Ophidian Paramyxovirus - Revision history

Bara: /* Literature Search */

2010-10-28T21:32:26Z

Literature Search

Bara at 21:26, 28 October 2010

2010-10-28T21:26:09Z

Suzannah.stacey: /* Therapy */

2010-08-20T18:46:31Z

Therapy

Suzannah.stacey: /* Antemortem */

2010-08-20T18:45:05Z

Antemortem

Cporteous at 13:58, 29 April 2010

2010-04-29T13:58:23Z

Cporteous at 13:58, 29 April 2010

2010-04-29T13:58:07Z

Cporteous at 13:40, 29 April 2010

2010-04-29T13:40:10Z

Cporteous at 11:52, 27 April 2010

2010-04-27T11:52:53Z

Cporteous at 19:36, 22 April 2010

2010-04-22T19:36:43Z

Cporteous at 12:15, 16 April 2010

2010-04-16T12:15:34Z

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 Use these links to find recent scientific publications via CAB Abstracts (log in required unless accessing from a subscribing organisation).
 <br><br><br>
-[http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?rowId=1&options1=AND&q1=Ophidian+Paramyxovirus&occuring1=title&rowId=2&options2=AND&q2=&occuring2=freetext&rowId=3&options3=AND&q3=&occuring3=freetext&x=58&y=14&publishedstart=yyyy&publishedend=yyyy&calendarInput=yyyy-mm-dd&la=any&it=any&show=all Ophidian Paramyxovirus publications]
+[http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?q=((((title:(paramyxovir*)))+AND+((((title:(snake)+OR+ab:(snake)+OR+od:(snakes)))))))+OR+((title:(Ophidian+Paramyxovirus))) Ophidian Paramyxovirus publications]
 ==References==

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 The best control is a sound preventative medicine programme. All new specimens should be quarantined for ninety days. Hygiene is very important because of the possibility of spread by fomites and [[Snake Mites|mites]].  Geriatric snakes may be more susceptible to paramyxovirus than young conspecifics. Modified-live and inactivated vaccines have had mitigated the spread of paramyxovirus in birds and mammals, however there is currently no vaccine available for protecting snakes against OPMV.
 * '''For more information on preventative veterinary medicine, see''' [[Lizard and Snake Quarantine]] '''and''' [[Lizard and Snake Day to Day Practice]].
 ==References==
 Mader, D.R. (2005). Reptile Medicine and Surgery. Saunders. pp. 401. ISBN 072169327X

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 There is no specific treatment for snakes showing clinical signs of OPMV infection. [[Antibiotics]] are indicated because most affected snakes die with gram-negative respiratory tract infections.
-Infected snakes should be isolated. Snakes suspected to be infected should remain in isolation until definitive diagnostic tests have been carried out. Reptiles that have been in direct or immediate indirect contact should be placed in isolation and serologically tested immediately, and also in 4-6 months time.
+Infected snakes should be isolated. Snakes suspected to be infected should remain in isolation until definitive diagnostic tests have been carried out. Reptiles that have been in direct or immediate indirect contact should be placed in isolation and serologically tested immediately with repeat testing in 4-6 months time.
 ==Prevention==
 The best control is a sound preventative medicine programme. All new specimens should be quarantined for ninety days. Hygiene is very important because of the possibility of spread by fomites and [[Snake Mites|mites]].  Geriatric snakes may be more susceptible to paramyxovirus than young conspecifics. Modified-live and inactivated vaccines have had mitigated the spread of paramyxovirus in birds and mammals, however there is currently no vaccine available for protecting snakes against OPMV.

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 OPMV should be suspected in [[Viperidae]] presented with signs associated with immunodeficiency.  There are several methods of diagnosis:
 ===Antemortem===
-A haemaglutination inhibition test (HI) for specific antibodies to OPMV has been developed (titre < 1:20 - negative, 1:40 to 1:80 - suspect and > 1:80 - positive).  A positive titre means exposure and not disease or [[Snake Shedding|shedding]] status.  Two samples for HI at a 2-4 week interval are advisable.  Negative staining electron microscopy of faecal or lung samples is possible.  A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) would be very useful.
+A haemaglutination inhibition test (HI) for specific antibodies to OPMV has been developed (titre < 1:20 - negative, 1:40 to 1:80 - suspect and > 1:80 - positive).  A positive titre means exposure and not disease or [[Snake Shedding|shedding]] status.  Two samples for HI at a 2-4 week interval are advisable.  Negative staining electron microscopy of faecal or lung samples is possible.  A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test would be very useful.
 '''For more information on sample collection, see''' [[Lizard and Snake Specimen Collection and Evaluation]].
 ===Postmortem===
 * Gross necropsy - Lesions are usually subtle to non-existent but may include pulmonary (pneumonia - congestion, oedema, haemorrhage or inflammatory exudate) and pancreatic (necrosis, hyperplasia, interstitial oedema or fibrosis) lesions.  The liver may be involved.

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-{{unfinished}}
+{{review}}
 ==Species predisposition==
 Ophidian paramyxovirus (OPMV), also called Fer-de-Lance virus of reptiles (FDLV), is an important viral pathogen of snakes, principally [[Viperidae]] and it has also been isolated from [[Elapidae]], [[Colubridae]] and [[Boidae]].  The natural host for OPMV is unknown but may be a non-viperid.  Disease may be associated with decreased immunocompetence. Transmission may be by droplet, fomites and vectors such as [[Snake Mites|mites]]. Congenital infection may be involved.

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 [[Image:Paramyxoviral_encephalitis_burmese_pyth.jpg|200px|thumb|right|'''Ophidian paramyxovirus''' ©RVC and its licensors, Peer Zwart and Fredric Frye. All rights reserved]]
 ==Species predisposition==
-Ophidian paramyxovirus (OPMV), also called Fer-de-Lance virus of reptiles (FDLV), is an important viral pathogen of snakes, principally Viperidae and it has also been isolated from Elapidae, [[Colubridae]] and [[Boidae]].  The natural host for OPMV is unknown but may be a non-viperid.  Disease may be associated with decreased immunocompetence. Transmission may be by droplet, fomites and vectors such as [[Snake Mites|mites]]. Congenital infection may be involved.
+Ophidian paramyxovirus (OPMV), also called Fer-de-Lance virus of reptiles (FDLV), is an important viral pathogen of snakes, principally [[Viperidae]] and it has also been isolated from [[Elapidae]], [[Colubridae]] and [[Boidae]].  The natural host for OPMV is unknown but may be a non-viperid.  Disease may be associated with decreased immunocompetence. Transmission may be by droplet, fomites and vectors such as [[Snake Mites|mites]]. Congenital infection may be involved.
 ==Examination==
-Anorexia may be seen several weeks before presentation. Clinical signs are often related to the respiratory system. Presentation is frequently a moribund snake. There may be a discharge from the glottis that is sometimes bloody (haemorrhagic pneumonia). Central nervous system signs (writhing, torticollis, loss of righting reflex) are occasionally seen.
+Anorexia may be seen several weeks before presentation. Clinical signs are often related to the respiratory system. Presentation is frequently a moribund snake, although the progression may be chronic. There may be a discharge from the glottis that is sometimes bloody (haemorrhagic pneumonia). Central nervous system signs (including writhing, torticollis, loss of righting reflex) are occasionally seen.  Chronic paramyxovirus shows clinical progression from mild respiratory disease to severe respiratory disease and pneumonia, followed by progressive neurologic disease.
-* For more information, see [[Snake Physical Examination|snake physical examination]].
+Consider paraxmyxovirus in snakes with the following clinical signs:
 ==Diagnosis==
-OPMV should be suspected in Viperidae presented with signs associated with immunodeficiency.  There are several methods of diagnosis.
+OPMV should be suspected in [[Viperidae]] presented with signs associated with immunodeficiency.  There are several methods of diagnosis:
 ===Antemortem===
 A haemaglutination inhibition test (HI) for specific antibodies to OPMV has been developed (titre < 1:20 - negative, 1:40 to 1:80 - suspect and > 1:80 - positive).  A positive titre means exposure and not disease or [[Snake Shedding|shedding]] status.  Two samples for HI at a 2-4 week interval are advisable.  Negative staining electron microscopy of faecal or lung samples is possible.  A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) would be very useful.
-*See [[Lizard and Snake Specimen Collection and Evaluation]].
+'''For more information on sample collection, see''' [[Lizard and Snake Specimen Collection and Evaluation]].
 ===Postmortem===
-*Gross [[Snake Necropsy|necropsy]] - Lesions are usually subtle to non-existent but may include pulmonary (pneumonia - congestion, oedema, haemorrhage or inflammatory exudate) and pancreatic (necrosis, hyperplasia, interstitial oedema or fibrosis) lesions.  The liver may be involved.
+* Gross necropsy - Lesions are usually subtle to non-existent but may include pulmonary (pneumonia - congestion, oedema, haemorrhage or inflammatory exudate) and pancreatic (necrosis, hyperplasia, interstitial oedema or fibrosis) lesions.  The liver may be involved.
-*Histopathology - There may be characteristic histopathological lesions in lung and pancreas and occasionally CNS.  Sections from cranial, mid and caudal lung should be examined.  Immunoperoxidase and immunofluorescent staining is possible (formalined-fix tissues for 48 hours then store in 70% ethanol).
+* Histopathology - There may be characteristic histopathological lesions in lung and pancreas and occasionally CNS.  Sections from cranial, mid and caudal lung should be examined.  Immunoperoxidase and immunofluorescent staining is possible (formalined-fix tissues in 10% formalin for 48 hours then store in 70% ethanol).
-*Virus isolation is the definitive diagnostic tool. Tissue (lung, liver, kidney, spleen and heart) is placed in individual sterile bage and frozen.
+* Virus isolation is the definitive diagnostic tool. Tissue (lung, liver, kidney, spleen and heart) is placed in individual sterile bage and frozen.  Seroconversion (requiring a minimum of 8 weeks) determines that a snake has been previously exposed to the virus and has been infected.
 ==Therapy==
 There is no specific treatment for snakes showing clinical signs of OPMV infection. [[Antibiotics]] are indicated because most affected snakes die with gram-negative respiratory tract infections.
-*See also [[Snake Respiratory Disease|snake respiratory disease]].
+* '''See also''' [[Snake Respiratory Disease]].
 ==Prevention==
-The best control is a sound preventative medicine programme. All new specimens should be [[Lizard and Snake Quarantine|quarantined]] for ninety days. [[Lizard and Snake Day to Day Practice|Hygiene]] is very important because of the possibility of spread by fomites and [[Snake Mites|mites]]. Currently, there is no vaccine available for protecting snakes against OPMV.
+The best control is a sound preventative medicine programme. All new specimens should be quarantined for ninety days. Hygiene is very important because of the possibility of spread by fomites and [[Snake Mites|mites]].  Geriatric snakes may be more susceptible to paramyxovirus than young conspecifics. Modified-live and inactivated vaccines have had mitigated the spread of paramyxovirus in birds and mammals, however there is currently no vaccine available for protecting snakes against OPMV.
 [[Category:Snake_Viral_Diseases]]

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 ==Prevention==
 The best control is a sound preventative medicine programme. All new specimens should be quarantined for ninety days. Hygiene is very important because of the possibility of spread by fomites and mites. Currently, there is no vaccine available for protecting snakes against OPMV.
-[[Category:Snake Diseases]]
+[[Category:Snake_Viral_Diseases]]