Mycoplasmas species - Overview - Revision history

Bara at 13:48, 18 July 2012

2012-07-18T13:48:40Z

Bara: Text replace - "Category:To_Do_-_AimeeHicks" to ""

2010-10-09T22:18:46Z

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Bara at 13:26, 3 August 2010

2010-08-03T13:26:00Z

Aimee.e.hicks at 11:50, 2 August 2010

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Aimee.e.hicks at 10:18, 2 August 2010

2010-08-02T10:18:36Z

Aimee.e.hicks at 10:13, 2 August 2010

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Aimee.e.hicks at 10:12, 2 August 2010

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Aimee.e.hicks at 09:13, 2 August 2010

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 ==Overview==
 Pathogens belong to the ''Mycoplasma'' and ''Ureaplasma'' genera. They cause many diseases, especially respiratory diseases of farm animals including [[Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia]]. They can be involved in [[Mastitis]] and conjunctivitis in cattle and are implicated in respiratory and urinary tract diseases in dogs and cats.
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 <big>'''[[:Category:Mycoplasmas|See here for a list of ''Mycoplasma'' species]]'''</big>
 [[Category:Mycoplasmas|A]]
 [[Category:Expert_Review]]

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 ==Overview==
 Pathogens belong to the ''Mycoplasma'' and ''Ureaplasma'' genera. They cause many diseases, especially respiratory diseases of farm animals including [[Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia]]. They can be involved in [[Mastitis]] and conjunctivitis in cattle and are implicated in respiratory and urinary tract diseases in dogs and cats.
 There are non-pathogenic mycoplasmas present in the rumen that live on the mucous membranes of the oronasal cavity, conjunctiva and intestines. Stress factors and concurrent disease may predispose to tissue invasion. ''Mycoplasmas'' are usually host-specific and have limited survival in the environment.
 ==Characteristics==
 The ''Mycoplasmas'' are the smallest, free-living prokaryotic organisms. They are pleomorphic organisms and have no peptidoglycan cell wall. They are susceptible to dessication, heat and disinfectants and require enriched media containing animal protein, sterol and a source of DNA for growth. Their colonies have a fried egg appearance. Most are facultative anaerobes.
 ==Pathogenesis and pathogenicity==
 ''Mycoplasmas'' adhere to host cells and produce toxins. Some adhere to [[Neutrophils|neutrophils]] and macrophages and prevent phagocytosis. ''Mycoplasmas'' induce proliferation of macrophages and [[Monocytes|monocytes]], and the release of cytokines such as TNF and interleukins. They cause damage to cilia in the respiratory tract leading to pneumonia. Molecular mimicry allows some ''mycoplasmas'' to avoid the host immune response and may initiate immune-mediated disease.
 ==Diagnosis==
+Samples can be tested for the presence of mycoplasmas by fluorescent antibody techniques, peroxidase techniques and PCR. Biochemical profiles such as urease production can be used for identification. ''Ureaplasmas'' produce urease, whereas ''Mycoplasmas'' do not metabolise urea. Serology is required for specific identification including complement fixation tests, ELISA, agglutination tests and haemagglutination-inhibition tests. Growth inhibition tests using specific antisera can be used as well as fluorescent antibody tests.
 <big>'''[[:Category:Mycoplasmas|See here for a list of ''Mycoplasma'' species]]'''</big>
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 [[Category:To_Do_-_AimeeHicks]]

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-<big>'''[[:Category:Mycoplasma_species|See here for a list of ''Mycoplasma'' species]]'''</big>
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 [[Category:Mycoplasmas]]
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 Samples can be tested for the presence of mycoplasmas by fluorescent antibody techniques, peroxidase techniques and PCR. Biochemical profiles such as urease production can be used for identification. ''Ureaplasmas'' produce urease, whereas ''Mycoplasmas'' do not metabolise urea. Serolgy is required for specific identification including complement fixation tests, ELISA, agglutination tests and haemagglutination-inhibition tests. Growth inhibition tests using specific antisera can be used as well as fluorescent antibody tests.
-*''M. bovis'', ''M. dispar'' and ''Ureaplasma'' can be involved in [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Enzootic pneumonia of calves|Enzootic pneumonia of calves]]
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 ***May be respinsible for some chronic cases but difficult to prove as hard to isolate
 ***Fibrinous polyarthritis
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