribund.
-===Laboratory Tests===
+==Laboratory Tests==
-====Haematology and Biochemistry====
+===Haematology and Biochemistry===
 Reveals haemoconcentration with PCV > 60%. Normal or increased total protein concentrations will be present, but proportionately lower than would be expected from the corresponding increase in PCV due to loss of protein through the intestines.
-In severe cases a thrombocytopaenia and a Pre-renal or renal [[Azotaemia|azotaemia]] may occur.
+In severe cases a thrombocytopaenia and a pre-renal or renal [[Azotaemia|azotaemia]] may occur.
-====Other Tests====
+===Other Tests===
-Faecal cytology may reveal red blood cells, occasional white blood cells, ''Clostridium perfringens'' spores or enterotoxin.  Clostridium perfringens spores or enterotoxin can be found in a normal dog, therefore care has to be taken not to over-interpret this.
+Faecal cytology may reveal red blood cells, occasional white blood cells, ''Clostridium perfringens'' spores or enterotoxin. ''Clostridium perfringens'' spores or enterotoxin can be found in a normal dog, therefore care has to be taken not to over-interpret this.
-===Diagnostic Imaging===
+==Diagnostic Imaging==
-====Radiography====
+===Radiography===
 Abdominal radiograph may reveal fluid and gas filled small and large intestines.
@@ Line 46: / Line 30: @@
 Aggressive intravenous [[Principles of Fluid Therapy|fluid therapy]] is important for the treatment and prevention of shock.
 [[Colloids|Colloids]] or plasma are recommended to replace the intravascular deficit due to loss of protein, followed by [[Crystalloids|crystalloids]] to complete rehydration.
 Clinical improvements should be noted within a few hours but resolution of clinical signs may take a few days.
-A broad spectrum antimicrobials such as [[Penicillins|ampicillin]] combined with [[Fluoroquinolones|fluoroquinolone]] are appropriate against  ''Clostridium perfringens''.
+Broad spectrum antimicrobials such as [[Penicillins|ampicillin]] combined with [[Fluoroquinolones|fluoroquinolone]] are appropriate against  ''Clostridium perfringens''.
-Initially, food should be withheld.  Once vomiting has stopped a bland and highly digestible diet such as chicken and rice can be introduced.
 ==Prognosis==
-Complete recovery in most cases provided there is no complication such as hypoproteinaemia or sepsis.  However, recurrence is possible.
+Complete recovery in most cases provided there is no complication such as hypoproteinaemia or sepsis. However, recurrence is possible.
 ==References==
@@ Line 60: / Line 53: @@
 Nelson, R.W. and Couto, C.G. (2009) '''Small Animal Internal Medicine (Fourth Edition)''' ''Mosby Elsevier''.
-[[Category:Stomach_and_Abomasum_-_Inflammatory_Pathology]][[Category:Intestine_-_Inflammatory_Pathology_by_Type]][[Category:To_Do_-_Caz]]
+[[Category:Stomach_and_Abomasum_-_Inflammatory_Pathology]][[Category:Intestine_-_Inflammatory_Pathology_by_Type]][[Category:To_Do_-_Caz]][[Category:Dog]]
-[[Category:To_Do_-_Review]]
+[[Category:Expert_Review]]

@@ Line 44: / Line 44: @@
 ==Treatment==
 Start treatment prior to a full diagnostic investigations.
-Aggressive intravenous [[Fluid Therapy|fluid therapy]] is important for the treatment and prevention of shock.
+Aggressive intravenous [[Principles of Fluid Therapy|fluid therapy]] is important for the treatment and prevention of shock.
 [[Colloids|Colloids]] or plasma are recommended to replace the intravascular deficit due to loss of protein, followed by [[Crystalloids|crystalloids]] to complete rehydration.
 Clinical improvements should be noted within a few hours but resolution of clinical signs may take a few days.