Inclusion Body Disease - Revision history

Mleonard94591 at 16:38, 18 July 2019

2019-07-18T16:38:47Z

Mleonard94591 at 16:32, 18 July 2019

2019-07-18T16:32:50Z

Bara at 14:41, 2 August 2014

2014-08-02T14:41:48Z

Bara at 14:35, 2 August 2014

2014-08-02T14:35:13Z

Bara: /* Literature Search */

2010-11-04T23:15:15Z

Literature Search

Bara at 21:29, 28 October 2010

2010-10-28T21:29:27Z

Suzannah.stacey: /* Necropsy */

2010-08-20T18:42:06Z

Necropsy

Suzannah.stacey: /* Blood */

2010-08-20T18:41:05Z

Blood

Suzannah.stacey: /* Examination */

2010-08-20T18:36:49Z

Examination

Suzannah.stacey: /* Species predisposition */

2010-08-20T18:36:12Z

Species predisposition

@@ Line 4: / Line 4: @@
 Inclusion body disease is seen in [[Boidae]]. In the past, the most commonly affected snakes were the [[Burmese Python|Burmese pythons]] but the disease is now most often seen in [[Boa constrictor|Boa constrictors]]. It appears to be relatively uncommon in [[Royal Python|Royal pythons]] and has not been reported in [[Rosy boa|Rosy boas]]. The occurrence of the disease in non-boids cannot be ruled out since typical signs and lesions have been reported in a [[Kingsnake|Kingsnake]]. IBD is primarily seen in adult snakes, however all age groups should be considered susceptible.  Young snakes tend to develop an acute infection with a mortality rate approaching 100%.  Infected adult snakes, especially boa constrictors, often experience the disease in a more chronic and debilitating form.
-Inclusion body disease (IBD) is a worldwide disease of [[Boidae]] and is named for the characteristic intracytoplasmic inclusions seen in the cells of affected snakes. The causative agent of has not been identified although a Retroviridae-like virus has been incriminated.
+Inclusion body disease (IBD) is a worldwide disease of [[Boidae]] and is named for the characteristic intracytoplasmic inclusions seen in the cells of affected snakes. The causative agent of has not been identified.  A Retroviridae-like virus was initially incriminated, but newer data points to a highly divergent group of non-mammalian arenaviruses, collectively referred to as reptarenaviruses.
 ==Examination==

@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 [[Image:Boid_inclusion_body_dis._rbc_inclusions.jpg|200px|thumb|right|'''Inclusion bodies''' © RVC]]
 ==Species predisposition==
-Inclusion body disease is seen in [[Boidae]]. In the past, the most commonly affected snakes were the [[Burmese Python|Burmese pythons]] but the disease is now most often seen in [[Boa constrictor|Boa constrictors]]. It appears to be relatively uncommon in [[Royal Python|Royal pythons]] and has not been reported in [[Rosy boa|Rosy boas]]. The occurrence of the disease in non-boids cannot be ruled out since typical signs and lesions have been reported in a [[Kingsnake|Kingsnake]]. IBD is primarily seen in adult snakes, however all age groups should be considered susceptible.  Young snakes tend to develop an acute infection with a mortality rate approaching 100%.  Infected adult snakes often experience the disease in a more chronic and debilitating form.
+Inclusion body disease is seen in [[Boidae]]. In the past, the most commonly affected snakes were the [[Burmese Python|Burmese pythons]] but the disease is now most often seen in [[Boa constrictor|Boa constrictors]]. It appears to be relatively uncommon in [[Royal Python|Royal pythons]] and has not been reported in [[Rosy boa|Rosy boas]]. The occurrence of the disease in non-boids cannot be ruled out since typical signs and lesions have been reported in a [[Kingsnake|Kingsnake]]. IBD is primarily seen in adult snakes, however all age groups should be considered susceptible.  Young snakes tend to develop an acute infection with a mortality rate approaching 100%.  Infected adult snakes, especially boa constrictors, often experience the disease in a more chronic and debilitating form.
 Inclusion body disease (IBD) is a worldwide disease of [[Boidae]] and is named for the characteristic intracytoplasmic inclusions seen in the cells of affected snakes. The causative agent of has not been identified although a Retroviridae-like virus has been incriminated.

@@ Line 56: / Line 56: @@
 *[[Lizard and Snake Day to Day Practice]]
-==Literature Search==
+{{Learning
-[[File:CABI logo.jpg|left|90px]]
+|literature search = [http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?q=((((title:(snake)+OR+ab:(snake)+OR+od:(snakes)))))+AND+((title:(Inclusion+Body))) Snake Inclusion Body Disease publications]
+|full text = [http://www.cabi.org/cabdirect/FullTextPDF/2005/20053197443.pdf '''Methods for diagnosing inclusion body disease in snakes.''' Garner, M. M.; Eastern States Veterinary Association, Gainesville, USA, Small animal and exotics. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference, Volume 19, Orlando, Florida, USA, 8-12 January, 2005, 2005, pp 1283-1284, 8 ref.]
+}}
 {{review}}
 {{OpenPages}}
 [[Category:Snake Viral Diseases]]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{review}}
+{{OpenPagesTop}}
 [[Image:Boid_inclusion_body_dis._rbc_inclusions.jpg|200px|thumb|right|'''Inclusion bodies''' © RVC]]
 ==Species predisposition==
@@ Line 66: / Line 66: @@
 [http://www.cabi.org/cabdirect/FullTextPDF/2005/20053197443.pdf '''Methods for diagnosing inclusion body disease in snakes.''' Garner, M. M.; Eastern States Veterinary Association, Gainesville, USA, Small animal and exotics. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference, Volume 19, Orlando, Florida, USA, 8-12 January, 2005, 2005, pp 1283-1284, 8 ref. - '''Full Text Article''']
 [[Category:Snake Viral Diseases]]

@@ Line 63: / Line 63: @@
 <br><br><br>
 [http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?q=((((title:(snake)+OR+ab:(snake)+OR+od:(snakes)))))+AND+((title:(Inclusion+Body))) Snake Inclusion Body Disease publications]
 [[Category:Snake Viral Diseases]]

@@ Line 43: / Line 43: @@
 [[Snake Necropsy|Necropsy]] shows changes associated with secondary bacterial infections. On histology, multiple tissues have been reported to contain cells with inclusions.
-* '''For more information on postmortem of a snake, see''' [[Snake Necropsy]].
+* '''For more information on postmortem examinations of snakes, see''' [[Snake Necropsy]].
 ==Therapy==
 There is no known treatment. Euthanasia is recommended.

@@ Line 32: / Line 32: @@
 Since IBD presents with a variety of signs, any sick boid without an obvious aetiology should be suspected of IBD. Especially consider those with regurgitation, CNS signs and bacterial infections. A thorough [[Snake Physical Examination|physical examination]] may rule our other causes. Currently there is no serologic assay available for determining exposure. Diagnostic aids include the following:
 ===Blood===
-Blood examination may be helpful. [[Lizard and Snake Haematology|Haematology]] may show a leukocytosis with a lymphocytosis. The white blood cell count is variable, ranging from normal (immune system depression) to as high as 100,000. The leucocytes may show toxic changes. Smears are observed for the presence of inclusion bodies. Typically 1% of cells have the inclusion bodies so it is worthwhile doing a buffy coat smear. Biochemistry may show changes in liver parameters.
+Blood sample examination may be helpful. [[Lizard and Snake Haematology|Haematology]] may show a leukocytosis with a lymphocytosis. The white blood cell count is variable, ranging from normal (immune system depression) to as high as 100,000. The leucocytes may show toxic changes. Smears are observed for the presence of inclusion bodies. Typically 1% of cells have the inclusion bodies so it is worthwhile doing a buffy coat smear. Biochemistry may show changes in liver parameters.
 [[Image:0087-D_SnN-011-D.jpg|200px|thumb|right|'''Note thick mucus filling the lung''' © Dr. Oscar Razioli]]
 ===Biopsy and histology===
 Tissues for biopsy include oesophageal tonsils, liver, kidney and gastric mucosa. The presence of cytoplasmic inclusion bodies on histology is diagnostic for IBD. Sometimes very few inclusions are seen so absence of inclusions does not rule out the disease. For antemortem diagnosis biopsies may have be repeated several times to find inclusions. Characteristic histopathology may be seen in several tissues.

@@ Line 17: / Line 17: @@
 * Lack of weight gain
 * Pale oral mucous membranes
-* CNS problems
+* CNS problems including:
 ** Incoordination
 ** Disorientation
@@ Line 27: / Line 27: @@
 '''For more information on physical examination of a snake, see''' [[Snake Physical Examination]].
 ==Diagnosis==
 [[Image:BOID_INCLUS._BODY_DIS._GASTRIC_MUCOSAL_INCLUSIONS.jpg|200px|thumb|right|'''Gastric mucosal inclusions'''© RVC]]