Oedema - Revision history

Bara at 17:00, 15 October 2013

2013-10-15T17:00:22Z

Bara at 17:22, 11 March 2011

2011-03-11T17:22:13Z

Bara: moved Oedema - Pathology to Oedema

2011-02-14T14:36:58Z

moved Oedema - Pathology to Oedema

Bara at 14:35, 14 February 2011

2011-02-14T14:35:58Z

Bara at 14:34, 14 February 2011

2011-02-14T14:34:33Z

Bara at 14:33, 14 February 2011

2011-02-14T14:33:21Z

Suzannah.stacey at 19:20, 20 September 2010

2010-09-20T19:20:20Z

Suzannah.stacey at 08:40, 17 September 2010

2010-09-17T08:40:08Z

Bara: Text replace - "[[Peritoneal cavity - Anatomy & Physiology|" to "[[Peritoneal Cavity - Anatomy & Physiology|"

2010-09-07T15:28:04Z

Text replace - "[[Peritoneal cavity - Anatomy & Physiology|" to "[[Peritoneal Cavity - Anatomy & Physiology|"

Bara at 11:36, 4 August 2010

2010-08-04T11:36:22Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:00, 15 October 2013
Line 75:		Line 75:

	[[Category:Circulatory Disorders - Pathology]]		[[Category:Circulatory Disorders - Pathology]]
		+	[[Category:Cardiology Section]]

@@ Line 68: / Line 68: @@
 ** '''Ventral subcutaneous oedema'''
 * Seen in heart failure in horses and cattle.
 [[Category:Circulatory Disorders - Pathology]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:35, 14 February 2011
Line 15:		Line 15:

	==[[Local Oedema\|Local oedema]]==		==[[Local Oedema\|Local oedema]]==
−	* Local oedema is the local accumulation of excess interstitial fluid.
−	* Caused by disturbance of the balance betwen fluid extravasation and resorption at the level of the capillaries.
−	** '''Outwards Forces''' - arteriolar
−	*** Vasuclar hydrostatic pressure - 35 mmHg
−	*** Interstitial osmotic pressure - 3 mmHg
−	** '''Inwards forces''' - venular
−	*** Plasma protein osmotic pressure - 25 mmHg
−	*** Interstitial hydrostatic pressure - 4 mmHg
−	* May be of inflammatory or non-inflammatory origin.

−	~~===Types of Local Oedema===~~
−	~~====Inflammatory oedema====~~
−	* Generated by one or more of the following:
−	*# Increased vascular permeability
−	*# Increased arteriolar blood pressure
−	*# Breakdown of tissue protein or transfer of plasma proteins into ECF.
−	# Results in raised osmotic pressure of tissue fluid.
−	*# Obstruction to lymphatic drainage.
−	# Usually by fibrin.
−
−	~~====Lymphatic oedema====~~
−	* Results in accumulation of high protein fluid.
−	* May provoke a [[Granulation Tissue\|granulation]] or fibrous tissue response.
−	* Due to:
−	*# '''Lymphangitis/ lymphadenitis '''
−	# [[:Category:Acute Inflammation\|Acute inflammation]] of lymphatics/ lymph nodes. R
−	# Caused by stasis in lymphatics and/or bacterial infection.
−	# E.g. “Monday Morning leg” in horses.
−	*# '''Chronic inflammation''' caused by persistent or granuloma-producing bacterial infection.
−	# E.g. [[Johne's Disease\|Johne's disease]], [[:Category:Actinobacillus species\|actinobacillosis]].
−	*# '''Tumour spread'''.
−	# [[Neoplasia - Pathology#Dissemination of Malignant Neoplasia\|Metastasis]] of tumour cell plugs lymphatics and nodes
−	# e.g. mammary carcinoma.
−	*# '''Parasitic migration'''
−	# Larvae may be following their normal pathway (e.g. Schistosomiasis), or may be aberrant.
−
−	~~====Local venous obstruction====~~
−	* Obstruction to venous drainage may be mechanical or inflammatory-mediated.
−	** Causes raised hydrostatic pressure.
−	** Endothelial permeability increases due to hypoxia.
−	** There may be inflammatory damage.
−	* '''Mechanical obstruction''', e.g.
−	** [[Torsion, Intestinal\|Torsions of bowel]]
−	** Misplaced organs.
−	** Pressure from outside vein from adjacent structures.
−	*** [[Neoplasia - Pathology\|Tumours]].
−	* '''Venous inflammation (phlebitis)'''
−	** May be associated with [[Thrombosis#Introduction\|thrombosis]] (thrombophlebitis).
−
−	~~===="Allergic" oedema====~~
−	* Results from immediate (Type I ) or delayed (Type IV) hypersensitivity.
−	* Vasular permeability is increased due to release of histamine and vaso-dilating substances.
−	* E.g.
−	** Insect stings (immmediate).
−	** Vaccination (delayed).
−	** Food reaction (delayed).
−
−
−	~~[[Category:Circulatory Disorders - Pathology]]~~
−
−
−	~~====[[Pulmonary Oedema\|Pulmonary oedema]]====~~

	==[[General Oedema\|General oedema]]==		==[[General Oedema\|General oedema]]==

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:34, 14 February 2011
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	====[[Pulmonary Oedema\|Pulmonary oedema]]====		====[[Pulmonary Oedema\|Pulmonary oedema]]====
−	* In the normal state, pulmonary alveoli are kept dry by three mechanisms:
−	*# Normal "push-pull" mechanism at capillary level.
−	*# Efficient lymphatic drainage by rhythmic pumping action near airways.
−	*# Integrity of the alveolar epithelial basement membrane is relatively impermeable.
−	# Unlike the capillary basement membrane, which is relatively permeable.
−
−	~~=====Pathogenesis=====~~
−	~~# The pumping efficiency of the lymphatics is exceeded.~~
−	~~# Fluid accumulates in connective tissue adjacent to airways.~~
−	~~# The alveolar walls fill with fluid.~~
−	~~# The alveoli abruptly and severely fill with fluid.~~
−	~~#* Associated with the disintegration of alveolar epithelial junctional complexes.~~
−
−
−	~~=====Haemodynamic type=====~~
−	* Fluid leaks into alveoli via junctional complexes BUT the alveolar basement membrane remains intact.
−	** I.e. is due to elevated pulmonary venous pressure.
−	* Potentially reversible.
−	* Causes:
−	*# '''Cardiogenic'''
−	# Usually left ventricular failure.
−	# Also occurs with cardiac overload due to valvular disease.
−	*# '''Mechanical'''
−	# Large primary pulmonary tumours.
−	# Severe metastatic disease.
−	# Granulomatous infections may raise pulmonary venous pressure.
−	*# '''Neurogenic'''
−	# Seizures or CNS disorder.
−	# Rare in domestic species.
−
−	~~=====Permeability type=====~~
−	* Fluid fills the alveoli following damage to cells or junctional complexes, or permanent ionic alteration of the alveolar basement membrane.
−	* Irreversible.
−	* Causes:
−	*# '''Toxins'''
−	# Bacterial
−	#* [[:Category:Pseudomonas and Burkholderia species\|''Pseudomonas'']]
−	#* [[:Category:Pasteurella and Mannheimia species\|''Pasteurella'']]
−	#* [[:Category:Staphylococcus species\|''Staphylococcus'']]
−	# Chemical
−	#* Paraquat.
−	*# '''Aspiration/inhalation'''
−	# Gastric contents (low pH)
−	# Smoke.
−	# Excess ozone.
−	# Oxygen.
−
−	* There may be a combination of haemodynamic and permeability types in electrocution syndromes and "shock" lung.
−	** E.g. in Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS).
−
−
−	~~[[Category:Circulatory Disorders - Pathology]]~~
−
−

	==[[General Oedema\|General oedema]]==		==[[General Oedema\|General oedema]]==

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 ==Introduction==
 Oedema is NOT a disease; it is the sign of a disease state.
@@ Line 23: / Line 14: @@
 ** '''Lungs'''.
-==Local oedema==
+==[[Local Oedema|Local oedema]]==
 * Local oedema is the local accumulation of excess interstitial fluid.
 * Caused by disturbance of the balance betwen fluid extravasation and resorption at the level of the capillaries.
@@ Line 81: / Line 72: @@
 ** Food reaction (delayed).
-====[[Lungs Circulatory - Pathology#Pulmonary oedema|Pulmonary oedema]]====
 * In the normal state, pulmonary alveoli are kept dry by three mechanisms:
 *# Normal "push-pull" mechanism at capillary level.
@@ Line 132: / Line 127: @@
 ** E.g. in Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS).
-===Types of General Oedema===
+[[Category:Circulatory Disorders - Pathology]]
-====Hepatic oedema====
+==[[General Oedema|General oedema]]==
 ==Composition of oedema fluid==
@@ Line 245: / Line 183: @@
 ** '''Ventral subcutaneous oedema'''
 * Seen in heart failure in horses and cattle.

← Older revision	Revision as of 14:36, 14 February 2011
(No difference)

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{review}}
 {{toplink
-|linkpage =General Pathology
+|linkpage =:Category:WikiPath
 |linktext =General Pathology
 |maplink = General Pathology (Content Map)

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{review}}
 {{toplink
 |linkpage =General Pathology
@@ Line 9: / Line 8: @@
 |subtext1=CIRCULATORY DISORDERS
 }}
 ==Introduction==
+Oedema is NOT a disease; it is the sign of a disease state.
-* Oedema is NOT a disease.
+* Oedema is defined as :'''"The swelling of tissues resulting from accumulation of excess fluid in the intercellular tissue spaces and serous cavities."'''
 * Small amounts of fluid are normally present to lubricate cavities and viscera - this is not oedema.
@@ Line 30: / Line 24: @@
 ==Local oedema==
 * Local oedema is the local accumulation of excess interstitial fluid.
 * Caused by disturbance of the balance betwen fluid extravasation and resorption at the level of the capillaries.
@@ Line 42: / Line 35: @@
 ===Types of Local Oedema===
 ====Inflammatory oedema====
 * Generated by one or more of the following:
 *# Increased vascular permeability
@@ Line 54: / Line 45: @@
 ====Lymphatic oedema====
 * Results in accumulation of high protein fluid.
 * May provoke a [[Granulation Tissue|granulation]] or fibrous  tissue response.
@@ Line 71: / Line 61: @@
 ====Local venous obstruction====
 * Obstruction to venous drainage may be mechanical or inflammatory-mediated.
 ** Causes raised hydrostatic pressure.
@@ Line 85: / Line 74: @@
 ===="Allergic" oedema====
 * Results from immediate  (Type I ) or delayed (Type IV) hypersensitivity.
 * Vasular permeability is increased due to release of histamine and vaso-dilating substances.
@@ Line 94: / Line 82: @@
 ====[[Lungs Circulatory - Pathology#Pulmonary oedema|Pulmonary oedema]]====
 * In the normal state, pulmonary alveoli are kept dry by three mechanisms:
 *# Normal "push-pull" mechanism at capillary level.
@@ Line 102: / Line 89: @@
 =====Pathogenesis=====
 # The pumping efficiency of the lymphatics is exceeded.
 # Fluid accumulates in connective tissue adjacent to airways.
@@ Line 111: / Line 97: @@
 =====Haemodynamic type=====
 * Fluid leaks into alveoli via junctional complexes BUT the alveolar basement membrane remains intact.
 ** I.e. is due to elevated pulmonary venous pressure.
@@ Line 128: / Line 113: @@
 =====Permeability type=====
 * Fluid fills the alveoli following damage to cells or junctional complexes, or permanent ionic alteration of the alveolar basement membrane.
 * Irreversible.
@@ Line 149: / Line 133: @@
 ==General oedema==
 * General oedema involves subcutaneous and tissue spaces/body cavities.
 * Indicative of severe upset of overall body fluid balance.
@@ Line 162: / Line 145: @@
 ===Types of General Oedema===
 ====Cardiac oedema====
 * Seen in heart failure.
 ** Shows that cardiac output fails to meet the demands of the tissues throughout the body.
@@ Line 176: / Line 157: @@
 ====Renal oedema====
 * Kidney malfunction induces oedema as a consequence of deranged sodium and water handling.
 ** There is often secondary cardiac involvement.
@@ Line 193: / Line 173: @@
 ====Protein-losing enteropathies====
 * Mucosal damage leads to loss of ability to absorb and retain proteins.
 ** Plasma proteins, especially albumin are lost.
@@ Line 203: / Line 182: @@
 ====Hepatic oedema====
 * Associated with severe [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]] damage.
 ** Liver damage may be:
@@ Line 219: / Line 197: @@
 ==Composition of oedema fluid==
 * Inflammatory oedema which produces an exudate.
 **  This is a protein rich fluid containing many inflammatory cells.

@@ Line 208: / Line 208: @@
 *** '''Actue'''
 **** E.g. due to acute fascioliasis or canine viral hepatitis.
-**** Lymphatics and blood vessels of the [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]] and [[Peritoneal cavity - Anatomy & Physiology|peritoneal caivity]] are damaged.
+**** Lymphatics and blood vessels of the [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]] and [[Peritoneal Cavity - Anatomy & Physiology|peritoneal caivity]] are damaged.
-***** Results in "overflow" of fluid into the [[Peritoneal cavity - Anatomy & Physiology|peritoneal cavity]].
+***** Results in "overflow" of fluid into the [[Peritoneal Cavity - Anatomy & Physiology|peritoneal cavity]].
 **** Additionally, hepatocyte damage may result in inadequate inactivation of aldosterone.
 ***** Increases sodium retention giving further water accumulation in the abdomen

@@ Line 56: / Line 56: @@
 * Results in accumulation of high protein fluid.
-* May provoke a [[Chronic Inflammation - Pathology#Granulation Tissue|granulation]] or fibrous  tissue response.
+* May provoke a [[Granulation Tissue|granulation]] or fibrous  tissue response.
 * Due to:
 *#  '''Lymphangitis/ lymphadenitis '''