Immune Responses to Viral Infections - Revision history

Rjfrancisrvc: /* Innate immunity */

2012-05-24T09:40:12Z

Innate immunity

Rjfrancisrvc: /* Adaptive immunity */

2012-05-24T09:38:57Z

Adaptive immunity

Rjfrancisrvc: /* Adaptive immunity */

2012-05-24T09:38:12Z

Adaptive immunity

Rjfrancisrvc: /* Adaptive immunity */

2012-05-24T09:37:08Z

Adaptive immunity

Rjfrancisrvc: /* Innate immunity */

2012-05-24T09:36:53Z

Innate immunity

Rjfrancisrvc: /* Adaptive immunity */

2012-05-24T09:35:05Z

Adaptive immunity

Rjfrancisrvc: /* Adaptive immunity */

2012-05-24T09:34:17Z

Adaptive immunity

Rjfrancisrvc: /* Innate immunity */

2012-05-24T09:33:12Z

Innate immunity

Rjfrancisrvc: /* Innate immunity */

2012-05-24T09:33:00Z

Innate immunity

Suzannah.stacey: /* Adaptive immunity */

2010-10-21T08:47:30Z

Adaptive immunity

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 ==Innate immunity==
 This becomes active during the early stages of infection. Defences include:
-*Interferon (IFN) - typically stimulates the inhibition of viral replication. There are three known types:
+*[[Cytokines|Interferon (IFN)]] - typically stimulates the inhibition of viral replication. There are three known types:
 **Infection of a cell by a virus stimulates production of IFN-α and IFN-β, which activate genes in neighbouring cells. One of these genes, for example, codes for a protein kinase that blocks translation of proteins. Another activates an endonuclease that degrades viral RNA.
 **IFN-γ increases the expression of MHC I and II, enhancing the function of the adaptive immune response. It also activates macrophages and NK cells.

@@ Line 17: / Line 17: @@
 **Although antibodies that target any viral protein can be produced, only those directed against proteins found in the virion envelope or infected cell membrane will be effective
 **When targeted against free virus particles, antibodies are effective at preventing them binding and entering the cell and uncoating.
-**When targeting virus-infected cells, they aid antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity by NK cells, macrophages and [[Neutrophils|neutrophils]]
+**When targeting virus-infected cells, they aid antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity by NK cells, [[Macrophages|macrophages]] and [[Neutrophils|neutrophils]]
 *[[Complement]] - although not considered a major factor in defence against viruses, complement is able to damage the virion envelope (virolysis)

@@ Line 13: / Line 13: @@
 [[Image:B Cell viral response.jpg|thumb|right|200px|B Cell Immunity to Viruses - B. Catchpole, RVC 2008]]
-*[[Immunoglobulin|Antibodies]] - these are particularly important in preventing the spread of the virus in the bloodstream
+*[[Immunoglobulins|Antibodies]] - these are particularly important in preventing the spread of the virus in the bloodstream
 **[[IgA]] production is increased at mucosal surfaces- helps prevent reinfection
 **Although antibodies that target any viral protein can be produced, only those directed against proteins found in the virion envelope or infected cell membrane will be effective

@@ Line 25: / Line 25: @@
 ***aid opsonisation of free virus or infected cells for phagocytosis
 [[Image:T Cell viral response.jpg|thumb|right|200px|T Cell Immunity to Viruses - B. Catchpole, RVC 2008]]
-*T cells
+*[[T cells]]
 **CD8<sup>+</sup> cytotoxic T cells are particularly important as nearly all the cells in the body express MHC class I. They tend to focus at the site of viral replication and destroy virus-infected cells.
 **CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells are important in the recruitment of macrophages, using cytokines such as IFN-γ and TNF, and the induction of CD8<sup>+</sup> cytotoxic T cells

@@ Line 6: / Line 6: @@
 **Infection of a cell by a virus stimulates production of IFN-α and IFN-β, which activate genes in neighbouring cells. One of these genes, for example, codes for a protein kinase that blocks translation of proteins. Another activates an endonuclease that degrades viral RNA.
 **IFN-γ increases the expression of MHC I and II, enhancing the function of the adaptive immune response. It also activates macrophages and NK cells.
-*Natural killer (NK) cells- one of the main mediators of antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity
+*[[Natural Killer cells|Natural killer (NK) cells]] - one of the main mediators of antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity
 *For more on [[Innate Immunity to Viruses|Innate immunity to viruses]], see here.

@@ Line 13: / Line 13: @@
 [[Image:B Cell viral response.jpg|thumb|right|200px|B Cell Immunity to Viruses - B. Catchpole, RVC 2008]]
-*Antibodies- these are particularly important in preventing the spread of the virus in the bloodstream
+*Antibodies - these are particularly important in preventing the spread of the virus in the bloodstream
 **[[IgA]] production is increased at mucosal surfaces- helps prevent reinfection
 **Although antibodies that target any viral protein can be produced, only those directed against proteins found in the virion envelope or infected cell membrane will be effective
@@ Line 19: / Line 19: @@
 **When targeting virus-infected cells, they aid antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity by NK cells, macrophages and [[Neutrophils|neutrophils]]
-*Complement- although not considered a major factor in defence against viruses, complement is able to damage the virion envelope (virolysis)
+*Complement - although not considered a major factor in defence against viruses, complement is able to damage the virion envelope (virolysis)
 **Coupled with antibody, complement is also able to:
 ***block the virus receptor
@@ Line 26: / Line 26: @@
 [[Image:T Cell viral response.jpg|thumb|right|200px|T Cell Immunity to Viruses - B. Catchpole, RVC 2008]]
 *T cells
-**CD8+ cytotoxic T cells are particularly important as nearly all the cells in the body express MHC class I. They tend to focus at the site of viral replication and destroy virus-infected cells.
+**CD8<sup>+</sup> cytotoxic T cells are particularly important as nearly all the cells in the body express MHC class I. They tend to focus at the site of viral replication and destroy virus-infected cells.
-**CD4+ T cells are important in the recruitment of macrophages, using cytokines such as IFN-γ and TNF, and the induction of CD8+ cytotoxic T cells
+**CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells are important in the recruitment of macrophages, using cytokines such as IFN-γ and TNF, and the induction of CD8<sup>+</sup> cytotoxic T cells
-**The presence of CD4+ T cells is also vital for the antibody response, i.e. class-switching and affinity development
+**The presence of CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells is also vital for the antibody response, i.e. class-switching and affinity development
 *For more on the adaptive response to viruses, see [[Adaptive Immunity to Viruses]]