Lysine - Nutrition - Revision history

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2016-04-22T10:26:51Z

References

Bara at 14:01, 1 June 2015

2015-06-01T14:01:18Z

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2015-05-18T10:26:44Z

References

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Dietary Sources

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Cats:

Bara: /* Why is it Important? */

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Why is it Important?

Bara: /* What is Lysine? */

2015-05-18T10:19:53Z

What is Lysine?

Bara at 09:59, 15 May 2015

2015-05-15T09:59:14Z

Bara: /* Dietary Sources */

2015-05-15T09:11:08Z

Dietary Sources

Bara at 09:10, 15 May 2015

2015-05-15T09:10:38Z

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 ==Dietary Sources==
-Sufficient levels of lysine are found in animal and plant protein sources, such as muscle meat, eggs, dairy protein (e.g., casein), cereal grains, and pulses (i.e., legumes). Cereal grains contain lower levels of lysine and this is often the first limiting amino acid in dogs and cats fed cereal grain-based diets. Lysine also readily forms [[Nutrition Glossary#Maillard Reaction|Maillard reaction]] products with glucose during heat processing<ref>van Rooijen C, et al. The Maillard reaction and pet food processing: effects on nutritive value and pet health. Nutr Res Rev 2013;26:130-148.</ref>, which can limit dietary lysine absorption.
+Sufficient levels of lysine are found in animal and plant protein sources, such as muscle meat, eggs, dairy protein (e.g. casein), cereal grains, and pulses (i.e. legumes). Cereal grains contain lower levels of lysine and this is often the first limiting amino acid in dogs and cats fed cereal grain-based diets. Lysine also readily forms [[Nutrition Glossary#Maillard Reaction|Maillard reaction]] products with glucose during heat processing<ref>van Rooijen C, et al. The Maillard reaction and pet food processing: effects on nutritive value and pet health. Nutr Res Rev 2013;26:130-148.</ref>, which can limit dietary lysine absorption.
 ==Diagnosing Lysine Deficiency==

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 Lysine plays a key role in determining the secondary structure of proteins. It is a precursor of hydroxylysine, a key component of collagen, and of carnitine, which plays an important role in energy metabolism by transporting fatty acids into the mitochondria. Lysine can be de-aminated by intestinal bacterial to form the foul-smelling compound cadaverine<ref name="NRC"/>.
 ====Cats:====
-Lysine antagonises arginine induced promotion of herpes virus in vitro<ref>Maggs DJ, et al. Effects of L-lysine and L-arginine on in vitro replication of feline herpesvirus type-1. AJVR 2000;61:1474-1478.</ref>, and oral supplementation (400 mg PO q 24h to 500 mg PO q 12h) has been shown to decrease both viral shedding and severity of conjunctivitis in [[Feline Herpesvirus 1|herpes virus]]-infected cats<ref>Maggs DJ, et al. Efficacy of oral supplementation with L-lysine in cats latently infected with feline herpesvirus. AJVR 2003;64:37-42.</ref><ref>Stiles J, et al. Effect of oral administration of L-lysine on conjunctivitis caused by feline herpesvirus in cats. AJVR 2002;63:99-103.</ref>. However other studies<ref>Maggs DJ, et al. Effects of dietary lysine supplementation in cats with enzootic upper respiratory disease. J Fel Med Surg 2007;9:97-108.</ref><ref>Drazenovich T, et al. Effects of dietary lysine supplementation on upper respiratory and ocular disease and detection of infectious organisms in cats within an animal shelter. AJVR 200;70:1391-400.</ref> have not shown an effect of lysine supplementation on non-ophthalmological herpes virus, [[Chlamydophila felis|Chlamydophila]], or [[Feline Calicivirus|calicivirus]] shedding or on the severity of upper respiratory infection signs.
+Lysine antagonises arginine induced promotion of [[Feline Herpesvirus 1|herpes virus]] in vitro<ref>Maggs DJ, et al. Effects of L-lysine and L-arginine on in vitro replication of feline herpesvirus type-1. AJVR 2000;61:1474-1478.</ref>, and oral supplementation (400 mg PO q 24h to 500 mg PO q 12h) has been shown to decrease both viral shedding and severity of [[Conjunctivitis|conjunctivitis]] in herpes virus-infected cats<ref>Maggs DJ, et al. Efficacy of oral supplementation with L-lysine in cats latently infected with feline herpesvirus. AJVR 2003;64:37-42.</ref><ref>Stiles J, et al. Effect of oral administration of L-lysine on conjunctivitis caused by feline herpesvirus in cats. AJVR 2002;63:99-103.</ref>. However other studies<ref>Maggs DJ, et al. Effects of dietary lysine supplementation in cats with enzootic upper respiratory disease. J Fel Med Surg 2007;9:97-108.</ref><ref>Drazenovich T, et al. Effects of dietary lysine supplementation on upper respiratory and ocular disease and detection of infectious organisms in cats within an animal shelter. AJVR 200;70:1391-400.</ref> have not shown an effect of lysine supplementation on non-ophthalmological herpes virus, [[Chlamydophila felis|Chlamydophila]], or [[Feline Calicivirus|calicivirus]] shedding or on the severity of upper respiratory infection signs.
 ==Consequences of Lysine Deficiency==

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 ==Why is it Important?==
-Lysine and lysine-containing compounds, such as hydroxylysine found in collagen; '''play an important role in the secondary structure of [[Protein Overview - Nutrition|proteins]]'''; the positively charged side chain is used for binding to other molecules, such as DNA during replication; and lysine acetylation also plays a role in regulating cellular metabolism<ref name="NRC">National Research Council (NRC). Protein and Amino Acids. In Nutrient Requirements for Dogs and Cats. 2006 Washington, DC: National Academies Press p. 125-126.</ref><ref>Zhao S, et al. Regulation of cellular metabolism by lysine acetylation. Science 2010;327:1000-1004.</ref>.
+Lysine and lysine-containing compounds, such as hydroxylysine found in collagen; '''play an important role in the secondary structure of [[Protein Overview - Nutrition|proteins]]'''; the positively charged side chain is used for binding to other molecules, such as [[DNA]] during replication; and lysine acetylation also plays a role in regulating cellular metabolism<ref name="NRC">National Research Council (NRC). Protein and Amino Acids. In Nutrient Requirements for Dogs and Cats. 2006 Washington, DC: National Academies Press p. 125-126.</ref><ref>Zhao S, et al. Regulation of cellular metabolism by lysine acetylation. Science 2010;327:1000-1004.</ref>.
 Inherited defects in the transporter for dibasic amino acids can result in poor absorption of lysine (as well as the other dibasic amino acids cystine, ornithine, and [[Arginine - Nutrition|arginine]]) from the intestinal mucosa and poor reabsorption of plasma lysine in the [[Nephron Microscopic Anatomy#Proximal Tubule|renal tubule]]<ref>Hoppe A, et al. Urinary excretion of amino acids in normal and cystinuric dogs. Br Vet J 1993;149:253-68.</ref>.

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 ==What is Lysine?==
-Lysine is an '''essential amino acid for dogs and cats'''. Lysine is classified as a [[Amino Acids Overview - Nutrition|'''ketogenic''' amino acid]] and contains a long, positively charged side chain. Dietary lysine is absorbed by a [[Nutrition Glossary#Dibasic Amino Acids|dibasic amino acid]] transporter in the [[Small Intestine Overview - Anatomy & Physiology|small intestine]] (particularly the [[:Category:Small Intestine - Anatomy & Physiology|jejunum]]) and plasma lysine is actively reabsorbed in the proximal tubule of the [[:Category:Kidney - Anatomy & Physiology|kidney]].
+Lysine is an '''[[Nutrition Glossary#Essential Nutrients|essential]] amino acid for dogs and cats'''. Lysine is classified as a [[Amino Acids Overview - Nutrition|'''ketogenic''' amino acid]] and contains a long, positively charged side chain. Dietary lysine is absorbed by a [[Nutrition Glossary#Dibasic Amino Acids|dibasic amino acid]] transporter in the [[Small Intestine Overview - Anatomy & Physiology|small intestine]] (particularly the [[:Category:Small Intestine - Anatomy & Physiology|jejunum]]) and plasma lysine is actively reabsorbed in the proximal tubule of the [[:Category:Kidney - Anatomy & Physiology|kidney]].
 ==Why is it Important?==

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