Head Tilt – Rabbit - Revision history

Bara at 23:06, 23 September 2011

2011-09-23T23:06:12Z

Suzannah.stacey at 17:58, 13 October 2010

2010-10-13T17:58:56Z

Suzannah.stacey at 17:58, 13 October 2010

2010-10-13T17:58:15Z

Clamy at 00:58, 11 August 2010

2010-08-11T00:58:26Z

Clamy at 00:55, 11 August 2010

2010-08-11T00:55:01Z

Clamy at 00:53, 11 August 2010

2010-08-11T00:53:11Z

Clamy: /* Organisms causative of central vestibular or cerebellar disease */

2010-08-11T00:51:39Z

Organisms causative of central vestibular or cerebellar disease

Clamy at 00:50, 11 August 2010

2010-08-11T00:50:20Z

Clamy: /* Therapeutic approach to head tilt in rabbits */

2010-08-11T00:49:52Z

Therapeutic approach to head tilt in rabbits

Clamy at 00:49, 11 August 2010

2010-08-11T00:49:22Z

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 ===Organisms causative of central vestibular or cerebellar disease===
-These include the bacteria listed above as causing peripheral vestibular disease (with the addition of ''Listeria monocytogenes'')and also protozoan diseases (eg. ''Encephalitozoon cuniculi'' and ''Toxoplasma gondii''). ''Encephalitozoon'' is not found in the inner ear tissue, only in the CNS where it causes a non-suppurative meningitis and a granulomatous encephalitis, sometimes accompanied by perivascular infiltration with lymphocytes and plasma cells. All areas of the brain are affected.
+These include the bacteria listed above as causing peripheral vestibular disease (with the addition of ''Listeria monocytogenes'')and also protozoan diseases (eg. ''[[Encephalitozoon cuniculi]]'' and ''Toxoplasma gondii''). ''Encephalitozoon'' is not found in the inner ear tissue, only in the CNS where it causes a non-suppurative meningitis and a granulomatous encephalitis, sometimes accompanied by perivascular infiltration with lymphocytes and plasma cells. All areas of the brain are affected.
 ''E. cuniculi'' may yield biochemical test results indicative of renal disorder and positive serology for ''E. cuniculi'' antibodies. Note that ''E. cuniculi'' also causes ophthalmic lesions (capsular rupture, cataract development and phacoclastic [[Uveitis – Rabbit|uveitis]]).
-Treatment of ''E. cuniculi'' is described [[Encephalitozoon cuniculi – Rabbit|here]]. For treatment of toxoplasmosis consider sulphonamides and be aware that clindamycin is extremely toxic in this species.
+Treatment of ''E. cuniculi'' is described [[Encephalitozoon cuniculi|here]]. For treatment of toxoplasmosis consider sulphonamides and be aware that clindamycin is extremely toxic in this species.
 ===Miscellaneous causes of head tilt in rabbits===

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 Also known as '''''Torticollis
-The main common neurological disorder of rabbits is head tilt or torticollis; there are several causes.
 ==Aetiology==

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-{{unfinished}}
+Also known as '''''Torticollis
 The main common neurological disorder of rabbits is head tilt or torticollis; there are several causes.
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 *Saunders, R. (2002) Understanding Head Tilt in Rabbits "New Directions": Small Animal Eyes and Ears (from the publishers of Veterinary Times) Issue 1, Volume 1, Feb 2002 pages 4-5
-[[Category:Neurological_Disorders_-_Rabbit]]
+[[Category:Rabbit Neurology]]

@@ Line 6: / Line 6: @@
 |}
-The main common neurological disorder of rabbits is head tilt or torticollis.
+The main common neurological disorder of rabbits is head tilt or torticollis; there are several causes.
 ==Aetiology==
@@ Line 25: / Line 24: @@
 These include the bacteria listed above as causing peripheral vestibular disease (with the addition of ''Listeria monocytogenes'')and also protozoan diseases (eg. ''Encephalitozoon cuniculi'' and ''Toxoplasma gondii''). ''Encephalitozoon'' is not found in the inner ear tissue, only in the CNS where it causes a non-suppurative meningitis and a granulomatous encephalitis, sometimes accompanied by perivascular infiltration with lymphocytes and plasma cells. All areas of the brain are affected.
-E cuniculi may yield biochemical test results indicative of renal disorder and positive serology for E cuniculi antibodies. Note E cuniculi also causes ophthalmic lesions (capsular rupture, cataract development and phacoclastic [[Uveitis – Rabbit|uveitis]]).
+''E. cuniculi'' may yield biochemical test results indicative of renal disorder and positive serology for ''E. cuniculi'' antibodies. Note that ''E. cuniculi'' also causes ophthalmic lesions (capsular rupture, cataract development and phacoclastic [[Uveitis – Rabbit|uveitis]]).
 Treatment of ''E. cuniculi'' is described [[Encephalitozoon cuniculi – Rabbit|here]]. For treatment of toxoplasmosis consider sulphonamides and be aware that clindamycin is extremely toxic in this species.
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 *Consider absorption from topical applications
 *Compromisation of premunity
-*In anorexia, mobilizes free fatty acids from adipose tissue  =>hepatic lipidosis
+*In anorexia, mobilizes free fatty acids from adipose tissue => hepatic lipidosis
 *Increased populations of intestinal coliforms
 *Ratio of aerobes to anaerobes alters
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 '''Note: Chronic pruritic seborroeic otitis is usually associated with yeasts (''Candida'' sp.) whereas purulent otitis, especially where the discharge is tacky and sticky, may show ''E. coli'' and ''Pseudomonas'' sp on culture.'''
 [[Category:Neurological_Disorders_-_Rabbit]]

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 {{unfinished}}
 The main common neurological disorder of rabbits is head tilt or torticollis.
 There are several causes

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:53, 11 August 2010
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	'''Note: Chronic pruritic seborroeic otitis is usually associated with yeasts (''Candida'' sp.) whereas purulent otitis, especially where the discharge is tacky and sticky, may show ''E. coli'' and ''Pseudomonas'' sp on culture.'''		'''Note: Chronic pruritic seborroeic otitis is usually associated with yeasts (''Candida'' sp.) whereas purulent otitis, especially where the discharge is tacky and sticky, may show ''E. coli'' and ''Pseudomonas'' sp on culture.'''
		+
		+	[[Category:Neurological_Disorders_-_Rabbit]]

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 *Cinnarizine q 12–24 h
-==Corticosteroids in rabbits==
+===Corticosteroids in rabbits===
 *Consider absorption from topical applications
 *Compromisation of premunity

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 ==Therapeutic approach to head tilt in rabbits==
-*Oxytetracycline IM and low dose + corticosteroid eg 0.1-0.5mg/kg IM + benzimidazoles
+*Oxytetracycline IM and low dose + corticosteroid IM + benzimidazoles
 *Diazepam IM
 *Meclozine PO q6–8hrs

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 **Central vestibular cases are possibly depressed whereas peripheral cases are probably not
-===Diagnostics to differentiate between Encephalitoonosis and Pasteurellosis==
+===Diagnostics to differentiate between Encephalitoonosis and Pasteurellosis===
 *Radiographic changes seen in tympanic bulla in pasteurellosis
 *Serology