Penicillins - Revision history

Kitnmre at 02:41, 23 May 2016

2016-05-23T02:41:00Z

2016-05-23T02:36:05Z

2009-11-21T21:40:53Z

Pharmacokinetic Considerations

2008-10-23T15:43:41Z

2008-10-23T14:13:54Z

Pharmacokinetic Considerations

2008-10-23T14:12:07Z

Spectrum of Activity

2008-10-23T13:58:02Z

Mechanism of Action

2008-10-23T13:52:02Z

2008-10-23T13:51:25Z

Side Effects and Contraindications

2008-10-23T13:44:37Z

Potential Uses

← Older revision		Revision as of 02:41, 23 May 2016
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	{{Learning		{{Learning
−	\|Vetstream = [https://www.vetstream.com/~~lapis~~/Content/~~Generic~~/~~gen00209~~.asp ~~Penicillin~~]}}	+	\|Vetstream = [https://www.vetstream.com/equis/Content/Freeform/fre00352.asp Beta-Lactam Antibacterials]}}

← Older revision		Revision as of 02:36, 23 May 2016
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	* Penicillins containing procaine musn't be given I.V. or with sulphonamides (they antagonise the action of sulphonamides.)		* Penicillins containing procaine musn't be given I.V. or with sulphonamides (they antagonise the action of sulphonamides.)
	* Care must be taken when giving narrow spectrum penicillins to Guinea Pigs, Rabbits, Gerbils, Hamsters and Chinchillas as they can result in '''fatal ''Clostridium difficile'' colitis'''.		* Care must be taken when giving narrow spectrum penicillins to Guinea Pigs, Rabbits, Gerbils, Hamsters and Chinchillas as they can result in '''fatal ''Clostridium difficile'' colitis'''.
		+
		+	{{Learning
		+	\|Vetstream = [https://www.vetstream.com/lapis/Content/Generic/gen00209.asp Penicillin]}}

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 All the sub-groups behave in the same way pharacokinetically.
-They are organic acids, hydrophilic and will ionise at physiological pH. They generally have '''poor oral bioavailability''' as they unstable in acid environments. They have a limited volume of distribution (0.2-0.3l/kg), this means the drug is mainly confined to plasma and interstitial space. As the are lipophilic they can't enter cells and won't cross the blood brain barrier, unless it is damaged. They have short half-lives of about 0.5 - 1.2 hours. They are readily excreted by the kidneys, via tubular secretion in the proximal convoluted tubule. This results in high concentrations of the drug in urine.
+They are organic acids, hydrophilic and will ionise at physiological pH. They generally have '''poor oral bioavailability''' as they unstable in acid environments. They have a limited volume of distribution (0.2-0.3l/kg), this means the drug is mainly confined to plasma and interstitial space. As the are hydrophilic they can't enter cells and won't cross the blood brain barrier, unless it is damaged. They have short half-lives of about 0.5 - 1.2 hours. They are readily excreted by the kidneys, via tubular secretion in the proximal convoluted tubule. This results in high concentrations of the drug in urine.
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 * '''Carboxypenicillins''' - unstable in acid. Route of admin: IM or IV.
 ==Side Effects and Contraindications==

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 Due to the lytic nature of the group of drugs they are considered to be '''bacteriocidal''' (ie kill bacteria) and time dependent killers.
 ==Spectrum of Activity==
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 If a beta-lactamase inhibitor ('''Clavulanic acid''') is added to the drug formulation, the spectrum of most sub-groups is extended.
 ==Pharmacokinetic Considerations==
@@ Line 64: / Line 66: @@
 * '''Carboxypenicillins''' - unstable in acid. Route of admin: IM or IV.
 ==Side Effects and Contraindications==

@@ Line 54: / Line 54: @@
 All the sub-groups behave in the same way pharacokinetically.
-They are organic acids, hydrophilic and will ionise at physiological pH. They generally have '''poor oral bioavailability''' as they unstable in acid environments. They have a limited volume of distribution (0.2-0.3l/kg), this means the drug is mainly confined to plasma and interstitial space. As the are lipophilic they can't enter cells and won't cross the blood brain barrier, unless it is damaged. They are readily excreted by the kidneys, via tubular secretion in the proximal convoluted tubule. This results in high concentrations of the drug in urine.
+They are organic acids, hydrophilic and will ionise at physiological pH. They generally have '''poor oral bioavailability''' as they unstable in acid environments. They have a limited volume of distribution (0.2-0.3l/kg), this means the drug is mainly confined to plasma and interstitial space. As the are lipophilic they can't enter cells and won't cross the blood brain barrier, unless it is damaged. They have short half-lives of about 0.5 - 1.2 hours. They are readily excreted by the kidneys, via tubular secretion in the proximal convoluted tubule. This results in high concentrations of the drug in urine.
@@ Line 64: / Line 64: @@
 * '''Carboxypenicillins''' - unstable in acid. Route of admin: IM or IV.
 ==Side Effects and Contraindications==

@@ Line 20: / Line 20: @@
 ==Spectrum of Activity==
-Over the years different sub-groups of Penicillins have been developed; this is because many bacteria have developed '''beta-lactamases''' which will therefore reduce the action of the antiobiotic
+Over the years different sub-groups of Penicillins have been developed; this is because many bacteria have developed '''beta-lactamases''' which will therefore reduce the action of the antibiotic.
 '''Natural Penicillins''' - benzylpenicillin or Penicillin G
@@ Line 49: / Line 49: @@
 If a beta-lactamase inhibitor ('''Clavulanic acid''') is added to the drug formulation, the spectrum of most sub-groups is extended.
 ==Pharmacokinetic Considerations==

@@ Line 16: / Line 16: @@
 The penicillins also inactivate an inhibitor of autolytic enzymes present in the cell wall, thus resulting in lysis of the bacterium.
-Due to the lytic nature of the group of drugs they are considered to be '''bacteriocidal''' (ie kill bacteria).
+Due to the lytic nature of the group of drugs they are considered to be '''bacteriocidal''' (ie kill bacteria) and time dependent killers.
 ==Spectrum of Activity==

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:51, 23 October 2008
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	==Side Effects and Contraindications==		==Side Effects and Contraindications==
		+
		+	This group of antibiotics on the whole are very safe.
		+
		+	* It has been known to cause acute anaphylaxis or mild hypersensitive reactions.
		+	* High intravenous doses can lead to platelet dysfunction.
		+	* Penicillins containing procaine musn't be given I.V. or with sulphonamides (they antagonise the action of sulphonamides.)
		+	* Care must be taken when giving narrow spectrum penicillins to Guinea Pigs, Rabbits, Gerbils, Hamsters and Chinchillas as they can result in '''fatal ''Clostridium difficile'' colitis'''.

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:44, 23 October 2008
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	==Side Effects and Contraindications==		==Side Effects and Contraindications==
−
−	~~==Potential Uses==~~